The Zip CPU

The Zip CPU is a small, light-weight, RISC CPU. Specific design goals include:

• 32-bit. All registers, addresses, and instructions are 32-bits in length. While the byte-size itself was at one time 32-bits, the CPU now handles 8-bit bytes like all other CPUs
• A RISC CPU. The ZipCPU does not implement any microcode for executing instructions. Instructions nominally complete in one cycle each, with exceptions for multiplies, divides, memory accesses, and (sometime) floating point instructions.
• A load/store architecture. Only load and store instructions may access memory.
• Wishbone compliant. All memory and peripherals are accessed across a single wishbone bus.
• A Von-Neumann architecture, meaning that both instructions and data share a common bus.
• A pipelined architecture, having stages for prefetch, decode, read-operand(s), a combined stage containing the ALU, memory, divide, and floating point units, and then the final write-back stage.
• A two mode machine: supervisor and user, with each mode having a different access level.
• Completely open source, licensed under the GPL.

Unique features and characteristics

• Only 29 instructions are currently implemented. Six additional instructions have been reserved for a floating point unit, but such a unit has yet to be implemented.
• (Almost) all instructions can be executed conditionally. Exceptions include load immediate, the debug break instruction, the bus lock and simulation instructions, and the no-operation instruction.
• Simplfied wishbone bus. While the ZipCPU conforms to the Wishbone B4 standard, some simplifications have been made. All tgx lines have been removed, although the select lines have been kept. All accesses are (or can be) pipelined. Finally, the ZipCPU project (and its daughter projects/peripherals assumes that the strobe line is zero whenever the cycle is zero. This simplifies peripheral processing.
• The CPU makes heavy use of pipelined wishbone processing wherever and whenever it can. Hence, loading two vaues in a row may cost only one clock more than just loading the one value.
• The CPU has no interrupt vectors, but rather two register sets. On any interrupt, the CPU just switches from the user register set to the supervisor register set. This simplifies interrupt handling, since the CPU automatically saves, preserves, and restores the supervisor's context between enabling interrupts and receiving the next interrupt. An interrupt peripheral handles the combining of multiple interrupts into a single interrupt line.

Getting Started

If you'd like to get started with the ZipCPU, you might wish to know that this repository contains the CPU, its documentation, and the toolchain. The CPU implementation found here, though, is just that: a CPU. This implementation requires a bus with peripherals hanging off of it, things such as RAM, flash (ROM), serial port, etc. This is just where I keep the CPU apart from any necessary peripherals.

So, if you want to try out the CPU, feel free to download and build this repository. You'll need it for the binutils, GCC, and newlib support provided by it.

Once you've built these tools, then I'd suggest you look into the ZBasic repository. That repository places the CPU in an environment with block RAM, QSPI flash, and SD-card (SPI protocol) access. From that repository, you can either tweak the distro (main.v, regdefs.h, board.h, board.ld) to add the peripherals you want to use the CPU with, or you can use autofpga to adjust your RAM size, add or remove peripherals and so forth while maintaining (creating, really) all of these files for you.

Even more than that, the ZBasic distribution has complete Verilator support so that you can build your design, and simulate it, from power on reset through bootloader through ... well, however far you'd like to simulate and your disk has space for.

If you aren't interested in simulating the CPU, there is an assembly level debugger that you can use to stop and step the CPU, as well as an integrated wishbone scope that you can use to get traces from within the design while it is running.

Need help?

If you'd like to use the ZipCPU, and don't know where to begin, feel free to find me on IRC as ZipCPU. I tend to inhabit the #openarty channel of the Freenode IRC server. If you get stuck, I've been known to help folks out there as well.

Current Status

20170309: The CPU has just been updated for 8-bit byte support. Several additional changes include:

• The CPU has been rebuilt to add four new instructions, LB (load byte), SB (store byte), LH (load half-word or short), and SH (store half-word or short).
• The LOD/STO instructions have been renamed LW (load word) and SW (store word) respectively.
• The CPU is now also, as a result, completely big--endian, which it only sort of was before.
• The maximum wishbone bus address width of the CPU is no longer 32-bits, where each address references a 32-bit number (16GB), but rather 30-bits (4GB). The final two bits are used to determine the values of the (new) select lines. This means that the ZipCPU now suffers from the same 4GB memory limit as all other 32-bit CPUs.
• The instruction set has been reordered--programs written for the 32-bit byte master branch will not work on this 8-bit byte branch.
• The greater than (GT) condition has been replaced by a not-carry (NC) condition, in order to simplify what the compiler needs to do for unsigned numbers.
• The machine ID in the ZipCPU ELF/object files has been changed from 0xdadd to 0xdad1, to reflect this change. (This is an unregistered ID, so ... there may be other computers out there with this ELF ID ...)
• The ZipCPU supports several new simulation support or SIM instructions. These can be used to write messages to the simulator console if desired.
• There are now two simulators for the ZipCPU: A C++ simulator that is independent of the Verilog, and a Verilator based simulator that exercises the CPUs core logic.
• The two simulators are designed to closely match the performance of a bare-bones basic ZipCPU system. Further, the newlib library as built is designed to support this minimum ZipCPU implementation.
• The Assembler now implements the Compressed Instruction Set (CIS) by default when it can. (This instruction set was formerly and inappropriately named the VLIW instruction set. It has since been redesigned.) Instruction words using this format can pack two instructions into a single instruction word.

Unlike the ZipCPU before these changes, newlib now compiles and appears to work with the ZipCPU (without floating point support).

Also, unlike before, the ZipCPU is now small enough to be able to include a divide unit, and a double-fetch (uses pipelined WB for one word) when built for the Spartan-6/LX4.

Other distributions include the OpenArty distribution (with network hardware support), and a very minimal S6SoC distribution for Digilent's CMod-S6.

I'm currently trying to build video support for the Nexys Video (as of 20170717), but that's simply an ongoing project.

Not yet integrated

• An MMU has been written for the ZipCPU, and even integrated into it, but it has not yet been tested.

• Likewise, a data cache has been written for the ZipCPU, but not yet integrated into it

• I would also like to integrate SDCard support into the newlib C-library to give the CPU file access. If and when this takes place, it will take place as part of the ZBasic repository first.

• The ZipOS would greatly speed up and improve the bare bones newlib library--primarily by providing "O/S" level interrupt support when using the library. This integration has not (yet) been accomplished.

Commercial Opportunities

If the GPLv3 license is insufficient for your needs, other licenses (for all but the tool-chain) can be purchased from Gisselquist Technology, LLC.