Add the Pleim-Xiu (P-X) LSM scheme to MPAS-A

[jherwehe]

This EPA_PXLSM PR will add the Pleim-Xiu land surface model (Pleim
and Xiu, 1995; Xiu and Pleim, 2001; Pleim and Xiu, 2003) to MPAS-A as a
new "config_lsm_scheme" option called "px". The PX LSM code
(module_sf_pxlsm.F) and its associated data module
(module_sf_pxlsm_data.F) were migrated from WRF-4.4.2 with only minor
changes and have been generalized to work with either MPAS or WRF. The
PX LSM utilizes MODIS leaf area index (LAI) and albedo data (Ran et al.,
2015; Ran et al., 2016), as well as various soil characteristics, all
aggregated from fractional land use (NLCD40 over CONUS with MODIS
elsewhere) and soil textures. The LAI is interpolated to the current
simulation date from monthly MODIS LAI data. The PX LSM is normally
used in conjunction with the ACM2 PBL (PR #1002) and the Pleim surface
layer (PR #1003) schemes for retrospective simulations, but will also
work with other PBL and surface layer schemes. The PX LSM codes in this
PR include the basic changes (and the codes of PR #1010) needed for
adding this LSM, and require that the optional soil nudging be disabled.
To maintain numerical stability for longer simulations, a subsequent PX
LSM PR ("EPA_PXLSM_with_FDDA" branch) will include the additional codes
for 3-D grid nudging FDDA (PR #995) needed when using soil nudging with
the PX LSM (Pleim and Gilliam, 2009). Overview descriptions of the PX
LSM can also be found in the WRF-ARW technical document available at
https://opensky.ucar.edu/islandora/object/opensky:2898 and in an updated
PX-ACM-WRFV4.4-MPASv7.3.pdf document (attached to this PR).

Note that this PX LSM PR is dependent on the core_init_atmosphere
features added by PR #1010 (and included as part of this PR). The
modifications in this PR for the PX LSM have been successfully tested
with the YSU PBL, KF CPS, WSM6 MP, M-O surface layer, YSU GWDO, and RRTMG
radiation physics schemes.

New stream file added to streams.atmosphere to provide soil nudging
data used as input to the P-X LSM:
<stream name="soilndg"
                  type="input"
                  filename_template="x4.163842.US_fractional_nlcd40_soilndg.jul2016.nc"
                  filename_interval="none"
                  input_interval="03:00:00" >

                  <file name="stream_list.atmosphere.soilndg"/>
</stream>

New namelist.atmosphere options added under &physics:
   config_soilndg_update = false (logical for updating nudging of soil moisture and temperature)
   config_soilndg_interval = '03:00:00'
   config_px_soilndg = 0 (enable P-X soil nudging with a 1)
   config_px_smoisinit = 0 (enable P-X soil moisture initialization with a 1)
   config_px_modis_veg = 0 (enable MODIS vegetation LAI and vegF in P-X with a 1)
   config_lsm_scheme = 'px'
The options config_soilndg_update and config_px_soilndg may seem
redundant, but have been retained because config_soilndg_update calls new
subroutine physics_update_soilndg (in mpas_atmphys_update_surface.F) and
can be generalized in the future to work with other LSMs, whereas
config_px_soilndg (as pxlsm_soil_nudge) triggers coding specific to the
PX LSM within module_sf_pxlsm.F.

New variables available for output from atmosphere_model:
   ra ; aerodynamic resistance (s m^-1)
   rs ; surface resistance (s m^-1)
   imperv ; impervious surface fraction (percent)
   canfra ; satellite canopy fraction (percent)
   vegpx ; vegetation fraction for PX LSM (area area^-1)
   lai_px ; computed leaf area index for PX LSM (m² m^-2)
   wwlt_px ; computed soil wilting point for PX LSM (m³ m^-3)
   wfc_px ; computed soil field capacity for PX LSM (m³ m^-3)
   wsat_px ; computed soil saturation for PX LSM (m³ m^-3)
   clay_px ; aggregated soil clay fraction for PX LSM (unitless)
   csand_px ; aggregated soil coarse sand fraction for PX LSM (unitless)
   fmsand_px ; aggregated soil fine-medium sand fraction for PX LSM (unitless)
   ismax_lu ; maximum number of land use categories (unitless)
   lai_modis ; leaf area index (m² m^-2)
   t2anl ; 2-m temperature analysis (temporally interpolated during run) (K)
   rh2anl ; 2-m RH analysis (temporally interpolated during run) (%)
   snoanl ; snow water equivalent analysis (temporally interpolated during run) (kg m^-2)

NOTE: These EPA_PXLSM code changes to MPAS-A are based on the 12 December 2022
"develop" branch of MPAS v7.3.

References:
Pleim, J. E., and R. Gilliam, 2009: An indirect data assimilation
   scheme for deep soil temperature in the Pleim-Xiu land Surface model.
   J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 48, 1362–1376.
   https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jamc2053.1
Pleim, J. E., and A. Xiu, 1995: Development and testing of a surface
   flux and planetary boundary layer model for application in mesoscale
   models. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 34, 16–32.
   https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/apme/34/1/1520-0450-34_1_16.xml?rskey=jWu6i6&result=18
Pleim, J. E., and A. Xiu, 2003: Development of a land surface model.
   Part II: Data assimilation. J. Appl. Meteor., 42, 1811–1822.
   https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042%3c1811:doalsm%3e2.0.co;2
Ran, L., R. Gilliam, F. S. Binkowski, A. Xiu, J. Pleim, and L. Band,
   2015: Sensitivity of the WRF/CMAQ modeling system to MODIS LAI, FPAR,
   and albedo, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 120(16), 8491-8511.
   https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2015JD023424
Ran, L., J. Pleim, R. Gilliam, F. S. Binkowski, C. Hogrefe, and L. Band,
   2016: Improved meteorology from an updated WRF/CMAQ modeling system
   with MODIS vegetation and albedo, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 121,
   2393–2415.
   https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2015JD024406
Xiu, A., and J. E. Pleim, 2001: Development of a land-surface model.
   Part I: Application in a mesoscale meteorological model. J. Appl.
   Meteor., 42, 1811–1822.
   https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040%3c0192:DOALSM%3e2.0.CO;2

[jherwehe]

PX-ACM-WRFV4.4-MPASv7.3.pdf