An Anti-racist curriculum
Exploration of racism, primarily from an american perspective.
- The Four Types of Racism- United Way of the National Capital Area
- Internalized or Personal Racism - a person’s private beliefs, prejudices and ideas
- Interpersonal Racism - the expression of racism on an individual level, primarily through interactions between individuals
- Institutional Racism - policies and processes are deeply rooted in America’s history
- Structural Racism - laws, rules or official policies that support a continued unfair advantage to some people and unfair or harmful treatment of others based on race
- Bias: Implicit and Explicit ATrain Education
- Implicit bias is an attitude or internalized stereotype that affects an individual’s perception, action, or decision-making in an unconscious manner.
- Explicit or conscious bias occurs when we are aware of our prejudices and attitudes toward certain groups.
- Who Can Be ‘Racist’? 2018-08-10 Michelle I. Gao, Crimson Opinion Writer
- One camp subscribes to the standard dictionary definition: racism is “prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one’s own race is superior.”
- Another camp thinks primarily of institutional racism and factors in a person’s power to use their racist beliefs against others.
- Can blacks be racist? Jim Crow Museum
The answer, of course, will depend on how you define racism. If you define it as:
- “prejudice against or hatred toward another race,” then the answer is yes.
- “the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race,” the answer is yes.
- “prejudice and discrimination rooted in race-based loathing,” then the answer is, again, yes.
- “a system of group privilege by those who have a disproportionate share of society’s power, prestige, property, and privilege,” then the answer is no.
- How to Stop the Racist in You Greater Good Magazine, Berkely
Scientists are beginning to recognize that the amygdala, rather than responding exclusively to negative or fear-inducing stimuli, instead seems to be exquisitely sensitive to emotionally important information in the environment. This is a subtle but important difference, and suggests that depending on the task or the situation at hand, the amygdala may be able to respond differentially.
- [Training] Implicit Bias Module Series Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity
- [Tests] Project Implicit Harvard
*Implicit Bias Tests related to: Disability, Native Americans, Weight, Religion, Jewish, Age, Weapons, Sexuality, Sender and Science, President, Skin, Trans, Race, Asianamer, Hispanic, Gendercareer, Arab People
The mission of Project Implicit is to educate the public about bias and to provide a “virtual laboratory” for collecting data on the internet. Project Implicit scientists produce high-impact research that forms the basis of our scientific knowledge about bias and disparities.
- “What’s ‘Colorism’?” Learning for Justice
Any response to this question is complicated due to the deep legacy and influence of skin-color preference in the United States and in other parts of the world. Within-group and between-group prejudice in favor of lighter skin color—what feminist author Alice Walker calls “colorism”—is a global cultural practice. Emerging throughout European colonial and imperial history, colorism is prevalent in countries as distant as Brazil and India. Its legacy is evident in forums as public as the television and movie industries, which prefer to cast light-skinned people of color, and as private as the internalized thoughts of some Latino, South-Asian or black parents who hope their babies grow up light-skinned so their lives will be “just a little bit easier.”
- Colorism: Understanding Skintone Discrimination VeryWellMind
Colorism finds its roots in racism because, without racism, someone’s value and perceived superiority wouldn't be based on the color of their skin.
Colleen Campbell, a Ph.D. candidate in Sociology and African Studies at Princeton University noted, "When we think of racism in the U.S. especially, we think of anti-Black attitudes or institutional processes that entrench whiteness at the top of the social hierarchy."
Furthermore, the preference for lighter skin tones is a result of slavery and since then there are many methods people have used and still use to determine someone's value in society.
- The Difference Between Racism and Colorism Time
In the 21st century, as America becomes less white and the multiracial community—formed by interracial unions and immigration—continues to expand, color will be even more significant than race in both public and private interactions. Why? Because a person’s skin color is an irrefutable visual fact that is impossible to hide, whereas race is a constructed, quasi-scientific classification that is often only visible on a government form.
- Intersectionality 101: what is it and why is it important? Womankind
Put simply, intersectionality is the concept that all oppression is linked. More explicitly, the Oxford Dictionary defines intersectionality as “the interconnected nature of social categorisations such as race, class, and gender, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage”.
Intersectionality is the acknowledgement that everyone has their own unique experiences of discrimination and oppression and we must consider everything and anything that can marginalise people – gender, race, class, sexual orientation, physical ability, etc. First coined by Professor Kimberlé Crenshaw back in 1989, intersectionality was added to the Oxford Dictionary in 2015 with its importance increasingly being recognised in the world of women’s rights.
- How Colorism Affects Women at Work Harvard Business Review
Colorism is an insidious, globally prevalent bias that deeply impacts the lives and livelihoods of darker-skinned women. The term refers not only to the preference for lighter skin between different racial and ethnic communities, but also within those communities. Colorism is an enduring vestige of colonialism and white dominance around the globe and disproportionately harms women of color. Inclusive leaders must work to prevent women of color from experiencing colorism at work — and make sure they don’t leave. The author presents three ways to disrupt colorism in the workplace.
- Cultural Appropriation Wikipedia
Cultural appropriation is the inappropriate or unacknowledged adoption of an element or elements of one culture or identity by members of another culture or identity. This can be especially controversial when members of a dominant culture appropriate from minority cultures.
- Cultural Appropriation vs. Cultural Appreciation: Where is the line? Florida Seminole Tourism
But, this definition can go further than the surface level. Originally, the term was mostly used in academic spaces to talk about colonialism and power dynamics between majority and minority groups. According to Rodgers (2006) there are four types of cultural appropriation: exchange, dominance, exploitation, and transculturation. In this blog post, we will talk about the form we most identify with as cultural appropriation– exploitation.
The term ‘cultural appropriation’ has made it out of academia and into public discourse. When you hear about cultural appropriation today, it is most likely exploitation. It is “the appropriation of elements of a subordinate culture without substantive reciprocity, permission, and/or compensation” (Rodgers 2006). Someone from another culture takes elements of a subordinate, marginalized, or colonized culture. Power dynamics also come into play. Traits of the subordinate culture are “cherry picked” by someone of a dominant culture. Often, the appropriation serves to reinforce the established power dynamic and ends up harming the marginalized culture.
- Appropriation and Appreciation: What's the Difference? Ashley White, National Institute of Health
Context is critical because it allows us to determine if the intention behind adopting an aspect of a culture is meaningful. While learning about a cultural activity, event, meal, garb, or other cultural aspects from a person within the culture, who enthusiastically agrees to teach you, is a great way to connect and appreciate a culture, buying or using iterations of cultural items (like fast-fashion clothing, furniture, housewares, Halloween costumes, etc.) that give no credit or compensation to the original creator(s) is a form of appropriation.
Branches of Critical Race Theory: Latinx, Asian, Tribal, Black, Intersectional (with Sexuality, Gender, Income, other Ethnicities)
- Critical Race Theory Wikipedia
CRT began in the United States in the post–civil rights era, as 1960s landmark civil rights laws were being eroded and schools were being re-segregated. With racial inequalities persisting even after civil rights legislation and color-blind laws were enacted, CRT scholars in the 1970s and 1980s began reworking and expanding critical legal studies (CLS) theories on class, economic structure, and the law to examine the role of U.S. law in perpetuating racism.
- What Is Critical Race Theory, and Why Is It Under Attack? Stephen Sawchuk, EDWeek
Fundamentally, though, the disagreement springs from different conceptions of racism. CRT puts an emphasis on outcomes, not merely on individuals’ own beliefs, and it calls on these outcomes to be examined and rectified. Among lawyers, teachers, policymakers, and the general public, there are many disagreements about how precisely to do those things, and to what extent race should be explicitly appealed to or referred to in the process.
- Critical Race Theory: A Brief History NY Times
How a complicated and expansive academic theory developed during the 1980s has become a hot-button political issue 40 years later.
- Critical Race Theory: FAQ NAACP Legal Defense Fund
To help you learn more about Critical Race Theory, LDF has compiled answers to the most frequently asked questions about it. This resource also includes information on the laws banning racial justice discourse being enacted across the country and how they fit into a larger effort to suppress the voice, history, and political participation of Black Americans.
- A Lesson on Critical Race Theory Janel George, American Bar Association
CRT is not a diversity and inclusion “training” but a practice of interrogating the role of race and racism in society that emerged in the legal academy and spread to other fields of scholarship. Crenshaw—who coined the term “CRT”—notes that CRT is not a noun, but a verb. It cannot be confined to a static and narrow definition but is considered to be an evolving and malleable practice. It critiques how the social construction of race and institutionalized racism perpetuate a racial caste system that relegates people of color to the bottom tiers. CRT also recognizes that race intersects with other identities, including sexuality, gender identity, and others.
- [Book] Critical Race Theory: An Introduction, Second Edition Richard Delgado, Jean Stefancic
The critical race theory (CRT) movement is a collection of activists and scholars interested in studying and transforming the relationship among race, racism, and power. The movement considers many of the same issues that conventional civil rights and ethnic studies discourses take up, but places them in a broader perspective that includes economics, history, context, group- and self-interest, and even feelings and the unconscious. Unlike traditional civil rights, which stresses incrementalism and step-by-step progress, critical race theory questions the very foundations of the liberal order, including equality theory, legal reasoning, Enlightenment rationalism, and neutral principles of constitutional law.
- Violent State: Black Women's Invisible StruggleAgainst Police Violence - Fall 2017 Michelle S. Jacobs
University of Florida Levin College of Law The theme of this special issue, Women and Law Enforcement, is particularly timely. Incidents of police brutality have reached a new level of public visibility. Though not everyone agrees on whether the use of violence by the police is inappropriate, conversations about police violence are occurring everywhere. An exploration of the topic of Women and Law Enforcement would not be complete without at least one article that puts Black women at the center of the lens of analysis, particularly as it relates to the state-sponsored violence Black women experience at the hands of law enforcement. This Article is about law enforcement’s violence towards Black women specifically. The reader should not feel free to substitute the phrase “women of color” where “Black women” has been written. The Article is not about “women of color.” For decades now, mainstream feminists have attempted to discuss violence against women, while relegating the experiences of Asian women, Native American women, Latinas, and Black women into one category called “women of color.” Scholarship describes the experiences of White women as normative, all other women experiences are subsumed in those. For over twenty years now, the data (when you can find data specifically about non-White women) consistently shows that the communities of non-White women do experience violence, both at the hands of the state, as well as at the hands of intimates, but that violence manifests differently in each community.1
- Race and Reasonableness in Police Killings
Police officers in the United States have killed over 1000 civilians each year since 2013. The constitutional landscape that regulates these encounters defaults to the judgments of the reasonable police officer at the time of a civilian encounter based on the officer’s assessment of whether threats to their safety or the safety of others requires deadly force. As many of these killings have begun to occur under similar circumstances, scholars have renewed a contentious debate on whether police disproportionately use deadly force against African Americans and other nonwhite civilians and whether such killings reflect racial bias. We analyze data on 3933 killings to examine this intersection of race and reasonableness in police killings. First, we describe the objective circumstances and interactions of police killings and map those event characteristics to the elements of reasonableness articulated in case law. Second, we assess whether inherently vague constitutional regulation of lethal force is applied differently by officers depending on the civilian’s race, giving rise to a disproportionate rate of deaths among racial and ethnic minority groups. We then assess the prospects for remediation of racialized police killings by testing the effects of an existing evidence-based training curricula designed to reduce police use of deadly force towards persons experiencing mental illness
- Colleague-recommended resources for conversation at a pivotal time 2020-06-09 LINK University of California
Over the past two weeks, UCOP staff have gathered to process current events and worked to foster open dialogue about race and racial experiences in order to better understand one another’s perspectives, support each other and build lasting relationships built on mutual respect.
- BLM Resources - Diversity at Stanford Medicine - Stanford Medicine
- Justice in June compiled by Autumn Gupta with Bryanna Wallace’s oversight for the purpose of providing a starting place for individuals trying to become better allies.
Choose how much time you have each day to become more informed as step one to becoming an active ally to the black community. On this document are links to the learning resources and a schedule of what to do each day.
- Anti-racism resources for white people: Resource guide compiled by Sarah Sophie Flicker and Alyssa Klein for white people to deepen their anti-racist work
- Confronting White Supremacy: Educational resource sheet put together by educators to discuss and dismantle white supremacy in the classroom.
- Centering Black Community Needs developed by the Office of Graduate Education for faculty and staff to engage in difficult conversations and better support students, postdocs, and research staff
- Office of Faculty Development and Diversity Black Lives Matter Resources for Faculty
- Academics for Black Survival and Wellness was organized by a group of Black counseling psychologists and their colleagues who practice Black allyship. Guided by a Black feminist frame, we hope to foster accountability and growth for non-Black people and enhance healing and wellness for Black people.
- Justice in June compiled by Autumn Gupta with Bryanna Wallace’s oversight for the purpose of providing a starting place for individuals trying to become better allies.
- A collection of resources on social justice
- Black Lives Matter: Let’s get educated! 2020-06-09 TERESA HEAD, GORDON LAB
- Police Shootings Database – Killed By Police
- Data World - Police - There are 544 police datasets available on data.world.
- Mapping Police Violence
- BLM: Policing and Incarceration - Statistics and Data
- SFPD—Officer-Involved Shootings, Suspect-Involved, 2009 – 2019*
- The Washington Post is compiling a database of every fatal shooting in the United States by a police officer in the line of duty since January 1, 2015.
- Dataset on gun violence - Originally published in US Mass Shootings, 1982-2015: Data From Mother Jones' Investigation
- FATAL ENCOUNTERS DOT ORG SPREADSHEET (See Read me tab) (2000-2020 USA)
- Copy of FATAL ENCOUNTERS DOT ORG SPREADSHEET (African American Women)
- SAY HER NAME - Towards a Gender-Inclusive Analysis of Racialized State Violence RESISTING POLICE BRUTALITY AGAINST BLACK WOMEN
The August 9th 2014 police killing of 18-year-old Michael Brown sparked a smoldering nationwide movement against police violence and, more broadly, against anti-Black racism. As Mike Brown, Eric Garner, and Tamir Rice have become household names and faces, their stories have become an impetus for public policy debates on the future of policing in America.
However, 2014 also marked the unjust police killings of a number of Black women, 1 including Gabriella Nevarez, Aura Rosser, Michelle Cusseaux, and Tanisha Anderson. The body count of Black women killed by the police continued to rise in 2015 with the killings of Alexia Christian, Meagan Hockaday, Mya Hall, Janisha Fonville, and Natasha McKenna.
The lack of meaningful accountability for the deaths of unarmed Black men also extended to deaths of unarmed Black women and girls in 2015. Just as the officers who killed Mike Brown and Eric Garner escaped punishment for these homicides, officers who killed Black women and girls were not held accountable for their actions. Joseph Weekley, who killed a sleeping, seven-year-old Aiyana Stanley-Jones, escaped prosecution after a jury failed to convict him in his second trial. Dante Servin, an off-duty officer who shot Rekia Boyd in the back of the head, was cleared by a judge of all charges. Other officers faced no charges whatsoever, such as those who killed Mya Hall, a Black transgender woman.
- Topless Women Stage #SayHerName Rally Against Perceived Police Brutality
- 'Say their names': Stories of black Americans killed by police
- Say Her Name Social Media Guide