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TAPAS UniQC - Unified NeuroImaging Quality Control Toolbox

Current version: Release 2021a, v0.2

Copyright (C) 2021
Lars Kasper and Saskia Bollmann
kasper@biomed.ee.ethz.ch

Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU)
Institute for Biomedical Engineering
University of Zurich and ETH Zurich

Purpose

The unified neuroimaging quality control (UniQC) toolbox offers a flexible and interactive n-dimensional image analysis framework. UniQC is designed to specifically support the development of new acquisition and reconstruction methods for (f)MRI and to assist during their translation to neuroscientific practice. It combines algebraic matrix operations, image operations, SPM processing steps and visualization options into one framework, thus allowing the user to specify their unique quality control (QC) pipeline.

UniQC is implemented in an object-oriented framework and follows the design principles of flexibility, reproducibility and accessibility.

  • Flexibility is achieved through the intuitive syntax to access subsets of data utilizing user-defined dimension labels, and the generalization of MATLAB and SPM functions to arbitrary dimensions.
  • Reproducibility is pursued through the easily readable code, the automatic documentation of processing steps and saving of the corresponding data, and the integration of MATLAB and SPM functions wherever possible.
  • Accessibility is achieved via operator overloading, which allows the same syntax for objects as for variables, and the straightforward integration of new functions.

Installation

  1. Please download the latest stable versions of the UniQC Toolbox on GitHub as part of the TAPAS software releases of the TNU.
  2. Please download the current version of statistical the parametric mapping (SPM) software.
    • This is optional, but required for loading of nifti-images, complex neuroimaging operations, both in preprocessing (realignment, ...) and statistical analysis (general linear models, ...).
  3. In Matlab, add the UniQC path recursively (i.e., including sub-folders) to your path, and optionally add the code directory of spm (e.g., spm12) as well, but not recursively.
  4. Type I = MrImage to test your setup.

Getting started

The best starting point are the demo scripts contained in demo/[MrClassName]. Details to each demo are given below.

The example data to run most of the scripts is a real-time multi-echo fMRI dataset, provided by Heunis, Stephan, 2020, "rt-me-fMRI: A task and resting state dataset for real-time, multi-echo fMRI methods development and validation", https://doi.org/10.34894/R1TNL8, DataverseNL, V1. Please download it separately at https://dataverse.nl/dataverse/rt-me-fmri.

Quality Control in a Mat-Shell

The following example gives a 5 minute overview of what quality control with UniQC may look like in Matlab. It was presented in the "Software Tools for Reproducible Research" section of the Reproducible Research Study Group Symposium at the ISMRM 2020:

% Load nifti file(s)
I = MrImage('fmri4D.nii')

% Montage plot of all slices, 1st volume
I.plot()

% Montage Plot of slice 12, all volumes
I.plot('z', 12, 'sliceDimension', 't')

% Plot temporal SNR map, all slices
I.snr.plot()

% Realign time series with SPM
rI = I.realign();

% Plot relative SNR improvement by realignment
plot((rI.snr - I.snr)./I.snr, 'displayRange', [-0.1 0.1])

% Apply a custom median filter to 4D image, per volume
mI = I.perform_unary_operation(@(x) medfilt3(x), '3d')
mI.plot()

% Plot relative SNR improvement by filtering
plot((mI.snr - I.snr)./I.snr, 'displayRange', [-1 1])

% Check k-space of image
fI = fft(I, '2d')
fI.plot()

% Compute brain mask based on intensity of mean image (80th percentile)
mask = I.mean('t').compute_mask('threshold', I.mean.prctile(80))

% Extract ROI data from SNR image and display histogram
snrI = I.snr
snrI.extract_rois(mask)
snrI.compute_roi_stats()
snrI.plot_rois('dataGrouping', 'perVolume')

% Check mask overlay
snrI.plot('overlayImages', mask.edge)

% Refine mask by eroding non-brain voxels
newMask = mask.imerode(strel('disk', 5))
snrI.plot('overlayImages', newMask.edge)
snrI.extract_rois(newMask)
snrI.compute_roi_stats()
% rois{1} is the original mask. rois{2} is an MrRoi object with its own plot function
snrI.rois{2}.plot('dataGrouping', 'perVolume')

Contact/Support

We are very happy to provide support on how to use the UniQC Toolbox. However, as every researcher, we only have a limited amount of time. So please excuse, if we might not provide a detailed answer to your request, but just some general pointers and templates. Please get support in the following way:

  1. A first look at the FAQ (which is frequently extended) might already answer your questions.
  2. Submit any questions, bug reports or feature request as a new on our github issues page for TAPAS,
    • Please check the archives (including closed issues) there, whether your question might have been answered in a response to another user.

Documentation

Documentation for this toolbox is provided in the following forms

  1. Overview and guide to further documentation: README.md and CHANGELOG.md
    • README.md: this file, purpose, installation, getting started, pointer to more help
    • CHANGELOG.md: List of all toolbox versions and the respective release notes, i.e. major changes in functionality, bugfixes etc.
  2. Within Matlab: Extensive headers at the start of each .m file (functions, classes) and commenting throughout
    • accessible via help and doc commands from Matlab command line
    • also useful for developers (technical documentation)
  3. The demos (below) illustrate the features of uniQC and provide examples for many use-cases.
  4. User Guide: The markdown-based GitLab Wiki, including an FAQ
  5. A chapter in Saskia Bollmann's PhD Thesis, which describes UniQC's design concepts in detail, but refers to the state in 2017, before most of the n-dimensional SPM operators were integrated.

Demos

Make example data

Some of the demos require example data, which are created based on the multi-echo data references above (Heunis et al.) and the tapas_uniqc_make_example_data script which can be found in demo/Paper.

Use cases

Below is a comprehensive list of demos highlighting the broad functionality of UniQC sorted by classes. For selected use cases, we recommend the following demos as starting points:

  • Artefact hunting and raw data visualization: MrImage/tapas_uniqc_demo_image_math_imcalc_fslmaths.m & MrImage/tapas_uniqc_demo_plot_images.m
  • Raw data QC: MrSeries/tapas_uniqc_demo_fmri_qa.m
  • QC for n-dimensional data using SPM preprocessing steps: MrImage/tapas_uniqc_demo_realign.m
    Note: While MrImage has the full nD functionality, MrSeries currently operates only on 4D images. In the next release, MrSeries will be upgraded to nD by replacing MrImageSpm4D with MrImage as its data class.
  • Impact of preprocessing steps on QC measures: MrSeries/tapas_uniqc_demo_snr_analysis_mrseries.m

MrImage

MrImage/tapas_uniqc_demo_add_overlay.m: Illustrates how to use plot with overlayImages and compares it to an implementation using native MATLAB code.

MrImage/tapas_uniqc_demo_constructor.m: Illustrates how MrImage objects can be created from nifti files, folders and Philips par/rec files.

MrImage/tapas_uniqc_demo_coregister.m: Illustrates how to coregister a structural to a functional image and the difference between changing (only) the geometry and reslicing the coregistered image.

MrImage/tapas_uniqc_demo_image_math_imcalc_fslmaths.m: Illustrates how to estimate image properties and compare different images.

MrImage/tapas_uniqc_demo_load_fileformats.m: Illustrates different options to load nD nifti files.

MrImage/tapas_uniqc_demo_plot_images.m: Illustrates the versatile plot options.

MrImage/tapas_uniqc_demo_realign.m: Illustrates the syntax to extend SPM pre-processing options to n-dimensional data.

MrImage/tapas_uniqc_demo_reslice.m: Illustrates the usage of reslicing (i.e. resampling to a new geometry).

MrImage/tapas_uniqc_demo_roi_analysis.m: Template for a fast analysis of regions-of-interest defined using tissue masks and manually drawn masks, which can be saved and, thereby, enhance the documentation of the performed analysis.

MrImage/tapas_uniqc_demo_segment: Illustrates the syntax and integration of the unified segmentation in SPM into uniQC.

MrImage/tapas_uniqc_demo_smooth: Illustrates nD smoothing.

MrImage/tapas_uniqc_demo_split_complex.m: Illustrates how complex data are automatically split and combined to perform SPM pre-processing operations.

MrSeries

MrSeries/tapas_uniqc_demo_fmri_qa.m: Illustrates how to combine different visualisations and image operations to inspect an fMRI time series.

MrSeries/tapas_uniqc_demo_model_estimation_1st_level.m: Illustrates how to specify a 1st level model using MrGlm and estimating its parameters using the classical restricted maximum Likelihood approach within SPM (Kiebel and Holmes, 2007). Note that it requires the output of MrSeries/demo_preprocessing.

MrSeries/tapas_uniqc_demo_model_estimation_1st_level_Bayesian.m: Illustrates how to estimate the same model as in MrSeries/demo_model_estimation_1st_level using a Variational Bayesian framework (Penny et al., 2003). Note that it requires the output of MrSeries/demo_model_estimation_1st_level and MrSeries/demo_preprocessing.

MrSeries/tapas_uniqc_demo_preprocessing.m: Example pre-processing script for fMRI data. Illustrates how MrSeries automatically updates data and populates appropriate properties such as mean, snr, sd images, tissue probability maps and masks.

MrSeries/tapas_uniqc_demo_snr_analysis_mrseries.m: Example of a tSNR assessment in different ROIS illustrating the impact of different pre-processing steps on tSNR in grey matter.

MrDimInfo

MrDimInfo/tapas_uniqc_demo_dim_info.m: The MrDimInfo class implements data selection and access used in plots and computations. The demo covers the creation of dimInfo objects, retrieving parameters via get_dims and dimInfo.dimLabel, adding/setting dimensions, retrieving array indices and sampling points, selecting a subset of dimensions and creating dimInfos from files. Note that dimInfo does not know about the affineGeometry, i.e. all sampling points are with reference to the data matrix.

MrAffineGeometry

MrAffineGeometry/tapas_uniqc_demo_affine_geometry.m: Exemplifies creating of an MrAffineGeometry object using a nifti file, a Philips par/rec file, prop/val pairs or an affine transformation matrix.

MrImageGeometry

MrImageGeometry/tapas_uniqc_demo_image_geometry.m: Shows how an MrImageGeometry object can be created from file or via MrDimInfo and MrAffineGeometry objects.

MrImageGeometry/tapas_uniqc_demo_load_geometry_from_nifti: Illustrates how MrAffineGeometry and MrDimInfo are created when loading from nifti.

MrImageGeometry/tapas_uniqc_definition_of_geometry: Illustrates the overall definition of an affine matrix.

MrImageGeometry/tapas_uniqc_demo_change_geometry: Illustrates the effect of changing the image geometry within MrAffineGeometry and MrDimInfo.

MrImageGeometry/tapas_uniqc_demo_set_geometry: Illustrates the effect of changing translation, rotation, shear and zoom in the image geometry.

MrDataNd

MrDataNd/tapas_uniqc_demo_load.m: Illustrates different loading scenarios.

MrDataNd/tapas_uniqc_demo_save.m: Illustrates how data are split to allow compatibility with SPM read-in.

MrDataNd/tapas_uniqc_demo_select.m: Illustrates how to select subsets of data.

MrCopyData

MrCopyData/tapas_uniqc_demo_copy_data.m: Shows the functionality of MrCopyData for deep cloning and recursive operations.

Background

The challenge of unified and comprehensive quality control (QC) in (functional) MRI results from the vast amount of artefact sources combined with the complex processing pipelines applied to the data. Beyond standard image quality measures, MRI sequence development is often in need of flexible diagnostic tools to test diverse hypotheses on artefact origin, such as hardware fluctuations, k-space spikes, or subject movement. These tests are usually performed in a sequential order, where one outcome informs the next evaluation. This necessitates fast switching between mathematical image operations and interactive display of multi-dimensional data to assess image properties from a range of different perspectives. Additionally, for complex image analysis pipelines, as employed, e.g., in fMRI, direct access to the standard analysis packages is required to ultimately evaluate functional sensitivity of new sequence prototypes.

Here, we present the uniQC toolbox that provides seamless combination of algebraic matrix operations, image processing, visualization options and data provenance in an intuitive, object-oriented framework using MATLAB, and interfacing SPM for all fMRI-related pre-processsing and statistical analysis steps. Therein, processing of 4D image time series data is generalised to an arbitrary number of dimensions to handle data from multiple receiver coils, multi-echo or phase fMRI data in a unified framework along with classical statistical analysis and powerful visualization options.

Contributors

  • Lead Programmer:
    • Lars Kasper, TNU & MR-Technology Group, IBT, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich
    • Saskia Bollmann, Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Australia
  • Contributors:
    • Matthias Mueller-Schrader, TNU Zurich
    • Laetitia Vionnet, IBT Zurich
    • Michael Wyss, IBT Zurich
    • External TAPAS contributors are listed in the Contributor License Agreement

Requirements

  • All specific software requirements and their versions are in a separate file in this folder, requirements.txt.
  • In brief:
    • UniQC needs Matlab to run, and a few of its toolboxes.
    • Some functionality requires SPM (e.g., loading of nifti-files, preprocessing (realignment, ...) and statistical analysis (general linear models, ...).

Acknowledgements

We thank Stephan Heunis and colleagues for the provision of the rt-me-fmri dataset that is utilized as an example dataset for the n-dimensional computation abilities of UniQC.

We thank all internal users at the TNU, IBT and CAI for employing UniQC and providing helpful feedback on the toolbox functionality.

The UniQC Toolbox ships with the following publicly available code from other open source projects and gratefully acknowledges their use.

  • utils\tapas_uniqc_propval.m
    • propval function from Princeton MVPA toolbox (GPL) a nice wrapper function to create flexible propertyName/value optional parameters
  • utils\plot\tapas_physio_hline.m and tapas_physio_vline.m

Cite Me

Main Toolbox and TAPAS Reference

Please cite the following papers in all of your publications that utilize the UniQC Toolbox.

  1. Bollmann, S., Kasper, L., Pruessmann, K., Barth, M., Stephan, K.E., 2018. Interactive and flexible quality control in fMRI sequence evaluation: the uniQC toolbox, in: Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Reson. Med. 26. Presented at the ISMRM, Paris, France, p. 2842.
    • main UniQC Toolbox reference
  2. Frässle, S., Aponte, E.A., Bollmann, S., Brodersen, K.H., Do, C.T., Harrison, O.K., Harrison, S.J., Heinzle, J., Iglesias, S., Kasper, L., Lomakina, E.I., Mathys, C., Müller-Schrader, M., Pereira, I., Petzschner, F.H., Raman, S., Schöbi, D., Toussaint, B., Weber, L.A., Yao, Y., Stephan, K.E., 2021. TAPAS: an open-source software package for Translational Neuromodeling and Computational Psychiatry. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12, 857. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.680811
    • main TAPAS software collection reference

You can include the following snippet in your Methods section, along with a brief description of the physiological noise models used:

The analysis was performed using the Matlab UniQC Toolbox ([1], version x.y.z, open-source code available as part of the TAPAS software collection: [2], https://www.translationalneuromodeling.org/tapas)

Related References

References that describe relevant work and novel methods implemented in UniQC.

  1. Bollmann, S., 2018. Evaluating Acquisition Techniques for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging at Ultra-High Field (PhD Thesis). The University of Queensland. Chapter 4, p. 96-127 https://doi.org/10.14264/uql.2018.635
    • Chapter in Saskia Bollmann's PhD Thesis describing the earlier 4D version of UniQC in depth with all design considerations and example cases