SMOKE-Policy-Tool

SMOKE Policy Tool in Google Earth Engine

The SMOKE Policy Tool estimates and projects the public health impacts in Equatorial Asia due to Indonesian fires and allows users to customize scenarios in which fire activity is reduced based on possible conservation efforts. Please see our website for more information.

• Note: The SMOKE Policy Tool can be accessed from 1) Earth Engine Apps and 2) a read-only public repository in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) code editor. Earth Engine Apps is currently an experimental product (now released to the GEE community!) and does not support special characters and EE 'require' functions. Accessing the UI from the 'users/smokepolicytool/public' repository in the GEE code editor is more stable and interactive but requires a (free) GEE account.

Public Apps

(Earth Engine Apps, no Google Earth Engine account required)

1. SMOKE Policy Tool UI: main tool for modeling and projecting the impact of Indonesian fires on public health in Equatorial Asia for 2005-2029 based on land use and land cover (LULC) classification, Global Fire Emissions Database, version 4s (GFEDv4s) fire emissions, and meteorology
   
   

2. Indonesia LULC Maps UI: ancillary tool for visualizing land use/ land cover (LULC) classification and locations of concessions and conservation areas
   
   

Step 1: Scenario Year

Select a year from 2005-2029. The scenario year is linked to projections of LULC transitions in 5-year intervals; for example, all scenarios using any input year from 2005-2009 involve the same LULC transitions. Because we use 2005 and 2010 as the base LULC timesteps of the 2005-2009 LULC transitions, we consider 2005-2009 as "present" and 2010-2029 as "future."

Step 2: Meteorology Year

Select a meteorology year from 2005-2009. The rainfall ranks (0 = driest, 10 = wettest), which should guide your selection, are derived from mean CHIRPS daily precipitation rates over Sumatra and Kalimantan during the fire season (July-October), from 1981-2022. Dry years, such as 2006 (strong El Niño year), are generally associated with more intense fire activity and haze. If the scenario year is from 2005-2009, the meteorology year should match the scenario year.

Step 3: Receptor

Select a population-weighted receptor: Indonesia, Singapore, or Malaysia. A receptor is a location of interest that may be sensitive to pollutants upwind. In this case, the tool estimates and projects the public health impacts in Indonesia, Singapore, or Malaysia based on its respective sensitivity to upwind smoke from fires in Indonesia.

Step 4. (Optional) Build a custom scenario by blocking fire emissions in select regions

In custom scenarios, fire activity can be blocked in a combination of concessions (Oil Palm, Timber, Logging), other regions/ conservation areas (Peatlands, Conservation Areas, and BRG Sites), and Indonesia provinces. Badan Restorasi Gambut (BRG) sites were recently established following the 2015 severe haze event to restore the hydrology of damaged peatlands in Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Papua over a five-year period (https://brg.go.id). Indonesia provinces must be selected by IDs; as an example, to select Aceh and Riau, write in the widget: 0,24. The default option for Indonesian provinces is 'Block all fires', but another option available is 'Target conservation efforts'. In the 'Target conservation efforts' mode, if a concession is selected with a province, fire emissions are only reduced in areas co-located with that concession within that province.

Indonesia Provinces by IDs

ID	Sumatera	ID	Kalimantan	ID	Rest of Indonesia
0	Aceh	12	Kalimantan Barat	1	Bali
2	Bangka-Belitung	13	Kalimantan Selatan	3	Banten
8	Jambi	14	Kalimantan Tengah	4	Bengkulu
17	Kepulauan Riau	15	Kalimantan Timur	5	Gorontalo
18	Lampung	16	Kalimantan Utara	6	Irian Jaya Barat
24	Riau			7	Jakarta Raya
30	Sumatera Barat			9	Jawa Barat
31	Sumatera Selatan			10	Jawa Tengah
32	Sumatera Utara			11	Jawa Timur
				19	Maluku Utara
				20	Maluku
				21	Nusa Tenggara Barat
				22	Nusa Tenggara Timur
				23	Papua
				25	Sulawesi Barat
				26	Sulawesi Selatan
				27	Sulawesi Tengah
				28	Sulawesi Tenggara
				29	Sulawesi Utara
				33	Yogyakarta

Indonesia Provinces by IDs (English Names)

ID	Sumatra	ID	Kalimantan	ID	Rest of Indonesia
0	Aceh	12	West Kalimantan	1	Bali
2	Bangka-Belitung	13	South Kalimantan	3	Banten
8	Jambi	14	Central Kalimantan	4	Bengkulu
17	Riau Islands	15	East Kalimantan	5	Gorontalo
18	Lampung	16	North Kalimantan	6	West Papua
24	Riau			7	Greater Jakarta
30	West Sumatra			9	West Java
31	South Sumatra			10	Central Java
32	North Sumatra			11	East Java
				19	North Maluku
				20	Maluku
				21	West Nusa Tenggara
				22	South Nusa Tenggara
				23	Papua
				25	West Sulawesi
				26	South Sulawesi
				27	Central Sulawesi
				28	Southeast Sulawesi
				29	North Sulawesi
				33	Yogyakarta

Public Health Impacts

After submitting a scenario, please wait a few seconds (~a few seconds with fast internet speed). Legends will display in the left panel below the 'Submit Scenario' button, and map layers will display in the middle panel. Three charts will be generated and displayed in the right panel: 1. Timeseries of smoke PM_2.5 exposure at the receptor, 2. Pie chart of smoke PM_2.5 contribution by Indonesia province, and 3. Table of attributable mortality for the current and business-as-usual (BAU) scenarios. The tool also calculates the top 5 priority grid cells with BRG sites to reduce emissions; emissions in these grid cells contribute the highest fraction of smoke exposure to the receptor. Map layers can be turned on and off from the 'Layers' dropdown list.

Google Earth Engine Code Editor GUI

(Google Earth Engine account required)

Step 1: Sign up for a free Google Earth Engine account

Google Earth Engine (GEE) is a powerful cloud-computing platform for geospatial analysis and capable of computations with petabyte-scale datasets. To sign up, simply fill out a form and wait for an email. GEE works best with the Google Chrome web browser.

Step 2: The SMOKE Policy Tool repository

Copy and paste the following link in a tab in Google Chrome to enter the GEE Javascript playground and add the SMOKE Policy Tool public repository to your account under the read-only permissions folder in one step:

https://code.earthengine.google.com/?accept_repo=users/smokepolicytool/public

The repository should then appear in the top-left panel under 'Reader' as 'users/smokepolicytool/public'. The GEE Javascript playground is a code editor with a map and console to display or print results.

Step 3: Diving into the GUI

Click the 'UI_SMOKEPolicyTool.js' script in the 'users/smokepolicytool/public' repository. The script should appear in the code editor. Click 'Run' in the top-right corner of the code editor to activate the UI.

Publications

1. Marlier, M.E., T. Liu, K. Yu, J.J. Buonocore, S.N. Koplitz, R.S. DeFries, L.J. Mickley, D.J. Jacob, J. Schwartz, B.S. Wardhana, and S.S. Myers (2019). Fires, Smoke Exposure, and Public Health: An Integrative Framework to Maximize Health Benefits from Peatland Restoration. GeoHealth, 3, 178-189. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GH000191

2. Koplitz, S.N., L.J. Mickley, M.E. Marlier, J.J. Buonocore, P.S. Kim, T. Liu, M.P. Sulprizio, R.S. DeFries, D.J. Jacob, J. Schwartz, and S.S. Myers (2016). Public health impacts of the severe haze in Equatorial Asia in September–October 2015: demonstration of a new framework for informing fire management strategies to reduce downwind smoke exposure. Environ. Res. Lett. 11(9), 094023. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/9/094023

3. Kim, P.S., D.J. Jacob, L.J. Mickley, S.N. Koplitz, M.E. Marlier, R.S. DeFries, S.S. Myers, B.N. Chew, and Y.H. Mao (2015). Sensitivity of population smoke exposure to fire locations in Equatorial Asia. Atmos. Environ. 102, 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.09.045

4. van der Werf, G.R., J.T. Randerson, L. Giglio, T.T. van Leeuwen, Y. Chen, B.M. Rogers, M. Mu, M.J.E. van Marle, D.C. Morton, G.J. Collatz, R.J. Yokelson, and P.S. Kasibhatla (2017). Global fire emissions estimates during 1997-2016. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 9, 697–720. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-697-2017