You can find the paper here
Well-annotated data is a prerequisite for good Natural Language Processing models. Too often, though, annotation decisions are governed by optimizing time or annotator agreement. We make a case for nuanced efforts in an interdisciplinary setting for annotating offensive online speech. Detecting offensive content is rapidly becoming one of the most important real-world NLP tasks. However, most datasets use a single binary label, e.g., for hate or incivility, even though each concept is multifaceted. This modeling choice severely limits nuanced insights, but also performance. We show that a more fine-grained multi-label approach to predicting incivility and hateful or intolerant content addresses both conceptual and performance issues. We release a novel dataset of over 40,000 tweets about immigration from the US and UK, annotated with six labels for different aspects of incivility and intolerance. Our dataset not only allows for a more nuanced understanding of harmful speech online, models trained on it also outperform or match performance on benchmark datasets.
The new dataset introduced can be found here
For a tiny bit more details on label mapping, see this issue
@inproceedings{bianchi-etal-2022-just,
title = "{``}It{'}s Not Just Hate{''}: A Multi-Dimensional Perspective on Detecting Harmful Speech Online",
author = "Bianchi, Federico and
HIlls, Stefanie and
Rossini, Patricia and
Hovy, Dirk and
Tromble, Rebekah and
Tintarev, Nava",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
month = dec,
year = "2022",
address = "Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/2022.emnlp-main.553",
pages = "8093--8099"}