Crust: Libre SCP firmware for Allwinner sunxi SoCs

What is it?

The crust is the lowest-level component of a delicious fruit pie. Similarly, Crust is the lowest-level firmware component that runs on $FRUIT (Banana, Orange, Lichee) Pi single-board computers and other Allwinner-based devices, such as the Olimex TERES-I laptop and the Pine64 PinePhone.

Crust improves battery life and thermal performance by implementing a deep sleep state. During deep sleep, the CPU cores, the DRAM controller, and most onboard peripherals are powered down, reducing power consumption by 80% or more compared to an idle device. On boards without a PMIC, Crust is also responsible for orderly power-off and power-on of the device.

For this to work, Crust runs outside the main CPU and DRAM, on a dedicated always-on microprocessor called a System Control Processor (SCP). Crust is designed to run on a specific SCP implementation, Allwinner's AR100.

Note that Crust only provides the mechanism for deep sleep. It does not dictate any system sleep policy. Specifically, Crust does not decide when to go to sleep; the Linux kernel or userspace does that. And with one exception (listening for IR remote control key presses), Crust does not decide when to wake the system up, either; the hardware, as programmed by Linux, does that. Crust is designed to be a mostly-invisible implementation detail of the Linux power management interface.

See Crust's ABI documentation for a detailed description of how Crust interacts with Linux and other firmware components at runtime.

Interested users and contributors are encouraged to join #linux-sunxi on OFTC to discuss the firmware and its integration with other software.

Supported devices

Crust supports any board with a SoC listed in the table below. There is no board-specific code needed for basic functionality. Boards that are tested and known to work have a defconfig file in the repository. For everything else, use the defconfig for a similar board, or run make config or make nconfig to choose the appropriate options (there aren't many).

SoC	Support level	SCPI	CPU cores	CPU subsystem	DRAM	PMIC
A23	Known to run	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
A33	Known to run	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
A64	Production/stable	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
A83T	Known to compile	Yes	No	No	No	No
H3	Working beta	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	N/A
H5	Production/stable	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	N/A
H6	Production/stable	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

Prerequisites

Crust supports mainline Linux only. It completely replaces Allwinner's bespoke, proprietary firmware with a libre solution that supports standard protocols and is developed entirely in the open with community input. Effort is underway to upstream all changes to third-party projects; however, some patches are currently still needed.

• ARM Trusted Firmware-A: upstream support for Crust was merged in commit c335ad480d41, and is present in all releases starting with v2.3. Optional patches for improved support are available in the crust branch of the crust-firmware fork.
• Linux: while Linux does not directly communicate with Crust, it requires some small patches to cleanly share the clock controller and PMIC bus controller hardware with Crust. They are available in the crust-minimal branch of the crust-firmware fork. Those patches, plus additional optional changes for reduced power consumption (helpful even if you are not using Crust), are available in the crust branch.
• U-Boot: upstream support for loading Crust into SRAM was merged in commit 18261b855223, and is present in all releases starting with v2021.01-rc1. It is also possible to load Crust by padding your ATF binary to 48KiB (64KiB for H6) and then concatenating Crust onto the end.

Note: The default PMIC bus configuration for most H6 boards is not compatible with versions of Linux before commit 531fdbeedeb8. To use Crust on those boards with older versions of Linux, you must explicitly select CONFIG_I2C_PINS_PL0_PL1, or you may use the Crust v0.4 release.

Building the firmware

An easy way to get all the pieces in the right places, with the right patches, is to use the Makefile in the crust-firmware meta repository. See the README file there for further instructions. Alternatively, you can build each firmware component individually. See the README.sunxi64 file in the U-Boot source tree for more details. Installation of the combined U-Boot+ATF+Crust binary works the same as for U-Boot without Crust.

Building Crust requires a cross-compiler targeting the or1k architecture (OpenRISC 1000, not RISC-V), which is officially supported in upstream GCC starting with GCC 9.1.0. Prebuilt toolchains are available from musl.cc, bootlin, and possibly your Linux distribution's package archive.

If your cross toolchain has a different tuple (the toolchain's libc is not relevant when compiling freestanding firmware programs), or if it is not in your PATH, export CROSS_COMPILE or edit the top of the Makefile to provide the appropriate prefix or full path.

Run make to build the firmware, which will be placed at build/scp/scp.bin. Adding V=1 to the command line will perform a verbose build, showing you the commands as they run. Set SRC, OBJ, or TGT as necessary if you want to do an out-of-tree build.

Contributing

The success of the crust firmware project is made possible by community support. For more information regarding community contributions, please reference the crust firmware contribution guidelines.