The OKLO package provides a set of convenient tools for modeling nuclides and the reactions between them. It provides methods to uniquely identify the known nuclides, define unique reactions which allow transitions from one nuclide to another, associate arbitrary user-specified data to these objects, and treat collections of nuclides and reactions as a single network.
While this package was initially designed for the purpose of calculating the flux of antineutrinos emitted by nuclear reactors, it is designed in a generic fashion for a broad range of applications (e.g. solar physics, supernova physics, etc.).
Installion is most convenient via the pip utility: :: $ pip install oklo
Here follows a brief description of the core tools provided by the OKLO package.
A nuclide is a unique nuclear state identified by the number of protons and number of neutrons in the nucleus, as well as an optional metastable isomeric energy level. Each nuclide serves as a data 'whiteboard'. Users can associate arbitrary data with a nuclide using a standard (key, value) approach. :: >>> from oklo.core.ids import NuclideId >>> from oklo.core.nuclide import Nuclide >>> C_12_id = NuclideId(Z=6,A=12,M=0) # Create unique ID for Carbon-12 >>> C_12 = Nuclide(nucl_id=C_12_id) # Create nuclide object >>> C_12.Z 6 >>> C_12.A 12 >>> C_12.M 0 >>> C_12.N 6 >>> C_12.name 'Carbon_12' >>> C_12.element_name 'Carbon' >>> C_12.element_abbrev 'C' >>> C_12['current_abundance'] = 0.8 # Associate user-defined data >>> C_12['current_abundance'] 0.8
A reaction is a unique type of nuclear transition between nuclides, such as the beta decay of 12B to 12C. Each reaction serves as a data 'whiteboard'. Users can associate arbitrary data with a reaction using a standard (key, value) approach. :: >>> from oklo.core.ids import NuclideId, ReactionId >>> from oklo.core.defs import ReactionType >>> from oklo.core.reaction import Reaction >>> B_12_beta_decay_id = ReactionId(init_nucl_id=NuclideId('Boron_12'), reac_type=ReactionType.BetaDecay) >>> B_12_beta_decay = Reaction(reac_id=B_12_beta_decay_id) >>> B_12_beta_decay.initial_nuclide_id.name Boron_12 >>> B_12_beta_decay.final_nuclide_id.name Carbon_12 >>> from oklo.core.units import Hz >>> B_12_beta_decay['current_rate'] = 1.0 * Hz >>> B_12_beta_decay['current_rate'] / Hz 1.0
A ReactionNetwork is a collection of nuclides and reactions relating these nuclides. This class serves as a standard entry point for calculation of quantities of interest. For example, users can iterate over the nuclides and reactions within the network to calculate total quantities for the network.
This class is effectively a 'graph' data structure in computer science lingo, where a set of nodes (nuclides) are connected by a set of links (reactions).
A physical model is a user-defined class which defines rules for automating the addition of user-specified data to the whiteboards Nuclides or Reactions. For example, you could specify the relative abundance of each nuclide present within the sun according to your preferred physical model.
Users should define their own physical model class which inherits from either NuclideModel or ReactionModel base classes, and implements a 'process(nuclide)' or 'process(reaction)' function which adds the appropriate data to the whiteboard based on the unique nuclide or reaction ID.
Factories provide a convenient method to populate a ReactionNetwork given one or a set of physical models.
For a more advance example, demonstrating the use of models and factories, execute the following:: $ python -i oklo/examples/antineutrino_spectrum_endf.py
This builds a reaction network for modeling a nominal commercial PWR reactor. The network is populated with tabulated nuclear data on cumulative fission yields and beta decay spectra. The network is then used to estimate the average antineutrino energy spectrum emitted per fission in the reactor.
If matplotlib is installed, then associated figures will also be generated.