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DPotoyan committed Nov 15, 2023
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- However, one must be careful with terminology here because only the antisymmetric states exist for electrons (Fermions) and as such they are the lowest energy (ground state) solutions for them. Particles that have symmetric wavefunctions are called Bosons (for example, $^4$He atoms).


- In general, particles with half-integral spin ($s = \frac{1}{2}, \frac{3}{2}, ...$) are Fermions (Fermi-Dirac statistics) and particles with integral spin ($s = 0, 1, 2, ...$) are Bosons (Bose-Einstein statistics). Note that electron spin enters the Hamiltonian only when external fields are present or when \underline{spin-orbit} interaction is included (will be discussed later).
- In general, particles with half-integral spin ($s = \frac{1}{2}, \frac{3}{2}, ...$) are Fermions (Fermi-Dirac statistics) and particles with integral spin ($s = 0, 1, 2, ...$) are Bosons (Bose-Einstein statistics). Note that electron spin enters the Hamiltonian only when external fields are present or when {spin-orbit} interaction is included (will be discussed later).


:::{admonition} **Example**
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