- A complex system is a system composed of many components which may interact with each other.
- Complex systems are systems whose behaviour is intrinsically difficult to model due to the dependencies, competitions, relationships, or other types of interactions between their parts or between a given system and its environment.
- Systems that are "complex" have distinct properties that arise from these relationships, such as nonlinearity, emergence, spontaneous order, adaption, and feedback loops, among others.
- A multi-agent system (MAS or "self-organized system") is a computerized system composed of multiple interacting intelligent agents.
- Multi-agent systems can solve problems that are difficult or impossible for an individual agent or a monolithic system to solve.
- Intelligence may include methodic, functional, procedural approaches, algorithmic search or reinforcement learning.
- Courses
- Simulation and modeling of natural processes, University of Geneva, Coursera
- Books
- Angela B. Shiflet & George W. Shiflet. Introduction to Computational Science: Modeling and Simulation for the Sciences. Princeton University Press, 2006.
- Mitchell, Melanie. Complexity: A Guided Tour. Oxford University Press, 2009.
- Capra, Fritjof and Luisi, Pier Luigi. The Systems View of Life: A Unifying Vision. Cambridge University Press, 2016.
- Bar-Yam, Yaneer. Dynamics of Complex Systems. Addison-Wesley, 1997.
- Ball, Philip. Critical Mass: How One Thing Leads to Another. Macmillan, 2004.
- Strogatz, Steven H. Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos. CRC Press, 1994.
- Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. Open Road Media, 2011.
- Ball, Philip. The Self-Made Tapestry: Pattern Formation in Nature. Oxford University Press, 1999.
- Camazine, Scott, et al. Self-Organization in Biological Systems. Princeton University Press, 2003.
- Holland, John Henry. Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems. MIT press, 1992.
- Solé, Ricard, and Elena, Santiago F. Viruses as Complex Adaptive Systems. Princeton University Press, 2018.
- Thurner, Stefan, Hanel, Rudolf and Klimek, Peter. Introduction to the Theory of Complex Systems. Oxford University Press, 2018.
- Page, Scott E. The Model Thinker. Hachette UK, 2018.
- Pagels, Heinz R. The Dreams of Reason: The Computer and the Rise of the Sciences of Complexity. Bantam Books, 1989.
- Sayama, Hiroki. Introduction to the Modeling and Analysis of Complex Systems. Open SUNY Textbooks, 2015.
- Brockmann, Dirk. Complexity Explorables, 2019.