[release-1.28] [go] Bump images, dependencies and versions to go 1.21.8 / distroless-iptables to v0.4.6

[cpanato]

What type of PR is this?

/kind feature

What this PR does / why we need it:

• [go] Bump images, dependencies and versions to go 1.21.8 / distroless-iptables to v0.4.6

Which issue(s) this PR fixes:

Part of kubernetes/release#3479

/assign @saschagrunert @liggitt @puerco @xmudrii
cc @kubernetes/release-managers

Special notes for your reviewer:

Does this PR introduce a user-facing change?

- Kubernetes is now built with go 1.21.8
- update distroless-iptables to v0.4.6

Additional documentation e.g., KEPs (Kubernetes Enhancement Proposals), usage docs, etc.:

[k8s-ci-robot]

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[dims]

/approve
/lgtm

[k8s-ci-robot]

LGTM label has been added.

Git tree hash: c83e4c35c2f286f0353ab718b52cd7f7a4a1ede5

[k8s-ci-robot]

[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is APPROVED

This pull-request has been approved by: cpanato, dims, saschagrunert

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