Add Python-native logging to Catalyst frontend

[mlxd]

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Context: PennyLane's logging support allows developers to explore the execution pipeline end-to-end, while tying into the Python-native logging framework. This has the advantage of being enterprise ready, consumable by a variety of log sinks, and unifies/removes the need for adding print statements throughout a code-base, with all control to be handled by the Python language standard libraries. This PR aims to unify Catalyst to follow the same design as PennyLane to support logging with the same unified configuration, allowing ease of examining of function entry points at the DEBUG level, and a custom TRACE method for expanding functions passed as arguments.

Description of the Change: Adds preliminary support to a variety of Catalyst frontend public API entry-points. Any workload using qml.logging.enable_logging() allows the function entry data to be streamed to the pre-configured log-handlers from PennyLane.

Benefits: More easily allows time-order and standardised data formatting for consumption with complex application execution, debugging, and end-to-end validation of call-points.

Possible Drawbacks:

Related GitHub Issues: PennyLaneAI/pennylane#5528

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 98.07%. Comparing base (b7ad7db) to head (d2fa7b2).

❗ Current head d2fa7b2 differs from pull request most recent head 18c20fd

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Additional details and impacted files

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+ Coverage   98.05%   98.07%   +0.02%     
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  Files          69       70       +1     
  Lines        9547     9654     +107     
  Branches      764      762       -2     
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+ Hits         9361     9468     +107     
  Misses        151      151              
  Partials       35       35              

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[mlxd]

[sc-61592]

[dime10]

Looks good to me 💯

Is this a new requirement now for all new functions, classes, and modules going forward?

[mlxd]

Looks good to me 💯

Is this a new requirement now for all new functions, classes, and modules going forward?

Not a hard requirement, but anything that will be part of the public execution API would be recommended to be added. For now, public API endpoints of PennyLane's execution pipeline and the Catalyst frontend are the ones with additions.

If it will provide benefit (as in transformations, intermediate modifications, etc) it's likely worth adding. For simple I/O, likely can be ignore.

tl;dr discretionary additions are all good.

[maliasadi]

Thanks @mlxd! Could you also update the changelog with a user example for this logging support?