Nautilus

Nautilus is an example of an Aerokernel, a very thin kernel-layer exposed (much like Unikernel) directly to a runtime system and/or application. Aerokernels are suited particularly well for parallel runtimes that need fine-grained, explicit control of the machine to squeeze every bit of performance out of it. Note that an Aerokernel does not, by default, have a user-mode! There are several reasons for this, simplicity and performance among the most important. Furthermore, there are no heavy-weight processes---only threads, all of which share an address space. Therefore, Nautilus is also an example of a single address-space OS (SASOS). The runtime can implement user-mode features or address space isolation if this is required for its execution model.

Table of Contents

• Background
• Prerequisites
• Hardware Support
• Building
• Using QEMU
• Using BOCHS
• Using Gem5
• Rapid Development
• RISC-V Development
• Resources
• Maintainers
• License
• Acknowledgements

Background

We call the combination of an Aerokernel and the runtime/application using it a Hybrid Runtime (HRT), in that it is both a runtime and a kernel, especially regarding its ability to use the full machine and determine the proper abstractions to the raw hardware (if the runtime developer sees a mismatch with his/her needs and the Aerokernel mechanisms, they can be overridden).

If stronger isolation or more complete POSIX/Linux compatibility is required, it is useful to run the HRT in the context of a Hybrid Virtual Machine. An HVM allows a virtual machine to split the (virtual) hardware resources among a regular OS (ROS) and an HRT. The HRT portion of the HVM can then be seen as a kind of software accelerator. Note that because of the simplicity of the hardware abstractions in a typical HRT, virtualization overheads are much, much less significant than in, e.g. a Linux guest.

Prerequisites

• gcc cross compiler or clang (experimental)
• grub version >= ~2.02
• xorriso (for creating ISO images)
• qemu or bochs (for testing and debugging)

Hardware Support

Nautilus works with the following hardware:

• x86_64 machines (AMD and Intel)
• Intel Xeon Phi, both KNC and KNL using Philix for easy booting
• As a Hybrid Virtual Machine (HVM) in the Palacios VMM

Nautilus can also run as a virtual machine under QEMU, BOCHS, KVM, and in a simulated environment using Gem5

Building

First, configure Nautilus by running either make menuconfig or make defconfig. The latter generates a default configuration for you. The former allows you to customize your kernel build.

Select any options you require, then run make to build the HRT binary image. To make a bootable CD-ROM, run make isoimage. If you see weird errors, chances are there is something wrong with your GRUB2 toolchain (namely, grub-mkrescue). Make sure grub-mkrescue knows where its libraries are, especially if you've installed the latest GRUB from source. Use grub-mkrescue -d. We've run into issues with naming of the GRUB2 binaries, in which case a workaround with symlinks was sufficient.

On newer systems, Grub 2 renamed the binaries, so you might want to symlink to them, e.g. as follows:

$> ln -s /usr/bin/grub2-mkrescue /usr/bin/grub-mkrescue

Using QEMU

Here's an example:

Recommended:

$> qemu-system-x86_64 -cdrom nautilus.iso -m 2048

Nautilus has multicore support, so this will also work just fine:

$> qemu-system-x86_64 -cdrom nautilus.iso -m 2048 -smp 4

You should see Nautilus boot up on all 4 cores.

Nautilus is a NUMA-aware Aerokernel. To see this in action, try (with a sufficiently new version of QEMU):

$> qemu-system-x86_64 -cdrom nautilus.iso \
                      -m 8G \
                      -numa node,nodeid=0,cpus=0-1 \
                      -numa node,nodeid=1,cpus=2-3 \
                      -smp 4,sockets=2,cores=2,threads=1

Nautilus supports debugging over the serial port. This is useful if you want to debug a physical machine remotely. All prints after the serial port has been initialized will be redirected to COM1. To use this, find the SERIAL_REDIRECT entry and enable it in make menuconfig. You can now run like this:

$> qemu-system-x86_64 -cdrom nautilus.iso -m 2G -serial stdio

Sometimes it is useful to interact with the Nautilus root shell via serial port, e.g. when you're running under QEMU on a system that does not have a windowing system. You'll want to first put a character device on the serial port by rebuilding Nautilus after selecting the Place a virtual console interface on a character device option. Then, after Nautilus boots (making sure you enabled the -serial stdio option in QEMU) you'll see a virtual console at your terminal. You can get to the root shell by getting to the terminal list with \``3. You can then select the root shell, and you will be able to run shell commands and see output. If you want to see more kernel output, you can use serial redirection and serial mirroring in your config.

If you'd like to use Nautilus networking with QEMU, you should use a TUN/TAP interface. First, you can run the following on your host machine:

$> sudo tunctl -d tap0
$> sudo tunctl -t tap0
$> sudo ifconfig tap0 up 10.10.10.2 netmask 255.255.255.0

Then you can use the tap interface with QEMU as follows. This particular invocation attaches both a virtual e1000 fast ethernet card and a virtio network interface:

$> sudo qemu-system-x86_64 -smp 2 \ 
                           -m 2048 \
                           -vga std \
                           -serial stdio \
                           -cdrom nautilus.iso \
                           -netdev tap,ifname=tap0,script=no,id=net0 \
                               -device virtio-net,netdev=net0 \
                           -netdev user,id=net1 \
                               -device e1000,netdev=net1 \
                           -drive if=none,id=hd0,format=raw,file=nautilus.iso \
                               -device virtio-blk,drive=hd0

Using BOCHS

While we recommend using QEMU, sometimes it is nice to use the native debugging support in BOCHS. We've used BOCHS successfully with version 2.6.8. You must have a version of BOCHS that is built with x86_64 support, which does not seem to be the default in a lot of package repos. We had to build it manually. You probably also want to enable the native debugger.

Here is a BOCHS config file (~/.bochsrc) that we used successfully:

ata0-master: type=cdrom, path=nautilus.iso, status=inserted
boot: cdrom
com1: enabled=1, mode=file, dev=serial.out
cpu: count=2
cpuid: level=6, mmx=1, level=6, x86_64=1, 1g_pages=1
megs: 2048

Using Gem5

You can configure and build Nautilus for execution in the Gem5 architectural simulator. Note that Gem5 is very slow. Simulated time is 2-3 orders of magnitude slower than real-time. If you care about interaction, and not simulation accuracy, configure Nautilus to override the APIC timing calibration results, a suboption under the Gem5 target architecture. Once you have built the kernel for the Gem5 target architecture, you can copy nautilus.bin to ~gem5/binaries, and run it using Gem5's example full system configuration (~gem5/configs/example/fs.py), like this (for two cpus):

$> cd ~gem5
$> build/X86/gem5.opt -d run.out configs/example/fs.py -n 2

Nautilus on Gem5 follows Gem5's boot model for Linux. If you don't want to change anything, just symlink binaries/nautilus.bin as the linux kernel executable the example config expects. Alternatively, you can modify the config like this, or do something similar in your own config:

     test_sys = makeLinuxX86System(...)
+++  test_sys.kernel = binary('nautilus.bin')

Once Gem5 is running, you can debug Nautilus in the following Gem5-standard ways:

$> telnet localhost 3456  # access serial0 / com1

gdb binaries/nautilus.bin
(gdb) target remote localhost:7000 # attach debugger to cpu 0
(gdb) set architecture i386:x86-64
(gdb) ...

Note that if you want to interact with Nautilus running on Gem5, you will need to use the virtual console on a char device (serial0) to do so. If you don't want to interact, please see the autoexec.bat startup script feature in src/arch/gem5/init.c.

Rapid Development

If you'd like to get started quickly with development, a good way is to use Vagrant. We've provided a Vagrantfile in the top-level Nautilus directory for provisioning a Vagrant VM which has pretty much everything you need to develop and run Nautilus. This setup currently only works for VMWare Fusion/Desktop (which requires the paid Vagrant VMWare provider). We hope to get this working for VirtualBox, and perhaps AWS soon. If you already have Vagrant installed, to get started you can do the following from the top-level Nautilus directory:

$> vagrant up

This will run for several minutes and provision a VM with all the required packages. It will automatically clone the latest version of Nautilus and build it. To connect to the VM, you can ssh into it, and immediately start running Nautilus. There is a demo put in the VM's nautilus directory which will boot Nautilus in QEMU with a virtual console on a serial port and the QEMU monitor in another tmux pane:

$> vagrant ssh
[vagrant@localhost] cd nautilus
[vagrant@localhost] . ./demo

RISC-V Development

If you'd like to check out building and running Nautilus in an emulated RISC-V environment using QEMU, we've provided some steps below you may follow to get started. Note that this is an experimental and incomplete port from x86_64 to RISC-V.

The first step would be to install a compatiable version of QEMU to emulate the RISC-V machine. We've tested this port on version 5.0.0:

$> git clone https://github.com/qemu/qemu
$> cd qemu
$> git checkout v5.0.0
$> ./configure --target-list=riscv64-softmmu
$> make -j $(nproc)
$> sudo make install

This will install a custom version of QEMU that you should then be able to call using qemu-system-riscv64. Next, you'll need to install the RISC-V GNU Compiler Toolchain. We've used the Newlib cross-compiler:

$> sudo mkdir -p /opt/riscv
$> git clone https://github.com/riscv/riscv-gnu-toolchain
$> cd riscv-gnu-toolchain
$> ./configure --prefix=/opt/riscv
$> make

This will run for several minutes and build the entire RISC-V Newlib cross-compiler. Once complete, add /opt/riscv/bin to your PATH and you should now be able to call riscv64-unknown-elf-gcc and its cousins.

Next, you'll need to configure with make menuconfig. Under Platform and Target Selection, choose RISC-V 64-bit Host and under Build, set Toolchain Root to /opt/riscv/riscv64-unknown-elf/bin. There is also an example config that you may use with the following command:

$> cp configs/cs446-s21-riscv-config .config

You should then be able to build and run Nautilus for RISC-V. Try this:

$> ARCH=riscv CROSS_COMPILE=riscv64-unknown-elf- make -j
$> qemu-system-riscv64 -kernel nautilus.bin \
                       -m 256M \
                       -smp 1 \
                       -machine virt \
                       -bios none \
                       -nographic \
                       -gdb tcp::1234 \

Resources

You can find publications related to Nautilus and HRTs/HVMs at http://halek.co, http://pdinda.org, http://interweaving.org, and the lab websites below.

Our labs:

HExSA Lab at IIT

Prescience Lab at Northwestern

Maintainers

Primary development is done by Kyle Hale and Peter Dinda. However, many people contribute to the development and maintenance of Nautilus. Please see this page as well as comments in the headers and the commit logs for details.

License

Acknowledgements

Nautilus was made possible by support from the United States National Science Foundation (NSF) via grants CCF-1533560, CRI-1730689, REU-1757964, CNS-1718252, CNS-0709168, CNS-1763743, and CNS-1763612, the Department of Energy (DOE) via grant DE-SC0005343, and Sandia National Laboratories through the Hobbes Project, which was funded by the 2013 Exascale Operating and Runtime Systems Program under the Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research in the DOE Office of Science. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Kyle C. Hale © 2018