Short note on deep learning introduction.

• When we try to solve a problem using a network of Perceptrons, then we are using deep learning approach.
• In Neural networks(NN), we have two parts. Forward Propagation and Backward Propagation.

Forward Propagation

• We have a network of input layer, hidden layers and output layer.
• Number of Perceptrons in input and output is equal to number of inputs and no of outputs respectively.
• We can add bias to input and to hidden layers also.
• We propagate our data in forward pass and assign some initital values for weights and bias which are learned in backward pass.
• Weighted sum of inputs (xw+b) is passed to each perceptron and activation function is applied to generate output.
• While passing data from input to hidden layer, each perceptron receive multiple permutation and combination of inputs, so that it can learn complex data also.
• Once data is propagated and output is generated, error = target - predicted is calculated.
• Weights are updated in backward propagation to reduce this error using optimizers.
• Optimizer is an algorithm which uses derivatives of cost function and activation function to update weights and minimize error
• one pass of forward and backward propagation is known as one epoch.

Backward Propagation

• Error is there because we have given some weights and biases but these values are not correct as per our dataset. So, network will try to change each weight and bias.
• Chain rule Concept used in backpropagation: Error is differentiable with respect to output of Perceptron. Output of any Perceptron is based on it's input(wx+b). Input is differentiable w.r.t to weight.
• For output layer, cost function and activation function is directly differentiable because target is known.
• For weight updation in Hidden layers, again multiple chain rule is applied which takes input from the previous layer and updated weights from the next layer.
• Suppose I am trying to update weight in m^th layer. Then it's differential calculation will depend on input from m-1^th layer and output from m+1^th layer.
• Once we update all the learning parameters, data is agin forward propagated, error is calculaetd and weights are updated.
• This process continues, untill learning stops means weights are not updating and remain same or error is not reducing further.

Importance of Bias

• Bias is a learning parameter which is applied per Perceptron genrerally but we can also take one bias per layer.
• Purpose of bias is to provide more flexibility to network to learn.
• Bias is used to shift activation function in space similar to intercept is used to shift line across Y-axis in Linear regression.

Importance of Activation Function

• It normalize the data in forward pass. Sigmoid and Tanh functions limit the data between certain ranges and so normalize the data.
• Differentiation of activation function is used in backpropagation to update weights. That is why Activation function should be differentiable is a requirement.
• If we do not add activation function then It will be a linear operation(wx+b). It is activation function which help the netwrok to learn complex patterns.

Why Vanishing Gradient Problem occur?

• Whenever we differentiate a function, we are basically reducing the degree of function by 1 and at last it become zero. So, In chain rule we keep on differentating the activation function and multiply it with other values.
• Second in Sigmoid and Tanh activation functions, derivative of sigmoid and Tanh is already very small. For sigmoid maximum derivate value is 0.25.
• Third, Sigmoid function always gives an output between [0,1] and Tanh between [-1,1]. so, doesn't matter how much big error you are passing, it will give small value and when we keep on doing this, after some layers values become so small that change in weights are significantly small and learning stops.
• Now , as we know, weight change in one hidden layer depends upon the weights in previous layers. If weight change in previous layer is small, then it will get smaller in current layer and because of that we get either negative values of gradient or training become very slow or sometimes it stops and show error.

Summary of vanishing gradient:

• Gradient based learning activation functions, squash large inputs into small range. so even large inputs will produce small change in output. When we stack multiple layers, then first layer will map input to small region, second layer will map output of first layer to further small region and keeps going on. As a result, even a large change in parameters of first layer will not produce much effect on output.

Convolution from scratch:

This file explain code for convolution operation from scrach and how internally all the steps apply on images using kernels and show the effect of some popular kernel also.

Why We are using CNN. why we can't just feed our image to ANN?

CNN uses the 3D property of image and use channels as depth and most important, it learns the spatial relationship between pixels of image, so when we are flattening the features and feeding to ANN, ANN learns those patterns that was extracted by CNN. It is more efficient. If we just flatten or image and feed to ANN, then We are just feeding pixels values, without telling the model how image pixels are related to each other and learnable parameters will also be too high.

1x1 convolution:

1x1 convolution serves three purpose:

1. it can extract pixel level details from image and after that we can apply bigger kernels to extract more finer features from these features extracted from 1x1.
2. It's major application lies in decreasing the number of feature maps or channel wise pooling. If number of channels keeps on increasing in deep neural networks such as Inception and Resnet, then number of parameters keeps on increasing. This is not only computationaly expensive but can degrade or overfit the model also. So, to reduce the number of channels in networks and therefore parameters, we can use 1x1 kernel. Let's say my image size is 11211264. If I apply 33128 kernels, so total parameters are (33128=1152) and no of operations performed are (1121126433128=92,48,44,032). On the other hand, if i use kernel of 11*128, no of parameters are (128) and operations are (10,27,60,448). It means 82 millions more operations performed in case of 3x3 kernels.
3. 1x1 convolution can be used to increase number of channels also depending on requirement. E.g. in inception model we are convoluting multiple kernels over the image at same time and then performing depth wise concatnation. Now output from different features map will be at different scales and before adding, we have to bring depth of different kernel operations at same level. In that case, we can use 1x1 kernels to increase the depth or decrease before modifying the pixel correlation much.
4. 1x1 convolution is just a linear operation to project input to output without loosing much information from input. Moreover, non linearity is also added because of activation function after 1x1 kernel which aids in model learning.

Link for good understanding of R-CNN

R-CNN

R-CNN_technical_summary

Good site to learn algorithms in depth

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_TGsU9_vcc

BBOX Regression: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LZRfHkTNQqo

Resnet Model: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uuc1wdqMFtQ

Link for good understanding of Faster- RCNN

Cogneethi Faster RCNN series: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1GQaVhO4f_jLxOokW7CS5kY_J1t1T17S Faster RCNN

tryolabs.com

medium.com/alegion/deep-learning-for-object-detection-and-localization-using-fast-r-cnn-85d52e3928a1

towardsdatascience.com/faster-r-cnn-for-object-detection-a-technical-summary-474c5b857b46