GH-40566: [C++] Fix 3.12 Python support

[SuperSandro2000]

sysconfig is available since Python 3.2

Tested on nixpkgs and works as expected

Rationale for this change

Support Python 3.12

What changes are included in this PR?

Are these changes tested?

Yes

Are there any user-facing changes?

No

• GitHub Issue: [C++] Arrow fails to build with python 3.12 #40566

[github-actions]

Thanks for opening a pull request!

If this is not a minor PR. Could you open an issue for this pull request on GitHub? https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/new/choose

Opening GitHub issues ahead of time contributes to the Openness of the Apache Arrow project.

Then could you also rename the pull request title in the following format?

GH-${GITHUB_ISSUE_ID}: [${COMPONENT}] ${SUMMARY}

or

MINOR: [${COMPONENT}] ${SUMMARY}

In the case of PARQUET issues on JIRA the title also supports:

PARQUET-${JIRA_ISSUE_ID}: [${COMPONENT}] ${SUMMARY}

See also:

• Other pull requests
• Contribution Guidelines - Contributing Overview

[kou]

Could you open an issue for this?
See also the auto generated comment: #40322 (comment)

[SuperSandro2000]

I currently lack the time and motivation to open an issue for this benial change and then I would rather close this PR and carry the one line patch for the time being.

[github-actions]

⚠️ GitHub issue #40566 has been automatically assigned in GitHub to PR creator.

[assignUser]

Thanks for the fix!

@SuperSandro2000 could you comment on #40566 so I can assign you? (you can also comment 'take' and the bot will do it)

[conbench-apache-arrow]

After merging your PR, Conbench analyzed the 7 benchmarking runs that have been run so far on merge-commit d3d96a1.

There were no benchmark performance regressions. 🎉

The full Conbench report has more details. It also includes information about 1 possible false positive for unstable benchmarks that are known to sometimes produce them.