Releases: vlang/v
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0.4
V 0.4
1 July 2023
Improvements in the language
- Coroutines with a scheduler. Only Linux/macOS for now, requires
-use-coroutines
and
coroutines.sleep()
instead oftime.sleep()
. They work with IO and net, but not with GC
for now. spawn
now spawns system threads,go
spawns coroutines.- Static type methods:
Foo.new()
to replace factory functions likenew_foo()
. - Smartcasting with complex conditions:
if sum_type is Foo && !sum_type.is_info && get_name(sum_type.info.name) == 'foo'
. - Functions can now return fixed size arrays.
- Enum values now can have attributes.
- Generic functions as function parameters are now supported:
fn f[T](x T, i int, f_ Fn[T]) T {
. - Anonymous structs can no longer have attributes.
- A new
[spawn_stack: 131072]
function attribute for controlling the max size of the stack of the spawned threads. - Channel pop now works with an
or
block:ch := <-self.item or { return none }
it
has been renamed toindex
in array inits.- String interpolation simplified to just '${name}', enforced by vfmt, and updated in the entire code base.
go foo()
has been replaced withspawn foo()
(launches an OS thread,go
will be used for
upcoming coroutines instead).- vfmt now supports
// vfmt off
and// vfmt on
for turning off the formatting locally for short snippets of code.
Useful for keeping your carefully arranged matrices intact. - Match branch range expressions with consts:
match x { const1...const2 {} }
- Hot code reloading via
[live]
is now supported in imported modules, not just the main module. - Syntax sugar for map inits without needing explicit casts for interfaces:
all.children := { "abc": rect, "def": ui.rectangle()}
. $embed_file()
fixes, including variable args support.none
fixes: no longer allowed to be used as a separate type,dump()
support, not allowed insideunsafe
.- Const functions:
const y = term.yellow
, thenprintln(y('abc'))
. - Builtin type names can no longer be used as identifiers.
- Generic
typeof[T]()
,sizeof[T]()
,isreftype[T]()
functions. - Deprecated
-error-limit
in favour of the documented-message-limit
option. - Maps now support aliased keys.
- Operator overloading now works with reference types.
- Generic struct inits with nested generic structs and generic optional types are now allowed.
- During array creation,
len:
is required when using default values for the array. - Optimized one byte
[]u8
arrays creation. - Recursive aliasing is no longer allowed (e.g.
type Alias = map[string]Alias
). - Easier custom error creation:
return MyCustomErr{}
instead ofreturn IError(MyCustomErr)
. - All floats outputs now have
.0
conditionally appended to them to improve clarity. - Custom integer enum types:
enum Xyz as u64 {
. - AST transformer fixes and optimizations.
- Stylistic improvements and bug fixes in vfmt.
- Casting integers to enums now requires
unsafe{}
. - Improved error and warning messages.
- Parallel compilation now uses
sync.Pool
. -skip-unused
fixes, soon to be made the default.- Anonymous structs.
- Lots of bug fixes: 90% of all bugs ever submitted are closed.
- New keyword/type:
nil
. Only to be used insideunsafe
. Replacesvoidptr(0)
. - V can now find code in the
src/
directory. This allows making V repos much cleaner. - Support
assert condition, extra_message
, where theextra_message
will be evaluated and shown if the assertion fails. - Operator overloading now works with aliases and generics.
- Scanner optimizations.
- Using C's #define is no longer allowed in normal V code, only in
.c.v
files.
Breaking changes
byte
deprecated in favor ofu8
(byte
is automatically converted tou8
by vfmt).json
: enums are serialized as strings by default,[json_as_number]
attribute can be used for
the old behavior.- Variable shadowing has been completely banned (previously variable names could conflict with
module names). []
is now used for generics instead of<>
.- Accessing a pointer map value requires an
or {}
block outsideunsafe
. - Anonymous sumtypes have been removed (deprecated for now) due to complicating the language and the compiler too much.
Checker improvements/fixes
- Disallow
Result
type aliases (type Foo = !Bar
) andResult
in maps (map[key]!Type
). - Add a missing check for taking address of literal value member.
- Fixed map initialization for maps with option values.
- Allow
a << none
, wherea
is[]?&int
. - Disallow multiple
else
branches in a match. - Fix index expression with sumtype of array types.
- Remove hardcoded check for function calls for
C.stat
,C.sigaction
, etc. - Fix multiple embedded external module interface.
- Fix missing check for diff type on map value declaration.
- Simplify error handling in the checker (#18507).
- Option alias fixes.
- Fix alias to struct ptr on struct init.
- Sumtypes can no longer hold references.
- Fix a bug checking generic closures.
- A hard to reach limit of 1 million iterations for resolving all generics.
- Fix missing check for unwrapped shift operation.
- Fix enum max value validation.
- Add a missing mutability check for
array.delete
calls. - Disallow
_ = <- quit
. - Disallow type matching with primitive vars.
- Warning instead of error for unnecessary brackets in if/match.
- Include import aliases when checking for import duplicates.
- Fix infering generic array type in nested call.
- Allow casted
enum val
andconst
as fixed array size. - Disallow multiple return values in const declarations.
- Fix contains() with array of interfaces.
- Disallow mut for blank idents.
- If guards now work with struct fields which are
Option
functions.
Such fields can now also be assigned to other fields/variables. - Option receivers can no longer have methods.
none
can now be cast to allOption
types, including aliases.- Option references are now supported:
?&Type
. - Arrays of
Option
s are now allowed. - Allow
foo := Foo{}
, whenFoo
has an Option field, that is a struct, that has a[required]
tag on its fields. - Enums can no longer be initialized like structs.
- Capture variables can no longer shadow anonymous function params.
- Mixing multi-return results with other types in return statements is no longer allowed.
- Assigning anonymous structs to named structs is no longer allowed.
[required]
fields are now checked for embedded structs.- Fixed a bug with closures with fixed array variables.
- Builtin methods
first/last/repeat
can now be used in custom user types (previously they only
worked in builtin arrays). - Generic struct initialization no longer needs explicit types to be provided:
struct Foo[T, U] { a T b U } foo := Foo{ a: 2 b: 'x' } println(foo)
- unsafe: dereferencing nil references is no longer allowed in the following case:
a := unsafe { nil } println(*a)
- Lots of fixes in the type checker.
- Int signedness mismatch is now checked:
cannot use literal signed integer as u8
. - Improved type checker: lots of new type checks and fixed checker bugs.
- Unused last expression in
if
is now checked. - Anonymous structs visibility issues fixed.
- More type checks.
- Lots of fixes in
shared
types.
Standard library
- json: Enum value string serialization supports
[json:'alias']
to change its string values. - Struct fields can now be skipped during JSON/ORM serialization via
[json:'-']
and[sql:'-']
,
in addition to[skip]
. This allows having custom behavior for different serialization methods. - builtin: heap usage API (gc_memory_use() and gc_heap_usage())
- math.big: refactoring, gcd fixes/improvements, overflow fixes,
mod_inverse
. - flag: fix finalize with multiple shortargs.
- runtime: add new functions total_memory/0 and free_memory/0.
- time: small cleanup of parse_iso8601 comments, make the C.strftime declaration forwards compatible
- stbi: allow customization of number of channels in
stbi.load()
. - stbi: add a
resize_uint8
function for resizing images in memory. - time, x.json2: improve iso8601 time decoding.
- builtin: zero out internal map/array pointers on m.free(), to reduce the work for the GC
mark phase for non escaping maps/arrays, used in hot loops. - time: add more detailed error descriptions, add custom format parsing with time.parse_format.
- sync: add Mutex.destroy and RwMutex.destroy methods.
- datatypes: add Bloom filter.
- rand: add missing rand.u16(), update doc comments, add test.
- builtin: speed up string methods with vmemcpy instead of
for
loop for copying data. - Added new
termios
module. net.ssl
: types using ssl contexts can now be converted to strings via.str()
/printed
viaprintln()
.v.reflection
: added type symbol info metadata.crypto
andmath
modules have been updated to useResult
instead ofOption
.datatypes.LinkedList[map]
now works correctly.urllib.Values.get()
now returns an Option.strconv
:v_printf()
was made private,v_sprintf()
was deprecated. String interpolation
should be used instead.net.http
: mime types have been updated to include all official types.gg
:create_image()
now returns!Image
instead ofImage
, allowing to handle errors.sokol
: errors during image creation no longer result in a panic, but can be handled by the
programmer.sokol
: macOS apps can now be quit using Cmd+Q.os.hostname()
andos.loginname()
now returnResult
.strconv.atoi
optimizations.println()
now supports arrays with recursive references.termux
: support for cross-compilation from termux to other platforms.readline
module now works much better on macOS: key navigation, history, etc (now on par with
Linux).os
: fixed a mem...
0.3.5
Improvements in the language
- Coroutines with a scheduler. Only Linux/macOS for now, requires
-use-coroutines
and
coroutines.sleep()
instead oftime.sleep()
. They work with IO and net, but not with GC
for now. spawn
now spawns system threads,go
spawns coroutines.- Static type methods:
Foo.new()
to replace factory functions likenew_foo()
. - Smartcasting with complex conditions:
if sum_type is Foo && !sum_type.is_info && get_name(sum_type.info.name) == 'foo'
. - Functions can now return fixed size arrays.
- Enum values now can have attributes.
- Generic functions as function parameters are now supported:
fn f[T](x T, i int, f_ Fn[T]) T {
. - Anonymous structs can no longer have attributes.
- Allow fixed array returns.
Breaking changes
byte
deprecated in favor ofu8
(byte
is automatically converted tou8
by vfmt).
Checker improvements/fixes
- Disallow
Result
type aliases (type Foo = !Bar
) andResult
in maps (map[key]!Type
). - Add a missing check for taking address of literal value member.
- Fixed map initialization for maps with option values.
- Allow
a << none
, wherea
is[]?&int
. - Disallow multiple
else
branches in a match. - Fix index expression with sumtype of array types.
- Remove hardcoded check for function calls for
C.stat
,C.sigaction
, etc. - Fix multiple embedded external module interface.
- Fix missing check for diff type on map value declaration.
- Simplify error handling in the checker (#18507).
- Option alias fixes.
- Fix alias to struct ptr on struct init.
- Sumtypes can no longer hold references.
- Fix a bug checking generic closures.
- A hard to reach limit of 1 million iterations for resolving all generics.
- Fix missing check for unwrapped shift operation.
- Fix enum max value validation.
- Add a missing mutability check for
array.delete
calls. - Disallow
_ = <- quit
. - Disallow type matching with primitive vars.
- Warning instead of error for unnecessary brackets in if/match.
- Include import aliases when checking for import duplicates.
- Fix infering generic array type in nested call.
- Allow casted
enum val
andconst
as fixed array size. - Disallow multiple return values in const declarations.
- Fix contains() with array of interfaces.
- Disallow mut for blank idents.
Standard library
- json: Enum value string serialization supports
[json:'alias']
to change its string values. - Struct fields can now be skipped during JSON/ORM serialization via
[json:'-']
and[sql:'-']
,
in addition to[skip]
. This allows having custom behavior for different serialization methods. - builtin: heap usage API (gc_memory_use() and gc_heap_usage())
- math.big: refactoring, gcd fixes/improvements, overflow fixes,
mod_inverse
. - flag: fix finalize with multiple shortargs.
- runtime: add new functions total_memory/0 and free_memory/0.
- time: small cleanup of parse_iso8601 comments, make the C.strftime declaration forwards compatible
- stbi: allow customization of number of channels in
stbi.load()
. - stbi: add a
resize_uint8
function for resizing images in memory. - time, x.json2: improve iso8601 time decoding.
- builtin: zero out internal map/array pointers on m.free(), to reduce the work for the GC
mark phase for non escaping maps/arrays, used in hot loops. - time: add more detailed error descriptions, add custom format parsing with time.parse_format.
- sync: add Mutex.destroy and RwMutex.destroy methods.
- datatypes: add Bloom filter.
- rand: add missing rand.u16(), update doc comments, add test.
- builtin: speed up string methods with vmemcpy instead of
for
loop for copying data.
Web
- The builtin websocket library is now thread safe.
- Enhanced builtin csrf protection in vweb.
- vweb: ability to set and get values on vweb.Context.
- vweb: support for host specific static files.
- vweb: host option added to controller, and a new host attribute.
- vweb: middleware docs improved; same with docs for
[vweb_global]
andshared
. - vweb: return 404 on file not found.
- net.http: copy IANA's list of methods to the http.Method enum.
- net.conv: use a pure V implementation instead of C.hton etc.
- net.html:
get_tag()
methods to find first tag occurrence. - net.html: fixed text parsing for inline tags.
- net.html: fix parsing of nested quoted strings in code tags.
- picoev: FreeBSD support.
ORM
- Fixed a foreign key bug that could result in an extra insert.
- Comptime bug with
[skip]
and[sql:'-']
fixed. - Checker error for unsupported field types.
- Allow structs without the id field, more flexible primary keys.
- Improved docs and examples.
- Uninitialized structs are no longer inserted into related tables.
Database drivers
- mysql: TIMESTAMP support.
- mysql: allocate memory for each string and blob dynamically depending on its value length.
- mysql: add the ability to commit transactions.
Native backend
- Refactoring, splitting large files into multiple.
C backend
- Fix code generation for generic unions.
- Fix
[N]chan
(fixed arrays of channels). - Fix nested fixed array instantiation.
- Fix fixed array of map.
- Fix stringification of usize struct fields (before, they were treated as 32 bit signed numbers).
Comptime
- A new
$res
comptime function to get returned value in defer block (#18382). - Fix comptimeselector option propagation.
- A mutability check for comptime assignments.
- Fix comptime assigning to sumtype or indexexpr.
- Make comptime calls work with or-block.
Tools
- A new VPM site: vpm.vlang.io. A better design, discoverability of packages, descriptions, most downloaded packages etc.
- vpm: installation of mixed modules.
v ls --install -p D:\path\vls.exe
to install a local vls executable.- vdoc: highlight comments with gray color.
- vet: allow vetting files with global variables.
- Make util.launch_tool/3 more robust, by recompiling V tools always in a known current working folder.