Run CI with address and ub sanitizer

[fsimonis]

Main changes of this PR

This PR runs preCICE with address and undefined behaviour sanitizers inside the CI.
The leak sanitizer is disabled, as dependencies trigger it extensively. (investigation required)

Motivation and additional information

This should prevent bugs in the future.

Closes #262

Author's checklist

• I used the pre-commit hook to prevent dirty commits and used pre-commit run --all to format old commits.
• I added a changelog file with make changelog if there are user-observable changes since the last release.
• I added a test to cover the proposed changes in our test suite.
• I sticked to C++17 features.
• I sticked to CMake version 3.16.3.
• I squashed / am about to squash all commits that should be seen as one.

Reviewers' checklist

• Does the changelog entry make sense? Is it formatted correctly?
• Do you understand the code changes?