Benchmark • Installation • User experience • Model zoo • Datasets • Credit & citation

modelvshuman: Does your model generalise better than humans?

modelvshuman is a Python toolbox to benchmark the gap between human and machine vision. Using this library, both PyTorch and TensorFlow models can be evaluated on 17 out-of-distribution datasets with high-quality human comparison data.

🏆 Benchmark

The top-10 models are listed here; training dataset size is indicated in brackets. Additionally, standard ResNet-50 is included as the last entry of the table for comparison. Model ranks are calculated across the full range of 52 models that we tested. If your model scores better than some (or even all) of the models here, please open a pull request and we'll be happy to include it here!

Most human-like behaviour

winner	model	accuracy difference ↓	observed consistency ↑	error consistency ↑	mean rank ↓
🥇	ViT-22B-384: ViT-22B (4B)	.018	.783	.258	1.67
🥈	CLIP: ViT-B (400M)	.023	.758	.281	3
🥉	ViT-22B-560: ViT-22B (4B)	.022	.739	.281	3.33
👏	SWSL: ResNeXt-101 (940M)	.028	.752	.237	6
👏	BiT-M: ResNet-101x1 (14M)	.034	.733	.252	7
👏	BiT-M: ResNet-152x2 (14M)	.035	.737	.243	7.67
👏	ViT-L (1M)	.033	.738	.222	9.33
👏	BiT-M: ResNet-152x4 (14M)	.035	.732	.233	10.33
👏	BiT-M: ResNet-50x3 (14M)	.040	.726	.228	12
👏	ViT-L (14M)	.035	.744	.206	12
...	standard ResNet-50 (1M)	.087	.665	.208	31.33

Highest OOD (out-of-distribution) distortion robustness

winner	model	OOD accuracy ↑	rank ↓
🥇	ViT-22B-224: ViT-22B (4B)	.837	1
🥈	Noisy Student: EfficientNet-L2 (300M)	.829	2
🥉	ViT-22B-384: ViT-22B (4B)	.798	3
👏	ViT-L (14M)	.733	4
👏	CLIP: ViT-B (400M)	.708	5
👏	ViT-L (1M)	.706	6
👏	SWSL: ResNeXt-101 (940M)	.698	7
👏	BiT-M: ResNet-152x2 (14M)	.694	8
👏	BiT-M: ResNet-152x4 (14M)	.688	9
👏	BiT-M: ResNet-101x3 (14M)	.682	10
...	standard ResNet-50 (1M)	.559	34

🔧 Installation

Simply clone the repository to a location of your choice and follow these steps (requires python3.8):

1. Set the repository home path by running the following from the command line:

   export MODELVSHUMANDIR=/absolute/path/to/this/repository/
   

2. Within the cloned repository, install package:

   pip install -e .
   

   (The -e option makes sure that changes to the code are reflected in the package, which is important e.g. if you add your own model or make any other changes)

🔬 User experience

Simply edit examples/evaluate.py as desired. This will test a list of models on out-of-distribution datasets, generating plots. If you then compile latex-report/report.tex, all the plots will be included in one convenient PDF report.

🐫 Model zoo

The following models are currently implemented:

• 20+ standard supervised models from the torchvision model zoo
• 5 self-supervised contrastive models (InsDis, MoCo, MoCoV2, InfoMin, PIRL) from the pycontrast repo
• 3 self-supervised contrastive SimCLR model variants (simclr_resnet50x1, simclr_resnet50x2, simclr_resnet50x4) from the ptrnet repo
• 3 vision transformer variants (vit_small_patch16_224, vit_base_patch16_224 and vit_large_patch16_224) from the pytorch-image-models repo
• 10 adversarially "robust" models from robust-models-transfer repo implemented via the ptrnet repo
• 3 "ShapeNet" ResNet-50 models with different degree of stylized training from the texture-vs-shape repo
• 3 BagNet models from the BagNet repo
• 1 semi-supervised ResNet-50 model pre-trained on 940M images from the semi-supervised-ImageNet1K-models repo
• 6 Big Transfer models from the pytorch-image-models repo

If you e.g. add/implement your own model, please make sure to compute the ImageNet accuracy as a sanity check.

How to load a model

If you just want to load a model from the model zoo, this is what you can do:

    # loading a PyTorch model from the zoo
    from modelvshuman.models.pytorch.model_zoo import InfoMin
    model = InfoMin("InfoMin")

    # loading a Tensorflow model from the zoo
    from modelvshuman.models.tensorflow.model_zoo import efficientnet_b0
    model = efficientnet_b0("efficientnet_b0")

Then, if you have a custom set of images that you want to evaluate the model on, load those (in the example below, called images) and evaluate via:

    output_numpy = model.forward_batch(images)
    
    # by default, type(output) is numpy.ndarray, which can be converted to a tensor via:
    output_tensor = torch.tensor(output_numpy)

However, if you simply want to run a model through the generalisation datasets provided by the toolbox, we recommend to check the section on User experience.

How to list all available models

All implemented models are registered by the model registry, which can then be used to list all available models of a certain framework with the following method:

    from modelvshuman import models
    
    print(models.list_models("pytorch"))
    print(models.list_models("tensorflow"))

How to add a new model

Adding a new model is possible for standard PyTorch and TensorFlow models. Depending on the framework (pytorch / tensorflow), open modelvshuman/models/<framework>/model_zoo.py. Here, you can add your own model with a few lines of code - similar to how you would load it usually. If your model has a custom model definition, create a new subdirectory called modelvshuman/models/<framework>/my_fancy_model/fancy_model.py which you can then import from model_zoo.py via from .my_fancy_model import fancy_model.

📁 Datasets

In total, 17 datasets with human comparison data collected under highly controlled laboratory conditions in the Wichmannlab are available.

Twelve datasets correspond to parametric or binary image distortions. Top row: colour/grayscale, contrast, high-pass, low-pass (blurring), phase noise, power equalisation. Bottom row: opponent colour, rotation, Eidolon I, II and III, uniform noise.

The remaining five datasets correspond to the following nonparametric image manipulations: sketch, stylized, edge, silhouette, texture-shape cue conflict.

How to load a dataset

Similarly, if you're interested in just loading a dataset, you can do this via:

   from modelvshuman.datasets import sketch      
   dataset = sketch(batch_size=16, num_workers=4)

Note that the datasets aren't available after installing the toolbox just yet. Instead, they are automatically downloaded the first time a model is evaluated on the dataset (see examples/evaluate.py).

How to list all available datasets

    from modelvshuman import datasets
    
    print(list(datasets.list_datasets().keys()))

💳 Credit

Psychophysical data were collected by us in the vision laboratory of the Wichmannlab.

That said, we used existing image dataset sources. 12 datasets were obtained from Generalisation in humans and deep neural networks. 4 datasets were obtained from ImageNet-trained CNNs are biased towards texture; increasing shape bias improves accuracy and robustness. Additionally, we used 1 dataset from Learning Robust Global Representations by Penalizing Local Predictive Power (sketch images from ImageNet-Sketch).

We thank all model authors and repository maintainers for providing the models described above.

Citation

@inproceedings{geirhos2021partial,
  title={Partial success in closing the gap between human and machine vision},
  author={Geirhos, Robert and Narayanappa, Kantharaju and Mitzkus, Benjamin and Thieringer, Tizian and Bethge, Matthias and Wichmann, Felix A and Brendel, Wieland},
  booktitle={{Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 34}},
  year={2021},
}