Fix Query DryRun failures should return early with status codes

[micahyoung]

This change brings Query dry-run exceptions (syntax errors, inaccessible tables, etc) closer to BigQuery behavior and adds test coverage.

Current behavior:

Test script with invalid query syntax, intended to trigger dry run exception:

from google.cloud.bigquery import Client, QueryJobConfig

def callback(callback_job):
    print(f"Callback Job: {callback_job}" )

invalid_query = "SEL"
job = Client().query(invalid_query, job_config=QueryJobConfig(dry_run=True))
job.add_done_callback(callback)

print(f"Query Job: {job}")

When: Run against BigQuery (BIGQUERY_EMULATOR_HOST is undefined)
Then: BigQuery correctly returns Syntax error exception

Traceback (most recent call last):
...
    raise exceptions.from_http_response(response)
google.api_core.exceptions.BadRequest: 400 POST https://bigquery.googleapis.com/bigquery/v2/projects/<redacted>/jobs?prettyPrint=false: Syntax error: Expected end of input but got identifier "SEL" at [1:1]

Location: None
Job ID: 28ee0424-c7ec-4b79-a61b-63e94475fad8

When: Run against Emulator (BIGQUERY_EMULATOR_HOST=http://localhost:9050, branch is main)
Then: Emulator incorrectly returns successful job and triggers callback

Callback Job: QueryJob<project=test-project, location=None, id=8bb89ea1-fb35-47f7-badb-a316a3ff8d14>
Query Job: QueryJob<project=test-project, location=None, id=8bb89ea1-fb35-47f7-badb-a316a3ff8d14>

PR behavior:

When: Run against Emulator (BIGQUERY_EMULATOR_HOST=http://localhost:9050, branch is fix-query-dryrun-errors)
Then: Emulator correctly returns Syntax error exception)

Traceback (most recent call last):
...
    raise exceptions.from_http_response(response)
google.api_core.exceptions.BadRequest: 400 POST http://localhost:9050/bigquery/v2/projects/<redacted>/jobs?prettyPrint=false: failed to parse statements: failed to parse statement: INVALID_ARGUMENT: Syntax error: Unexpected identifier "SEL" [type.googleapis.com/zetasql.ErrorLocation='\x08\x01\x10\x01']

Location: None
Job ID: b00bcf80-36dc-4bb0-847f-0b63ddb18a03

• Note: exception message is not same but that can be improved separately

Closest equivalent tests for:

• Golang: cloud.google.com/go/bigquery: query_test.TestQuery()
• Python: cloud.google.bigquery: tests/systems/test_query.py.test_dry_run()