RFC: Drop python 39

.github/workflows/docs.yaml

@@ -29,10 +29,8 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest]
-        python-version: ["3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12"]
+        python-version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12"]
         exclude:
-          - os: windows-latest
-            python-version: 3.9
           - os: windows-latest
             python-version: 3.10
           - os: windows-latest

.github/workflows/pytest.yaml

@@ -30,15 +30,15 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest]
-        python-version: ["3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12"]
+        python-version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12"]
         min-version: [false]
         include:
           - os: ubuntu-latest
-            python-version: "3.9"
+            python-version: "3.10"
             min-version: true
         exclude:
           - os: ubuntu-latest
-            python-version: "3.9"
+            python-version: "3.10"
           - os: windows-latest
             python-version: "3.11"
           - os: windows-latest

README.rst

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ To get a feeling of QCoDeS read
 and/or browse the Jupyter notebooks in `docs/examples
 <https://github.com/QCoDeS/Qcodes/tree/main/docs/examples>`__ .
 
-QCoDeS is compatible with Python 3.9+ (3.9 soon to be deprecated). It is
+QCoDeS is compatible with Python 3.10+. It is
 primarily intended for use from Jupyter notebooks, but can be used from
 traditional terminal-based shells and in stand-alone scripts as well. The
 features in `qcodes.utils.magic` are exclusively for Jupyter notebooks.

pyproject.toml

@@ -14,27 +14,25 @@ classifiers = [
     "Intended Audience :: Science/Research",
     "License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only",
-    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
     "Topic :: Scientific/Engineering",
 ]
 license = {text = "MIT"}
-requires-python = ">=3.9"
+requires-python = ">=3.10"
 dependencies = [
     "broadbean>=0.9.1",
     "h5netcdf>=0.10.0,!=0.14.0",
     # see https://github.com/h5netcdf/h5netcdf/issues/154
-    "h5py>=3.0.0",
-    "importlib-metadata>=4.4; python_version < '3.10'",
+    "h5py>=3.6.0",
     "ipywidgets>=8.0.0,<9.0.0",
     "ipykernel>=6.6.0", # implicitly required by ipywidgets >=8.0.5
     "jsonschema>=4.9.0",
-    "matplotlib>=3.3.3",
-    "numpy>=1.21.0",
+    "matplotlib>=3.5.0",
+    "numpy>=1.22.0",
     "packaging>=20.0",
-    "pandas>=1.2.0",
+    "pandas>=1.4.0",
     "pyarrow>=11.0.0", # will become a requirement of pandas. Installing explicitly silences a warning
     "pyvisa>=1.11.0, <1.15.0",
     "ruamel.yaml>=0.16.0,!=0.16.6",
@@ -43,8 +41,8 @@ dependencies = [
     "tqdm>=4.59.0",
     "uncertainties>=3.1.4",
     "versioningit>=2.2.1",
-    "websockets>=9.1",
-    "wrapt>=1.13.2; python_version < '3.12'",
+    "websockets>=11.0",
+    "wrapt>=1.14.0; python_version < '3.12'",
     "wrapt>=1.16.0; python_version >= '3.12'",
     "xarray>=2022.06.0",
     "cf_xarray>=0.8.4",
@@ -78,7 +76,7 @@ test = [
     "coverage[toml]>=6.0.0",
     "deepdiff>=5.0.2",
     "hypothesis>=6.85.0",
-    "lxml>=4.6.0",
+    "lxml>=4.8.0",
     "lxml-stubs>=0.4.0",
     "mypy>=0.971",
     "pandas-stubs>=1.2.0.1",
@@ -112,7 +110,7 @@ docs = [
     "sphinx-rtd-theme>=1.0.0",
     "sphinxcontrib-towncrier>=0.3.0a0",
     "towncrier>=22.8.0",
-    "scipy>=1.7.0", # examples using scipy
+    "scipy>=1.8.0", # examples using scipy
     "qcodes_loop>=0.1.1", # legacy dataset import examples
     "jinja2>=3.1.3", # transitive dependency pin due to cve in earlier version
 ]
@@ -263,7 +261,8 @@ select = ["E", "F", "PT025", "UP", "RUF010", "RUF012", "RUF200", "I", "G", "ISC"
 # code.
 # PLxxxx are pylint lints that generate a fair amount of warnings
 # it may be worth fixing some or these in the future
-ignore = ["E501", "G004", "NPY002", "PLR2004", "PLR0913", "PLR0911", "PLR0912", "PLR0915", "PLW0602", "PLW0603", "PLW2901"]
+# UP038 this can result in slower code so we ignore it
+ignore = ["E501", "G004", "NPY002", "PLR2004", "PLR0913", "PLR0911", "PLR0912", "PLR0915", "PLW0602", "PLW0603", "PLW2901", "UP038"]
 
 [tool.ruff.lint.isort]
 

src/qcodes/dataset/data_set_in_memory.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 import time
 import warnings
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Literal
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Literal
 
 import numpy as np
 
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
 from .linked_datasets.links import str_to_links
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
+    from collections.abc import Callable, Mapping, Sequence
 
     import pandas as pd
     import xarray as xr

src/qcodes/dataset/data_set_protocol.py

@@ -2,15 +2,14 @@
 
 import logging
 import os
-import sys
 import warnings
-from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
+from collections.abc import Callable, Mapping, Sequence
 from enum import Enum
+from importlib.metadata import entry_points
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import (
     TYPE_CHECKING,
     Any,
-    Callable,
     Literal,
     Protocol,
     Union,
@@ -34,17 +33,11 @@
 from .exporters.export_to_xarray import xarray_to_h5netcdf_with_complex_numbers
 from .sqlite.queries import raw_time_to_str_time
 
-if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
-    # new entrypoints api was added in 3.10
-    from importlib.metadata import entry_points
-else:
-    # 3.9 and earlier
-    from importlib_metadata import entry_points
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import TypeAlias
+
     import pandas as pd
     import xarray as xr
-    from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
 
     from qcodes.dataset.descriptions.rundescriber import RunDescriber
     from qcodes.dataset.descriptions.versioning.rundescribertypes import Shapes
@@ -61,17 +54,17 @@
 # even with from __future__ import annotations
 # type aliases must use the old format until we drop 3.8/3.9
 array_like_types = (tuple, list, np.ndarray)
-scalar_res_types: TypeAlias = Union[
-    str, complex, np.integer, np.floating, np.complexfloating
-]
-values_type: TypeAlias = Union[scalar_res_types, np.ndarray, Sequence[scalar_res_types]]
+scalar_res_types: TypeAlias = (
+    str | complex | np.integer | np.floating | np.complexfloating
+)
+values_type: TypeAlias = scalar_res_types | np.ndarray | Sequence[scalar_res_types]
 res_type: TypeAlias = tuple[Union["ParameterBase", str], values_type]
 setpoints_type: TypeAlias = Sequence[Union[str, "ParameterBase"]]
 SPECS: TypeAlias = list[ParamSpec]
 # Transition period type: SpecsOrInterDeps. We will allow both as input to
 # the DataSet constructor for a while, then deprecate SPECS and finally remove
 # the ParamSpec class
-SpecsOrInterDeps: TypeAlias = Union[SPECS, InterDependencies_]
+SpecsOrInterDeps: TypeAlias = SPECS | InterDependencies_
 ParameterData: TypeAlias = dict[str, dict[str, np.ndarray]]
 
 LOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)

src/qcodes/dataset/descriptions/versioning/rundescribertypes.py

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 """
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from typing_extensions import TypedDict
 
@@ -53,10 +53,9 @@ class RunDescriberV2Dict(RunDescriberV0Dict):
 
 class RunDescriberV3Dict(RunDescriberV2Dict):
     shapes: Shapes | None
-    # dict from dependent to dict from depenency to num points in grid
+    # dict from dependent to dict from dependency to num points in grid
 
 
-RunDescriberDicts = Union[RunDescriberV0Dict,
-                          RunDescriberV1Dict,
-                          RunDescriberV2Dict,
-                          RunDescriberV3Dict]
+RunDescriberDicts = (
+    RunDescriberV0Dict | RunDescriberV1Dict | RunDescriberV2Dict | RunDescriberV3Dict
+)

src/qcodes/dataset/dond/do_nd.py

@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
 import itertools
 import logging
 import time
-from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
+from collections.abc import Callable, Mapping, Sequence
 from contextlib import ExitStack
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Union, cast
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, cast
 
 import numpy as np
 from opentelemetry import trace
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ def _make_setpoints_tuples(
     ) -> tuple[tuple[tuple[SweepVarType, ...] | SweepVarType, ...], ...]:
         sweeps = tuple(sweep.get_setpoints() for sweep in self._sweeps)
         return cast(
-            tuple[tuple[Union[tuple[SweepVarType, ...], SweepVarType], ...], ...],
+            tuple[tuple[tuple[SweepVarType, ...] | SweepVarType, ...], ...],
             tuple(itertools.product(*sweeps)),
         )
 

src/qcodes/dataset/dond/do_nd_utils.py

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import logging
-from collections.abc import Iterator, Sequence
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterator, Sequence
 from contextlib import contextmanager
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Callable, Optional, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     import matplotlib.axes
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 ActionsT = Sequence[Callable[[], None]]
 BreakConditionT = Callable[[], bool]
 
-ParamMeasT = Union[ParameterBase, Callable[[], None]]
+ParamMeasT = ParameterBase | Callable[[], None]
 
 AxesTuple = tuple["matplotlib.axes.Axes", "matplotlib.colorbar.Colorbar"]
 AxesTupleList = tuple[
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class BreakConditionInterrupt(Exception):
     pass
 
 
-MeasInterruptT = Union[KeyboardInterrupt, BreakConditionInterrupt, None]
+MeasInterruptT = KeyboardInterrupt | BreakConditionInterrupt | None
 
 
 def _register_parameters(

src/qcodes/dataset/measurements.py

@@ -10,13 +10,13 @@
 import logging
 import traceback as tb_module
 import warnings
-from collections.abc import Mapping, MutableMapping, MutableSequence, Sequence
+from collections.abc import Callable, Mapping, MutableMapping, MutableSequence, Sequence
 from contextlib import ExitStack
 from copy import deepcopy
 from inspect import signature
 from numbers import Number
 from time import perf_counter
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, TypeVar, Union, cast
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, TypeVar, cast
 
 import numpy as np
 from opentelemetry import trace
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
 
 ActionType = tuple[Callable[..., Any], Sequence[Any]]
 SubscriberType = tuple[
-    Callable[..., Any], Union[MutableSequence[Any], MutableMapping[Any, Any]]
+    Callable[..., Any], MutableSequence[Any] | MutableMapping[Any, Any]
 ]
 
 
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ def _unpack_multiparameter(
             )
         for i in range(len(parameter.shapes)):
             # if this loop runs, then 'data' is a Sequence
-            data = cast(Sequence[Union[str, int, float, Any]], data)
+            data = cast(Sequence[str | int | float | Any], data)
 
             shape = parameter.shapes[i]
 

src/qcodes/dataset/sqlite/query_helpers.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 import itertools
 from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 import numpy as np
 from numpy import ndarray
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
     import sqlite3
 
 # represent the type of  data we can/want map to sqlite column
-VALUE = Union[str, complex, list, ndarray, bool, None]
+VALUE = str | complex | list | ndarray | bool | None
 VALUES = Sequence[VALUE]
 
 

src/qcodes/dataset/subscriber.py

@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@
 import time
 from queue import Empty, Queue
 from threading import Thread
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 from qcodes.dataset.sqlite.connection import atomic_transaction
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from collections.abc import Mapping
+    from collections.abc import Callable, Mapping
 
     from qcodes.dataset.data_set import DataSet
 

src/qcodes/dataset/threading.py

@@ -9,8 +9,9 @@
 import itertools
 import logging
 from collections import defaultdict
+from collections.abc import Callable
 from functools import partial
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Callable, Protocol, TypeVar, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Protocol, TypeVar, Union
 
 from qcodes.utils import RespondingThread
 

src/qcodes/extensions/_refactor.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 from glob import glob
 from pathlib import Path
 from textwrap import dedent
-from typing import Union, cast
+from typing import cast
 
 try:
     import libcst as cst
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ def visit_Arg(self, node: cst.Arg) -> None:
         if arg_is_docstring:
             self.annotations.docstring = str(
                 cast(
-                    Union[cst.SimpleString, cst.ConcatenatedString], node.value
+                    cst.SimpleString | cst.ConcatenatedString, node.value
                 ).evaluated_value
             )
         if arg_is_docstring_dedent:

src/qcodes/instrument/channel.py

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 import sys
 from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable, Iterator, MutableSequence, Sequence
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, TypeVar, Union, cast, overload
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, TypeVar, cast, overload
 
 from qcodes.metadatable import MetadatableWithName
 from qcodes.parameters import (
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ def _construct_multiparam(self, name: str) -> MultiChannelInstrumentParameter:
                 "Slicing is currently not supported for MultiParameters"
             )
         parameters = cast(
-            list[Union[Parameter, ArrayParameter]],
+            list[Parameter | ArrayParameter],
             [chan.parameters[name] for chan in self._channels],
         )
         names = tuple(f"{chan.name}_{name}" for chan in self._channels)