examples/quantum_annealing/Dwave_StructuralImbalance/Dwave_StructuralImbalance.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Demo for D-Wave on Braket: Structural Imbalance"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "This tutorial solves a structural imbalance problem using a D-Wave device on Amazon Braket.\n",
    "\n",
    "__Social networks__ map relationships between people or organizations onto graphs, with\n",
    "the people/organizations as nodes and relationships as edges. __Signed social networks__ map both friendly and\n",
    "hostile relationships by assigning to edges either positive or negative values. Such networks are said to be __structurally balanced__ when they can be cleanly divided into two sets, with each set containing only friends, and all relations between these sets are hostile. The measure of __structural imbalance__ or __frustration__ for a signed social network, when it cannot be cleanly divided, is the minimum number of edges that violate the social rule, “the enemy of my friend is my enemy.”\n",
    "\n",
    "Disclaimer: The code shown in this example has been taken from D-Wave tutorial available online [here](https://github.com/dwave-examples/structural-imbalance-notebook), with copyright to D-Wave Systems, Inc., licensed under the Apache License. The purpose of this example is to show how existing code using D-Wave's Ocean tool suite can easily be run on Amazon Braket, with minimal code changes, using the ```BraketDWaveSampler```."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Imports and setup"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
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     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "!pip install jupyter_contrib_nbextensions==0.5.1\n",
    "!pip install bokeh==0.12.15\n",
    "!pip install autopep8"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import json\n",
    "from braket.aws import AwsDevice\n",
    "from braket.ocean_plugin import BraketSampler, BraketDWaveSampler\n",
    "\n",
    "from dwave.system.composites import EmbeddingComposite"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Device: Device('name': Advantage_system4.1, 'arn': arn:aws:braket:::device/qpu/d-wave/Advantage_system4)\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# session and device\n",
    "device = AwsDevice(\"arn:aws:braket:::device/qpu/d-wave/Advantage_system4\")\n",
    "print('Device:', device)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## A Toy Example\n",
    "\n",
    "In alignment with the D-Wave tutorial example [here](https://github.com/dwave-examples/structural-imbalance-notebook), we firstly demonstrate a toy example of a small social network with four people, then in the next section we will implement the solution to a real-world problem.\n",
    "\n",
    "In the toy example, each of these four people is connected to the others with randomly-generated relationships, which we use a ```networkx``` graph to represent."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Friendly relationships: \n",
      "\tAlice & Wally\n",
      "\tBob & Wally\n",
      "\tEve & Wally\n",
      "Hostile relationships: \n",
      "\tAlice & Bob\n",
      "\tAlice & Eve\n",
      "\tBob & Eve\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import networkx as nx\n",
    "import random\n",
    "\n",
    "G = nx.complete_graph(4)\n",
    "\n",
    "# Randomly assign +1 or -1 relationship signs to all edges. Rename node 0 to Alice, 1 to Bob, etc\n",
    "G.add_edges_from([(u, v, {'sign': 2*random.randint(0, 1) - 1}) for u, v in G.edges])\n",
    "nx.relabel_nodes(G, {0: 'Alice', 1: 'Bob', 2: 'Eve', 3: 'Wally'}, copy=False)\n",
    "\n",
    "print('Friendly relationships: \\n\\t' + '\\n\\t'.join(list(x + \" & \" + y for (x, y, sign) in G.edges(data='sign') if (sign == 1))))\n",
    "print('Hostile relationships: \\n\\t' + '\\n\\t'.join(list(x + \" & \" + y for (x, y, sign) in G.edges(data='sign') if (sign == -1))))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Setting Up a Solver\n",
    "\n",
    "The code below sets up a D-wave solver as a QPU supported with Braket. The function ```EmbeddingComposite()``` implements the minor-mapping strategy, by mapping the problem graph to D-Wave system’s numerically indexed qubits."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "sampler = BraketDWaveSampler(device_arn='arn:aws:braket:::device/qpu/d-wave/Advantage_system4')\n",
    "sampler = EmbeddingComposite(sampler)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Solving the Problem\n",
    "\n",
    "Next, the `structural_imbalance` algorithm submits the model to a D-Wave system. It returns a partition of the social network into two colored sets and the frustrated edges."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Yellow set: \n",
      "\tAlice\n",
      "\tEve\n",
      "\tWally\n",
      "Blue set: \n",
      "\tBob\n",
      "Frustrated relationships: \n",
      "\tAlice & Eve\n",
      "\tBob & Wally\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import dwave_networkx as dnx\n",
    "\n",
    "imbalance, bicoloring = dnx.structural_imbalance(G, sampler)\n",
    "\n",
    "# Mark on the graph the returned frustrated edges and node set (color)  \n",
    "for edge in G.edges:\n",
    "    G.edges[edge]['frustrated'] = edge in imbalance\n",
    "for node in G.nodes:\n",
    "    G.nodes[node]['color'] = bicoloring[node]\n",
    "\n",
    "print('Yellow set: \\n\\t' + '\\n\\t'.join(list(person for (person, color) in bicoloring.items() if (color == 0))))\n",
    "print('Blue set: \\n\\t' + '\\n\\t'.join(list(person for (person, color) in bicoloring.items() if (color == 1))))\n",
    "print('Frustrated relationships: \\n\\t' + '\\n\\t'.join(list(x + \" & \" + y for (x, y) in imbalance.keys())))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Display the solution using a `draw` function that represents friendly interactions as green lines, hostile interactions as red lines, and frustration as dashed lines."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "    </div>"
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     "data": {
      "application/javascript": "\n(function(root) {\n  function now() {\n    return new Date();\n  }\n\n  var force = true;\n\n  if (typeof (root._bokeh_onload_callbacks) === \"undefined\" || force === true) {\n    root._bokeh_onload_callbacks = [];\n    root._bokeh_is_loading = undefined;\n  }\n\n  var JS_MIME_TYPE = 'application/javascript';\n  var HTML_MIME_TYPE = 'text/html';\n  var EXEC_MIME_TYPE = 'application/vnd.bokehjs_exec.v0+json';\n  var CLASS_NAME = 'output_bokeh rendered_html';\n\n  /**\n   * Render data to the DOM node\n   */\n  function render(props, node) {\n    var script = document.createElement(\"script\");\n    node.appendChild(script);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Handle when an output is cleared or removed\n   */\n  function handleClearOutput(event, handle) {\n    var cell = handle.cell;\n\n    var id = cell.output_area._bokeh_element_id;\n    var server_id = cell.output_area._bokeh_server_id;\n    // Clean up Bokeh references\n    if (id !== undefined) {\n      Bokeh.index[id].model.document.clear();\n      delete Bokeh.index[id];\n    }\n\n    if (server_id !== undefined) {\n      // Clean up Bokeh references\n      var cmd = \"from bokeh.io.state import curstate; print(curstate().uuid_to_server['\" + server_id + \"'].get_sessions()[0].document.roots[0]._id)\";\n      cell.notebook.kernel.execute(cmd, {\n        iopub: {\n          output: function(msg) {\n            var element_id = msg.content.text.trim();\n            Bokeh.index[element_id].model.document.clear();\n            delete Bokeh.index[element_id];\n          }\n        }\n      });\n      // Destroy server and session\n      var cmd = \"import bokeh.io.notebook as ion; ion.destroy_server('\" + server_id + \"')\";\n      cell.notebook.kernel.execute(cmd);\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Handle when a new output is added\n   */\n  function handleAddOutput(event, handle) {\n    var output_area = handle.output_area;\n    var output = handle.output;\n\n    // limit handleAddOutput to display_data with EXEC_MIME_TYPE content only\n    if ((output.output_type != \"display_data\") || (!output.data.hasOwnProperty(EXEC_MIME_TYPE))) {\n      return\n    }\n\n    var toinsert = output_area.element.find(\".\" + CLASS_NAME.split(' ')[0]);\n\n    if (output.metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE][\"id\"] !== undefined) {\n      toinsert[toinsert.length - 1].firstChild.textContent = output.data[JS_MIME_TYPE];\n      // store reference to embed id on output_area\n      output_area._bokeh_element_id = output.metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE][\"id\"];\n    }\n    if (output.metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE][\"server_id\"] !== undefined) {\n      var bk_div = document.createElement(\"div\");\n      bk_div.innerHTML = output.data[HTML_MIME_TYPE];\n      var script_attrs = bk_div.children[0].attributes;\n      for (var i = 0; i < script_attrs.length; i++) {\n        toinsert[toinsert.length - 1].firstChild.setAttribute(script_attrs[i].name, script_attrs[i].value);\n      }\n      // store reference to server id on output_area\n      output_area._bokeh_server_id = output.metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE][\"server_id\"];\n    }\n  }\n\n  function register_renderer(events, OutputArea) {\n\n    function append_mime(data, metadata, element) {\n      // create a DOM node to render to\n      var toinsert = this.create_output_subarea(\n        metadata,\n        CLASS_NAME,\n        EXEC_MIME_TYPE\n      );\n      this.keyboard_manager.register_events(toinsert);\n      // Render to node\n      var props = {data: data, metadata: metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE]};\n      render(props, toinsert[toinsert.length - 1]);\n      element.append(toinsert);\n      return toinsert\n    }\n\n    /* Handle when an output is cleared or removed */\n    events.on('clear_output.CodeCell', handleClearOutput);\n    events.on('delete.Cell', handleClearOutput);\n\n    /* Handle when a new output is added */\n    events.on('output_added.OutputArea', handleAddOutput);\n\n    /**\n     * Register the mime type and append_mime function with output_area\n     */\n    OutputArea.prototype.register_mime_type(EXEC_MIME_TYPE, append_mime, {\n      /* Is output safe? */\n      safe: true,\n      /* Index of renderer in `output_area.display_order` */\n      index: 0\n    });\n  }\n\n  // register the mime type if in Jupyter Notebook environment and previously unregistered\n  if (root.Jupyter !== undefined) {\n    var events = require('base/js/events');\n    var OutputArea = require('notebook/js/outputarea').OutputArea;\n\n    if (OutputArea.prototype.mime_types().indexOf(EXEC_MIME_TYPE) == -1) {\n      register_renderer(events, OutputArea);\n    }\n  }\n\n  \n  if (typeof (root._bokeh_timeout) === \"undefined\" || force === true) {\n    root._bokeh_timeout = Date.now() + 5000;\n    root._bokeh_failed_load = false;\n  }\n\n  var NB_LOAD_WARNING = {'data': {'text/html':\n     \"<div style='background-color: #fdd'>\\n\"+\n     \"<p>\\n\"+\n     \"BokehJS does not appear to have successfully loaded. If loading BokehJS from CDN, this \\n\"+\n     \"may be due to a slow or bad network connection. Possible fixes:\\n\"+\n     \"</p>\\n\"+\n     \"<ul>\\n\"+\n     \"<li>re-rerun `output_notebook()` to attempt to load from CDN again, or</li>\\n\"+\n     \"<li>use INLINE resources instead, as so:</li>\\n\"+\n     \"</ul>\\n\"+\n     \"<code>\\n\"+\n     \"from bokeh.resources import INLINE\\n\"+\n     \"output_notebook(resources=INLINE)\\n\"+\n     \"</code>\\n\"+\n     \"</div>\"}};\n\n  function display_loaded() {\n    var el = document.getElementById(\"d43c7424-688b-448f-b876-0404f1f98b2d\");\n    if (el != null) {\n      el.textContent = \"BokehJS is loading...\";\n    }\n    if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n      if (el != null) {\n        el.textContent = \"BokehJS \" + root.Bokeh.version + \" successfully loaded.\";\n      }\n    } else if (Date.now() < root._bokeh_timeout) {\n      setTimeout(display_loaded, 100)\n    }\n  }\n\n\n  function run_callbacks() {\n    try {\n      root._bokeh_onload_callbacks.forEach(function(callback) { callback() });\n    }\n    finally {\n      delete root._bokeh_onload_callbacks\n    }\n    console.info(\"Bokeh: all callbacks have finished\");\n  }\n\n  function load_libs(js_urls, callback) {\n    root._bokeh_onload_callbacks.push(callback);\n    if (root._bokeh_is_loading > 0) {\n      console.log(\"Bokeh: BokehJS is being loaded, scheduling callback at\", now());\n      return null;\n    }\n    if (js_urls == null || js_urls.length === 0) {\n      run_callbacks();\n      return null;\n    }\n    console.log(\"Bokeh: BokehJS not loaded, scheduling load and callback at\", now());\n    root._bokeh_is_loading = js_urls.length;\n    for (var i = 0; i < js_urls.length; i++) {\n      var url = js_urls[i];\n      var s = document.createElement('script');\n      s.src = url;\n      s.async = false;\n      s.onreadystatechange = s.onload = function() {\n        root._bokeh_is_loading--;\n        if (root._bokeh_is_loading === 0) {\n          console.log(\"Bokeh: all BokehJS libraries loaded\");\n          run_callbacks()\n        }\n      };\n      s.onerror = function() {\n        console.warn(\"failed to load library \" + url);\n      };\n      console.log(\"Bokeh: injecting script tag for BokehJS library: \", url);\n      document.getElementsByTagName(\"head\")[0].appendChild(s);\n    }\n  };var element = document.getElementById(\"d43c7424-688b-448f-b876-0404f1f98b2d\");\n  if (element == null) {\n    console.log(\"Bokeh: ERROR: autoload.js configured with elementid 'd43c7424-688b-448f-b876-0404f1f98b2d' but no matching script tag was found. \")\n    return false;\n  }\n\n  var js_urls = [\"https://cdn.pydata.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-0.12.15.min.js\", \"https://cdn.pydata.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-widgets-0.12.15.min.js\", \"https://cdn.pydata.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-tables-0.12.15.min.js\", \"https://cdn.pydata.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-gl-0.12.15.min.js\"];\n\n  var inline_js = [\n    function(Bokeh) {\n      Bokeh.set_log_level(\"info\");\n    },\n    \n    function(Bokeh) {\n      \n    },\n    function(Bokeh) {\n      console.log(\"Bokeh: injecting CSS: https://cdn.pydata.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-0.12.15.min.css\");\n      Bokeh.embed.inject_css(\"https://cdn.pydata.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-0.12.15.min.css\");\n      console.log(\"Bokeh: injecting CSS: https://cdn.pydata.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-widgets-0.12.15.min.css\");\n      Bokeh.embed.inject_css(\"https://cdn.pydata.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-widgets-0.12.15.min.css\");\n      console.log(\"Bokeh: injecting CSS: https://cdn.pydata.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-tables-0.12.15.min.css\");\n      Bokeh.embed.inject_css(\"https://cdn.pydata.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-tables-0.12.15.min.css\");\n    }\n  ];\n\n  function run_inline_js() {\n    \n    if ((root.Bokeh !== undefined) || (force === true)) {\n      for (var i = 0; i < inline_js.length; i++) {\n        inline_js[i].call(root, root.Bokeh);\n      }if (force === true) {\n        display_loaded();\n      }} else if (Date.now() < root._bokeh_timeout) {\n      setTimeout(run_inline_js, 100);\n    } else if (!root._bokeh_failed_load) {\n      console.log(\"Bokeh: BokehJS failed to load within specified timeout.\");\n      root._bokeh_failed_load = true;\n    } else if (force !== true) {\n      var cell = $(document.getElementById(\"d43c7424-688b-448f-b876-0404f1f98b2d\")).parents('.cell').data().cell;\n      cell.output_area.append_execute_result(NB_LOAD_WARNING)\n    }\n\n  }\n\n  if (root._bokeh_is_loading === 0) {\n    console.log(\"Bokeh: BokehJS loaded, going straight to plotting\");\n    run_inline_js();\n  } else {\n    load_libs(js_urls, function() {\n      console.log(\"Bokeh: BokehJS plotting callback run at\", now());\n      run_inline_js();\n    });\n  }\n}(window));",
      "application/vnd.bokehjs_load.v0+json": ""
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     "output_type": "display_data"
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       "\n",
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       "    <div class=\"bk-plotdiv\" id=\"eec8fd36-eaef-410c-b704-cae8ae53cfce\"></div>\n",
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      "application/vnd.bokehjs_exec.v0+json": ""
     },
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       "id": "de3d417d-b53f-4817-9636-6c7eb88fd0b3"
      }
     },
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from helpers.draw import draw\n",
    "\n",
    "draw(G, with_labels=True);"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# A Real-World Example\n",
    "\n",
    "The real-world example with large data sets is taken from [Mapping Militant Organizations, Stanford University, last modified February 28, 2016, http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/](http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/). First, load data from the Stanford Militants Mapping Project into the ```networkx``` graph. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from helpers.loader import global_signed_social_network\n",
    "\n",
    "G = global_signed_social_network()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "First, calculate imbalance on a selected region and time period, Syria 2014, by filtering on these attributes of the data now in graph G."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Select the Syria subregion \n",
    "syria_groups = set()\n",
    "for v, data in G.nodes(data=True):\n",
    "    if 'map' not in data:\n",
    "        continue\n",
    "    if data['map'] in {'Syria', 'Aleppo'}:\n",
    "        syria_groups.add(v)\n",
    "S = G.subgraph(syria_groups)\n",
    "\n",
    "# Filter by year\n",
    "year = 2014\n",
    "filtered_edges = ((u, v) for u, v, a in S.edges(data=True) if a['event_year'] <= year)\n",
    "S = S.edge_subgraph(filtered_edges)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The resulting graph has nodes representing militant groups, with indexical labels, and edges with a \"sign\" attribute marking friendly or hostile relationships.\n",
    "\n",
    "Show data associated with the first two nodes and edges:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[(1, {'map': 'Aleppo'}), (645, {'map': 'Syria'})]\n",
      "[(1, 361, {'sign': -1, 'event_id': '1443', 'event_type': 'riv', 'event_year': 2014, 'event_description': \"Kata'ib Hezbollah worked with elements of the Kurdish peshmerga to defend the city of Amerli in Iraq from IS. KH has been fighting alongside Iraqi government forces in the war against IS since June 2014. While the groups have opposed each other in Iraq, there have been no confirmed reports of KH targeting IS in Syria. \"}), (1, 661, {'sign': -1, 'event_id': '1865', 'event_type': 'riv', 'event_year': 2011, 'event_description': 'Jaysh al Sanadeed began targeting the Islamic State.'})]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(list(S.nodes(data=True))[:2])\n",
    "print(list(S.edges(data=True))[:2])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Display the network using the `draw` function that represents friendly interactions as green lines, hostile interactions as red lines."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
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Hezbollah worked with elements of the Kurdish peshmerga to defend the city of Amerli in Iraq from IS. KH has been fighting alongside Iraqi government forces in the war against IS since June 2014. While the groups have opposed each other in Iraq, there have been no confirmed reports of KH targeting IS in Syria. \",\"Jaysh al Sanadeed began targeting the Islamic State.\",\"Ahrar al-Sham and the Islamic State coordinated an attack on Alawite villages in the Latakia governorate that killed 190 civilians.\",\"The Southern Front began opposing the Islamic State (IS), and joined larger opposition campaigns against IS in the Daraa governorate.\",\"Ahrar al-Sham, the Islamic State, and The Kurdish Islamic Front began targeting the YPG.\",\"Clashes erupted between the Islamic State (IS) and Liwa al-Tawhid when Liwa al-Tawhid drove IS out of the city of Aleppo. In response to growing hostility with Liwa al-Tawhid and other militant groups, IS began targeting the leaders of opposition groups and killed prominent Liwa al-Tawhid member Adnan Bakour.\",\"Jaysh al-Islam has opposed the Islamic State (IS) since 2013, and referred to IS as \\u201cenemy number one of the Syrian revolution.\\u201d\",\"Suqour al-Sham began targeting the Islamic State on January 3, 2014.\",\"The Islamic State (IS) conducted a suicide bombing at Hezbollah's headquarters in Beirut, marking the third retaliatory attack on Lebanese soil for Hezbollah's support for the regime, and the first such attack carried out by IS.\",\"Jabhat al-Nusra (Al-Nusra) received funding and personnel from the Islamic State (which at the time operated as Al Qaeda in Iraq, or AQI) that helped establish Al-Nusra at the beginning of the Syrian conflict.\",\"The Ajnad al-Sham Islamic Union began fighting the Islamic State in the Damascus governorate.\",\"KSS has fought IS in both Iraq and Syria since its inception in May 2013.\",\"Jaysh al-Mujahedeen formed on January 3, 2014 exclusively to target IS.\",\"Firqat al-Sultan Murad targets the Islamic State.\",\"The Southern Front and Jabhat al-Nusra (Al-Nusra) became allies and captured the town of Tel al-Haraa. Though the Southern Front officially stopped cooperating with Al-Nusra in April 2015, the groups still coordinated attacks in later battles.\",\"The Levantine Front was founded on December 25, 2014 by the Islamic Front of Aleppo (not to be confused with the Islamic Front umbrella group), a group composed of Liwa al-Tawhid and other former Islamic Front umbrella group battalions, and four other Aleppo-based opposition groups.\",\"Ahrar al-Sham and Jabhat al-Nusra first cooperated in an attack the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas.\",\"Ahrar al-Sham, the Islamic State, and The Kurdish Islamic Front began targeting the YPG.\",\" A number of opposition groups including Jabhat al-Nusra, Ahrar al-Sham, and Suqour al-Sham coordinated an attack to overtake the Assad Regime's air base in Taftanaz after beseiging the base for several months. The opposition groups eventually overtook Taftanaz, and seized helicopters, heavy weapons, and ammunition.\",\"Liwa al-Haqq merged into Ahrar al-Sham.\",\"The Kurdish Islamic Front merged into Ahrar al-Sham.\",\"Ansar al-Sham fought alongside Jabhat al-Nusra and Ahrar al-Sham during the 2014 Latakia Offensive.\",\"Liwa al-Tawhid participated in a joint offensive with multiple opposition groups, including Jabhat al-Nusra and Ahrar al-Sham, against Assad Regime military camps in the Idlib countryside.\",\"Ahrar al-Sham began opposing Hezbollah in 2013 after Hezbollah announced its involvement in the Syrian conflict. The groups still target each other today despite two ceasefires in 2015.\",\"Suqour al-Sham was affiliated with the Free Syrian Army (FSA) in 2011, and became a founding a member of the FSA linked Syrian Islamic Liberation Front (SILF) umbrella organization in 2012. Despite its close FSA ties, Suqour al-Sham did not take orders from the FSA\\u2019s Syrian National Council, and began to distance itself from the FSA when it joined the Islamic Coalition on September 23, 2013.\",\"A number of opposition groups including Jabhat al-Nusra, Ahrar al-Sham, and Suqour al-Sham coordinated an attack to overtake the Assad Regime's air base in Taftanaz after beseiging the base for several months. The opposition groups eventually overtook Taftanaz, and seized helicopters, heavy weapons, and ammunition.\",\"Conflict with the Islamic State (IS) prompted Liwa Dawoud and Liwa Siyoof al-Haq, two of Suqour al-Sham\\u2019s strongest factions, to declare peace with IS, defect from Suqour al-Sham, and eventually form the Army of the Levant (Jaysh al-Sham) with deserting IS members.\",\"Liwa al-Islam began cooperating with Jabhat al-Nusra during \\\"\\\"Operation Epic in the Capital of Omayyads.\\\"\\\"\",\"Saudi Arabia facilitated a merger of about fifty Damascus-based opposition groups, including Liwa al-Islam, to create a new opposition group known as Jaysh al-Islam.\",\"Liwa al-Islam was initially affiliated with the Free Syrian Army (FSA). However, the group began to distance itself from the FSA in 2013 when Liwa al-Islam joined the Islamic Coalition, a political group that called for the implementation of Shariah law in Syria, and for the opposition to the Assad Regime to be run only by groups fighting inside Syria.\",\"AAH received weapons, training, and financial support from Hezbollah. \",\"\\u00a0Liwa al-Tawhid and Jabhat al-Nusra (Al-Nusra) cooperated with the Nasser Salahuddin Brigade, Dera\\u2019 al-Assima, and Liwa al-Habib al Mustafa in a series of attacks against Syrian army units and outposts in the Damascus countryside. According to Al-Nusra, the militants destroyed several tanks and killed over 150 Syrian soldiers.\",\"Liwa al-Tawhid initially pledged allegiance to the Free Syrian Army (FSA). However, Liwa al-Tawhid often acted independently of FSA-affiliated groups, and it began to distance itself from the FSA on September 29, 2013 by joining the Islamic Coalition, a political group that called for opposition to the Assad Regime to be run only by groups fighting inside Syria and opposed the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces.\",\"Liwa al-Tawhid cooperated with the Islamic State to fight the Kurdish People\\u2019s Protection Units in late 2013.\",\"Ahrar al-Sham, the Islamic State, and The Kurdish Islamic Front began targeting the YPG.\",\"The YPG began targeting Jabhat al-Nusra and won the battle of Ras al-Ayn.\",\"Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki began cooperating with Jabhat al-Nusra.\",\"Liwa al-Haqq was initially affiliated with the Free Syrian Army (FSA). However, it began to distance itself from the FSA on September 23, 2013 by joining the Islamic Coalition, a political group that called for the implementation of Shariah in Syria and the opposition to the Assad Regime to be run only by groups fighting inside Syria.\",\"Hezbollah began conducting operations with the Syrian army around al-Qusayr in March 2013. In May 2013, Hezbollah and the Syrian army launched an offensive against local opposition groups, and forced Jabhat al-Nusra, Liwa al-Haqq, and other insurgents out of the town of al-Qusayr.\",\"Ansar al-Sham fought alongside Jabhat al-Nusra and Ahrar al-Sham during the 2014 Latakia Offensive.\",\"Hezbollah and the Free Syrian Army (FSA) fought in Qusair, near Syria's border with Lebanon. An unnamed FSA Commander stated that he was prepared to send his fighters in to Lebanon to pursue Hezbollah. In August 2015, the FSA allegedly began coordinating with the Islamic State and Jabhat al-Nusra to target Hezbollah in Lebanon's Qalamoun mountains.\",\"Jund al-Aqsa coordinated with Jabhat al-Nusra and the Free Syrian Army to capture a Syrian army base at Wadi al-Deif in the Idlib governorate.\",\"According to the U.S. government, Kata'ib Hezbollah has received money and weapons from Lebanese Hezbollah.\",\"Jabaht al-Nusra began targeting Hezbollah with a suicide bombing in Bekaa Valley in Lebanon, near the boarder with Syria. The attack killed four people, including a local Hezbollah leader. \",\" HN receives significant financial and military aid from Hezbollah and the two groups have often coordinated operations on the ground in Syria when fighting alongside the Assad regime\",\"Kata'ib Hezbollah and Asa'ib Ahl al-Haqq purportedly formed HN as a front group for routing fighters to Syria in 2013.  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   "source": [
    "position = draw(S)"
   ]
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   "source": [
    "As in the previous example, this example uses the `structural_imbalance` algorithm to calculate the frustration of the network on a D-Wave system, this time on the Syrian 2014 network. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
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     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[(1, {'map': 'Aleppo', 'color': 1}), (645, {'map': 'Syria', 'color': 0})]\n",
      "[(1, 361, {'sign': -1, 'event_id': '1443', 'event_type': 'riv', 'event_year': 2014, 'event_description': \"Kata'ib Hezbollah worked with elements of the Kurdish peshmerga to defend the city of Amerli in Iraq from IS. KH has been fighting alongside Iraqi government forces in the war against IS since June 2014. While the groups have opposed each other in Iraq, there have been no confirmed reports of KH targeting IS in Syria. \", 'frustrated': False}), (1, 661, {'sign': -1, 'event_id': '1865', 'event_type': 'riv', 'event_year': 2011, 'event_description': 'Jaysh al Sanadeed began targeting the Islamic State.', 'frustrated': False})]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "imbalance, bicoloring = dnx.structural_imbalance(S, sampler)\n",
    "\n",
    "for edge in S.edges:\n",
    "    S.edges[edge]['frustrated'] = edge in imbalance\n",
    "for node in S.nodes:\n",
    "    S.nodes[node]['color'] = bicoloring[node]\n",
    "    \n",
    "print(list(S.nodes(data=True))[:2])\n",
    "print(list(S.edges(data=True))[:2])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Redraw the network with the previous node positioning: nodes are now bicolored and dashed lines indicate frustrated edges."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
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Hezbollah worked with elements of the Kurdish peshmerga to defend the city of Amerli in Iraq from IS. KH has been fighting alongside Iraqi government forces in the war against IS since June 2014. While the groups have opposed each other in Iraq, there have been no confirmed reports of KH targeting IS in Syria. \",\"Jaysh al Sanadeed began targeting the Islamic State.\",\"Ahrar al-Sham and the Islamic State coordinated an attack on Alawite villages in the Latakia governorate that killed 190 civilians.\",\"The Southern Front began opposing the Islamic State (IS), and joined larger opposition campaigns against IS in the Daraa governorate.\",\"Ahrar al-Sham, the Islamic State, and The Kurdish Islamic Front began targeting the YPG.\",\"Jaysh al-Islam has opposed the Islamic State (IS) since 2013, and referred to IS as \\u201cenemy number one of the Syrian revolution.\\u201d\",\"The Islamic State (IS) conducted a suicide bombing at Hezbollah's headquarters in Beirut, marking the third retaliatory attack on Lebanese soil for Hezbollah's support for the regime, and the first such attack carried out by IS.\",\"Jabhat al-Nusra (Al-Nusra) received funding and personnel from the Islamic State (which at the time operated as Al Qaeda in Iraq, or AQI) that helped establish Al-Nusra at the beginning of the Syrian conflict.\",\"The Ajnad al-Sham Islamic Union began fighting the Islamic State in the Damascus governorate.\",\"KSS has fought IS in both Iraq and Syria since its inception in May 2013.\",\"Jaysh al-Mujahedeen formed on January 3, 2014 exclusively to target IS.\",\"Firqat al-Sultan Murad targets the Islamic State.\",\"The Levantine Front was founded on December 25, 2014 by the Islamic Front of Aleppo (not to be confused with the Islamic Front umbrella group), a group composed of Liwa al-Tawhid and other former Islamic Front umbrella group battalions, and four other Aleppo-based opposition groups.\",\"Ahrar al-Sham and Jabhat al-Nusra first cooperated in an attack the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas.\",\"Ahrar al-Sham, the Islamic State, and The Kurdish Islamic Front began targeting the YPG.\",\" A number of opposition groups including Jabhat al-Nusra, Ahrar al-Sham, and Suqour al-Sham coordinated an attack to overtake the Assad Regime's air base in Taftanaz after beseiging the base for several months. The opposition groups eventually overtook Taftanaz, and seized helicopters, heavy weapons, and ammunition.\",\"Liwa al-Haqq merged into Ahrar al-Sham.\",\"The Kurdish Islamic Front merged into Ahrar al-Sham.\",\"Ansar al-Sham fought alongside Jabhat al-Nusra and Ahrar al-Sham during the 2014 Latakia Offensive.\",\"Liwa al-Tawhid participated in a joint offensive with multiple opposition groups, including Jabhat al-Nusra and Ahrar al-Sham, against Assad Regime military camps in the Idlib countryside.\",\"Ahrar al-Sham began opposing Hezbollah in 2013 after Hezbollah announced its involvement in the Syrian conflict. The groups still target each other today despite two ceasefires in 2015.\",\"Suqour al-Sham was affiliated with the Free Syrian Army (FSA) in 2011, and became a founding a member of the FSA linked Syrian Islamic Liberation Front (SILF) umbrella organization in 2012. Despite its close FSA ties, Suqour al-Sham did not take orders from the FSA\\u2019s Syrian National Council, and began to distance itself from the FSA when it joined the Islamic Coalition on September 23, 2013.\",\"A number of opposition groups including Jabhat al-Nusra, Ahrar al-Sham, and Suqour al-Sham coordinated an attack to overtake the Assad Regime's air base in Taftanaz after beseiging the base for several months. The opposition groups eventually overtook Taftanaz, and seized helicopters, heavy weapons, and ammunition.\",\"Conflict with the Islamic State (IS) prompted Liwa Dawoud and Liwa Siyoof al-Haq, two of Suqour al-Sham\\u2019s strongest factions, to declare peace with IS, defect from Suqour al-Sham, and eventually form the Army of the Levant (Jaysh al-Sham) with deserting IS members.\",\"Liwa al-Islam began cooperating with Jabhat al-Nusra during \\\"\\\"Operation Epic in the Capital of Omayyads.\\\"\\\"\",\"Liwa al-Islam was initially affiliated with the Free Syrian Army (FSA). However, the group began to distance itself from the FSA in 2013 when Liwa al-Islam joined the Islamic Coalition, a political group that called for the implementation of Shariah law in Syria, and for the opposition to the Assad Regime to be run only by groups fighting inside Syria.\",\"AAH received weapons, training, and financial support from Hezbollah. \",\"\\u00a0Liwa al-Tawhid and Jabhat al-Nusra (Al-Nusra) cooperated with the Nasser Salahuddin Brigade, Dera\\u2019 al-Assima, and Liwa al-Habib al Mustafa in a series of attacks against Syrian army units and outposts in the Damascus countryside. According to Al-Nusra, the militants destroyed several tanks and killed over 150 Syrian soldiers.\",\"Liwa al-Tawhid initially pledged allegiance to the Free Syrian Army (FSA). However, Liwa al-Tawhid often acted independently of FSA-affiliated groups, and it began to distance itself from the FSA on September 29, 2013 by joining the Islamic Coalition, a political group that called for opposition to the Assad Regime to be run only by groups fighting inside Syria and opposed the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces.\",\"Liwa al-Tawhid cooperated with the Islamic State to fight the Kurdish People\\u2019s Protection Units in late 2013.\",\"Ahrar al-Sham, the Islamic State, and The Kurdish Islamic Front began targeting the YPG.\",\"The YPG began targeting Jabhat al-Nusra and won the battle of Ras al-Ayn.\",\"Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki began cooperating with Jabhat al-Nusra.\",\"Liwa al-Haqq was initially affiliated with the Free Syrian Army (FSA). However, it began to distance itself from the FSA on September 23, 2013 by joining the Islamic Coalition, a political group that called for the implementation of Shariah in Syria and the opposition to the Assad Regime to be run only by groups fighting inside Syria.\",\"Hezbollah began conducting operations with the Syrian army around al-Qusayr in March 2013. In May 2013, Hezbollah and the Syrian army launched an offensive against local opposition groups, and forced Jabhat al-Nusra, Liwa al-Haqq, and other insurgents out of the town of al-Qusayr.\",\"Ansar al-Sham fought alongside Jabhat al-Nusra and Ahrar al-Sham during the 2014 Latakia Offensive.\",\"Hezbollah and the Free Syrian Army (FSA) fought in Qusair, near Syria's border with Lebanon. An unnamed FSA Commander stated that he was prepared to send his fighters in to Lebanon to pursue Hezbollah. In August 2015, the FSA allegedly began coordinating with the Islamic State and Jabhat al-Nusra to target Hezbollah in Lebanon's Qalamoun mountains.\",\"Jund al-Aqsa coordinated with Jabhat al-Nusra and the Free Syrian Army to capture a Syrian army base at Wadi al-Deif in the Idlib governorate.\",\"According to the U.S. government, Kata'ib Hezbollah has received money and weapons from Lebanese Hezbollah.\",\"Jabaht al-Nusra began targeting Hezbollah with a suicide bombing in Bekaa Valley in Lebanon, near the boarder with Syria. The attack killed four people, including a local Hezbollah leader. \",\" HN receives significant financial and military aid from Hezbollah and the two groups have often coordinated operations on the ground in Syria when fighting alongside the Assad regime\",\"Kata'ib Hezbollah and Asa'ib Ahl al-Haqq purportedly formed HN as a front group for routing fighters to Syria in 2013.  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    "Redraw the network with a new positioning that separates the two sets."
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Hezbollah worked with elements of the Kurdish peshmerga to defend the city of Amerli in Iraq from IS. KH has been fighting alongside Iraqi government forces in the war against IS since June 2014. While the groups have opposed each other in Iraq, there have been no confirmed reports of KH targeting IS in Syria. \",\"Jaysh al Sanadeed began targeting the Islamic State.\",\"Ahrar al-Sham and the Islamic State coordinated an attack on Alawite villages in the Latakia governorate that killed 190 civilians.\",\"The Southern Front began opposing the Islamic State (IS), and joined larger opposition campaigns against IS in the Daraa governorate.\",\"Ahrar al-Sham, the Islamic State, and The Kurdish Islamic Front began targeting the YPG.\",\"Jaysh al-Islam has opposed the Islamic State (IS) since 2013, and referred to IS as \\u201cenemy number one of the Syrian revolution.\\u201d\",\"The Islamic State (IS) conducted a suicide bombing at Hezbollah's headquarters in Beirut, marking the third retaliatory attack on Lebanese soil for Hezbollah's support for the regime, and the first such attack carried out by IS.\",\"Jabhat al-Nusra (Al-Nusra) received funding and personnel from the Islamic State (which at the time operated as Al Qaeda in Iraq, or AQI) that helped establish Al-Nusra at the beginning of the Syrian conflict.\",\"The Ajnad al-Sham Islamic Union began fighting the Islamic State in the Damascus governorate.\",\"KSS has fought IS in both Iraq and Syria since its inception in May 2013.\",\"Jaysh al-Mujahedeen formed on January 3, 2014 exclusively to target IS.\",\"Firqat al-Sultan Murad targets the Islamic State.\",\"The Levantine Front was founded on December 25, 2014 by the Islamic Front of Aleppo (not to be confused with the Islamic Front umbrella group), a group composed of Liwa al-Tawhid and other former Islamic Front umbrella group battalions, and four other Aleppo-based opposition groups.\",\"Ahrar al-Sham and Jabhat al-Nusra first cooperated in an attack the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas.\",\"Ahrar al-Sham, the Islamic State, and The Kurdish Islamic Front began targeting the YPG.\",\" A number of opposition groups including Jabhat al-Nusra, Ahrar al-Sham, and Suqour al-Sham coordinated an attack to overtake the Assad Regime's air base in Taftanaz after beseiging the base for several months. The opposition groups eventually overtook Taftanaz, and seized helicopters, heavy weapons, and ammunition.\",\"Liwa al-Haqq merged into Ahrar al-Sham.\",\"The Kurdish Islamic Front merged into Ahrar al-Sham.\",\"Ansar al-Sham fought alongside Jabhat al-Nusra and Ahrar al-Sham during the 2014 Latakia Offensive.\",\"Liwa al-Tawhid participated in a joint offensive with multiple opposition groups, including Jabhat al-Nusra and Ahrar al-Sham, against Assad Regime military camps in the Idlib countryside.\",\"Ahrar al-Sham began opposing Hezbollah in 2013 after Hezbollah announced its involvement in the Syrian conflict. The groups still target each other today despite two ceasefires in 2015.\",\"Suqour al-Sham was affiliated with the Free Syrian Army (FSA) in 2011, and became a founding a member of the FSA linked Syrian Islamic Liberation Front (SILF) umbrella organization in 2012. Despite its close FSA ties, Suqour al-Sham did not take orders from the FSA\\u2019s Syrian National Council, and began to distance itself from the FSA when it joined the Islamic Coalition on September 23, 2013.\",\"A number of opposition groups including Jabhat al-Nusra, Ahrar al-Sham, and Suqour al-Sham coordinated an attack to overtake the Assad Regime's air base in Taftanaz after beseiging the base for several months. The opposition groups eventually overtook Taftanaz, and seized helicopters, heavy weapons, and ammunition.\",\"Conflict with the Islamic State (IS) prompted Liwa Dawoud and Liwa Siyoof al-Haq, two of Suqour al-Sham\\u2019s strongest factions, to declare peace with IS, defect from Suqour al-Sham, and eventually form the Army of the Levant (Jaysh al-Sham) with deserting IS members.\",\"Liwa al-Islam began cooperating with Jabhat al-Nusra during \\\"\\\"Operation Epic in the Capital of Omayyads.\\\"\\\"\",\"Liwa al-Islam was initially affiliated with the Free Syrian Army (FSA). However, the group began to distance itself from the FSA in 2013 when Liwa al-Islam joined the Islamic Coalition, a political group that called for the implementation of Shariah law in Syria, and for the opposition to the Assad Regime to be run only by groups fighting inside Syria.\",\"AAH received weapons, training, and financial support from Hezbollah. \",\"\\u00a0Liwa al-Tawhid and Jabhat al-Nusra (Al-Nusra) cooperated with the Nasser Salahuddin Brigade, Dera\\u2019 al-Assima, and Liwa al-Habib al Mustafa in a series of attacks against Syrian army units and outposts in the Damascus countryside. According to Al-Nusra, the militants destroyed several tanks and killed over 150 Syrian soldiers.\",\"Liwa al-Tawhid initially pledged allegiance to the Free Syrian Army (FSA). However, Liwa al-Tawhid often acted independently of FSA-affiliated groups, and it began to distance itself from the FSA on September 29, 2013 by joining the Islamic Coalition, a political group that called for opposition to the Assad Regime to be run only by groups fighting inside Syria and opposed the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces.\",\"Liwa al-Tawhid cooperated with the Islamic State to fight the Kurdish People\\u2019s Protection Units in late 2013.\",\"Ahrar al-Sham, the Islamic State, and The Kurdish Islamic Front began targeting the YPG.\",\"The YPG began targeting Jabhat al-Nusra and won the battle of Ras al-Ayn.\",\"Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki began cooperating with Jabhat al-Nusra.\",\"Liwa al-Haqq was initially affiliated with the Free Syrian Army (FSA). However, it began to distance itself from the FSA on September 23, 2013 by joining the Islamic Coalition, a political group that called for the implementation of Shariah in Syria and the opposition to the Assad Regime to be run only by groups fighting inside Syria.\",\"Hezbollah began conducting operations with the Syrian army around al-Qusayr in March 2013. In May 2013, Hezbollah and the Syrian army launched an offensive against local opposition groups, and forced Jabhat al-Nusra, Liwa al-Haqq, and other insurgents out of the town of al-Qusayr.\",\"Ansar al-Sham fought alongside Jabhat al-Nusra and Ahrar al-Sham during the 2014 Latakia Offensive.\",\"Hezbollah and the Free Syrian Army (FSA) fought in Qusair, near Syria's border with Lebanon. An unnamed FSA Commander stated that he was prepared to send his fighters in to Lebanon to pursue Hezbollah. In August 2015, the FSA allegedly began coordinating with the Islamic State and Jabhat al-Nusra to target Hezbollah in Lebanon's Qalamoun mountains.\",\"Jund al-Aqsa coordinated with Jabhat al-Nusra and the Free Syrian Army to capture a Syrian army base at Wadi al-Deif in the Idlib governorate.\",\"According to the U.S. government, Kata'ib Hezbollah has received money and weapons from Lebanese Hezbollah.\",\"Jabaht al-Nusra began targeting Hezbollah with a suicide bombing in Bekaa Valley in Lebanon, near the boarder with Syria. The attack killed four people, including a local Hezbollah leader. \",\" HN receives significant financial and military aid from Hezbollah and the two groups have often coordinated operations on the ground in Syria when fighting alongside the Assad regime\",\"Kata'ib Hezbollah and Asa'ib Ahl al-Haqq purportedly formed HN as a front group for routing fighters to Syria in 2013.  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early 2015, IS and the JRTN's  \\\"\\\"alliance of convenience\\\"\\\" against the Iraqi government had disintegrated and a the two groups began to clash militarily in Northern Iraq.  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Outraged by these events, the 1920s Brigades shifted its focus from fighting U.S. forces to fighting AQI. \",\"Hamas Iraq allegedly worked with U.S. forces and the U.S.-funded Sons of Iraq in their 2007-2008 offensive against AQI in the Diyala province.\",\"Although the MA had previously denounced IS, the two groups first came into military conflict outside of the town of Al-Karma in spring 2014.\",\"Al Fawj Al Awl began fighting the Islamic State in the Aleppo governorate.\",\"The Southern Front began opposing the Islamic State (IS), and joined larger opposition campaigns against IS in the Daraa governorate.\",\"In early 2014, tensions on the ground between ISIS and other rebel groups begin to develop into conflict on the ground. 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On January 6th, IS is driven from Raqqa after fighting with other rebel groups, including al-Nusra, members of the Islamic Front, and members of the FSA.\",\"AQAP rebuked IS in a video that declared IS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi\\u2019s declaration of an Islamic caliphate to be illegitimate.\",\"In early 2014, tensions on the ground between IS and other rebel groups begin to develop into conflict on the ground. On January 6th, IS is driven from Raqqa after fighting with other rebel groups, including al-Nusra, members of the Islamic Front, and members of the FSA.\",\"Unconfirmed reports suggest that Ansar al-Islam Syria has fought against IS in the Aleppo region of Syria.\",\"In 2014, lead of JAT, Abu Bakar Ba\\u2019asyir, declared allegiance to the Islamic State. 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Islam and Al Shabaab conducted a joint attack on African Union (AU) peacekeepers, using two suicide bombers against an AU base in Mogadishu.\",\"Assisted by Kenyan forces, the Ras Kamboni Movement captured the town of Ras Kamboni in southern Somalia, driving Al Shabaab from the area.\",\"LARF splits from PFLP-EO after Waddie Haddad died\",\"Al Shabaab, which had served as the main militant wing of the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), became an independent group as the ICU began to collapse.\",\"One faction of the Ras Kamboni Brigade formally joined Al Shabaab and ceased to exist as a separate organization. \",\"ASWJ unsuccessfully attempted to take control of the Somali town Guriel from Al Shabaab, one of its major rivals.\",\"In February 2012 Al Shabab spokesman Sheikh Raage made a specific statement that Al Shabab is connected to Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula. \\u201cWe will work with other brothers of AQAP in Yemen, Saudi Arabia and elsewhere in the world and we are part of them. We are the branch of AQAP in Somalia.\\\\\\\"\\\" \",\"Al Shabaab officially pledged allegiance to Al Qaeda.\",\"Four Somali Islamist groups merged to form Hizbul Islam. The four original groups were the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia (ARS), the Ras Kamboni Brigade, Jabhatul Islamiya (Islamic Front), and Anole, also called the Anoole Forces.\",\"ASWJ attacked the town of Beledweyne near the Ethiopian border, controlled by Hizbul Islam, and captured it after a two-day battle in late 2010.\",\"Hizbul Islam pledged allegiance to Al Qaeda.\",\"The Islamic Army of Iraq claimed that it and the Mujahideen Army coordinated an attack on government forces near Al-Karma on February 22, 2014.  \",\"In the years immediately following the 2003 U.S. invasion, AQI and IAI worked closely with one another to combat U.S. forces. One of the founders of the IAI, Sheikh Ahmed al-Dabash, claimed to be like a \\u201cbrother to Abu Musab al-Zarqawi,\\u201d the leader of AQI.\",\"The JRTN often contracted the 1920s Revolution Brigades, Ansar al-Islam, the Islamic Army in Iraq, Hamas Iraq, and even AQI to carry out attacks for it in the period from 2008-2011. In return the JRTN helped manage the intelligence collection, finances, and logistics of these groups.\",\"Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq claimed responsibility for killing JRTN leader Izzat Ibrihim al-Douri in the mountains in between Kirkuk and Tikrit.\",\"PFLP and Red Eagles allies.\",\"Red Eagles (Martyr Abu-Alu Mustafa Brigades) and Fatah affiliates.\",\"Red Eagles (Martyr Abu-Alu Mustafa Brigades) and Hamas allies.\",\"Red Eagles (Mujahadi Bayt al-Maqdis Brigades) and PRC affiliates.\",\"The JRTN often contracted the 1920s Revolution Brigades, Ansar al-Islam, the Islamic Army in Iraq, Hamas Iraq, and even AQI to carry out attacks for it in the period from 2008-2011. In return the JRTN helped manage the intelligence collection, finances, and logistics of these groups.\",\"The JRTN often contracted the 1920s Revolution Brigades, Ansar al-Islam, the Islamic Army in Iraq, Hamas Iraq, and even AQI to carry out attacks for it in the period from 2008-2011. In return the JRTN helped manage the intelligence collection, finances, and logistics of these groups.\",\"In the summer of 2013, the 1920s Revolution Brigade and the JRTN formally allied when they helped to found the General Military Council for Iraq\\u2019s Revolutionaries (GMCIR). \",\"In October 2006, under new leadership after al-Zarqawi\\\\&#039;s June death, AQI announces the formation of the Islamic State of Iraq, declaring sovereignty in Iraq.  The ISI incorporates MSC groups, among others, that have agreed to merge under the banner of the ISI; AQI is said to be the ISI\\\\&#039;s military wing, though the ISI is largely AQI in new, state-like, wrapping.\",\"AQY-associated militants traveled to Iraq to assist AQI in its fight against the U.S.-coalition forces. \",\"In April 2013, Islamic State (IS) Emir Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi declared that Jabhat al-Nusra (Al-Nusra) and AQI would merge under the name \\\"\\\"Islamic State in Iraq and Syria,\\\"\\\" but Al-Nusra leader Abu Muhammad al-Julani denied the merger and re-pledged allegiance to Al Qaeda (AQ) commander Ayman al-Zawahiri. Although Zawahiri supported Al-Nusra, saying that the organizations should remain separate, Baghdadi rejected Zawahiri's statement. AQ officially renounced any affiliation with IS in February 2014, before it became the Islamic State (IS).\",\"Kata'ib Hezbollah, Harakat al-Nujaba, Asai'ib Ahl al-Haqq, the Mahdi Army, the Badr Organization, Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada, Kata'ib Imam Ali and other predominantly Shiite paramilitaries cooperated with one another as well as with the Iraqi Army to retake Tikrit from the Islamic State in the so called \\\"\\\"Second Battle of Tikrit.\\\"\\\"\",\"Kata'ib Hezbollah, Harakat al-Nujaba, Asai'ib Ahl al-Haqq, the Mahdi Army, the Badr Organization, Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada, Kata'ib Imam Ali and other predominantly Shiite paramilitaries cooperated with one another as well as with the Iraqi Army to retake Tikrit from the Islamic State in the so called \\\"\\\"Second Battle of Tikrit.\\\"\\\" While AAH has been very active against IS in Iraq, there have been no confirmed independent AAH attacks against IS in Syria.\",\"Kata'ib Hezbollah worked with elements of the Kurdish peshmerga to defend the city of Amerli in Iraq from IS. KH has been fighting alongside Iraqi government forces in the war against IS since June 2014. While the groups have opposed each other in Iraq, there have been no confirmed reports of KH targeting IS in Syria. \",\"Jaysh al Sanadeed began targeting the Islamic State.\",\"Ahrar al-Sham and the Islamic State coordinated an attack on Alawite villages in the Latakia governorate that killed 190 civilians.\",\"Ahrar al-Sham, the Islamic State, and The Kurdish Islamic Front began targeting the YPG.\",\"The Islamic State (IS) conducted a suicide bombing at Hezbollah's headquarters in Beirut, marking the third retaliatory attack on Lebanese soil for Hezbollah's support for the regime, and the first such attack carried out by IS.\",\"The Free Syrian Army began coordianting with the Islamic State and Jabhat al-Nusra to target Hezbollah in Lebanon's Qalamoun mountains.\",\"Jabhat al-Nusra (Al-Nusra) received funding and personnel from the Islamic State (which at the time operated as Al Qaeda in Iraq, or AQI) that helped establish Al-Nusra at the beginning of the Syrian conflict.\",\"The Ajnad al-Sham Islamic Union began fighting the Islamic State in the Damascus governorate.\",\"Jundullah vows allegiance to IS after a meeting with a three-man delegation representing IS led by al Zubair al Kuwaiti.\",\"ABM made international headlines when the organization pledged allegiance to the IS in a nine-minute audio speech released on Twitter in November 2014.\",\"TTP pledged support to IS and urged other Middle Eastern extremists to be part of the effort to repel the alleged Western campaign against Islam.\",\"Jund al-Khilafah declared allegiance to the Islamic State (IS) in September 2014, declaring to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of IS, \\\"\\\"you have in the Islamic Maghreb men who will obey your orders.\\\"\\\" \",\"On July 23, 2014, senior leader of Abu Sayyaf, Isnilon Hapilon, posted a 6-minute video on YouTube declaring allegiance to IS and al-Baghdadi. \",\"Boko Haram swore official allegiance to the Islamic State in March 2015. In an Arabic audio message posted on Twitter, Abubakar Shekau, leader of Boko Haram called on, \\\"\\\"on Muslims everywhere to pledge allegiance to the caliph.\\\"\\\" Later that month, the Islamic State accepted their pledge, claiming that an allegiance with Boko Haram meant IS had officially expanded into West Africa.\",\"AST publicly supports the Islamic State (IS) and has encouraged members to go to Syria to fight with the group; AST leader Kanel Zarrouk pledged allegiance to IS and joined the Syrian civil war in 2014. In July 2014, AST\\u2019s spokesman, Seifeddine Rais, swore loyalty to IS.  It is unclear whether or not he spoke on behalf of AST or solely himself.  Following his pledge, a number of AST leaders left to fight in Syria and dedicated themselves to IS.  Although AST has backed IS on social media in past years, the extent of their connection to the group is unknown.  \",\"The Afghan government launched a major offensive against Taliban forces in the northeastern city of Kunduz. Foreign militants trained by the Islamic State were allegedly fighting alongside the Taliban in this conflict. Other sources, however, report that the Taliban and the Islamic State are actively fighting one another.\",\"The PKK joined the KDP and PUK in the fight against IS in summer 2014. PKK fighters were particularly active fighting IS in Kobani in September 2014.  \",\"The Islamic State's August 8, 2014 invasion of western Iraqi Kurdistan, in which they captured the Mosul Dam, Makhmour, and Sinjar,marked the start to the war between the Kurdish Regional Government and IS.  The next day the Kurdish peshmerga, primarily composed of the peshmerga forces loyal to the KDP and PUK, re-took Makhmour.  \",\"The Islamic State's August 8, 2014 invasion of western Iraqi Kurdistan, in which they captured the Mosul Dam, Makhmour, and Sinjar,marked the start to the war between the Kurdish Regional Government and IS.  The next day the Kurdish peshmerga, primarily composed of the peshmerga forces loyal to the KDP and PUK, re-took Makhmour.  \",\"AQKB was a member of the Islamic State in Iraq (ISI), the umbrella organization founded by AQI.\",\"Abu Bakar Ba\\u2019asyir, the co-founder of Jemaah Islamiyah pledged loyalty to IS in July 2014. However, it is uncertain if Ba\\u2019asyir is still the leader of JI because he broke with JI to form Jemaah Anshorut Tauhid (JAT) in 2008.\",\"In a series of video clips uploaded on YouTube, the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF) declared their allegiance to the Islamic State. The declaration was confirmed by a BIFF spokesman in a phone call with Agence France?Presse.\",\"A branch of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) declared unconditional allegiance to the Islamic State (IS). \",\"Kata'ib Hezbollah, Harakat al-Nujaba, Asai'ib Ahl al-Haqq, the Mahdi Army, the Badr Organization, Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada, Kata'ib Imam Ali and other predominantly Shiite paramilitaries cooperated with one another as well as with the Iraqi Army to retake Tikrit from the Islamic State in the so called \\\"\\\"Second Battle of Tikrit.\\\"\\\" While the Badr Organization opposes IS in Iraq, there have been no verifiably confirmed Badr Organization attacks against IS in Syria.\",\"KSS has fought IS in both Iraq and Syria since its inception in May 2013.\",\"Kata'ib Hezbollah, Harakat al-Nujaba, Asai'ib Ahl al-Haqq, the Mahdi Army, the Badr Organization, Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada, Kata'ib Imam Ali and other predominantly Shiite paramilitaries cooperated with one another as well as with the Iraqi Army to retake Tikrit from the Islamic State in the so called \\\"\\\"Second Battle of Tikrit.\\\"\\\"\",\"Kata'ib Hezbollah, Harakat al-Nujaba, Asai'ib Ahl al-Haqq, the Mahdi Army, the Badr Organization, Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada, Kata'ib Imam Ali and other predominantly Shiite paramilitaries cooperated with one another as well as with the Iraqi Army to retake Tikrit from the Islamic State in the so called \\\"\\\"Second Battle of Tikrit.\\\"\\\" While KIA opposes IS in Iraq, there have been no verifiably confirmed KIA attacks against IS in Syria.\",\"The Reformation and Jihad Front (RJF), of which AS Shariah is a founding member, had a long running feud with AQI over tactics. For their part, AQI often sought to sabotage RJF activities, such as reconciliation talks with the Iraqi government. \",\"Jund al-Aqsa coordinated with the Islamic State and the Free Syrian Army to capture Rasm al-Nafal, a village on the Khanasser-Aleppo road, from the Syrian army in order to cut off the Assad Regime\\u2019s only supply line to the Aleppo governorate. The Syrian army coordinated with Hezbollah and other pro-Regime forces to successfully recapture Rasm al-Nafal and other opposition held areas during the seven-day Khanasser offensive.\",\"Firqat al-Sultan Murad targets the Islamic State.\",\"Ansar al-Islam provided Al Qaeda operatives sanctuary after they fled Afghanistan in late 2001 following the U.S. invasion.\",\"Ansar al-Islam used a suicide bomber to attack a Mahdi Army checkpoint in the Diyala province, killing 6 Mahdi Army members.\",\"On August 29, 2014, AI officially merged with the Islamic State (IS). However, AI's Syrian branch rejected the merger and has continued to operate under the name of Ansar al-Islam. \",\"In late 2001 Jund al-Islam and the Reformist Group merged to form Ansar al-Islam, which was initially led by Mullah Krekar, the former leader of the Reformist Group.\",\"In late 2001 Jund al-Islam and the Reformist Group merged to form Ansar al-Islam, which was initially led by Mullah Krekar, the former leader of the Reformist Group.\",\"Ansar al-Islam carried out simultaneous suicide bomber attacks at the headquarters of the KDP and the PUK in Erbil.\",\"Ansar al-Islam carried out simultaneous suicide attacks at the headquarters of the KDP and the PUK in Arbil.\",\"AI allegedly beheaded a PKK fighter it captured in Syria. \",\"Following the assassination of 1920s RB leader Harith al-Dari by AQI operatives in early March 2007, two factions arose within the 1920s RB that differed in their visions for the organization's relations with AQI.  While one faction wanted to directly confront AQI, the other preferred to continue armed opposition to the U.S. and take a more rhetorical approach to opposing AQI. This latter faction broke away in late March/early April 2007 and renamed itself Hamas Iraq.\",\"Al-Qaeda in Yemen merged with Al Qaeda-affiliated Saudi militants. In February 22, 2009 al-Qaeda's deputy leader Ayman al-Zawahiri released a statement recognizing the consolidation.\",\"AQY was the Yemeni branch of the al-Qaeda franchise, although they were never recognized by al-Qaeda leadership publicly.\",\"The merger of AQY and Saudi members of Al Qaeda into AQAP was acknowledged and condoned by AQ's central leadership.  AQAP has remained loyal to AQ central leadership and remains an affiliate of the larger Al Qaeda network.\",\"Kata'ib Hezbollah, Harakat al-Nujaba, Asai'ib Ahl al-Haqq, the Mahdi Army, the Badr Organization, Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada, Kata'ib Imam Ali and other predominantly Shiite paramilitaries cooperated with one another as well as with the Iraqi Army to retake Tikrit from the Islamic State in the so called \\\"\\\"Second Battle of Tikrit.\\\"\\\"\",\"According to the U.S. government, Kata'ib Hezbollah has received money and weapons from Lebanese Hezbollah.\",\"The two groups worked together to conduct attacks on U.S. forces. Also, the groups are connected through Iranian and religious alliances. \",\"Kata'ib Hezbollah began targeting the Free Syrian Army in the Aleppo governorate.\",\"Kata'ib Hezbollah and Asa'ib Ahl al-Haqq purportedly formed HN as a front group for routing fighters to Syria in 2013.  However, since that time the group begun to operate autonomously from KH and AAH, which have both begun sending fighters to Syria under their own banners.  \",\"Jabhat al-Nusra (Al-Nusra) captured two armored vehicles from Kata'ib Hezbollah (KH). KH later targeted Al-Nusra in an offensive in the Aleppo governorate.  \",\"Kata'ib Hezbollah, Harakat al-Nujaba, Asai'ib Ahl al-Haqq, the Mahdi Army, the Badr Organization, Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada, Kata'ib Imam Ali and other predominantly Shiite paramilitaries cooperated with one another as well as with the Iraqi Army to retake Tikrit from the Islamic State in the so called \\\"\\\"Second Battle of Tikrit.\\\"\\\"\",\"Kata'ib Hezbollah, Harakat al-Nujaba, Asai'ib Ahl al-Haqq, the Mahdi Army, the Badr Organization, Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada, Kata'ib Imam Ali and other predominantly Shiite paramilitaries cooperated with one another as well as with the Iraqi Army to retake Tikrit from the Islamic State in the so called \\\"\\\"Second Battle of Tikrit.\\\"\\\"\",\"Kata'ib Hezbollah, Harakat al-Nujaba, Asai'ib Ahl al-Haqq, the Mahdi Army, the Badr Organization, Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada, Kata'ib Imam Ali and other predominantly Shiite paramilitaries cooperated with one another as well as with the Iraqi Army to retake Tikrit from the Islamic State in the so called \\\"\\\"Second Battle of Tikrit.\\\"\\\"\",\"Kata'ib Hezbollah, Harakat al-Nujaba, Asai'ib Ahl al-Haqq, the Mahdi Army, the Badr Organization, Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada, Kata'ib Imam Ali and other predominantly Shiite paramilitaries cooperated with one another as well as with the Iraqi Army to retake Tikrit from the Islamic State in the so called \\\"\\\"Second Battle of Tikrit.\\\"\\\"\",\"AAH received weapons, training, and financial support from Hezbollah. \",\"In 2008, the two groups worked together to conduct attacks on U.S. forces. Also, the groups are connected through Iranian and religious alliances. \",\"Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq began targeting the Free Syrian Army in the Aleppo governorate.\",\"Kata'ib Hezbollah, Harakat al-Nujaba, Asai'ib Ahl al-Haqq, the Mahdi Army, the Badr Organization, Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada, Kata'ib Imam Ali and other predominantly Shiite paramilitaries cooperated with one another as well as with the Iraqi Army to retake Tikrit from the Islamic State in the so called \\\"\\\"Second Battle of Tikrit.\\\"\\\"\",\"Kata'ib Hezbollah, Harakat al-Nujaba, Asai'ib Ahl al-Haqq, the Mahdi Army, the Badr Organization, Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada, Kata'ib Imam Ali and other predominantly Shiite paramilitaries cooperated with one another as well as with the Iraqi Army to retake Tikrit from the Islamic State in the so called \\\"\\\"Second Battle of Tikrit.\\\"\\\"\",\"Kata'ib Hezbollah, Harakat al-Nujaba, Asai'ib Ahl al-Haqq, the Mahdi Army, the Badr Organization, Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada, Kata'ib Imam Ali and other predominantly Shiite paramilitaries cooperated with one another as well as with the Iraqi Army to retake Tikrit from the Islamic State in the so called \\\"\\\"Second Battle of Tikrit.\\\"\\\"\",\"Kata'ib Hezbollah, Harakat al-Nujaba, Asai'ib Ahl al-Haqq, the Mahdi Army, the Badr Organization, Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada, Kata'ib Imam Ali and other predominantly Shiite paramilitaries cooperated with one another as well as with the Iraqi Army to retake Tikrit from the Islamic State in the so called \\\"\\\"Second Battle of Tikrit.\\\"\\\"\",\"ASWJ formed in response to AIAI and other anti-Sufi militant groups. Initially, ASWJ relied on non-violent tactics such as preaching and community organizing to oppose groups like AIAI. Later, ASWJ took up arms against those organizations.\",\"SAGB and Fatah affiliates.\",\"SAGB and AARB allie\",\"SAGB and AAMB allies\",\"SAGB and PIJ allies.\",\"SAGB and PRC allies.\",\"From 1991 to 1992, Al Qaeda's Osama bin Laden reportedly sent Islamic extremists to help AIAI organize its fighters and provide social services.\",\"February 2010 ASWJ signed an alliance agreement with the TFG, however clear dissonance emerged.  \\n\",\"Former Fatah al-Islam leader Al Abssi attacked Hezbollah for relinquishing the fight against Israel and merely focusing on controlling Lebanon.\\u00c2\\u00a0Fatah al-Islam saw Hezbollah\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2122s aggressive campaigns as a threat to Sunni control in Lebanon.\",\"The connection between Fatah al-Islam and AQ stems from the group\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2122s first leader and founder, Shaker Al Abssi. Abssi had previously conspired with Abu Masab Al-Zarqawi (former AQI leader).  A statement was released online by Global lslamic Media Front on behalf of Al-Qaeda leadership calling for \\u00e2\\u20ac\\u0153every Muslim\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u009d to support Fatah al-Islam in confronting Israel as part of their religious obligation.\",\"The Mahdi Army has been tied to Hezbollah since its inception. In April 2003, the initial members of the Army were trained by small Hezbollah groups inside Iraq.\",\"Ahrar al-Sham began opposing Hezbollah in 2013 after Hezbollah announced its involvement in the Syrian conflict. The groups still target each other today despite two ceasefires in 2015.\",\"Hezbollah began conducting operations with the Syrian army around al-Qusayr in March 2013. In May 2013, Hezbollah and the Syrian army launched an offensive against local opposition groups, and forced Jabhat al-Nusra, Liwa al-Haqq, and other insurgents out of the town of al-Qusayr.\",\"Jabaht al-Nusra began targeting Hezbollah with a suicide bombing in Bekaa Valley in Lebanon, near the boarder with Syria. The attack killed four people, including a local Hezbollah leader. \",\"IS, Al-Nusra, and Ahrar al-Sham, a member group of the Islamic Front, coordinate an attack on Hezbollah's headquarters in Damascus. Ahrar al-Sham claims to have killed over fifty Hezbollah fighters.\",\"Kata\\u2019ib Sayyid al-Shuhada (KSS) participated in the Assad Regime\\u2019s offensive in the southern Syrian governorates, namely in Daraa and Quneitra. KSS fought alongside Assad Regime troops, Hezbollah, the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps and other Shiite militias against elements of the Free Syrian Army and Jabhat al-Nusra.\",\"Hezbollah troops began openly operating with regime forces around al-Qusayr in Syria in March 2013. In May 2013, they launch an offensive against the rebel groups, taking the town in a significant victory for the regime. Al-Nusra and Liwa al-Haqq, a member of the Islamic Front, are among the ousted rebel forces.\",\"Syrian government forces and Hezbollah seize the rebel-held town of Yabroud in Syria, clashing with Al Nusra. Hours later, a car bomb goes off in Nabi Othman in the Bekaa Valley. Al Nusra claims the bombing in retaliation for the loss of Yabroud, and Hezbollah reports four fatalities.\",\" HN receives significant financial and military aid from Hezbollah and the two groups have often coordinated operations on the ground in Syria when fighting alongside the Assad regime\",\"Hezbollah and the Free Syrian Army (FSA) fought in Qusair, near Syria's border with Lebanon. An unnamed FSA Commander stated that he was prepared to send his fighters in to Lebanon to pursue Hezbollah. In August 2015, the FSA allegedly began coordinating with the Islamic State and Jabhat al-Nusra to target Hezbollah in Lebanon's Qalamoun mountains.\",\"Jund al-Aqsa coordinated with the Islamic State and the Free Syrian Army to capture Rasm al-Nafal, a village on the Khanasser-Aleppo road, from the Syrian army in order to cut off the Assad Regime\\u2019s only supply line to the Aleppo governorate. The Syrian army coordinated with Hezbollah and other pro-Regime forces to successfully recapture Rasm al-Nafal and other opposition held areas during the seven-day Khanasser offensive.\",\"The IUMK fragmented in 2001 when a large number of its members split off with Ali Bapir to form the Kurdistan Islamic Group and with Mullah Krekar to form the Reformist Group. Omar Barziani subsequently re-formed Kurdish Hamas with his followers, leaving Ali Abdul Aziz to re-form the IMK from the remaining members of the IUMK.\",\"The IUMK fragmented in 2001 when a large number of its members split off with Ali Bapir to form the Kurdistan Islamic Group and with Mullah Krekar to form the Reformist Group. Omar Barziani subsequently re-formed Kurdish Hamas with his followers, leaving Ali Abdul Aziz to re-form the IMK from the remaining members of the IUMK.\",\"The Islamic Unity Movement of Kurdistan (IUMK) was a Kurdish Islamist organization formed in 1999 by the merger of the Islamic Movement of Kurdistan (IMK), al-Nahda, and Kurdish Hamas.\",\"The Islamic Unity Movement of Kurdistan (IUMK) was a Kurdish Islamist organization formed in 1999 by the merger of the Islamic Movement of Kurdistan (IMK), al-Nahda, and Kurdish Hamas.\",\"In Autumn 2001, Jund al-Islam signed a ceasefire agreement with Ali Bapir\\u2019s Kurdistan Islamic Group.  \",\"The Al-Tawhid Islamic Front and the Second Soran Unit merged in September 2001 to form Jund al-Islam.\",\"Shortly after it split from the IMK in 1998, the Second Soran Unit wrested the city of Biyara from IMK control, and used it as a base from which to launch its operations for the following several years.\",\"The Al-Tawhid Islamic Front and the Second Soran Unit merged in September 2001 to form Jund al-Islam.\",\"When Jund al-Islam formed in September 2001, roughly 60 of its estimated 400 fighters were trained by Al-Qaeda operatives in Afghanistan.\",\"In Autumn 2001, Jund al-Islam clashed with the Islamic Movement of Kurdistan (IMK) and eventually wrested the Howraman region of Iraq from its control.\",\"ART and AQ allies. ART publicly became associated with Al Qaeda when it started using a British internet site called the Global Jihad Fund (which openly associated itself with Osama bin Laden) to solicit support for various jihad movements.  \",\"LeT has had an affiliation with Al Qaeda and its forerunner, Maktab al Khidmat, since 1990s. LeT\\\\'s alliance with AQ was reconfirmed in 2002, when senior Al Qaeda leader Abu Zubaydah was arrested from an LeT safehouse in Faisalabad. \",\"Suicide bombing at Camp Chapman, a CIA base in Khost, Afghanistan, leaves 9 dead and 8 wounded. The attack was a joint effort by TTP, AQ, and Afghan Taliban.\",\"Three bombs are detonated by JI operatives, 2 at nightclubs in Kuta and one at the US Consular office. 202 people are killed, between 209-240 are injured. Osama bin Laden releases an audio recording confirming al-Qaeda\\\\'s involvement in the attacks.\",\"Haqqani directly hosts Osama bin Laden at his home following the latter\\\\'s expulsion from Sudan to Afghanistan.\",\"ASG militants kidnap an American tourist in Jolo and demand an exchange for US prisoners Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman and Ramzi Yousef, who were in jail for their involvement in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing (carried out by al-Qaeda).\",\"In Saudi-mediated talks between the Taliban and Afghan government officials, leader Mullah Omar remains adamant that the Taliban has separated itself from al-Qaeda. Rumors of this split had been common for several months.\",\"Despite its split from AQIM, the Those Who Signed in Blood Brigade still swore its allegiance to Al Qaeda (AQ) and claimed to act in AQ\\u2019s name.\",\"The United Nations designates Jemaah Islamiyah as an organization associated with/aiding the Taliban and/or al Qaeda under Resolution 1267.\",\"Al Qaeda announced the creation of its new affiliate group in Iraqi Kurdistan, AQKB, in a video released in March 2007.\",\"EIJ, led by Ayman al-Zawahiri, merges with al-Qaeda to create \\\"\\\"Qaeda al-Jihad.\\\"\\\"\",\"AQIM allied with Al Qaeda starting in the early 2000s allegedly to improve methods of fundraising and recruitment and to coordinate attacks.\",\"Longtime leader of HuM, Fazlur Rehman Khalil, signed bin Laden\\\\'s fatwa declaring the need for attacks on Western interests.\",\"Suspected AQ-allied militants from the Salafia Jihadia movement carry out a series of bombings on Spanish trains in Madrid, killing 191 people and wounding 2,050. The bombers are also strong affiliated with GICM.\",\"Close relations between Osama bin Laden and IMU co-founder Juma Namangani lead to the ideological and operational alliance between al-Qaeda and the IMU.\",\"IPB served as the major liaison between Al Qaeda and terrorist organizations in the North Caucasus.  The group\\\\'s co-founder, Ibn Al Khattab, was a Saudi Arabian Al Qaeda member.\",\"SPIR received financial assistance from Al Qaeda, like other prominent terrorist groups in the North Caucasus. As a result of Al Qaeda influence, they expanded their mission from establishing an independent Chechnya to creating a North Caucasus Caliphate. \",\"The Republic of Ichkeria became associated with Al Qaeda through several leaders  who participated in Al Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan. These jihadists returned to Chechnya and trained other Chechens to do the same.\",\"Riyadus-Salikhin had strong relationships with Al Qaeda because Shamil Basayev built a close relationship with an Al-Qaeda member, Ibn Al-Khattab, the co-founder of IIPB. Basayev received training through Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan, where he brought other Chechen recruits to receive the same training.\",\"The Caucasus Emirate receives financial assistance from Al Qaeda, as well as military training. The two groups coordinate training camps in the North Caucasus and Afghanistan. \",\"The ties forged between LeJ and Al Qaeda in the training camps of Afghanistan survived the Taliban\\\\'s fall.  After the U.S.-led invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, LeJ members helped al Qaeda leadership escape into Pakistan and elsewhere. \",\"Wafa Humanitarian Organization has supported the Taliban and financed Al-Qaeda \",\"Shadow Army consists of fighters drawn from Al-Qaeda\\\\'s cadres.\",\"Jundullah was suspected to have an affiliation with Al-Qaeda following an attack carried out by the group on Pakistan Army's Karachi Corps Commander. \",\"Jabhat al-Nusra leader Abu-Muhammad al-Julani announced that the organization had ended its affiliation with Al Qaeda and had renamed itself Jabhat Fatah al-Sham (The Front for the Conquest of the Levant). Al Qaeda's central command sanctioned Fatah al-Sham's split.\",\"Although ASL publicly denies a relationship with Al Qaeda (AQ), the group has released statements in support of AQ and its leaders in the past and allegedly acts as an AQ ally.  ASL\\u2019s training camps have supplied fighters to Jabhat Fatah al Sham, the group formerly known as Al-Nusra, AQ\\u2019s Syria branch. \",\"ABM\\u2019s declaration of allegiance to IS in November 2014 could indicate a split between AQ and ABM. Some ABM cells in the Nile Valley remain loyal to AQ, which could possibly divide ABM into two factions: one that remains loyal to AQ and one that is newly loyal to IS. \",\"Al Nusra takes orders from both Al Qaeda's senior leadership and Al Qaeda in Iraq (AQI).\",\"Upon being declared a terrorist organization by the Tunisian government in August 2013, AST declared its loyalty to Al Qaeda (AQ) in a post on their official Facebook page. The AQ response is unknown, so AST is not formally affiliated with AQ.\",\"Ansar al-Islam Syria is believed to be cooperating with Al Qaeda and Jabhat al-Nusra in the Aleppo region of Syria against Assad regime forces and the Islamic State.\",\"Al Murabitoun swore allegiance to Al Qaeda (AQ) and allegedly operated to a certain extent under AQ orders, although AQ never publicly acknowledged the group as an affiliate.\",\"AQ leader Aymenn al-Zawahiri announced the formation of a new AQ affiliate group, Al Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent, in a video released on September 3, 2014.\",\"Faylaq al-Rahman began fighting Jaysh al-Islam after Jaysh al-Islam allegedly attempted to assassinate a member of the Unified Judiciary Council, the court system that settles disputes between militant groups and between civilians in the Damascus governorate.\",\"Ajnad al-Sham's fighters in East Ghouta defected and joined Faylaq al-Rahman, a group based in the Damascus governorate and supported by former Al Qaeda affiliate Jabhat Fatah al-Sham, formerly known as Jabhat al-Nusra, amid rising tension with Jaysh al-Islam.\",\"Jaysh al-Islam began targeting the YPG and other Kurdish forces in the Aleppo governorate.\",\"Saudi Arabia facilitated a merger of about fifty Damascus-based opposition groups, including Liwa al-Islam, to create a new opposition group known as Jaysh al-Islam.\",\"Kurdish Hamas and Tawhid merged in summer 2001 to form the Al-Tawhid Islamic Front.\",\"In 1998, the IMK assassinated the leader of Kurdish Hamas, Hassan Sofi, who was a former member of the IMK.\",\"Fatah and PFLP Rivals\",\"Force 17 splits from Fatah\",\"Fatah Hawks split from Fatah.\",\"AAMB splits from Fatah\",\"PRC splits from Fatah\",\"AARB splits from Fatah.\",\"Tanzim splits from Fatah.\",\"Black Panthers split from Fatah\",\"PSF and Fatah rivals\",\"Fatah and Knights of the Tempest allies.\",\"Hamas and Black Panthers allies.\",\"Force 17 (GSS) and Hamas allies.\",\"AARB and Hamas allies.\",\"AAMB And Hamas allies.\",\"Hamas and PRC allies.\",\"Hamas and PFLP allies\",\"Hamas and PIJ allies.\",\"Members of Hamas merge with members of Fatah to form Saladin Brigades.\",\"DFLP and Hamas rivals.\",\"The Red Brigades (BR) absorbed the remaining assets of Armed Proletarian Nuclei (NAP) after NAP dissolved due to arrests in 1978.\",\"The Red Brigades Fighting Communist Party (BR-PCC) split from the Red Brigades (BR), forming the militant core of the organization as other groups continued to split from the main branch.\",\"The Red Brigades Guerrilla Party (BR-PG), composed mainly of the Naples wing of the Red Brigades, split from the Red Brigades (BR), arguing that the core organization was too focused on militancy. \",\"The Red Brigades Walter Alasia Column (BR-WA), the Milan branch of the Red Brigades (BR), split from the Red Brigades (BR) over ideological and personal disputes with the central leadership. The BR-WA argued that the BR had lost touch with the working class.\",\"The Red Brigades (BR) absorbed the remaining membership of Partisan Action Groups (GAP) after GAP\\\\'s founder and chief financier died planting an explosive.\",\"Some members of the FCA joined the Red Brigades.\",\"Red Barbagia (BarbRo) and the Red Brigades (BR) jointly planned, but did not succeed, in liberating left-wing prisoners on the Italian island of Sardinia, where BarbRo was based. The groups continued to coordinate afterward; BarbRo guarded an arms\\\\' cache on the BR\\\\'s behalf, for example.\",\"Dissident members of the Red Brigades (BR) helped found Prima Linea (PL).\",\"PFLP and PFLP-GC rivals\",\"PLF merges into PLFP\",\"Force 17 (GSS) and PIJ allies.\",\"AAMB and PIJ allies.\",\"DFLP and PIJ rivals.\",\"PLF splits from PFLP-GC.\",\"PFLP-GC and PFLP-SC rivals.\",\"DFLP and PFLP-GC rivals\",\"Force 17 and Fatah Hawks allies.\",\"Tanzim and Force 17 allies.\",\"The Movement for an Islamic State (MEI) merged with other small groups to form the Islamic Salvation Army. \",\"Fighting increased between the two groups in 1995 (60 combined deaths in the month of march).\",\"Black Panthers and Fatah Hawks allies\",\"Fatah Hawks were disbanded under the Oslo accords in 1995, Tanzim replaced them\",\"ART and LeT affiliates. \",\"Saifullah Akhtar, leader of HuJI, and Hafiz Saeed, leader of LeT, have provided resources for each other\\\\'s operations.\",\"LeT and HuM, under ISI\\\\'s supervision, have cooperated with each other against Indian targets in Kashmir.\",\"LeT and HM have both received the assistance of ISI in carrying out operations across the Line of Control.\",\"Jamaat-ud-Dawa is a front of LeT and came into being in 2002 to protect LeT.\",\"The Network has been tied to operations with Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), a terrorist group also nurtured and reportedly funded by the Pakistan Inter-Service Intelligence agency (ISI). Though direct links between these two groups are not known, it is suspected that the ISI utilizes both groups to carry out terror operations in Afghanistan and Pakistan.\",\"The FARC and the ELN proposed an alliance after months jointly targeting the government. \",\"Following the EPL's demobilization, the FARC allied with the dissentient EPL faction and attacked demobilized EPL members for betraying the revolution.\",\"Former FARC guerilla, notably Jaime Bateman, co-founded the M-19 in 1974.\",\"MAS was created to attack all leftist guerrilla groups that kidnapped drug lords and large landowners, including the FARC.\",\"BACRIM and the FARC have work together in the drug trade since BACRIM's inception. Additionally BACRIM has reportedly shared militants with the FARC .\",\"The MAS was originally created, in retaliation for the kidnapping of Don Fabio's daughter by the M-19.\",\"The ERP was formed by rebels from the Jose Solano Sepulveda Front of the National Liberation Army (ELN)\",\"BACRIM's involvement in the drug trade has made its relationship with the ELN one of partnership from the start. Additionally, BACRIM is reliant on the ELN, in addition to the FARC, for Coca Base.\",\"The Federal Government of Somalia was established in August 2012, following the end of the TFG\\\\'s mandate. Internationally, it is recognized as Somalia\\\\'s official government. \",\"ART has had an alliance with JeM because of overlapping leaderships. \",\"AKT and JeM allies. AKT has had an alliance with JeM because of overlapping leaderships. Maulana Masood Azhar, leader of JeM, played a role in the formation of AKT.\",\"Masood Azhar splits from HuM to found JeM, amidst ethnic disagreement and separation within several ethnic militant organizations.\",\"JeM fighters have allegedly received military training in LeJ camps in Afghanistan.63 Recent cooperation between LeJ, SSP and JeM \\u2013 and the trio\\\\'s growing ties to the TTP \\u2013 have led some analysts to consider the three groups (or at least some of their members) part of the Punjabi Taliban.\",\"PLF splits from PLA.\",\"Members of the GIA who disagreed with the group\\\\'s targeting of Algerian civilians decided to split and form the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC)\",\"The GSPC began to encompass the ideology of global jihad in addition to their foundational goal of establishing an Islamic state in Algeria. AQIM was formed in September 2006 as part of a merger between the regional GSPC and the broader al-Qaeda movement. \",\"In late 2012, the Ras Kamboni Movement aligned with the Kenyan Defense Forces (KDF) and Somali forces to push Al-Shabab out of Kismayo.\",\"Both GIA and OJAL stemmed from the D\\u00e9partement du Renseignement et de la S\\u00e9curit\\u00e9 (DRS). It is believed that both were cover names for the violent actions committed by DRS.\",\"Although previously uncooperative, the Mahdi Army and SCIRI worked together in the 2005 election and both joined the Iraqi Union Alliance coalition. The Mahdi Army\\u2019s participation in the coalition was crucial to its success and ultimately resulted in the ascension of Nouri al-Maliki as prime minister. However, by 2006 Sadr and the Mahdi Army had begun to openly oppose the Iraqi government.\",\"The Promised Day Brigades was created by the Mahdi Army to become its armed wing. \",\"Kata'ib Hezbollah, Harakat al-Nujaba, Asai'ib Ahl al-Haqq, the Mahdi Army, the Badr Organization, Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada, Kata'ib Imam Ali and other predominantly Shiite paramilitaries cooperated with one another as well as with the Iraqi Army to retake Tikrit from the Islamic State in the so called \\\"\\\"Second Battle of Tikrit.\\\"\\\"\",\"Kata'ib Hezbollah, Harakat al-Nujaba, Asai'ib Ahl al-Haqq, the Mahdi Army, the Badr Organization, Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada, Kata'ib Imam Ali and other predominantly Shiite paramilitaries cooperated with one another as well as with the Iraqi Army to retake Tikrit from the Islamic State in the so called \\\"\\\"Second Battle of Tikrit.\\\"\\\"\",\"Kata'ib Hezbollah, Harakat al-Nujaba, Asai'ib Ahl al-Haqq, the Mahdi Army, the Badr Organization, Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada, Kata'ib Imam Ali and other predominantly Shiite paramilitaries cooperated with one another as well as with the Iraqi Army to retake Tikrit from the Islamic State in the so called \\\"\\\"Second Battle of Tikrit.\\\"\\\"\",\"Kata'ib Hezbollah, Harakat al-Nujaba, Asai'ib Ahl al-Haqq, the Mahdi Army, the Badr Organization, Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada, Kata'ib Imam Ali and other predominantly Shiite paramilitaries cooperated with one another as well as with the Iraqi Army to retake Tikrit from the Islamic State in the so called \\\"\\\"Second Battle of Tikrit.\\\"\\\"\",\"The IMK and PUK signed a ceasefire agreement and have cooperated (not aligned) in the Kurdish Regional Government since 1998.\",\"The IMK fought along side the KDP against the PUK in the Kurdish Civil War from 1994-1998.\",\"Kurdish Hamas and Tawhid merged in summer 2001 to form the Al-Tawhid Islamic Front.\",\"AQKB militants claimed responsibility for a car bomb that was detonated at the Kurdistan Interior and Security Ministries building, killing 19 civilians. The Kurdistan government was led by the KDP and PUK.\",\"The KDP and PUK have worked together since 2013 to combat the Islamic State (IS).  Together the KDP and PUK control the majority of the Iraqi Kurdish Peshmerga.\",\"The PKK fought along side the PUK against the KDP in the Kurdish Civil War from 1994-1998.\",\"The Those Who Sign in Blood Brigade formed in December 2012, when Mokhtar Belmokhtar and his soldiers split from Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). Although the groups split due to tensions in the leadership, it is unclear whether Belmokhtar chose to leave or was expelled.  For months prior to the split, the Those Who Sign in Blood Brigade operated semi-autonomously from AQIM.  \",\"Ansar Dine is reportedly an affiliate of AQIM.  AQIM allegedly wanted to keep the affiliation secret so that Ansar Dine could expand operations without the watchful eye of the media or the international community. \",\"When the UN sanctioned ASL in November 2014, it classified the group as an entity associated with Al Qaeda and stated that ASL is additionally associated with Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM).  According to French sources, AQIM fighters met with ASL in southern Libya, and AQIM consistently re-tweets tweets by ASL accounts on Twitter. \",\"Boko Haram has trained alongside and received funding and other resources from Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) since at least 2012. Many experts, however, believe that the increasing sophistication of Boko Haram\\u2019s activities under Shekau indicates cooperation as early as 2010.\",\"In September 2014, Jund al-Khilafah split from al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) because they believe that AQIM had \\u201cdeviated from the true path.\\u201d \",\"AST\\u2019s relationship with Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) was unclear until the Tunisian government published an \\u201cAllegiance Act,\\u201d signed by AST leaders for AQIM in August 2013.  Prior to the concrete proof of affiliation, AQIM was rumored to have been funding AST, and AST consistently retweeted AQIM tweets in support of the group. \",\"In 1998, the GIA became divided over the issue of attacking civilians, and a group of militants, lead by Hassan Hattab, split to form the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC), which later changed its name to Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM).  \",\"MUJAO and AQIM worked as allies in the takeover and occupation of northern Mali following the coup in March of 2012.  Some journalists reported that AQIM and MUJAO settled any lasting tensions from their separation with one another in a peace brokered by Ansar Dine during their invasion of the north in 2012. \",\"AQIM, along with Ansar Dine and MUJAO, ended their collective alliances with the MNLA, because the MNLA\\u2019s objective, to establish a secular and independent state in northern Mali, strongly contradicted Ansar Dine, AQIM and MUJAO\\u2019s aims to create a united Malian state governed by Shariah law.  Shortly after, the groups began to target the MNLA.\",\"Mokhtar Belmokhtar, a significant leader in Al Murabitoun, opened communication with AQIM.  In November of 2015, the groups coordinated an attack on the Raddison Blu Hotel in Bamako, Mali, which helped to cement their alliance. \",\"Four Somali Islamist groups merged to form Hizbul Islam. The four original groups were the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia (ARS), the Ras Kamboni Brigade, Jabhatul Islamiya (Islamic Front), and Anole, also called the Anoole Forces. \",\"UTN and ART are affiliates. UTN\\\\'s declared goal was reconstruction of Afghanistan for which ART was to provide the group with funds.\",\"ART merges into AKT\",\"ART has been a source of funding for LeJ.\",\"ART and HuM have cooperated in operations against Indian targets in Kashmir.\",\"AKT and HuM are affiliates with AKT providing financial resources to HuM.\",\"HuJI and TTP are allies because of a shared ideology and common set of targets. HuJI leader Ilyas Kashmiri has spearheaded some of TTP\\\\'s operations using resources of both TTP and HuJI.\",\"Pakistan\\\\'s Ministry of Interior reported LeJ\\\\'s alliance with TTP in 2009.\",\"A suicide car bomb at the entrance to the Indian embassy in Kabul killed 58 people and wounded 141. The Pakistani Taliban (TTP) and Haqqani Network are the suspected groups responsible, with blame also falling on the Pakistani ISI from the United STates.\",\"The IMU has maintained close ties to Tehreek-e-Taliban in Pakistan (TTP). \",\"TTP and LeJ-AA have carried out coordinated attacks across Pakistan.\",\"Qari Zainuddin Mehsud split from Baitullah Mehsud\\u2019s Tehreek-i-Taliban-aligned group in 2007, following the death of his cousin Abdullah Mehsud. \",\"According to Arif Jamal of Terrorism Monitor, Asian Tigers falls in the umbrella of Tehreek-e-Taliban(TTP) Pakistan.\",\"Soon after the launch of TTP, TNSM became an important member of the TTP coalition; there was active coordination and cooperation between the two in upstaging the Pakistani state apparatus in Swat region. \",\"After associates of Gul Bahadar and Nazir were killed in August of 2009 in territory under the control of Baitullah, Nazir demanded eight men from Baitullah\\u2019s group to be handed over to his forces for their involvement in the murders. Following the non fulfillment of his demand, Maulvi Nazir separted himself from TTP.\",\"According to media reports, Shadow Army and TTP have carried coordinated attacks.\",\"313 Brigade is suspected to have acted in concert with TTP against a range of targets, however the extent of 313 Brigade\\\\'s involvement remains unclear. \",\"LeI developed a rivalry with TTP after the killing of LeI leader Haji Namdar in 2008; TTP was suspected to have played a role in his killing.\",\"HuM splinters from HuJI to fight a jihad against Soviet Communist presence in Afghanistan.\",\"Haqqani Commanders support camps for training and and mobilization of Islamist militants in Pakistan, Kashmir, Northwestern China, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Southeast Asia and a variety of Arab countries. One of these camps served as the main training camp for Haqqani militants, and was supported by HUJI finances.\",\"According to Terrorism Monitor, Asian Tigers is a front of Hakat-ul-Jiahdi-Islami(HuJI), led by Ilyas Kashmiri.\",\"Several members of AQIS's senior leadership, most notably Shura Council member Imran Ali Siddiqi, are known leaders of Hakat-ul-Mujahedeen.\",\"Scholars dispute the exact date of the formation of Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ).  Some allege LeJ was formed after the 1990 assassination of the founder of Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP), LeJ\\u2019s parent organization.  That account contends that LeJ remained part of the SSP until 1995, when it formally split to protest an emerging dialogue between the SSP and Shiite parties. Others say LeJ was formed immediately after one of its founders, Riaz Basra, escaped from police custody in 1994.\",\"In the 1990s, many LeJ and SSP members fought alongside the Taliban in Afghanistan.  \",\"Lashkar-e-Jhangvi Al-Alami is a splinter of LeJ known to have carried attacks in concert with TTP against Pakistan Army and sectarian targets. \",\"At the time of its formation, one of LeJ\\\\'s main goal was to target and eliminate TJP cadres across Pakistan.\",\"Al Badr, according to official sources in Jammu and Kashmir, which was earlier operating under the banner of Hizb-ul-Mujahideen (HM), was encouraged by the ISI to split off and operate independently in the year 1998\",\"The Official Irish Republican Army (OIRA) sought to suppress the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) after it broke away, ultimately assassinating one of INLA\\\\'s leaders in 1977.\",\"When the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) split from the IRA, the remainder of the IRA became known as the Official Irish Republican Army (OIRA).\",\"Some Irish People\\\\'s Liberation Organization (IPLO) members rejoined the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) after the Provisional IRA (PIRA) forcibly dissolved the group.\",\"The Union of Communist Combatants (UdCC) split from the Red Brigades Fighting Communist Party (BR-PCC) over ideological differences, with the UdCC embracing what it called a \\\\\\\"\\\"second position.\\\\\\\"\\\" \",\"Partisan Action Groups (GAP) absorbed the October 22 Circle\\\\'s remaining membership after most of the October 22 Circle\\\\'s members were arrested.\",\"National Front, National Vanguard, and New Order collaborated on attacks, and members moved between groups.\",\"The leaders of New Order, National Vanguard, and National Front fled abroad and then merged their groups into Black Order after being banned under an Italian law against reconstituting the fascist party.\",\"National Vanguard (AN), National Front (FN), and New Order (ON) coordinated on attacks, and members moved between groups. Though AN had originally split from ON, the groups continued to coordinate.\",\"The leaders of New Order, National Vanguard, and National Front fled abroad and then merged their groups into Black Order after being banned under an Italian law against reconstituting the fascist party.\",\"Black Order is believed to have worked closely with Revolutionary Action Movement (MAR).\",\"After most of its members were arrested, the remainder of Proletarians Armed for Communism merged into the PL.\",\"Some members of Communist Brigades (BC) joined Proletarians Armed for Communism (PAC) and Prima Linea (PL). PAC merged into the PL in 1979.\",\"After Revolutionary Action declared its own dissolution in 1981, some of its members joined Prima Linea.\",\"Nucleus of Communists split from Prima Linea at a conference in August 1980. \",\"Militants belonging to Communists Organized for Proletarian Liberation (COLP) and Nucleus of Communists (NdC) helped four members of Prima Linea (PL) escape from prison in Rovigo in Northern Italy.\",\"Communist Combat Formations (FCC) and Prima Linea (PL) formed a joint national command.\",\"NAR members killed a TP leader in Rome.\",\"Members of Let\\\\'s Take Action (CA) and Armed Revolutionary Nuclei (NAR) staged a joint assassination attempt against a lawyer in retaliation for the imprisonment of another right-wing militant, accidentally killing a bystander instead.\",\"Some members of Armed Communist Formations (FCA) joined the Union of Communist Combatants (UCC).\",\"Militants belonging to Communists Organized for Proletarian Liberation (COLP) and Nucleus of Communists (NdC) helped four members of Prima Linea (PL) escape from prison in Rovigo in Northern Italy.\",\"Members of the Communist Brigades (BC) formed the Communist Combat Formations (FCC). \",\"As Communist Combat Formations (FCC) fell apart due to arrests in May 1979, some of its members joined with members of Red Guerrilla to form the March 28 Brigade.\",\"Members of Communist Combat Formations (FCC) split from the group to form the Communist Attack Divisions (FCA).\",\"The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) assassinated a leader and several other members of the Irish People\\\\'s Liberation Organization (IPLO) to halt feuding between IPLO and the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), and force the IPLO to stand down.\",\"The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) split from from the old IRA, with the former accusing the Dublin-based IRA leadership of losing sight of military priorities to pursue a failing political strategy and of failing to protect Catholics in the North from sectarian violence.\",\"The Real Irish Republican Army (RIRA) split from the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) in protest over PIRA\\\\'s participation in the peace process.\",\"The Continuity Irish Republican Army (CIRA) split from the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) after the PIRA\\\\'s political wing dropped its longstanding opposition to its members\\\\' participation in Irish Parliament (D\\u00e1il \\u00c9ireann), which CIRA continued to view as illegitimate.  The CIRA did not become militarily active until the PIRA ceasefire of 1994. \",\"\\u00d3glaigh na h\\u00c9ireann (ONH) split from the Continuity Irish Republican Army (CIRA).\",\"The Protestant Task Force (PTF) is believed to have merged into the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) in the late 1970s.\",\"The Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and Red Hand Commando (RHC) collaborated on weapons and operations but maintained separate command structures. The two groups moved together on major political issues, jointly declaring ceasefires, signing the same peace documents, and ultimately decommissioning their weapons in 2009.\",\"Tara and the Volunteer Force worked together until 1971. The two groups ended their relationship when Samuel McClelland (UVF), confronted William McGrath (Tara) about his alleged pedophilia and homosexuality.\",\"The UVF\\\\'s Joe Shaw was killed by UDA members in a drunken brawl between the two groups. This skirmish turned into a year-long feud, which included multiple retaliatory attacks.\",\"The feud between the two groups began with the death of Stephen Warnock (LVF). Retaliatory attacks followed the infinally ended in 2002 when the LVF accepted that the UDA did not kill Warnock.\",\"Shankill Defense Association (SDA) merged into the Ulster Defense Association (UDA).\",\"The Ulster Citizen Army (UCA) split from the Ulster Defense Association (UDA) over the UDA\\\\'s right-wing politics.\",\"There is speculation that the Red Hand Defenders was a cover name for members of the Ulster Defense Association. \",\"JI operative Fathur Rahman Al-Ghozi, known as \\\\\\\"\\\"Mike the Bomb-Maker\\\\\\\"\\\" is arrested in Indonesia. He admits to having been involved in the Rizal Day bombings (22 killed, 100+ injured) and that he shared his bomb-making skills with ASG members in the past.\",\"Jemaah Islamiyah was designated by the United Nations to the 1267 Committee\\\\'s list of terrorist organizations linked to the Taliban. \",\"In 2008, Abu Bakar Ba\\u2019asyir co-founder and leader of Jemmah Islamiya (JI), he split to form Jemaah Anshorut Tauhid (JAT) because of differences in strategy and tactics from the rest of the JI leadership. \",\"A CIA informant \\\\\\\"\\\"double agent\\\\\\\"\\\" gained accessed to CIA facilities inside Forward Operating Base Chapman in Khost, then detonated, killing 10 and injuring 6. The Taliban attack was praised by AQ and the TTP. An investigation into the incident concluded that the Haqqani Network actively aided in the attack\\\\'s conduct.\",\"Members of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) allegedly joined the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) in a clash with Philippine forces in Indanan, Sulu.\",\"A group that included one hundred Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) fighters and some Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) fighters attacked Philippine forces in the province of Maguindanao. The attack resulted in the deaths of twenty-three government soldiers.\",\"The American invasion of Afghanistan led to the provision of a safe-haven of IMU fighters by Taliban commander Maulvi Nazir. The IMU was able to re-group and operate from South Warziristan from 2001-2007 as a result.\",\"Wafa Humanitarian Organization has supported the Taliban and financed Al-Qaeda. \",\"Zain Group has vowed support for Taliban militants in Afghanistan fighting against the US forces, particularly for Mullah Omar.\",\"TNSM actively fought alongside the Taliban against the US and Northern Alliance forces in Afghanistan sending more than 10,000 fighters into the country.\",\"The Al Mulathamun Battalion still swore its allegiance to Omar Mullah and the Taliban.\",\"Al Muabitoun swore allegiance to Omar Mullah and the Taliban.\",\"Investigation of links between al-Qaeda and al-Haramain Foundation reveal CIA findings that al-Haramain was also tied to al-Gama\\\\'a al Islamiyya during the 1990s.\",\"Al-Jama'a al-Islamiya has extensive relations with the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, dating back to the groups' foundations in after the Muslim Brotherhood renounced violence in Egypt during the 1970s. Al-Jama'a was founded as an umbrella group for what became EIJ, which emerged as a politically active student group in the 1970s and turned to violence in the early 1980s. The two groups worked together in the assassination of Anwar al-Sadat in 1981.\",\"\",\"\",\"\",\"\",\"\",\"\",\"As of the late 1990s, the ABB\\\\'s tactics became increasingly violent against civilians in Philippine cities. As a result, the NPA began to rival the ABB over disagreements in tactics.\",\"Sometime in the early 1990s, the Revolutionary Proletarian Army (RPA) formed as a splinter group of the Communist Party of the Philippines-New People's Army (CPP-NPA) because of ideological and tactical disagreements within the CPP-NPA. The exact year of the RPA's split is unclear.\",\"The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) announced an alliance with the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF) in February 2014. Both groups oppose peace negotiations between the Philippine government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF).\",\"Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) members and Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF) members were involved in an attack on Philippine forces that killed forty-four government troops. The troops were conducting a military operation in an area of Maguindanao dominated by the MILF and the BIFF.\",\"ASL\\u2019s Libya-based camps  trained militants from the Those Who Sign in Blood Brigade for the attack on In Amenas gas complex. \",\"After multiple coordinated attacks in Mali, Niger and Algeria, in August 2013, the Those Who Sign in Blood Brigade and MUJAO merged together into a new organization called Al Murabitoun. \",\"MUJAO and the Those Who Sign in Blood Brigade allied together during the occupation of northern Mali, when the Those Who Sign in Blood Brigade was operating semi-autonomously under AQIM.  After the group officially left AQIM, the Those Who Sign in Blood Brigade and MUJAO coordinated multiple attacks together, in May of 2013.\",\"The SISMJ allied with the Mouvement pour l\\u2019Unification et le Jihad en Afrique de l\\u2019Ouest (MUJAO) and later with the Those Who Sign in Blood Brigade after the coup in March 2012.   In May 2013, Tirmon released a video that stated the SISMJ would no longer ally with MUJAO or the Those Who Sign in Blood Brigade; the reasons for the break in alliances remain unclear.\",\"The Revolutionary Proletarian Army (RPA) and the Alex Boncayao Brigade (ABB) created a formal alliance in 1997 and are sometimes referred to together as the RPA-ABB. The two groups formed a political wing called Rebolusyonaryong Partido ng Manggagawa ng Pilipinas (RPM-P), for which they serve as the armed wing.\",\"AQKB militants claimed responsibility for a car bomb that was detonated at the Kurdistan Interior and Security Ministries building, killing 19 civilians. The Kurdistan government was led by the KDP and PUK.\",\"SSP being an anti Shitte Sunni group developed a natural rivalry with TJP soon after its founding. \",\"SSP, an anti Shitte group, had a rival relationship with TJP, which was created to protect the interests of the Shiite in Pakistan. \",\"In February 2016, AI-Syria and the Kurdistan Workers\\u2019 Party (PKK) clashed in the Ashrafiyeh neighborhood of Aleppo. \\n\",\"The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, Riyadus-Salikhin, IIPB, and SPIR collaborated to launch an attack on the Moscow Dubrovka Theatre. They held over 800 people hostage and over 130 people were killed. \",\"The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, Riyadus-Salikhin, IIPB, and SPIR collaborated to launch an attack on the Moscow Dubrovka Theatre. They held over 800 people hostage and over 130 people were killed. \",\"Shariat Jamaat (Dagestan) and the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria were both responsible for attacks against the Russian Federation in the hopes of attaining independence. \",\"Ingush Jamaat (Ingushetia) and the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria were both responsible for attacks against the Russian Federation in the hopes of attaining independence. \",\"Yarmuk Jamaat (Kabardino-Balkaria) and the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria were both responsible for attacks against the Russian Federation in the hopes of attaining independence. \",\"Doku Umarov announced the end of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and founded a new umbrella organization, the Caucasus Emirate, to combine all of the terrorist groups in the North Caucasus. \",\"Liberation Army of Dagestan and the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria were both responsible for attacks against the Russian Federation in the hopes of attaining independence. \",\"The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, Riyadus-Salikhin, IIPB, and SPIR collaborated to launch an attack on the Moscow Dubrovka Theatre. They held over 800 people hostage and over 130 people were killed. \",\"Shamil Basayev was the co-founder of IIPB and the founder of Riyadus-Salikhin. Both groups collaborated on several attacks. They also shared members. \",\"In 2009, under Doku Umarov\\\\'s order, the Caucasus Emirate reactivated Riyadus-Salikhin, which displayed little activity after Shamil Basayev\\\\'s (leader and founder) death in 2006. \",\"Doku Umarov announced the end of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and founded a new umbrella organization, the Caucasus Emirate, to combine all of the terrorist groups in the North Caucasus. \",\"Doku Umarov announced the end of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and founded a new umbrella organization, the Caucasus Emirate, to combine all of the terrorist groups in the North Caucasus. \",\"Doku Umarov announced the end of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and founded a new umbrella organization, the Caucasus Emirate, to combine all of the terrorist groups in the North Caucasus. \",\"After the dissolution of the Republic of Ichkeria and the founding of the Caucasus Emirate, the Liberation Army of Dagestan was incorporated into the Caucasus Emirate. \",\"The leadership of Jaish al-Muhajireen wal Ansar has sworn a loyalty oath to the Caucasus Emirate and many fighters are former members. \",\"In 2007, the SCIRI renamed itself the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq (ISCI), in an attempt to disassociate itself from Tehran. To preserve ties with Iran, the Badr Organization split from the ISCI to form is own political and military unit in 2012.\",\"While it is unclear what the extent of IJT\\\\'s use of violent means was prior to 1971, it has been documented however that with the help of the army the IJT organized two paramilitary units, called al-Badr and al-Shams, to fight the Bengali guerrillas in the then East Pakistan.\",\"The Badr Organization, the largest Shiite party in Iraq, opposes the League of the Righteous, a group that split from the Mahdi Army. \",\"Kata'ib Hezbollah, Harakat al-Nujaba, Asai'ib Ahl al-Haqq, the Mahdi Army, the Badr Organization, Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada, Kata'ib Imam Ali and other predominantly Shiite paramilitaries cooperated with one another as well as with the Iraqi Army to retake Tikrit from the Islamic State in the so called \\\"\\\"Second Battle of Tikrit.\\\"\\\"\",\"Kata'ib Hezbollah, Harakat al-Nujaba, Asai'ib Ahl al-Haqq, the Mahdi Army, the Badr Organization, Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada, Kata'ib Imam Ali and other predominantly Shiite paramilitaries cooperated with one another as well as with the Iraqi Army to retake Tikrit from the Islamic State in the so called \\\"\\\"Second Battle of Tikrit.\\\"\\\"\",\"Kata'ib Hezbollah, Harakat al-Nujaba, Asai'ib Ahl al-Haqq, the Mahdi Army, the Badr Organization, Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada, Kata'ib Imam Ali and other predominantly Shiite paramilitaries cooperated with one another as well as with the Iraqi Army to retake Tikrit from the Islamic State in the so called \\\"\\\"Second Battle of Tikrit.\\\"\\\"\",\"The Badr Organization began targeting the Free Syrian Army in the Aleppo governorate.\",\"In April 2012, Ansar Dine, along with AQIM and MUJAO, ended their collective alliances with the MNLA, because the MNLA\\u2019s objective, to establish a secular and independent state in northern Mali, strongly contradicted Ansar Dine, AQIM and MUJAO\\u2019s aims to create a united Malian state governed by Shariah law.  Shortly after, the groups began to target the MNLA.\",\"Following the coup that overthrew the Malian government in March 2012, MUJAO, in collaboration with Ansar Dine, AQIM, and  the Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA), took advantage of the lack of rule of law and invaded northern Mali together.  Later, both MUJAO and Ansar Dine decided to end their alliances with the MNLA and coordinated attacks against the group together.\",\"The FLM was allegedly created to be an affiliate to Ansar Dine for coordination of its operations in central and southern Mali.\",\"The exact relationship between Lashkar-e-Zil and 313 Brigade is unclear; at times the two groups have been confused by analysts and reporters alike because both groups were headed by Ilyas Kashmiri.\",\"Four Somali Islamist groups merged to form Hizbul Islam. The four original groups were the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia (ARS), the Ras Kamboni Brigade, Jabhatul Islamiya (Islamic Front), and Anole, also called the Anoole Forces. \",\"Four Somali Islamist groups merged to form Hizbul Islam. The four original groups were the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia (ARS), the Ras Kamboni Brigade, Jabhatul Islamiya (Islamic Front), and Anole, also called the Anoole Forces. \",\"In their August 1997 cyber-attack, the IBT stated that they were an \\\\\\\"\\\"elite department\\\\\\\"\\\" of the LTTE, specializing in \\\\\\\"\\\"suicide e-mail bombings.\\\\\\\"\\\"  \\n\\n\",\"In mid-1982, clashes between LTTE and PLOTE members begin. The two groups remain rivals until the defeat of the LTTE in 2009. \",\"In December 1986, the LTTE launches an all-out assault on EPRLF bases in Jaffna, defeating the group militarily by early 1987. After these attacks, the group disbands and becomes a political party, backed by the Indian Peacekeeping Force (IPKF). \",\"RAW withdraws its support for the LTTE as it grows more radical and makes ties with separatist groups in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. \",\"The LTTE clashes with the IPKF when they arrive in Sri Lanka as mandated by the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord, eventually leading to the IPKF\\\\'s withdrawal in 1990. \",\"Colonel Karuna allies himself with the Indian-based ENDLF, who help him form the political wing of his faction: Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal (TVMP). \",\"In 2006, Colonel Karuna allied himself and his faction with the Sri Lankan government, delivering a serious blow to the LTTE. \",\"Gnanapiragasam Gnanasekaran, a former leader of PLOTE, merged his Three Stars militant group with another PLOTE splinter group led by Jotheeswaran and an EPRLF splinter group led by Douglas Devananda to form the Eelam National Democratic Liberation Front (ENDLF) \",\"In 1987, PLOTE accepted the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord and has since fought alongside government forces against the LTTE. \\n\",\"Shortly after its split from TELO, the TELA allied itself with LTTE\\\\'s rival, PLOTE. In August 1983, TELA\\\\'s leader Oberoi Devan was assassinated by LTTE members. \",\"In 1987, the faction of the EPRLF led by Douglas Devananda splits from the EPRLF to form the Eelam National Democratic Liberation Front (ENDLF) along with a faction of PLOTE. \",\"The ENDLF collaborated with the IPKF after their arrival in Sri Lanka in mid-1987. \",\"The ENDLF was created in 1987 by the merger of various PLOTE and EPRLF splinter groups. This merger was supported and facilitated by RAW. \",\"In 1982, Oberoi Devan and his supporters in the Tamil Eelam Liberation Army (TELA) defected from Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization (TELO). TELA was the former military wing of TELO. \",\"In April 1984, EROS, EPRLF, and TELO joined forces to form an umbrella organization known as the Eelam National Liberation Front (ENLF). \",\"TELO is one of the first Tamil militant groups to develop close relations with RAW. In 1983, RAW invites 350 cadres to train in India.  \",\"The IPKF attempts to revive TELO as a militant group to fight against the LTTE. However, TELO was constantly under LTTE attack and was never able to re-emerge as a militant group.  \",\"A breakaway faction of EROS formed the EPRLF in 1980 because of growing disagreements between EROS\\\\' leadership in London and in Jaffna. \",\"In April 1984, EROS, EPRLF, and TELO joined forces to form an umbrella organization known as the Eelam National Liberation Front (ENLF). \",\"As a result of the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord of July 1987, the Sri Lankan government agreed to send forces to Sri Lanka to help Sri Lankan forces disarm Tamil militant groups and cease hostilities between the two.  \",\"In April 1984, EROS, EPRLF, and TELO joined forces to form an umbrella organization known as the Eelam National Liberation Front (ENLF). \",\"After clashes between Sri Lankan government forces and Tamil militants began to intensify in 1983, EROS established close ties with RAW 1983 \\u2013 EROS established close ties with RAW. Several EROS members were then trained at Indian training camps. \\n\",\"Suqour al-Sham was affiliated with the Free Syrian Army (FSA) in 2011, and became a founding a member of the FSA linked Syrian Islamic Liberation Front (SILF) umbrella organization in 2012. Despite its close FSA ties, Suqour al-Sham did not take orders from the FSA\\u2019s Syrian National Council, and began to distance itself from the FSA when it joined the Islamic Coalition on September 23, 2013.\",\" A number of opposition groups including Jabhat al-Nusra, Ahrar al-Sham, and Suqour al-Sham coordinated an attack to overtake the Assad Regime's air base in Taftanaz after beseiging the base for several months. The opposition groups eventually overtook Taftanaz, and seized helicopters, heavy weapons, and ammunition.\",\"A number of opposition groups including Jabhat al-Nusra, Ahrar al-Sham, and Suqour al-Sham coordinated an attack to overtake the Assad Regime's air base in Taftanaz after beseiging the base for several months. The opposition groups eventually overtook Taftanaz, and seized helicopters, heavy weapons, and ammunition.\",\"Conflict with the Islamic State (IS) prompted Liwa Dawoud and Liwa Siyoof al-Haq, two of Suqour al-Sham\\u2019s strongest factions, to declare peace with IS, defect from Suqour al-Sham, and eventually form the Army of the Levant (Jaysh al-Sham) with deserting IS members.\",\"The Islamic Front and the Free Syrian Army work together in clashes with ISIS in Northern Syria.\",\"Kata\\u2019ib Sayyid al-Shuhada (KSS) participated in the Assad Regime\\u2019s offensive in the southern Syrian governorates, namely in Daraa and Quneitra. KSS fought alongside Assad Regime troops, Hezbollah, the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps and other Shiite militias against elements of the Free Syrian Army and Jabhat al-Nusra.\",\"The Free Syrian Army began coordianting with the Islamic State and Jabhat al-Nusra to target Hezbollah in Lebanon's Qalamoun mountains.\",\"Liwa al-Tawhid initially pledged allegiance to the Free Syrian Army (FSA). However, Liwa al-Tawhid often acted independently of FSA-affiliated groups, and it began to distance itself from the FSA on September 29, 2013 by joining the Islamic Coalition, a political group that called for opposition to the Assad Regime to be run only by groups fighting inside Syria and opposed the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces.\",\"Liwa al-Haqq was initially affiliated with the Free Syrian Army (FSA). However, it began to distance itself from the FSA on September 23, 2013 by joining the Islamic Coalition, a political group that called for the implementation of Shariah in Syria and the opposition to the Assad Regime to be run only by groups fighting inside Syria.\",\"Liwa al-Islam was initially affiliated with the Free Syrian Army (FSA). However, the group began to distance itself from the FSA in 2013 when Liwa al-Islam joined the Islamic Coalition, a political group that called for the implementation of Shariah law in Syria, and for the opposition to the Assad Regime to be run only by groups fighting inside Syria.\",\"Jund al-Aqsa coordinated with Jabhat al-Nusra and the Free Syrian Army to capture a Syrian army base at Wadi al-Deif in the Idlib governorate.\",\"Kata\\u2019ib Sayyid al-Shuhada (KSS) participated in the Assad Regime\\u2019s offensive in the southern Syrian governorates, namely in Daraa and Quneitra. KSS fought alongside Assad Regime troops, Hezbollah, the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps and other Shiite militias against elements of the Free Syrian Army and Jabhat al-Nusra.\",\"\\u00a0Liwa al-Tawhid and Jabhat al-Nusra (Al-Nusra) cooperated with the Nasser Salahuddin Brigade, Dera\\u2019 al-Assima, and Liwa al-Habib al Mustafa in a series of attacks against Syrian army units and outposts in the Damascus countryside. According to Al-Nusra, the militants destroyed several tanks and killed over 150 Syrian soldiers.\",\"Ahrar al-Sham and Jabhat al-Nusra first cooperated in an attack the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas.\",\"The YPG began targeting Jabhat al-Nusra and won the battle of Ras al-Ayn.\",\"Harakat al-Nujaba targeted Jabhat al-Nusra in an offensive in the Aleppo governorate.\",\"Al Fawj al-Awl conducted military exercises with Jabhat al-Nusra.\",\"Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki began cooperating with Jabhat al-Nusra.\",\"Liwa al-Islam began cooperating with Jabhat al-Nusra during \\\"\\\"Operation Epic in the Capital of Omayyads.\\\"\\\"\",\"The Levantine Front began cooperating with Jabhat al-Nusra as part of the Fatah Halab joint operations room.\",\"Ansar al-Sham fought alongside Jabhat al-Nusra and Ahrar al-Sham during the 2014 Latakia Offensive.\",\"The Southern Front and Jabhat al-Nusra (Al-Nusra) became allies and captured the town of Tel al-Haraa. Though the Southern Front officially stopped cooperating with Al-Nusra in April 2015, the groups still coordinated attacks in later battles.\",\"Al-Nusra and Ahrar al-Sham, a member of the Islamic Front, are two of eleven Islamist groups to release a joint statement opposing the creation of the National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces, a representative group formed in Qatar that seeks to replace Assad and establish a secular transitional government by unifying support for the FSA. The Islamist groups rejected the umbrella and instead called for the establishment of an Islamic state, although the disagreement didn't prevent cooperation on the ground between the FSA and Islamists.\",\"Al-Nusra and Suqour al-Sham, a member of the Islamic Front, conduct a joint suicide attack in Idlib, Syria.\",\"Tensions flared in October 2016 when Jund al-Aqsa kidnapped a member of Ahrar al-Sham in response to Ahrar al-Sham's arrest of a Jund al-Aqsa fighter who allegedly worked for the Islamic State. As a result of this incident, Ahrar al-Sham began to target Jund al-Aqsa. On October 10, Jund al-Aqsa merged into Fatah al-Sham, and Fatah al-Sham leaders negotiated a ceasefire with Ahrar al-Sham.\",\"In August 2016, members of the Fatah Halab control group coordinated with the Jaysh al-Fatah umbrella organization, which includes Jabhat Fatah al-Sham, to break through the Assad Regime\\u2019s siege on the city of Aleppo.\",\"Al Fawj al-Awl joined the Jaysh Halab operations room, where it began cooperating with Ahrar al-Sham.\",\"Al-Fawj Al-Awl formed on March 3, 2015 when its 1,500 fighters broke away from Liwa al-Tawhid, a constituent brigade within the Levantine Front.\",\"Jaysh al-Sanadeed and the YPG began coordinating attacks against the Islamic State in the Hassakah governorate.\",\"Ahrar al-Sham, the Islamic State, and The Kurdish Islamic Front began targeting the YPG.\",\"Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki began coordinating attacks with Ahrar al-Sham as part of the Jaysh Halab operations room.\",\"The Levantine Front began cooperating with Ahrar al-Sham as part of the Fatah Halab joint operations room.\",\"Liwa al-Haqq merged into Ahrar al-Sham.\",\"The Kurdish Islamic Front merged into Ahrar al-Sham.\",\"Ansar al-Sham fought alongside Jabhat al-Nusra and Ahrar al-Sham during the 2014 Latakia Offensive.\",\"Liwa al-Tawhid participated in a joint offensive with multiple opposition groups, including Jabhat al-Nusra and Ahrar al-Sham, against Assad Regime military camps in the Idlib countryside.\",\"Kata'ib Hezbollah, Harakat al-Nujaba, Asai'ib Ahl al-Haqq, the Mahdi Army, the Badr Organization, Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada, Kata'ib Imam Ali and other predominantly Shiite paramilitaries cooperated with one another as well as with the Iraqi Army to retake Tikrit from the Islamic State in the so called \\\"\\\"Second Battle of Tikrit.\\\"\\\"\",\"Kata'ib Hezbollah, Harakat al-Nujaba, Asai'ib Ahl al-Haqq, the Mahdi Army, the Badr Organization, Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada, Kata'ib Imam Ali and other predominantly Shiite paramilitaries cooperated with one another as well as with the Iraqi Army to retake Tikrit from the Islamic State in the so called \\\"\\\"Second Battle of Tikrit.\\\"\\\"\",\"ASL was also known to coordinate attacks with Al Murabitoun before Al Murabitoun merged into AQIM in 2015.  \",\"AST and Ansar al-Shariah in Libya (ASL) reportedly have operational, financial and logistical links, but the extent of their relationship is unclear. ASL has allegedly sold weapons to AST.  \",\"After multiple coordinated attacks in Mali, Niger and Algeria, in August 2013, the Those Who Sign in Blood Brigade and MUJAO merged together into a new organization called Al Murabitoun. \",\"Liwa al-Tawhid cooperated with the Islamic State to fight the Kurdish People\\u2019s Protection Units in late 2013.\",\"The Levantine Front was founded on December 25, 2014 by the Islamic Front of Aleppo (not to be confused with the Islamic Front umbrella group), a group composed of Liwa al-Tawhid and other former Islamic Front umbrella group battalions, and four other Aleppo-based opposition groups.\",\"Ahrar al-Sham, the Islamic State, and The Kurdish Islamic Front began targeting the YPG.\",\"Kata'ib Hezbollah, Harakat al-Nujaba, Asai'ib Ahl al-Haqq, the Mahdi Army, the Badr Organization, Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada, Kata'ib Imam Ali and other predominantly Shiite paramilitaries cooperated with one another as well as with the Iraqi Army to retake Tikrit from the Islamic State in the so called \\\"\\\"Second Battle of Tikrit.\\\"\\\"\",\"In April 2015, Jaysh al-Mujahedeen joined the Fatah Halab control group, which includes groups such as the Levantine Front and Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki, to fight the Islamic State and the Assad Regime.\",\"In April 2015, Jaysh al-Mujahedeen joined the Fatah Halab control group, which includes groups such as the Levantine Front and Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki, to fight the Islamic State and the Assad Regime.\",\"A number of opposition groups including al-Nusra and the Islamic Front's Suqour al-Sham overtake a government air base in Taftanaz. It is a significant victory, allowing the opposition to seize helicopters and other heavy weapons and ammunition. The groups sustained a siege for months to eventually take the air base, demonstrating increased capacity in military operations since the beginning of the conflict.\",\"On November 22, 2013, seven rebel factions in Syria announced the creation of the Islamic Front as a united opposition force against Syrian president Bashar al-Assad. Under the Islamic Front, these individual groups dissolved, providing a unified message of opposition to the government of al-Assad.\",\"PKK and KDP peshmerga militants fought IS around Mount Sinjar and simultaneously helped to evacuate the area's Yazidi population.  Despite their brief cooperation, reports surfaced of tensions between the PKK and KDP, which resulted in the temporary withdrawal of the KDP from the area surrounding Mount Sinjar.\",\"The Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF) and the Justice Islamic Movement (JIM) may have formed an alliance in March 2015. Whether or not a formal alliance exists, the two groups have cooperated and fought alongside each other in the past.\",\"Once territory was established, MUJAO, AQIM and Ansar Dine ended their collective alliances with the MNLA, because the MNLA\\u2019s objective, to establish a secular and independent state in northern Mali, strongly contradicted their aims to create a united Malian state governed by Shariah law. \",\"The SISMJ allied with the Mouvement pour l\\u2019Unification et le Jihad en Afrique de l\\u2019Ouest (MUJAO) and later with the Those Who Sign in Blood Brigade after the coup in March 2012.   In May 2013, Tirmon released a video that stated the SISMJ would no longer ally with MUJAO or the Those Who Sign in Blood Brigade; the reasons for the break in alliances remain unclear.\",\"Since its founding, GATIA fought against the Coordination of the Movements of Azawad (CMA), including the MNLA, because of its collective anti-government stance.\",\"Since its founding, GATIA fought against the Coordination of the Movements of Azawad (CMA), including the HCUA, because of its collective anti-government stance.\",\"Since its founding, GATIA fought against the Coordination of the Movements of Azawad (CMA), including MAA, because of its collective anti-government 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   "source": [
    "imbalance, bicoloring = dnx.structural_imbalance(G, sampler)\n",
    "\n",
    "for edge in G.edges:\n",
    "    G.edges[edge]['frustrated'] = edge in imbalance\n",
    "for node in G.nodes:\n",
    "    G.nodes[node]['color'] = bicoloring[node]\n",
    "draw(G);"
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   "source": [
    "__DISCUSSION:__ This is a structural imbalance problem. For a group of nodes with either friendly or hostile relationships as edges, the goal is to divide the group into two sets, with each set containing only friends, and find the frustration relationships between nodes."
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