This repo contains tools for exploring early Linux distributions in QEMU, a cross-platform emulation and virtualization tool.
Running retro distros in QEMU has been done many times by many people, but until now there has not been a central repository of recipes for running a wide variety of distros. This project also emphasizes fully automated installs for reproducible build artifacts.
The scripts have been developed on Ubuntu 22.04. You will need to install some prerequisites:
sudo apt install qemu-system-x86 cloud-image-utils p7zip-full unzip
The scripts should theoretically be portable to any other linux Distro that has the prerequisites installed, but I haven't tested this. If you don't use the Jump Box, cloud-image-utils are not required.
The package command (see below) can be used to package the disk images together with a shells script and batch file to start QEMU. This will allow the image to be run on Windows or other operating systems with only QEMU installed. However, the initial preparation needs to be done on Linux.
The retro script provides commands for downloading, extracting, and running retro distros. All of the commands take a configuration directory as their first argument. If no directory is provided, the current directory is used.
runwill start the distro using the disk images in the.qemudirectory. Any additional arguments are passed to QEMU verbatim.extractwill extract the distro into the.cachedirectory.downloadwill download the distro's original files into the.downloadsdirectory.resetwill reset the distro's cache and QEMU configurationpatchwill patch the distro's boot/root disk for auto-installation (this requires sudo to mount the image)packagewill package the disk images and create shell scripts and batch files to run them in QEMU.
You won't normally need to run extract and download manually since run will automatically run each of them in turn.
The configuration directories are organized into a distro/version/variant heirarchy. In addition to the configuration files, distro directories may contain a README with pertinent information.
Old distros don't support power management, so you should manually run shutdown -h now before closing QEMU. To exit QEMU from the command line type ctrl-a, then x (not ctrl-x).
Throughout the 90s, companies sold CD-ROMs with distros on them, usually for less than $50. Oftentimes these discs also included snapshots of popular Linux FTP sites such as sunsite.unc.edu and tsx-11.mit.edu. These CD-ROMs were a valuable service in the age of dialup internet, and today they are valuable time capsules that capture the state of the Linux world at the time they were pressed.
Configuration files are provided in the cdrom directory for downloading and extracting CD ISOs.
Old distributions are riddled with security holes and have no business being on the internet. If you were to connect them, they often do not support modern network protocols, so you can't do much. Yes, you can put Slackware 1.0 on the internet and ping www.google.com, but that's about it, and that's probably a good thing. Even its FTP client won't work from behind a firewall because it doesn't support passive mode.
jump will start a modern Ubuntu VM configured as a jump box with an FTP server and other niceties to interact with your retro boxes. This VM has a connection to the internet but also a second private network interface that all the retro boxes can talk to. The VM's SSH port is forwarded to 2222 on the host, and convenience commands are provided to ssh, sftp, and scp. It is accessible to the retro distros via FTP to 10.0.2.1. The username and password is retro/retro.
Usage: jump COMMAND ...
Commands:
run start the jump box with a serial console
ssh ssh into jump box
sftp sftp into jump box
scp scp file into into jump box
Additional parameters are passed verbatim to ssh/sftp/scp.
For scp, 'retro:*' is expanded to 'retro@localhost:*'.
To shut down the jump box, run sudo poweroff from the serial console or ssh session.
To add support for a new distro, create a new distro/version/variant configuration directory. Configuration files should address the following steps. Look at the existing distros for examples of how to do this.
Downloads are configured using one of the following files, in order of precedence:
download.shexecutes as a general script to handle special cases.urls.txtcontains a list of files to download in the formatfilename urlwith one file per line.slackver.txtcontains the version to download from the Slackware's official mirror.
Extraction is configured by files in the distro's config directory:
source.txtspecifies the CD-ROM that the distro comes from.extract.shperforms distro-specific extraction...- If the distro doesn't support installing from an IDE CD-ROM, extract package files to the
installdirectory. This will be mounted as a FAT partition to/dev/hdb1. - If a boot floppy is required, copy it to
boot.img. - If a root floppy is required, copy it to
root.img. - Extract any additional files required for installation.
- If the distro doesn't support installing from an IDE CD-ROM, extract package files to the
The retro script configures QEMU to run the a distro by doing the following:
- Sets
QEMU_*variables with the default hardware configuration- Creates symlinks to attach installation files to the appropriate device:
boot.img->fda.img: first floppy drive (/dev/fd0)root.img->fdb.img: second floppy drive (/dev/fd1)install->hdb: FAT partition on second IDE drive (/dev/hdb1)disc1.iso->hdc.img: CD-ROM drive (/dev/hdc)
- Sources the distro's
qemu.shfile if it exists. This file should:- Override
QEMU_*variables for non-default hardware configuration - Create symlinks for any additional files needed by the installation
- Perform any special-case initialization required by the distro
- Override
- Creates main hard drive image
hda.imgwith sizeQEMU_HD_SIZEand formatQEMU_HD_FORMAT
Support may optionally be provided for automatically installing and configuring a distro. Refer to the README in the autoinst directory for more information.
- QEMU Advent Calendar for giving me the idea to start playing with this. Slackware 1.0 is Day 1 from 2014.
- Archive.org for keeping around all the old CD-ROM and floppy images of distros gone by.
- Joshua Powers for instructions on running an Ubuntu cloud image in QEMU.
Unless otherwise noted, the scripts in this repo are under MIT license.
Copyright 2022 J.B. Langston
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
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