ProSub

Introduction

This repository contains resources developed by the JSPS KAKENHI project "A cross-linguistic study of pronoun substitutes and address terms" (JP20H01255).

How to cite

• (Common questionnaire)
  岡野賢二, 野元裕樹, スニサーウィッタヤーパンヤーノン, トゥザライン, 春日淳. 2022.「アジア三言語における代名詞代用・呼びかけ語の共通項目調査」『言語処理学会第28回年次大会発表論文集』, 69-73.
• (Dataset)
  谷口龍子, 大久保弥, 野元裕樹, 南潤珍. 2022. 「代名詞代用・呼びかけ表現の多言語データセット」.『日本言語学会第164回大会予稿集』, 307-313.
• (Corpus annotations)
  Nomoto, Hiroki, Ryuko Taniguchi, Shiori Nakamura, Yunjin Nam, Sri Budi Lestari, Sunisa Wittayapanyanon (Saito), Virach Sornlertlamvanich, Atsushi Kasuga, Kenji Okano and Thuzar Hlaing. 2023. Pronoun substitute annotation in seven Asian languages. Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth Annual Meeting of the Association for Natural Language Processing, 2242-2247.
• (Speech function annotation in Japanese)
  中村栞, 梅田里菜, 谷口龍子. 2024.「発話機能の種類と自称詞・対称詞の明示化」東京外国語大学国際日本研究センター対照日本語学部門主催『外国語と日本語との対照言語学的研究』第40回研究会における発表論文.

@InProceedings{OkanoEtAl22,
    author = {Okano, Kenji and Nomoto, Hiroki and Wittayapanyanon, Sunisa and Thuzar Hlaing and Kasuga, Atsushi},
    year = {2022},
    title = {Ajia sangengo niokeru daimeishidaiyou, yobikakego no kyoutsuukoumoku chousa},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the {A}ssociation for {N}atural {L}anguage {P}rocessing},
    pages = {69-73},
    url = {https://www.anlp.jp/proceedings/annual_meeting/2022/pdf_dir/D1-2.pdf},
    note = {An investigation of pronoun substitutes and address terms in three Asian languages based on a common questionnaire}
}

@InProceedings{TaniguchiEtAl22,
    author = {Taniguchi, Ryuko and Okubo, Wataru and Nomoto, Hiroki and Nam, Yunjin},
    year = {2022},
    title = {Daimeishidaiyou, yobikake hyougen no tagengo deetasetto},
    booktitle = {The Proceedings of the 164th Meeting of the {L}inguistic {S}ociety of {J}apan},
    pages = {307-313},
    url = {https://www.ls-japan.org/modules/documents/LSJpapers/meeting/164/handouts/p/P-6_164.pdf},
    note = {A multilingual dataset of pronoun substitutes and address terms}
}

@InProceedings{NomotoEtAl23,
    author = {Nomoto, Hiroki and Taniguchi, Ryuko and Nakamura, Shiori and Nam, Yunjin and Lestari, Sri Budi and Wittayapanyanon (Saito), Sunisa and Sornlertlamvanich, Virach and Kasuga, Atsushi and Okano, Kenji and Thuzar Hlaing},
    year = {2023},
    title = {Pronoun substitute annotation in seven {A}sian languages},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth Annual Meeting of the {A}ssociation for {N}atural {L}anguage {P}rocessing},
    pages = {2242-2247},
    url = {https://www.anlp.jp/proceedings/annual_meeting/2023/pdf_dir/P9-4.pdf}
}

@misc{NakamuraEtAl24,
    author = {Nakamura, Shiori and Umeda, Rina and Taniguchi, Ryuko},
    year = {2024},
    title = {Hatsuwakinoo no shurui to jishooshi, taishooshi no meijika},
    howpublished = {Paper presented at the 40th research seminar on "Contrastive Studies of Japanese and Other Languages", Contrastive Japanese Division, International Center for Japanese Studies, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies},
    note = {Speech function types and the explict realization of speaker- and addressee-referring expressions}
}

Contents

• common_questionnaire.tsv A common questionnaire for investigating pronoun substitutes and address terms
• data_all_v1.0.tsv Initial data based on the common questionnaire in Japanese, Korean, Indonesian, Malay, Javanese, Thai, Vietnamese and Thai in the tag-separated format. English translations are not complete. Ensure that the encoding is set as UTF-8 when you open the file with MS Excel.
• data_all_v1.0.json Initial data based on the common questionnaire in Japanese, Korean, Indonesian, Malay, Javanese, Thai, Vietnamese and Thai in the json format. English translations are not complete.
• data_all_v2.0.tsv Revised data based on the common questionnaire in Japanese, Korean, Indonesian, Malay, Javanese, Thai, Vietnamese and Thai in the tag-separated format. Ensure that the encoding is set as UTF-8 when you open the file with MS Excel.
• data_all_v2.0.json Revised data based on the common questionnaire in Japanese, Korean, Indonesian, Malay, Javanese, Thai, Vietnamese and Thai in the json format.
• full_data.json Full data collected by the project, which includes not only the data based on the common questionnaire but also the data from other sources.

Format

common_questionnaire.tsv

ID [TAB] concept (Japanese) [TAB] concept (English) [TAB] WordNet synset ID [TAB] semantic category

The semantic categories are based on the feature system proposed by:
Nomoto, Hiroki, Kenji Okano, Sunisa Wittayapanyanon and Junta Nomura. 2019. Interpersonal meaning annotation for Asian language corpora: The case of TUFS Asian Language Parallel Corpus (TALPCo). Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Association for Natural Language Processing, 846-849.

data_all_v1.0.tsv, data_all_v2.0.tsv

language code [TAB] concept ID [TAB] concept (Japanese) [TAB] concept (English) [TAB] semantic category [TAB] expression [TAB] Japanese translation of expression [TAB] English translation of expression [TAB] function [TAB] judgement [TAB] example [TAB] Japanese translation of example [TAB] English translation of example [TAB] source [TAB] notes

data_all_v1.0.json, data_all_v2.0.json

{
     "language code": {
        "concept ID": {
            "concept_jpn": "concept (Japanese)",
            "concept_eng": "concept (English)",
            "category": "semantic category",
            "expression": [
                {
                    "form": "expression",
                    "trans_jpn": "Japanese translation of expression",
                    "trans_eng": "English translation of expression",
                    "function": {
                        "1st": {
                            "judgement": "judgement",
                            "example": [
                                {
                                    "form": "example",
                                    "trans_jpn": "Japanese translation of example",
                                    "trans_eng": "English translation of example",
                                    "source": "source",
                                    "notes": "notes"
                                }
                            ]
                        },
                        "2nd": {
                            "judgement": "judgement",
                            "example": [
                                {
                                    "form": "example",
                                    "trans_jpn": "Japanese translation of example",
                                    "trans_eng": "English translation of example",
                                    "source": "source",
                                    "notes": "notes"
                                }
                            ]
                        },
                        "address": {
                            "judgement": "judgement",
                            "example": [
                                {
                                    "form": "example",
                                    "trans_jpn": "Japanese translation of example",
                                    "trans_eng": "English translation of example",
                                    "source": "source",
                                    "notes": "notes"
                                }
                            ]
                        },
                        "title": {
                            "judgement": "judgement",
                            "example": [
                                {
                                    "form": "example",
                                    "trans_jpn": "Japanese translation of example",
                                    "trans_eng": "English translation of example",
                                    "source": "source",
                                    "notes": "notes"
                                }
                            ]
                        }
                    }
                }
            ]
        }
}

full_data.json

{
    "id": "ID",
    "language": "language code",
    "form": "form",
    "romanization": "romanization of the form",
    "trans_jpn": "Japanese translation of the form",
    "trans_eng": "English translation of the form",
    "wordnet_id": "wordnet synset ID",
    "wordnet_note": "notes on the wordnet information",
    "component_elements": "component elements of the form",
    "related_word": "word related to the form",
    "related_word_relation": "relation of the related word to the form",
    "1st": [
        {
            "example": "example of the 1st person function use",
            "trans_jpn": "Japanese translation of the example",
            "trans_eng": "English translation of the example",
            "source": "source of the example",
            "notes": "notes on the example"
        }
    ],
    "2nd": [
        {
            "example": "example of the 2nd person function use",
            "trans_jpn": "Japanese translation of the example",
            "trans_eng": "English translation of the example",
            "source": "source of the example",
            "notes": "notes on the example"
        }
    ],
    "address": [
        {
            "example": "example of the address term function use",
            "trans_jpn": "Japanese translation of the example",
            "trans_eng": "English translation of the example",
            "source": "source of the example",
            "notes": "notes on the example"
        }
    ],
    "title": [
        {
            "example": "example of the honorific title function use",
            "trans_jpn": "Japanese translation of the example",
            "trans_eng": "English translation of the example",
            "source": "source of the example",
            "notes": "notes on the example"
        }
    ],
    "loan_word": "whether or not the form is a loan word (true/false/null)",
    "formal_features": {
        "common_noun": "whether or not the form is a common noun (true/false/null)",
        "proper_noun_real_name": "whether or not the form is a proper name that is a real name (true/false/null)",
        "proper_noun_alias": "whether or not the form is a proper name that is an alias (true/false/null)",
        "demontrative": "whether or not the form is a proper name that is an alias (true/false/null)",
        "locative_pronoun": "whether or not the form is a proper name that is an alias (true/false/null)",
        "numeral": "whether or not the form is a numeral (true/false/null)",
        "classifier": "whether or not the form is a numeral classifier (true/false/null)",
        "quantifier": "whether or not the form is a quantifier (true/false/null)",
        "anaphor": "whether or not the form is an anaphor (i.e. reflexive or reciprocal)",
        "personal_pronoun": "whether or not the form is a personal pronoun (true/false/null)",
        "bound_morpheme": "whether or not the form is a bound morpheme (true/false/null)",
        "endearment": "whether or not the form is an expression conveying endearment (true/false/null)",
        "other": "whether or not the form belongs to none of the categories above (true/false/null)",
        "notes": "notes on the formal features of the form"
    },
    "meaning": {
        "gender": "gender",
        "marital_status": "marital status",
        "honour": "presence and kind of honour",
        "age": "age",
        "social_status": "social status",
        "role": "role",
        "group": "group",
        "formality": "formality",
        "intimacy": "intimacy",
        "number": "number"
    },
    "meaning_note": "notes on the meaning features",
    "speaker": "restriction on who uses the form",
    "memo": "notes for the item as a whole",
    "creator": "creator of the item",
    "createdAt": "date and time of item creation",
    "editor": "editor of the item",
    "updatedAt": "date and time of the last update"
}

The values of the meaning features are as in the table below. The absence of a feature means that the relevant feature is unspecified (or the creator did not provide the information).

Feature	Values
Gender	male, female
Marital_status	married, unmarried
Honour	hon, anti-hon
Age	elder, elder.grandparent, elder.parents_elder_sibling, elder.parent, elder.parents_younger_sibling, elder.sibling, younger, younger.sibling, younger.child, mature, mature.old, mature.middle, youth
Social_status	higher, equal_or_higher, equal, equal_or_lower, lower]
Role	teacher, teacher.school, teacher.university, teacher.nonK12, teacher.other, student, student.school, student.university, student.nonK12, student.other, grandparent, grandparent.paternal, grandparent.maternal, parent, child, sibling, parents_sibling, parents_sibling.paternal, parents_sibling.maternal, spouse, titled, titled.head, titled.head.territory, titled.head.territory.central, titled.head.territory.local, titled.head.organization, titled.head.organization.ministry, titled.head.organization.ministry, titled.head.organization.company, titled.head.organization.education, titled.head.organization.other, titled.conferred, titled.other, non_titled, friend, partner, partner.married, partner.unmarried, mate, mate.senior, mate.junior, boss, subordinate, server, server.clerk, server.doctor, server.nurse, server.police, server.driver, server.other, customer, god, leader, clergy, clergy.Buddhism, clergy.Christianity, clergy.other, follower, follower.quasi_clergy, follower.other, royal, royal.king, royal.queen, royal.other, commoner
Group	foreigner, local, local.indigenous, local.immigrant, local.immigrant.Chinese, local.immigrant.Indian
Formality	formal, informal
Intimacy	close, remote
Number	sg, pl, pl.incl, pl.excl

Codes and tags

Language codes

The ISO 639-3 codes are used.

• jpn Japanese
• kor Korean
• ind Indonesian
• zsm Malay
• jav Javanese
• tha Thai
• vie Vietnamese
• myn Burmese

Functions

• 1st speaker reference, first person
• 2nd addressee reference, second person
• address address term
• title honorific (and other types of) title

Judgements

• yes acceptable, available, possible
• no unacceptable, unavailable, impossible
• * acceptable if used together with a title, but not by itself
• ? uncertain, requires checking