Smith-Waterman & Needleman-Wunsch Alignment in C
url: https://github.com/noporpoise/seq-align
author: Isaac Turner turner.isaac@gmail.com
license: Public Domain
updated: 18 Aug 2015
C implementations of optimal local (Smith-Waterman) and global
(Needleman-Wunsch) alignment algorithms. Written to be fast, portable and easy
to use. Commandline utilities smith_waterman and needleman_wunsch provide
great flexibility. Code can also be included easily in third party programs,
see nw_example/ and sw_example/ directories for examples. Also includes perl
modules to provide perl API to programs.
Features:
- Align any pair of ASCII sequences (DNA, Protein, words, etc.)
- Specify alignment scoring systems or choose a common one (BLOSUM etc.)
- Specify wildcards that match any character with a given score
- Align with no mismatches (
--nomismatches), or no gaps (--nogaps) with local and global alignment. When both used for local alignment, lists common substrings in order of length/score - Read fastq, fasta, sam, bam, plain (one sequence per line) and gzipped files
- Display in colour (
--colour) - Show alignment context when doing local alignment (
--context <n>) - Allow a penalty free gap at the beginning or end of a global alignment
(
--freestartgapand--freeendgap) - Default behaviour is case-insensitve matching, change using
--case_sensitive
Download and build seq-align:
$ git clone --recursive https://github.com/noporpoise/seq-align
$ make
To update:
$ git pull
$ git submodule update --init
To run tests:
$ make test
For those interested, the bundled depedencies used are:
- string_buffer [https://github.com/noporpoise/string_buffer]
- seq_file [https://github.com/noporpoise/seq_file]
- sort_r [https://github.com/noporpoise/sort_r]
To include seq-align in your own applications, look at the examples in ./examples/. Perl wrapper modules are also available in ./perl/.
Baiscs:
$ ./needleman_wunsch CAGACGT CGATA
C-AGACGT
CGATA---
Print alignment scores:
$ ./needleman_wunsch --printscores CAGACGT CGATA
C-AGACGT
CGATA---
score: -11
Read from file (dna.fa.gz):
>seqA
ACAATAGAC
>seqB
ACGAATAGAT
>seqC
ACGTGA
CAGAT
>seqD
GTGGACG
AGTA
$ ./needleman_wunsch --printscores --file dna.fa.gz
AC-AATAGAC
ACGAATAGAT
score: -3
ACGTGACAGAT
GTGGACGAGTA
score: -5
Reading from STDIN:
$ gzip -d -c dna.fa.gz | ./needleman_wunsch --stdin
AC-AATAGAC
ACGAATAGAT
ACGTGACAGAT
GTGGACGAGTA
is the same as:
$ gzip -d -c dna.fa.gz | ./needleman_wunsch --file -
Set different scoring systems:
$ ./needleman_wunsch --match 1 --mismatch 0 --gapopen -10 --gapextend 0 ACGTGCCCCACAGAT AGGTGGACGAGAT
Print the scoring matrices:
$ ./bin/needleman_wunsch --printmatrices ACAGGT AAGGT
seq_a: ACAGGT
seq_b: AAGGT
match_scores:
0: 0 -2147483643 -2147483643 -2147483643 -2147483643 -2147483643 -2147483643
1: -2147483643 1 -7 -5 -9 -10 -11
2: -2147483643 -4 -1 -3 -7 -8 -9
3: -2147483643 -8 -6 -3 -2 -6 -10
4: -2147483643 -9 -7 -8 -2 -1 -8
5: -2147483643 -10 -8 -9 -10 -4 0
gap_a_scores:
0: 0 -2147483643 -2147483643 -2147483643 -2147483643 -2147483643 -2147483643
1: -5 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15
2: -6 -4 -9 -10 -11 -12 -13
3: -7 -5 -6 -8 -12 -13 -14
4: -8 -6 -7 -8 -7 -11 -13
5: -9 -7 -8 -9 -7 -6 -11
gap_b_scores:
0: 0 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10
1: -2147483643 -10 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8
2: -2147483643 -11 -9 -6 -7 -8 -9
3: -2147483643 -12 -10 -11 -8 -7 -8
4: -2147483643 -13 -11 -12 -13 -7 -6
5: -2147483643 -14 -12 -13 -14 -12 -9
match: 1 mismatch: -2 gapopen: -4 gapexend: -1
ACAGGT
A-AGGT
usage: ./bin/smith_waterman [OPTIONS] [seq1 seq2]
Smith-Waterman optimal local alignment (maximises score).
Takes a pair of sequences on the command line, or can read from a
file and from sequence piped in. Can read gzip files, FASTA and FASTQ.
OPTIONS:
--file <file> Sequence file reading with gzip support - read two
sequences at a time and align them
--files <f1> <f2> Read one sequence from each file to align at one time
--stdin Read from STDIN (same as '--file -')
--case_sensitive Use case sensitive character comparison [default: off]
--match <score> [default: 2]
--mismatch <score> [default: -2]
--gapopen <score> [default: -1]
--gapextend <score> [default: -1]
--scoring <PAM30|PAM70|BLOSUM80|BLOSUM62>
--substitution_matrix <file> see details for formatting
--substitution_pairs <file> see details for formatting
--wildcard <w> <s> Character <w> matches all characters with score <s>
--minscore <score> Minimum required score
[default: match * MAX(0.2 * length, 2)]
--maxhits <hits> Maximum number of results per alignment
[default: no limit]
--context <n> Print <n> bases of context
--printseq Print sequences before local alignments
--printmatrices Print dynamic programming matrices
--printfasta Print fasta header lines
--pretty Print with a descriptor line
--colour Print with colour
Experimental Options:
--nogapsin1 No gaps allowed within the first sequence
--nogapsin2 No gaps allowed within the second sequence
--nogaps No gaps allowed in either sequence
--nomismatches No mismatches allowed
DETAILS:
* For help choosing scoring, see the README file.
* Gap (of length N) penalty is: (open+N*extend)
* To do alignment without affine gap penalty, set '--gapopen 0'.
* Scoring files should be matrices, with entries separated by a single
character or whitespace. See files in the 'scores' directory for examples.
turner.isaac@gmail.com (compiled: Feb 11 2015 20:20:34)
usage: ./bin/needleman_wunsch [OPTIONS] [seq1 seq2]
Needleman-Wunsch optimal global alignment (maximises score).
Takes a pair of sequences on the command line, or can read from a
file and from sequence piped in. Can read gzip files, FASTA and FASTQ.
OPTIONS:
--file <file> Sequence file reading with gzip support - read two
sequences at a time and align them
--files <f1> <f2> Read one sequence from each file to align at one time
--stdin Read from STDIN (same as '--file -')
--case_sensitive Use case sensitive character comparison [default: off]
--match <score> [default: 1]
--mismatch <score> [default: -2]
--gapopen <score> [default: -4]
--gapextend <score> [default: -1]
--scoring <PAM30|PAM70|BLOSUM80|BLOSUM62>
--substitution_matrix <file> see details for formatting
--substitution_pairs <file> see details for formatting
--wildcard <w> <s> Character <w> matches all characters with score <s>
--freestartgap No penalty for gap at start of alignment
--freeendgap No penalty for gap at end of alignment
--printscores Print optimal alignment scores
--zam A funky type of output
--printmatrices Print dynamic programming matrices
--printfasta Print fasta header lines
--pretty Print with a descriptor line
--colour Print with colour
Experimental Options:
--nogapsin1 No gaps allowed within the first sequence
--nogapsin2 No gaps allowed within the second sequence
--nogaps No gaps allowed in either sequence
--nomismatches No mismatches allowed (cannot be used with --nogaps..)
DETAILS:
* For help choosing scoring, see the README file.
* Gap (of length N) penalty is: (open+N*extend)
* To do alignment without affine gap penalty, set '--gapopen 0'.
* Scoring files should be matrices, with entries separated by a single
character or whitespace. See files in the 'scores' directory for examples.
turner.isaac@gmail.com (compiled: Feb 11 2015 20:20:34)
./bin/lcs [options] <sequence>
Print substrings in order of length
Print maximal substrings from longest to shortest
Proteins:
| Query Length | Substitution Matrix | Gap Costs (open,extend) |
|---|---|---|
| <35 | PAM-30 | (9,1) |
| 35-50 | PAM-70 | (10,1) |
| 50-85 | BLOSUM-80 | (10,1) |
| 85 | BLOSUM-62 | (10,1) |
[Table from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/html/sub_matrix.html]
gap (of length N) penalty: gap_open + N*gap_extend
NCBI BLAST Quote [from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/blastcgihelp.shtml#Reward-penalty]:
Many nucleotide searches use a simple scoring system that consists of a "reward"
for a match and a "penalty" for a mismatch. The (absolute) reward/penalty ratio
should be increased as one looks at more divergent sequences. A ratio of 0.33
(1/-3) is appropriate for sequences that are about 99% conserved; a ratio of 0.5
(1/-2) is best for sequences that are 95% conserved; a ratio of about one (1/-1)
is best for sequences that are 75% conserved [1].
NCBI Gap (open, extend) values:
| open | extend |
|---|---|
| -5 | -2 |
| -2 | -2 |
| -1 | -2 |
| -0 | -2 |
| -3 | -1 |
| -2 | -1 |
| -1 | -1 |
Our default (for now) are:
gap_open/gap_extend: (-4,-1)
match/mismatch: (1,-2)
for help on choosing scoring matrices see: http://www.ebi.ac.uk/help/matrix.html
NCBI protein align matices from: ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/blast/matrices/
seq-align: Public Domain This is free and unencumbered software released into the public domain.
Anyone is free to copy, modify, publish, use, compile, sell, or
distribute this software, either in source code form or as a compiled
binary, for any purpose, commercial or non-commercial, and by any
means.
In jurisdictions that recognize copyright laws, the author or authors
of this software dedicate any and all copyright interest in the
software to the public domain. We make this dedication for the benefit
of the public at large and to the detriment of our heirs and
successors. We intend this dedication to be an overt act of
relinquishment in perpetuity of all present and future rights to this
software under copyright law.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR
OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
For more information, please refer to <http://unlicense.org>
Feel free to contact me to request features. Bug reports are appreciated.
(turner.isaac@gmail.com)
Possible features:
- May add option to have no gaps in alignment result for longest sequence
with
--nogapsinlongest
Algorithms to investigate: Gotoh Hirschberg's algorithm using linear space Myer's bit-vector algorithm Combination of Myer's and Hirschberg's algorithm