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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang=en>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<title>Requirements for Chinese Text Layout - 中文排版需求</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./local.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./print.css" />
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name: "<span lang='zh-hans'>薛富侨</span> (Fuqiao XUE)",
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<body>
<h1 class="title p-name" id="title">Requirements for Chinese Text Layout<br/><span lang="zh">中文排版需求</span></h1>
<section id="abstract">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">This document summarizes text composition requirements in the Chinese writing system. One of the goals of the task force is to describe issues for Chinese layout, another is to describe correspondences with existing standards (such as Unicode), as well as to encourage vendors to implement relevant features correctly.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">本文整理了中文（汉字）书写系统于排版上的需求。一方面说明需求事项以明确描述中文排版之需求与问题；另一方面也提出与既有标准（如Unicode）的对应，冀求本文能更有效地促进实现。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">本文整理了中文（漢字）書寫系統於排版上的需求。一方面說明需求事項以明確描述中文排版之需求與問題；另一方面也提出與既有標準（如Unicode）的對應，冀求本文能更有效地促進實作。</p>
</section>
<section id="sotd">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">This document was created by the <a href="https://github.com/w3c/clreq">Chinese Layout Task Force</a> within the W3C Internationalization Interest Group, and in collaboration with the <a href="https://www.w3.org/html/ig/zh/">W3C HTML5 Chinese Interest Group</a>. The <a href="https://www.w3.org/International/core/">Internationalization Working Group</a> has been a great help during the writing of this document. The Chinese Layout Task Force will work with the Internationalization Working Group to publish Group Draft Notes of this document, and to widen the exposure and review of the document. </p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">本文档由W3C国际化兴趣组下的<a href="https://github.com/w3c/clreq">中文布局任务团</a>编写而成，<a href="https://www.w3.org/html/ig/zh/">W3C HTML5中文兴趣组</a>为本文档提供了审阅支持，<a href="https://www.w3.org/International/core/">W3C国际化工作组</a>为文档的编写提供了诸多帮助。中文排版布局任务小组将与<a href="https://www.w3.org/International/core/">W3C国际化工作组</a>联合发布该文档的草案，并邀请业界进行审阅。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">本文檔由W3C國際化興趣組下的<a href="https://github.com/w3c/clreq">中文布局任務團</a>編寫而成，<a href="https://www.w3.org/html/ig/zh/">W3C HTML5中文興趣組</a>為本文檔提供了審閱支持，<a href="https://www.w3.org/International/core/">W3C國際化工作組</a>為文檔的編寫提供了諸多幫助。中文排版布局任務小組將與<a href="https://www.w3.org/International/core/">W3C國際化工作組</a>聯合發布該文檔的草案，並邀請業界進行審閱。</p>
<p id="langSwitch">
<button onclick="switchLang('zh-hant')" lang="zh-hant">繁體中文</button>
<button onclick="switchLang('zh-hans')" lang="zh-hans">简体中文</button>
<button onclick="switchLang('en')" lang="en">English</button>
<button onclick="switchLang('all')" lang="en">All</button>
</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">本章节描述了本文档的发布状态。其他更新版本可能会覆盖本文档。W3C的文档列表和最新版本可通过<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/">W3C技术报告</a>索引访问。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">以编辑草稿方式发布的文档还没有通过<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>会员流程的认可。这是一份文档草稿并且会不断更新。请暂时不要正式引用本文档。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">本文档遵循<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr><a id="sotd_patent_zh_hans" href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy/">专利政策</a>。<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>为工作组的产出成果维护着一份<a href="https://www.w3.org/groups/wg/i18n-core/ipr" rel="disclosure">公开专利披露列表</a>，此页面也同时涵盖了专利披露说明。若个人发现其有包含<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy/#def-essential">必须声明</a>的专利信息，必须按照<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy/#sec-Disclosure"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>专利政策第六章节</a>披露此信息。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">本文档遵循<a id="w3c_process_revision_zh_hans" href="https://www.w3.org/2023/Process-20230612/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>流程文档</a>（2023年6月12日版）。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">本章節描述了本文檔的發布狀態。其他更新版本可能會覆蓋本文檔。W3C的文檔列表和最新版本可通過<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/">W3C技術報告</a>索引訪問。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">以編輯草稿方式發布的文檔還沒有通過<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>會員流程的認可。這是一份文檔草稿並且會不斷更新。請暫時不要正式引用本文檔。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">本文檔遵循<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr><a id="sotd_patent_zh-hant" href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy/">專利政策</a>。<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>為工作組的產出成果維護著一份<a href="https://www.w3.org/groups/wg/i18n-core/ipr" rel="disclosure">公開專利披露列表</a>，此頁面也同時涵蓋了專利披露說明。若個人發現其有包含<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy/#def-essential">必須聲明</a>的專利信息，必須按照<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy/#sec-Disclosure"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>專利政策第六章節</a>披露此信息。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">本文檔遵循<a id="w3c_process_revision_zh-hant" href="https://www.w3.org/2023/Process-20230612/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>流程文檔</a>（2023年6月12日版）。</p>
</section>
<section id="introduction">
<h2>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Introduction</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">绪论</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">緒論</span>
</h2>
<section id="contributors">
<h2>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Contributors</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">贡献者</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">貢獻者</span>
</h2>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">
Information, clarifications, and translations were provided by
Angel LI,
Bobby TUNG,
Eric Q. LIU,
Hai LIANG,
Hui Jing CHEN,
Yijun CHEN,
and Zhengyu QIAN
as members of the W3C's Chinese Layout Task Force.
</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">W3C中文布局任务团成员陈慧晶、陈奕钧、董福兴、李安琪、梁海、刘庆和钱争予提供了信息和翻译。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">W3C中文布局任務團成員陳慧晶、陳奕鈞、董福興、李安琪、梁海、劉慶和錢爭予提供了信息和翻譯。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Special thanks to the following people who contributed to this document (contributors' names listed in in alphabetic order). </p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">感谢以下参与者对本文档的建议与补充（依字母及拼音顺序排列）：</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">感謝以下參與者對本文檔的建議與補充（依字母及拼音順序排列）：</p>
<p class="acknowledgement">Addison Phillips, Buernia, 陳穎青, Du Yuang, Hao Chen, Hawkeyes Wind, 贺师俊 John Hax (百姓网), 侯迈 MieMie (豆瓣), NFSL2001, Jiang Jiang (Opera), 吕康豪 Kang-hao Lu (BGI), 李喆明 Austin Lee, 林可锟 Kirk Lin, Percy Ma, phy25, 吴小倩 Xiaoqian Wu (W3C), 权循真 Xidorn Quan (Mozilla), SyaoranHinata, technommy, and Virgil Ming, 张爱杰 Aijie Zhang (中国移动通信集团公司).</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Please find the latest info of the contributors at the <a href="https://github.com/w3c/clreq/graphs/contributors">GitHub contributors list</a>.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">欲了解最新的参与者信息，请参看<a href="https://github.com/w3c/clreq/graphs/contributors">GitHub贡献者列表</a>。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">欲了解最新的參與者信息，請參看<a href="https://github.com/w3c/clreq/graphs/contributors">GitHub貢獻者列表</a>。</p>
</section>
<section id="basic_features_of_chinese_script">
<h3>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Basic Features of Chinese Script</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中文排版的主要特色</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中文排版的主要特色</span>
</h3>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Chinese composition exhibits several differences from other writing systems. The major features include: </p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中文排版有别于其他书写体系，主要特点如下：</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中文排版有別於其他書寫體系，主要特點如下：</p>
<ol>
<li id="id3">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">The Chinese writing system can be broadly classified into either Traditional Chinese or Simplified Chinese. Chinese communities in different regions (e.g. Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore, Malaysia etc.) may have their own regional standards. These differ with respect to which glyph represents a canonical vs. a variant shape, or how many strokes are contained in a given character. They may also have typographic layout rules specific to their own region.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中文的书写系统可以大致分为“繁体字”“简体字”系统，但是，使用中文的各个地区（中国大陆、台湾、香港、澳门、新加坡、马来西亚等）对汉字各自分别有不同的规范化形式，其具体字形、笔画多少存在差异，也会采用与其他地区不尽相同的排版规则。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中文的書寫系統可以大致分為「繁體字」「簡體字」系統，但是，使用中文的各個地區（中國大陸、台灣、香港、澳門、新加坡、馬來西亞等）對漢字各自分別有不同的規範化形式，其具體字形、筆劃多少存在差異，也會採用與其他地區不盡相同的排版規則。</p>
</li>
<li id="id4">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en"> There are two writing modes: vertical and horizontal. The former is often seen in publications from Taiwan, Hong Kong etc.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中文的书写方向有直排及横排两种，其中，前者多见于台湾、香港等地的中文出版品。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中文的書寫方向有直排及橫排二種，其中，前者多見於台灣、香港等地的中文出版品。</p>
</li>
<li id="id5">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en"> In principal, the characters, including Han characters (Hanzi) and punctuation, used in Chinese composition are squares with the ratio of 1:1, and are seamlessly arranged with one another.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">原则上，中文排版所使用的汉字和标点符号比例皆为1:1的正方形，将其无缝隙并列排成版面。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">原則上，中文排版所使用的漢字與標點符號比例皆為1:1的正方形，將其無縫隙並列排成版面。</p>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="note">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">For most of the typographic rules described in this document, "regional differences" are more than "differences between Simplified and Traditional Chinese". For example, although most publications in Mainland China use Simplified Chinese characters in <a href="#term.horizontal-writing-mode" class="termref">horizontal writing mode</a>, a few publications use Traditional Chinese characters in horizontal or vertical writing mode, or Simplified characters in vertical writing mode. The typographical rules in Mainland China, such as the punctuation position rules specified in <cite>General Rules for Punctuation</cite> (GB/T 15834—2011) also apply to vertical or Traditional Chinese publications published in Mainland China. For vertical and Traditional Chinese publications published in Taiwan, Taiwan's typographic rules are used. Therefore, it is recommended that the user agents distinguish typographical rules by "region" rather than "Traditional or Simplified".</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">对于本文叙述重点的排版规则来说，“地区差异”大于“繁简差异”。比如，虽然中国大陆的大多数出版物均采用简体字、<a href="#term.horizontal-writing-mode" class="termref">横排</a>，但仍有少数采用繁体字横排、直排或者简体字直排；中国大陆的排版规则，如 GB/T 15834—2011《标点符号用法》中规定的标点符号位置同时也适用于中国大陆出版的直排、繁体字出版物。而台湾出版的直排、繁体字出版物则采用台湾的排版规则。因此建议各种用户代理处理排版规则时，应通过“区域”设置，而非“繁简”文本设置进行区分。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">對於本文敘述重點的排版規則來說，「地區差異」大於「繁簡差異」。比如，雖然中國大陸的大多數出版物均採用簡體字、<a href="#term.horizontal-writing-mode" class="termref">橫排</a>，但仍有少數採用繁體字橫排、直排或者簡體字直排；中國大陸的排版規則，如 GB/T 15834—2011《標點符號用法》中規定的標點符號位置同時也適用於中國大陸出版的直排、繁體字出版物。而臺灣出版的直排、繁體字出版物則採用臺灣的排版規則。因此建議各種用戶代理處理排版規則時，應通過「區域」設置，而非「繁簡」文本設置進行區分。</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="purpose_of_this_document">
<h3>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Purpose of this document</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">目的</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">目的</span>
</h3>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">The transfer of each and every writing system into the digital world is an important responsibility of information and communication technology. It plays an important role in the generation, safeguarding, maintenance and re-creation of cultural assets.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">将每一个书写系统数字化再现，是信息与通信技术的重要职责，对于文化资产的创造、保护、延续和重新演绎发挥着至关重要的作用。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">將每一個書寫系統數字化再現，是資訊與通信科技的重要職責，對於文化資產的創造、保護、延續和重新演繹發揮著至關重要的作用。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">As one of the basic work items of this task force, this document summarizes text composition requirements in the Chinese writing system. One of the goals of the task force is to describe issues for Chinese layout, another is to describe correspondences with existing standards (such as Unicode), as well as to encourage vendors to implement relevant features correctly.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">作为实现这个责任的基础，本文整理了中文（汉字）书写系统在排版上的需求。一方面说明需求事项以明确描述中文排版之需求与问题；另一方面也提供与既有标准（如Unicode）的对应，冀求通过本文有效地促进实现。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">作為實現這個責任的基礎，本文整理了中文（漢字）書寫系統在排版上的需求。一方面說明需求事項以明確描述中文排版之需求與問題；另一方面也提供與既有標準（如Unicode）的對應，冀求透過本文有效地促進實作。</p>
</section>
<section id="basic_principles_for_development_of_this_document">
<h3>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">How This Document Was Created</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">撰写方针</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">撰寫方針</span>
</h3>
<section id="chinese_text_in_this_document">
<h4>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Languages Used in this Document</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">本文档所使用的中文语言</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">本文檔所使用的中文語言</span>
</h4>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">This document was developed by people working in different areas, using both Simplified and Traditional Chinese. We very much appreciate the contributions of the editors and collaborators from different linguistic backgrounds, and their willingness to collaborate across linguistic boundaries. In this early version of the Group Draft Note, the version of the script used for the Chinese text depends on the person who contributed the text. We plan to create separate translations of the Chinese text in future versions of this document, but at this early stage, the original contributions are kept as is to enable rapid development of the text.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">本文的作者来自各个地区，包含繁体中文使用者和简体中文使用者。我们感谢来自不同语言文化背景的编辑们及合作者们对本文档的贡献，并对他们跨越文化差异、共同致力完善本文档的美好愿景表示钦佩。在本草稿的早期阶段，文中汉语所使用的版本取决于贡献此内容的编写者。未来的版本会逐步改善整理此混合文本，但在本阶段，原始文本将被保留以快速完成和修正本文档。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">本文的作者來自各個地區，包含繁體中文使用者和簡體中文使用者。我們感謝來自不同語言文化背景的編輯們及合作者們對本文檔的貢獻，並對他們跨越文化差異、共同致力完善本文檔的美好願景表示欽佩。在本草稿的早期階段，文中漢語所使用的版本取決於貢獻此內容的編寫者。未來的版本會逐步改善整理此混合文本，但在本階段，原始文本將被保留以快速完成和修正本文檔。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">You can view the document in a single language using the buttons at the top right corner of the page.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">您可通过本页面右上方的按钮选择阅读文档的单一语言版本。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">您可通過本頁面右上方的按鈕選擇閱讀文檔的單一語言版本。</p>
</section>
<section id="design_approach">
<h4>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Design Approach</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">设计原则</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">設計原則</span>
</h4>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">This document mainly adopts the following policies to explain the features of Chinese composition:</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">本文基于上述前提，主要将中文排版的特征以下列方针解说。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">本文基於上述前提，主要將中文排版的特徵以下列方針解說。</p>
<ul>
<li id="id1">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">It does not fully cover all details of the Chinese composition system, but mainly describes the differences from Western Typesetting and <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/jlreq/">Requirements for Japanese Text Layout</a>.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">不列举中文排版的各项细节，主要处理与西文排版、<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/jlreq/">日文排版需求</a>有所不同之处。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">不列舉中文排版的各項細節，主要處理與西文排版、<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/jlreq/">日文排版需求</a>有所不同之處。</p>
</li>
<li id="id2">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">It explains in detail the similarities and differences among different areas and Traditional/Simplified Chinese composition.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">详细说明各个地区使用繁、简中文排版规则间的差异与相同之处。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">詳細說明各個地區使用繁、簡中文排版規則間的差異與相同之處。</p>
</li>
<li id="id6">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">It describes presentational results and considers these results as issues and requirements for Chinese text layout. Meanwhile, it offers principles or methods for handling these issues, without describing particular technological solutions.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">说明中文排版所表现的结果，以及将其结果视为问题，即中文排版之需求。同时提供处理原理或方式，但不提出具体处理技术。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">說明中文排版所表現的結果，以及將其結果視為問題，即中文排版之需求。同時提供處理原理或方式，但不提出具體處理技術。</p>
</li>
<li id="id7">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">It suggests solutions for, or explains, present-day issues that people face in Chinese composition.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">针对目前中文排版上所遇到的不明确问题，试图提出处理方法，或以列举的方式提出说明。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">針對目前中文排版上所遇到的不明確問題，試圖提出處理方法，或以列舉的方式提出說明。</p>
</li>
<li id="id8">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">It provides typical instances of Chinese composition and their actual use cases as much as possible.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">我们也尽可能地提供中文排版的实际范例，并且在注释中说明该排版方式会应用于何种状况。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">我們也盡可能地提供中文排版的實際範例，並且在注釋中說明該排版方式會應用於何種狀況。</p>
</li>
<li id="id9">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">In consideration of non-Chinese readers of this document, figures are used for explanation wherever possible.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">考虑到未曾接触过中文排版的读者，尽可能地以图解来呈现。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">考慮到未曾接觸過中文排版的讀者，盡可能地以圖解來呈現。</p>
</li>
<li id="id10">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">It mainly explains modern Chinese publications, going back as far as the introduction of moveable type for Chinese printing. Although there are some differences between those early printed publications and current day publications, they are still considered part of Chinese composition. The document does not yet fully cover ancient books. Future editions may be revised to cover composition of such ancient publications.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">本文所提出的中文排版以近代为主，并追溯至金属活字印刷的成熟期，与现今流通的书籍排版也许有所不同，但依然属于中文排版规则。至于古籍排版，非本文件所及，待日后再依状况增修。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">本文所提出的中文排版以近代為主，並追溯至金屬活字印刷的成熟期，與現今流通的書籍排版也許有所不同，但依然屬於中文排版規則。至於古籍排版，非本文件所及，待日後再依狀況增修。</p>
</li>
<li id="id11">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">For non-Chinese readers, frequency of use is indicated for each requirement. These frequencies are not the outcome of any accurate research, but arise from the long experience of the authors. Non-Chinese readers should understand that they are intuitive for ordinary Chinese readers. These frequencies serve to provide a general guidance for the prioritization of issues.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">我们也对日常上不会接触到中文排版的读者简单说明各排版需求的使用频率。但频率并非实际调查的结果，而是作者依经验所做的判断。即日常的中文读者可能做出的判断，让非中文读者理解其使用频率。简单而言，表示该排版处理的重要性，而并非信息的准确性。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">我們也對日常上不會接觸到中文排版的讀者簡單說明各排版需求的使用頻率。但頻率並非實際調查之結果，而是作者依經驗所做的判斷。即日常的中文讀者可能做出的判斷，讓非中文讀者理解其使用頻率。簡單而言，表示該排版處理的重要性，而並非資訊的準確性。</p>
</li>
<li id="id12">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">The main target of this document is common books. But other publications, such as magazines or newspapers, are also included.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">本文以书籍作为主要描述对象，但也包括杂志、报纸等不同排版方式。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">本文以書籍作為主要描述對象，但也包括雜誌、報紙等不同排版方式。</p>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="basics_of_chinese_composition">
<h2>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Basics of Chinese Composition</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中文排版基础</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中文排版基礎</span>
</h2>
<section id="characters_and_the_principles_of_setting_them_for_chinese_composition">
<h3>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Characters and Principles for Arranging Characters in Chinese Composition</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中文排版所使用的文字和基本原则</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中文排版所使用的文字和基本原則</span>
</h3>
<section id="characters_used_in_chinese_composition">
<h4>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Characters used for Chinese Composition</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中文排版所使用的文字</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中文排版所使用的文字</span>
</h4>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">The majority of the text used in Chinese composition consists of Han characters (Hanzi).</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中文排版主要使用的文字为汉字。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中文排版主要使用的文字為漢字。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Chinese characters include Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese alternatives. The former is commonly used in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao while the latter is commonly used in Mainland China, Singapore and Malaysia.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">依照各地的通行标准，中文所使用的汉字主要分为繁体字与简体字。前者又称正体字、传统汉字等，主要通行于台湾、香港、澳门等地；后者又作简化字，主要通行于中国大陆、新马地区。本文依笔画多寡与部件结构为区别，分别称为繁体字与简体字。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">依照各地的通行標準，中文所使用的漢字主要分為繁體字與簡體字。前者又作正體字、傳統漢字等，主要通行於台灣、香港、澳門等地；後者又作簡化字，主要通行於中國大陸、星馬地區。本文依筆畫多寡與部件結構為區別，分別稱為繁體字與簡體字。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Different glyphs are used in different regions. One <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/i18n-glossary/#dfn-unicode-code-point">Unicode code point</a> of a Han character may have more than one valid glyph, depending on operating system and typeface used. The focus of this document is Chinese composition and will not cover glyph variations in detail.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">不同地区所使用的字形有差异，各种字形与<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/i18n-glossary/#dfn-unicode-code-point">Unicode码位</a>并非一一对应关系，需要依赖处理系统和字体来呈现。本文主要探究中文排版，对此不做详述。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">不同地區所使用的字形有差異，各種字形與<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/i18n-glossary/#dfn-unicode-code-point">Unicode碼位</a>並非一一對應關係，需要依賴處理系統和字體來呈現。本文主要探究中文排版，對此不做詳述。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">In addition to Han characters (Hanzi), various punctuation marks, as well as Western text such as European numerals, Latin letters and/or Greek letters, may be used in Chinese text.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中文排版除了汉字外，也使用标点符号，也会与阿拉伯数字、拉丁文字、希腊文字等西文混排。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中文排版除了漢字外，也使用標點符號。也會與阿拉伯數字、拉丁文字、希臘文字等西文混排。</p>
<div class="note" id="n002">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">One Simplified Chinese character may have more than one corresponding Traditional form. For example, the Simplified Chinese character <span lang="zh-hans">发</span> can be mapped to either the Traditional Chinese character <span lang="zh-hant">發</span> or <span lang="zh-hant">髮</span>. By contrast, the circumstances where one Traditional Chinese character corresponds to more than one Simplified Chinese character are fairly rare but still worth noting. For example, the Traditional Chinese character <span lang="zh-hant">乾</span> may be mapped to either the Simplified Chinese character <span lang="zh-hans">干</span> or <span lang="zh-hans">乾</span>. The mapping relationship between Traditional and Simplified Chinese is not one-to-one and particular character conversion depends on its context.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">一个简体字可能对应多个繁体字，如简体字“<span lang="zh-hans">发</span>”，其相应的繁体字可能为“<span lang="zh-hant">發</span>”或“<span lang="zh-hant">髮</span>”；一个繁体汉字对应多个简体汉字的情况与前者相比数量极少但仍需注意，如繁体字“<span lang="zh-hant">乾</span>”可能对应简体字“<span lang="zh-hans">干</span>”或“<span lang="zh-hans">乾</span>”。繁简汉字的对应关系具体应由上下文决定。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">一個簡體字可能對應多個繁體字，如簡體字「<span lang="zh-hans">发</span>」，其相應的繁體字可能為「<span lang="zh-hant">發</span>」或「<span lang="zh-hant">髮</span>」；一個繁體漢字對應多個簡體漢字的情況與前者相比數量極少但仍需注意，如繁體字「<span lang="zh-hant">乾</span>」可能對應簡體字「<span lang="zh-hans">干</span>」或「<span lang="zh-hans">乾</span>」。繁簡漢字的對應關係具體應由上下文決定。</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="han_characters">
<h4>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Han Characters</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">汉字</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">漢字</span>
</h4>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Han characters have square <a href="#term.character-frame" class="termref">character frames</a> of equal dimensions. Aligned with the vertical and horizontal center of the character frame, there is a smaller box called the <a href="#term.character-face" class="termref">character face</a>, which contains the actual symbol. (There should be some space left between the character face and the character frame).</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">汉字有着正方形的<a href="#term.character-frame" class="termref">文字外框</a>。文字外框的正中央，有着比文字外框小的<a href="#term.character-face" class="termref">字面</a>（反过来说，字面的上下左右与文字外框之间有若干空白。根据不同的字面设计，空白的大小会有所不同）。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">漢字有著正方形的<a href="#term.character-frame" class="termref">文字外框</a>。文字外框的正中央，有著比文字外框小的<a href="#term.character-face" class="termref">字面</a>（反過來說，字面的上下左右與文字外框之間有若干空白。根據不同的字面設計，空白的大小會有所不同）。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Character size is measured by the size of the character frame. <dfn id="def_characterAdvance">Character advance</dfn> is a term used to describe the advance width of the character frame of a character, which should be the same as the width of the character.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">文字尺寸则为文字外框的尺寸。此外，字幅则是依照文字排列方向的文字外框大小，为文字的宽度。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">文字尺寸則為文字外框的尺寸。此外，字幅則是依照文字排列方向的文字外框大小，為文字的寬度。</p>
</section>
<section id="principles_of_arrangement_of_han_characters">
<h4>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Principles for Arranging Characters during Chinese Composition</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">汉字的配置原则</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">漢字的配置原則</span>
</h4>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">In principle, when composing a line with Han characters, no extra space appears between their character frames. This is called <a href="#term.solid-setting" class="termref">solid setting</a>. </p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">汉字依行排列文字，原则上文字外框彼此紧贴配置，称作<a href="#term.solid-setting" class="termref">密排</a>。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">漢字依行排列文字，原則上文字外框彼此緊貼配置，稱作<a href="#term.solid-setting" class="termref">密排</a>。</p>
<figure id="fig-solid-setting">
<span style="text-align:center;"><img src="images/en/solid-setting.svg" alt="Examples of solid setting in horizontal writing mode." width="289"></span>
<figcaption>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Examples of solid setting in horizontal writing mode.</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">密排</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">密排</span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<div class="note" id="n003">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en" class="checkme">From the advent of moveable type, each character was set to be flush with one another without any gaps, regardless of vertical or horizontal writing mode. However back then, several sizes of the original pattern of a letter were required to create matrices, while in today's digital era, the same original pattern can be used for any size simply by enlargement or reduction. Because of this, it might be necessary to adjust inter-character spacing when composing lines at large character sizes. When composing lines at small character sizes in outline fonts, hinting data is used to ensure that the width of the strokes that make up a character look correct. When only a small portion of the fonts are smaller, they will be displayed in bitmaps, and there is no need to make extra adjustments.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">从活字排版时代起，汉字无论直、横文字外框彼此紧贴配置适于阅读。但活字排版依照文字尺寸不同，各号数之字型原模不同，字面也随之不同。目前数字字体多仅采取单一原型，当文字尺寸放大时，有时需要调整字距。然而，中文汉字的字面率一般较日文字体小，除非在特殊状况下，不需特别处理。另当文字尺寸缩小时，若为向量字体，则需要补正信息来调整文字线幅；但有部分字体在文字尺寸较小时，会以点阵字体呈现，此时就不需另外调整。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">從活字排版時代起，漢字無論直、橫文字外框彼此緊貼配置適於閱讀。但活字排版依照文字尺寸不同，各號數之字型原模不同，字面也隨之不同。目前數位字體多僅採取單一原型，當文字尺寸放大時，有時需要調整字距。然而，中文漢字字體面率一般較日文字體小，除非在特殊狀況下，不需特別處理。另當文字尺寸縮小時，若為向量字體，則需要補正訊息來調整文字線幅；但有部分字體在文字尺寸較小時，會以點陣字體呈現，此時就不需另外調整。</p>
</div>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Depending on the context, in addition to solid setting, several alternative setting methods can be used, as described below.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">依照内容的不同，也会采用以下方式排列。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">依照內容的不同，也會採用以下方式排列。</p>
<section id="increased_inter_character_spacing">
<h5>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Increased inter-character spacing</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">增加字距</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">增加字距</span>
</h5>
<figure id="fig-loose-setting">
<span style="text-align:center;"><img src="images/en/increased-inter-character-spacing.svg" alt="Examples of loose setting in horizontal writing mode." width="600" height="209"></span>
<figcaption>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Examples of loose setting in horizontal writing mode: A) 1/4 em spacing; B) 1/3 em spacing; C) 1/2 em spacing; D) 1 em spacing</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">疏排</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">疏排</span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en"> It is common in books to increase the tracking between each character frame (i.e. <a href="#term.loose-setting" class="termref">loose setting</a>) for the following cases:</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">在各字之间加入固定量的空白来排列文字，称作<a href="#term.loose-setting" class="termref">疏排</a>。书籍排版上，遇到以下状况时，会采用这种排列方式。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">在各字之間加入固定量的空白來排列文字，稱作<a href="#term.loose-setting" class="termref">疏排</a>。書籍排版上，遇到以下狀況時，會採用這種排列方式。</p>
<ol>
<li id="id14">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">To achieve a balance between running heads with different numbers of characters, increased inter-character spacing is used for running heads with few characters.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">为使字数不同的标题间能取得平衡，而加大字距。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">為使字數不同的標題間能取得平衡，而加大字距。</p>
</li>
<li id="id15">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">For captions of illustrations and tables, which only have a few characters, increased inter-character spacing is used to achieve balance with the size of the illustration or table.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">图片与表格之说明文字字数较少时，为取得平衡，而加大字距。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">圖片與表格之說明文字字數較少時，為取得平衡，而加大字距。</p>
</li>
<li id="id16">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">In some cases, increased inter-character spacing is used for poetry with lines of only a few characters, so as to maintain the balance of the layout.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">应用于字数少的诗词时，为与版面取得平衡，而加大字距。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">應用於字數少的詩詞時，為與版面取得平衡，而加大字距。</p>
</li>
<li id="id17">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">For publications whose main audience is children, inter-character spacing is increased to make it easier for them to read.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">针对儿童书籍等，为提高易读性，而加大字距。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">針對兒童書籍等，為提升易讀性，而加大字距。</p>
</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="even_inter_character_spacing">
<h5>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Even inter-character spacing</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">均排</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">均排</span>
</h5>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Text may be set with equal inter-character spacing between all characters on a given line, so that each line is aligned to the same line head and line end. Since the Han characters and punctuation marks are all in square frames with almost the same dimensions, it is natural that each line is aligned to the same line head and line end. Even inter-character spacing is mainly used in the following cases:</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">平均分配字距，使文字两端能够对齐行首与行尾。中文排版时，由于使用的汉字与标点符号皆为正方形，自然会使得文字列对齐行首与行尾。这种排列方式主要应用于以下情况：</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">平均分配字距，使文字兩端能夠對齊行首與行尾。中文排版時，由於使用的漢字與標點符號皆為正方形，自然會使得文字列對齊行首與行尾。這種排列方式主要應用於以下情況：</p>
<ol>
<li id="id18">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">To deal with rules that forbid certain characters at the beginning or end of a line. When a punctuation mark which is not supposed to be positioned at the end of a line happens to appear there, even inter-character space setting is used to move the character before the punctuation mark to the next line together with the punctuation mark. When a punctuation mark, which is not supposed to be positioned at the beginning of a line, happens to appear there, it is necessary to move the last character from the previous line to the beginning of the next line, and there will be one or two (sometimes more) empty spaces left in the previous line. Even inter-character space setting is used to unify the length of each line and justify them.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">行首行尾禁则。当该行行尾遇到不能置于行尾的标点符号，而必须将标点符号与前一汉字移至次行时；或次行行首遇到不能置于行首的标点符号，而必须将移动前一行汉字于次行时，就会在行尾产生一到两字（甚至以上）的空白。由于中文书籍各行首尾对齐是重要的排版规则，此时就会利用均排将两字（以及以上）空白均分至该行各字字距。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">行首行尾禁則。當該行行尾遇到不能置於行尾的標點符號，而必須將標點符號與前一漢字移至次行時；或次行行頭遇到不能置於行頭的標點符號，而必須將移動前一行漢字於次行時，就會於行尾產生一到二字（甚至以上）的空白。由於中文書籍各行首尾對齊是重要的排版規則，此時就會利用均排將二字（以及以上）空白均分至該行各字字距。</p>
</li>
<li id="id19">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Even inter-character space setting is used when the number of characters in a table head differs from the table content, such as for person names, so as to justify the table.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">表格标题、名单等求呈现一致时，会采用均排的方式处理。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">表格標題、名單等求呈現一致時，會採用均排的方式處理。</p>
</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="reduced_inter_character_spacing">
<h5>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Reduced inter-character spacing</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">减少字距</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">減少字距</span>
</h5>
<figure id="fig-negative-tracking">
<span style="text-align:center;"><img src="images/zh/negative-tracking.svg" alt="Example of reduced inter-character spacing in horizontal writing mode." width="600" height="110"></span>
<figcaption>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Reduced inter-character spacing</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">紧排</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">緊排</span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">By reducing the inter-character spacing, a portion of two character frames overlap each other (i.e. solid setting). This method is mainly used in the following cases:</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">减少字距，使得文字外框一部分重叠，称作紧排。这种处理方式，主要应用于：</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">減少字距，使得文字外框一部分重疊，稱作緊排。這種處理方式，主要應用於：</p>
<ol>
<li id="id20">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">For characters in headings of magazines or advertisements, reduced inter-character spacing can be used to keep the characters on one line, or it can also be used to achieve a special effect for presentation.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">杂志标题及广告文案字数较多，为使其排列于一行，或为求特殊表现时使用。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">雜誌標題及廣告文案字數較多，為使其排列於一行，或為求特殊表現時使用。</p>
</li>
<li id="id21">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Since Han characters are all square-shaped, this method does not apply to headings and content in books produced by letterpress printing.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">由于汉字皆为正方形，此方式并不适用于活字排版，故不应用于书籍标题与内文的排列上。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">由於漢字皆為正方形，此方式並不適用於活字排版，故不應用於書籍標題與內文的排列上。</p>
</li>
</ol>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="commonly_used_chinese_typefaces">
<h3>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Typefaces for Chinese Text</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中文排版常用字体</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中文排版常用字體</span>
</h3>
<section id="four_commonly_used_typefaces_for_chinese_composition">
<h4>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Four frequently-used Typefaces for Chinese Text</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中文排版经常使用的四种字体</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中文排版經常使用的四種字體</span>
</h4>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">
There are many types of typefaces used in Chinese composition, but the following four typefaces are the most important ones:
</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中文排版使用的字体种类繁多，但有四种字体最为重要：</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中文排版使用的字體種類繁多，但有四種字體最為重要：</p>
<ul>
<li id="id22"><span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Song</span> <span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">宋体</span> <span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">宋體</span></li>
<li id="id23"><span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Kai</span> <span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">楷体</span> <span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">楷體</span></li>
<li id="id24"><span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Hei</span> <span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">黑体</span> <span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">黑體</span></li>
<li id="id25"><span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Fangsong</span> <span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">仿宋体</span> <span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">仿宋體</span></li>
</ul>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">
These four typefaces can be used alone in the main text of books, or they can be mixed as well. The following sections introduce their usage scenarios respectively.
</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">这四种字体均既可单独用于图书的长篇正文排版，也可以混合搭配使用。下列各节分别介绍其使用情境。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">這四種字體均既可單獨用於圖書的長篇正文排版，也可以混合搭配使用。下列各節分別介紹其使用情境。</p>
</section>
<section id="song">
<h4>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Song</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">宋体</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">宋體</span>
</h4>
<figure id="fig-song">
<span style="text-align:center;"><img src="images/zh/songti.svg" alt="Samples of Song" width="800" height="380"></span>
<figcaption>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Song</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">宋体</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">宋體</span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en"><dfn id="endef_song" class="lint-ignore">Song</dfn>, also known as Songti or Ming, is currently the most common typeface used in Chinese printing. As seen in [[[#fig-song]]].</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">宋体，又称为明体或明朝体，是中文排版最常使用的字体。如[[[#fig-song]]]所示。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">宋體，又稱為明體或明朝體，是中文排版最常使用的字體。如[[[#fig-song]]]所示。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Song is commonly used in text, headings and annotations. When used in headings, the characters will appear in a bold face, so as to distinguish the heading from the text. </p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">普遍使用于内文文字、标题与注释。当应用于标题时，通常会特别加强字重，使其与内文有所差异。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">普遍使用於內文文字、標題與注釋。當應用於標題時，通常會特別加強字重，使其與內文有所差異。</p>
</section>
<section id="kai">
<h4>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Kai</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">楷体</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">楷體</span>
</h4>
<figure id="fig-kai">
<span style="text-align:center;"><img src="images/zh/kaiti.svg" alt="Samples of Kai" width="800" height="380"></span>
<figcaption>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Kai</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">楷体</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">楷體</span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en"><dfn id="endef_kai" class="lint-ignore">Kai</dfn> also known as Kaiti or regular script, is another major typeface, which provides calligraphic styles for Chinese text. It shows notable handwriting features. As seen in [[[#fig-kai]]].</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">楷体又称正书、真书，为中文排版常用的字体。字体特性为带有书法形态、手写笔触。如[[[#fig-kai]]]所示。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">楷體又稱正書、真書，為中文排版常用的字體。字體特性為帶有書法形態、手寫筆觸。如[[[#fig-kai]]]所示。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">
Kai is commonly used in official documents and textbooks. Most official documents in Taiwan use Kai in full text.
</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">楷体普遍用于公文书、教科书。台湾的公文书多全文使用楷体。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">楷體普遍用於公文書、教科書。臺灣的公文書多全文使用楷體。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Kai can also be combined with other typefaces to be used in text that needs to be differentiated from the rest of the content, for example, headlines, references, quotations, and dialogs.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">楷体也可与其他字体搭配，用于标题、引言、摘句、对话、内容出处等与内文有所不同的段落上。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">楷體也可與其他字體搭配，用於標題、引言、摘句、對話、內容出處等與內文有所不同的段落上。</p>
</section>
<section id="hei">
<h4>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Hei</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">黑体</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">黑體</span>
</h4>
<figure id="fig-hei">
<span style="text-align:center;"><img src="images/zh/heiti.svg" alt="Samples of Hei" width="800" height="380"></span>
<figcaption>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Hei</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">黑体</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">黑體</span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en"><dfn id="endef_hei" class="lint-ignore">Hei</dfn>, also known as Heiti or Gothic, is a type style characterized by strokes of even thickness and less decoration, as seen in [[[#fig-hei]]].</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">黑体又作方体，字体特性为笔画宽度平均，较少装饰。如[[[#fig-hei]]]所示。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">黑體又作方體，字體特性為筆畫寬度平均，較少裝飾。如[[[#fig-hei]]]所示。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Traditionally, publications rarely apply the Hei style for content, but with the growing influence of the World Wide Web and the digital publishing industry, some publications are starting to experiment Hei in this context.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">传统印刷品少使用黑体作为内文文字，但受到万维网、数字出版的影响，也有少数书籍开始使用黑体作为内文字体。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">傳統印刷品少使用黑體作為內文文字，但受到萬維網、數位出版的影響，也有少數書籍開始使用黑體作為內文字體。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">
Hei can also be used with other typefaces. It is commonly used in headlines, signs, and personal names in dialogs. In body text, characters in Hei style with thicker strokes typically indicate emphasis.
</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">黑体也可与其他字体搭配，用于标题、图说、对话之人名。内文中也会使用字重较粗的黑体作为特定文字的强调、着重。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">黑體也可與其他字體搭配，用於標題、圖說、對話之人名。內文中也會使用字重較粗的黑體作為特定文字的強調、著重。</p>
</section>
<section id="imitation_song">
<h4>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Fangsong</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">仿宋体</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">仿宋體</span>
</h4>
<figure id="fig-fangsong">
<span style="text-align:center;"><img src="images/zh/fangsong.svg" alt="Samples of Fangsong" width="800" height="380"></span>
<figcaption>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Fangsong (Imitation Song)</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">仿宋体</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">仿宋體</span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">The <dfn id="endef_fangsong" class="lint-ignore">Fangsong</dfn> (Imitation Song) style lies between Song and Kai. As seen in [[[#fig-fangsong]]].</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">仿宋体的字体形态介于宋体与楷体之间。如[[[#fig-fangsong]]]所示。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">仿宋體的字體形態介於宋體與楷體之間。如[[[#fig-fangsong]]]所示。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Fangsong is often used in literary works and ancient books, while Mainland China stipulates that the official documents of the government should use Fangsong in principle.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">仿宋体常用于文艺作品和古籍，而中国大陆则规定政府公文原则上应使用仿宋体。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">仿宋體常用於文藝作品和古籍，而中國大陸則規定政府公文原則上應使用仿宋體。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Fangsong can also be used with other typefaces. It is commonly used in secondary titles and isolated paragraphs such as quotations or highlighted sentences.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">仿宋体也可与其他字体搭配，常用于副标题和引言、摘句等区别于内文的部分上。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">仿宋體也可與其他字體搭配，常用於副標題和引言、摘句等區別於內文的部分上。</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="page_design">
<h3>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Page design</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中文排版的页面设计</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中文排版的頁面設計</span>
</h3>
<!-- oldid -->
<span id="type_area"></span>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Books are usually designed in the following sequence.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中文书籍排版依以下顺序设计：</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中文書籍排版依以下順序設計：</p>
<ul>
<li id="id26">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">First, prepare a template of the <a href="#term.page-format" class="termref">page format</a>, which determines the basic appearance of document pages.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">首先，设计基本版式。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">首先，設計基本版式。</p>
</li>
<li id="id27">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en"> Then, specify the details of actual page elements based on the template.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">其次，依照基本版式进行实际页面的设计。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">其次，依照基本版式進行實際頁面的設計。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Books usually use one basic template for page format, whereas magazines often use several templates.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">书籍多数仅使用一种排版样式，杂志则会使用上数种。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">書籍多數僅使用一種排版樣式，雜誌則會使用上數種。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en" class="checkme">The <a href="#term.type-area" class="termref">type area</a>, sometimes called the printing area, is the rectangle in the middle of the page that contains the main body of the text. The text in the type area can be divided into two or more independent parts according to the reading direction of the text. Each independent part is called a "column", and this type of division is called a "multi-column layout".</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans"><a href="#term.type-area" class="termref">版心</a>是页面中间包含文本的主体的矩形区域。版心里的文字，可以按照文字阅读方向分割成两个或者更多的独立部分，每个独立部分称为“栏”，而这种分割版式叫“分栏”，根据一页里栏数，可以具体地称为“双栏”“三栏”等各种方式；相对地，将文字直接按照基本版式填满版心、不分栏的方式也可成为“通栏”。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant"><a href="#term.type-area" class="termref">版心</a>是頁面中間包含文本的主體的矩形區域。版心裏的文字，可以按照文字閱讀方向分割成兩個或者更多的獨立部分，每個獨立部分稱為「欄」，而這種分割版式叫「分欄」，根據一頁裏欄數，可以具體地稱為「雙欄」「三欄」等各種方式；相對地，將文字直接按照基本版式填滿版心、不分欄的方式也可成為「通欄」。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en" class="checkme">Although books tend to use one template for their page format, some further design effort will be needed to extend that template for pages such as the table of contents and indexes. Furthermore, there are many examples of indexes with a different page format than the basic page format, and vertically set books often have indexes in horizontal writing mode, and sometimes multiple columns. This still holds true where the goal is to make the size of the basic page template for indexes close to the size of basic page template in the basic page format.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">尽管书籍通常仅使用一种排版样式（即“基本版式”），在实际页面的设计上，如目录、索引等页面，会基于基本版式重新设计。索引等页面采用不同排版样式设计的案例也相当多，直排书索引也会以横排或者多栏排版等方式设计。尽管如此，索引的版心尺寸仍应与基本版式近似。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant" class="checkme">盡管書籍通常僅使用一種排版樣式（即“基本版式”），在實際頁面的設計上，如目錄、索引等頁面，會基於基本版式重新設計。索引等頁面採用不同排版樣式設計的案例也相當多，直排書索引也會以橫排或者多欄排版等方式設計。盡管如此，索引的版心尺寸仍應與基本版式近似。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Magazines usually contain various kinds of content, which naturally leads to a variety of template designs, different sizes of characters, and varying numbers of columns. </p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">杂志则因内容不同，排版样式多变，文字大小、栏数依照内容不同会有所变化。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">雜誌則因內容不同，排版樣式多變，文字大小、欄數依照內容不同會有所變化。</p>
<section id="main_elements_of_basic_composition">
<h4>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Basic Elements of Page Formatting</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">排版样式的主要元素</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">排版樣式的主要元素</span>
</h4>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">The following are the basic elements of a <a href="#term.page-format" class="termref">page format</a>.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans"><a href="#term.page-format" class="termref">排版样式</a>的主要元素如下：</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant"><a href="#term.page-format" class="termref">排版樣式</a>的主要元素如下：</p>
<ul>
<li id="id28">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Trim size and binding side (vertically set Chinese documents are bound on the right-hand side, and horizontally set documents are bound on the left-hand side.)</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">完成尺寸与装订线（中文书籍直排为右侧装订、横排为左侧装订）</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">完成尺寸與裝訂邊（中文書籍直排為右側裝訂、橫排為左側裝訂）</p>
</li>
<li id="id29">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Principal text direction (vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode).</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">文字书写方向（直排或横排）</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">文字書寫方向（直排或橫排）</p>
</li>
<li id="id30">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Appearance of the type area and its position relative to the trim size.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">基本版式，及其与完成尺寸的相对位置</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">基本版式，及其與完成尺寸的相對位置</p>
</li>
<li id="id31">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en"> Appearance of running heads and page numbers, and their positions relative to the trim size and type area.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">页眉与页码位置</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">頁眉與頁碼位置</p>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="note" id="n005">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Establishing a type area may be seen as defining not only a rectangular area on a page, but also within that area, an underlying, logical grid to guide the placement of such things as characters, headings, and illustrations. In principle, the characters all align with the grid, and therefore, by default, the characters also align with the line start and end. However, when mixed with Western text or under [[[#prohibition_rules_for_line_start_end]]], the content may not be arranged according to the grid; however, the principle of aligning with the line start and line end must still be followed.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">基本版式设定步骤不仅是在页面中设定一个长方形空间，还需要为内文、标题、图片配置等做出一个基础的格子设定。于中文排版原则下，内文逐格进行配置，而得以对齐行首与行尾。但与西文混排、或配置<a href="#prohibition_rules_for_line_start_end">标点禁则</a>处理时，内文可不按照格子排列；但仍须遵守对齐行首行尾的原则。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">基本版式設定步驟不僅是在頁面中設定一個長方形空間，還需要為內文、標題、圖片配置等做出一個基礎的格子設定。於中文排版原則下，內文逐格進行配置，而得以對齊行首與行尾。但與西文混排、或配置<a href="#prohibition_rules_for_line_start_end">標點禁則</a>處理時，內文可不按照格子排列；但仍須遵守對齊行首行尾的原則。</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="designing_elements_of_type_area">
<h4>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Design of the Type Area</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">基本版式的设计元素</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">基本版式的設計元素</span>
</h4>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en" class="checkme">The type area defines the basic printing style of a book. The following are the basic elements of the type area.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">基本版式的设计元素如下：</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">基本版式的設計元素如下：</p>
<ul>
<li id="id32">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en"> Character size and typeface name</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">所使用的文字尺寸及字体种类</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">所使用的文字尺寸及字體種類</p>
</li>
<li id="id33">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en"> Text direction (vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode)</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">文字书写方向（直排或横排）</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">文字書寫方向（直排或橫排）</p>
</li>
<li id="id34">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Number of columns and column gap when using a multi-column format</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">分栏时，栏数以及栏距</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">分欄時，欄數以及欄距</p>
</li>
<li id="id35">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Length of a line</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">一行的长度（字数）</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">一行的長度（字數）</p>
</li>
<li id="id36">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Number of lines per page (number of lines per column when using a multi-column format)</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">一页的行数（分栏时为一栏的行数）</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">一頁的行數（分欄時為一欄的行數）</p>
</li>
<li id="id37">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en"><a>Line gap</a></p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">行距</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">行距</p>
</li>
<li id="id38">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Letter-spacing</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">字距</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">字距</p>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="using_type_area_for_composition_in_real_pages">
<h4>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">From the Template of the Page Format to the Actual Page Format</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">从基本版式到实际版面的定版设计</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">從基本版式到實際版面的定版設計</span>
</h4>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en" class="checkme">This section explains how to create an actual page format based on the type area. </p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">本部分说明如何以基本版式为起点来为实际的各页面确定版式，这个步骤称做具体页面的“定版”。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant" class="checkme">本部分說明如何以基本版式為起點來為實際的各頁面確定版式，這個步驟稱做具體頁面的「定版」。</p>
<ol>
<li id="id39">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en" class="checkme"><span class="leadin">Realm and position of headings:</span> The spacing of the heading in the block direction (i.e., height of the heading in horizontal writing mode or width of the heading in vertical writing mode) should be calculated from the position of the body text, and set to a multiple of the number of lines. If indent of the heading space is required, the starting point should be from the body text position set by the type area, and the amount of indent should be a multiple of the body text size.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans"><span class="leadin">标题的地位：</span>标题摆放的位置及其所占空间，应以基本版式设定中行的位置为基准，以“占几行空间”方式来设计，这个方式称作“占行”。实际定版工作中为计算方便，通常设置为行的整数倍。定版要求通常写成“单行标题占三行”或“双行标题占五行”等方式，“单行”“双行”指标题文字本身的行数，而“三行”“五行”则指的是基本版式中行所占的空间。标题缩排时，也应以基本版式所设定的文字尺寸为基准，决定要缩排的量。具体方法可见[[[#handling_of_headings]]]。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant" class="checkme"><span class="leadin">標題的地位：</span>標題擺放的位置及其所占空間，應以基本版式設定中行的位置為基準，以「占幾行空間」方式來設計，這個方式稱作「占行」。實際定版工作中為計算方便，通常設置為行的整數倍。定版要求通常寫成「單行標題占三行」或「雙行標題占五行」等方式，「單行」「雙行」指標題文字本身的行數，而「三行」「五行」則指的是基本版式中行所占的空間。標題縮排時，也應以基本版式所設定的文字尺寸為基準，決定要縮排的量。具體方法可見[[[#handling_of_headings]]]。</p>
</li>
<li id="id40">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en" class="checkme"><span class="leadin">Size of illustrations:</span> In horizontal writing mode, the width of illustrations should, if at all possible, be the width of the type area; in horizontal writing mode with multiple columns, the width of illustrations should, if at all possible, be the width of one type area column. The illustrations are usually set at the head or the foot of the page. Likewise, in vertical writing mode, the height of illustrations should, if at all possible, be either the height of one type area column or the height of the type area. The illustrations are usually set at the right or left of the type area.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans"><span class="leadin">图片的尺寸：</span>图片宽度尽可能地与基本版式中的版心宽度一致；若基本版式为分栏排版，则尽可能与基本版式所设定的栏宽（直排为栏高）一致。图片的摆放位置则多与版心的<a href="#term.top-margin" class="termref">天头</a>、<a href="#term.footer" class="termref">地脚</a>对齐。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant" class="checkme"><span class="leadin">圖片的尺寸：</span>圖片寬度盡可能地與基本版式中的版心寬度一致；若基本版式為分欄排版，則盡可能與基本版式所設定的欄寬（直排為欄高）一致。圖片的擺放位置則多與版心的<a href="#term.top-margin" class="termref">天頭</a>、<a href="#term.footer" class="termref">地腳</a>對齊。</p>
</li>
<li id="id41">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en"><span class="leadin">Pages for table of contents, index, and bibliography:</span> These pages’ layout is also based on the type area of body text. In practice, additional paddings might be attached onto the start and the end of the lines. Furthermore, these pages might be set in multiple columns while the body text is single column.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans"><span class="leadin">目录、索引、参考文献：</span>此类页面也以基本版式为基准进行排版。但具体实践中，行头、行尾常会添加额外留白；此外，在正文采用单栏排版的同时，此类页面也有可能分为多栏。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant" class="checkme"><span class="leadin">目錄、索引、參考文獻：</span>此類頁面也以基本版式為基准進行排版。但具體實踐中，行頭、行尾常會添加額外留白；此外，在正文採用單欄排版的同時，此類頁面也有可能分為多欄。</p>
</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="procedure_for_defining_type_area">
<h4>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Procedure for Defining the Type Area</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">设计基本版式的步骤</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">設計基本版式的步驟</span>
</h4>
<ol>
<li id="id42">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Specifying the dimensions of the type area</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">决定版心尺寸</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">決定版心尺寸</p>
<ol>
<li id="id43">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">For a document with a single column per page, specify the character size, the line length (the number of characters per line), the number of lines per page, and the <a>line gap</a>. </p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">无分栏时，需决定文字尺寸、一行的字数（即行长）、一页的行数以及行距。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">無分欄時，需決定文字尺寸、一行的字數（即行長）、一頁的行數以及行距。</p>
</li>
<li id="id44">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">For a document with multiple columns per page, specify the character size, the line length (the number of characters per line), the number of lines per column, the <a>line gap</a>, the number of columns and the column gap.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">当分栏时，需决定文字尺寸、一行的字数（即行长）、一栏的行数、行距、栏数以及栏距。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">當分欄時，需決定文字尺寸、一行的字數（即行長）、一欄的行數、行距、欄數以及欄距。</p>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li id="id45">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">For determining the position of the type area relative to the trim size, there are various alternative methods available:</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">决定相对于完成尺寸，版心的配置位置。版心配置位置的设计顺序有着以下方式。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">決定相對於完成尺寸，版心的配置位置。版心配置位置的設計順序有著以下方式。</p>
<ol>
<li id="id46">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en"> Set the type area at the horizontal and vertical center of the trim size.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">将版心置于完成尺寸的正中央，天地等高、左右等宽。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">將版心置於完成尺寸的正中央，天地等高、左右等寬。</p>
</li>
<li id="id47">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en"> Position vertically by specifying the size of the space at the head (for horizontal writing mode) or the space at the foot (for vertical writing mode). Position horizontally by centering the type area.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">横排时指定天的留白量、直排时则指定地的留白量，左右等宽。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">橫排時指定天的留白量、直排時則指定地的留白量，左右等寬。</p>
</li>
<li id="id48">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en"> Position vertically by centering the type area. Position horizontally by specifying the size of the space for the gutter.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">天地等高，指定装订线的留白量。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">天地等高，指定裝訂邊的留白量。</p>
</li>
<li id="id49">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en"> Position vertically by specifying the space at the head (for horizontal writing mode) or the space at the foot (for vertical writing mode). Position horizontally by specifying the size of the space for the gutter.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">指定装订线的留白量，横排时指定天的留白量、直排时则指定地的留白量。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">指定裝訂邊的留白量，橫排時指定天的留白量、直排時則指定地的留白量。</p>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="note" id="n006">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">In most cases the type area is set at the horizontal and vertical center of the trim size, and can then be adjusted depending on its dimensions. This design method is mainly inherited from letterpress printing technology. For desktop publishing, the dimensions of the type area are usually calculated based on the space between the type area and the trim size.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">一般而言，版心多置于完成尺寸的的正中央，后依照版心尺寸不同，向上下、左右调整。这种设计方式主要承袭自活字印刷，但在桌面排版中，则多以完成尺寸计算与版心尺寸四方边界之差为之。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">一般而言，版心多置於完成尺寸的的正中央，後依照版心尺寸不同，向上下、左右調整。這種設計方式主要承襲自活字印刷，但在桌面排版中，則多以完成尺寸計算與版心尺寸四方邊界之差為之。</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="considerations_in_designing_type_area">
<h4>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Considerations when Designing the Type Area</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">基本版式设计的注意事项</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">基本版式設計的注意事項</span>
</h4>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">The following are considerations that need to be taken into account when designing the type area: </p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">设计基本版式时需考虑以下事项：</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">設計基本版式時需考慮以下事項：</p>
<ol>
<li id="id50">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en"> When deciding the dimensions of the type area, it is necessary to consider both the trim size and the margin. Generally speaking, the shape of the type area could be made similar to that of the trim size.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">决定版心尺寸时，须先考量到完成尺寸与留白后进行。一般而言，版心与完成尺寸会呈相似形的设计。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">決定版心尺寸時，須先考量到完成尺寸與留白後進行。一般而言，版心與完成尺寸會呈相似形的設計。</p>
</li>
<li id="id51">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en" class="checkme">There have been different size systems for Chinese fonts. The size system in traditional metal type utilized hào (literally number) units, while in the phototypesetting era, Q was used as the sizing unit instead. When it came to desktop publishing, font sizes were determined by the DTP point system which was built into the software itself. Currently, the traditional hào-system is still used for typesetting in many Chinese publications.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中文活字大小有不同单位。在金属活字时代，传统中文活字尺寸以“号”为单位，故称作“字号”；在照相排版时代沿用照排机尺寸的单位“级”，故称作“字级”；在桌面排版时代，直接使用桌面排版软件中的“点”（DTP point）。目前，很多场合的中文排版依旧习惯沿用“号”。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中文活字大小有不同單位。在金屬活字時代，傳統中文活字尺寸以「號」為單位，故稱作「字號」；在照相排版時代沿用照排機尺寸的單位「級」，故稱作「字級」；在桌面排版時代，直接使用桌面排版軟件中的「點」（DTP point）。目前，很多場合的中文排版依舊習慣沿用「號」。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">These hào-systems were not standardized by the various foundries in the past. In addition, point-systems were also different in Anglo-American point systems, Europe Continental point systems, DTP point systems and other systems, which resulted in numerous conversion methods between the hào-system and the point-system. The following table lists their most common corresponding conversions as a reference. It is not normative information.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">“号”由于当年金属活字各地厂家的规范不一而不尽相同，“号”也有英美、欧陆、DTP等多种制式，导致“号”与“点”的换算有不同方法。下表仅列出常见的一些换算数值，仅供参考，不作为规范性规定：</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">「號」由於當年金屬活字各地廠家的規範不一而不盡相同，「號」也有英美、歐陸、DTP等多種制式，導致「號」與「點」的換算有不同方法。下表僅列出常見的一些換算數值，僅供參考，不作為規範性規定：</p>
<table class="charsize" its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Chinese size system</th>
<th>Western point system</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Size 0</td>
<td>42 pt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Size 1</td>
<td>27.5/28 pt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Size Small 1</td>
<td>24 pt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Size 2</td>
<td>21/22 pt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Size Small 2</td>
<td>18 pt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Size 3</td>
<td>15.75/16 pt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Size 4</td>
<td>13.75/14 pt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Size Small 4</td>
<td>12 pt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Size 5</td>
<td>10.5 pt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Size Small 5</td>
<td>9 pt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Size 6</td>
<td>7.875/8 pt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Size 7</td>
<td>5.25 pt</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="charsize" its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>号数</th>
<th>点数</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>初号</td>
<td>42 pt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>一号</td>
<td>27.5/28 pt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>小（新）一号</td>
<td>24 pt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>二号</td>
<td>21/22 pt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>小（新）二号</td>
<td>18 pt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>三号</td>
<td>15.75/16 pt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>四号</td>
<td>13.75/14 pt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>小（新）四号</td>
<td>12 pt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>五号</td>
<td>10.5 pt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>小（新）五号</td>
<td>9 pt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>六号</td>
<td>7.875/8 pt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>七号</td>
<td>5.25 pt</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="charsize" its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>號數</th>
<th>點數</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>初號</td>
<td>42 pt</td>
</tr>