/
research.html
223 lines (193 loc) · 17.7 KB
/
research.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<meta name="description" content="The site is intended as a free educational resource about the frontiers of galaxy formation." />
<meta name="keywords" content="furlanetto, research, cosmic dawn, first galaxies, first stars, population 3, cosmology" />
<meta name="author" content="Erika Hoffman" />
<title>Furlanetto Research Group</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css" />
<link rel="icon" href="images/galaxy_icon_d.png">
</head>
<body>
<div class="grid_1">
<! TOP NAVIGATION !>
<header>
<nav class="navbar" style="grid-row:1;">
<a href="research.html"><h1 class="main-header">Furlanetto Research Group</h1></a>
</nav>
<nav class="navbar" style="grid-row:1;">
<ul style="padding-top: 27px; ">
<li class="current"><a href="research.html"><span class="bold">Research Overview</span></a></li>
<li><a href="group_members.html"><span class="bold">Group Members</span></a></li>
<li><a href="collaborations.html"><span class="bold">Collaborations</span></a></li>
<li><a href="codes_and_tools.html"><span class="bold">Codes and Tools</span></a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
<div class="glos">
<ul>
<li>
<! THE DROPDOWN MENU !>
<div class="dropdown">
<button class="dropbtn">
Back to Cosmic Dawn
</button>
<div class="dropdown-content">
<a href="index.html">Home</a>
<a href="dark_ages.html" class="dark_head">The Dark Ages</a>
<a href="big_bang_cmb.html" class="dark_cont">The Big Bang</a>
<a href="cosmic_web.html" class="dark_cont">The Cosmic Web</a>
<a href="exotic_physics.html" class="dark_cont">Exotic Physics</a>
<a href="cosmic_dawn_1.html" class="cd_1_head">Era of the First Stars</a>
<a href="first_stars.html" class="cd_1_cont">The First Stars</a>
<a href="first_black_holes.html" class="cd_1_cont">The First Black Holes</a>
<a href="light_fills_the_universe.html" class="cd_1_cont">Light Fills the Universe</a>
<a href="spin_flip.html" class="cd_1_cont">The Spin-Flip Backgound</a>
<a href="cosmic_dawn_2.html" class="cd_2_head">Era of First Galaxies</a>
<a href="first_galaxies.html" class="cd_2_cont">The First Galaxies</a>
<a href="larger_galaxies.html" class="cd_2_cont">Larger and Larger Galaxies</a>
<a href="epoch_of_reionization.html" class="cd_2_cont">Epoch of Reionization</a>
<a href="later_universe.html" class="later_head">The Later Universe</a>
<a href="cosmic_noon.html" class="later_cont">Galaxies at Cosmic Noon</a>
<a href="our_galaxy.html" class="later_cont">Our Galaxy: The Milky Way</a>
<a href="observations.html" class="obs_head">Obervations Overview</a>
<a href="radio_telescopes.html" class="obs_cont">Radio Telescopes</a>
<a href="lunar_telescopes.html" class="obs_cont">Lunar Radio Telescopes</a>
<a href="space_telescopes.html" class="obs_cont">Space Telescopes</a>
<a href="infrared_telescopes.html" class="obs_cont">Ground-Based Near-Infrared Telescopes</a>
<a href="other_telescopes.html" class="obs_cont">Other Telescopes</a>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="dropdown">
<button class="dropbtn">Research</button>
<div class="dropdown-content">
<a href="research.html">Research Overview</a>
<a href="group_members.html">Group Members</a>
<a href="collaborations.html">Collaborations</a>
<a href="codes_and_tools.html">Codes and Tools</a>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li><a href="glossary.html" class="dropbtn">Glossary</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</header>
<! MAIN IMAGE AND TEXT !>
<div class="page_title">OUR RESEARCH</div>
<div class="page_summary">
<div class="box" style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);">
The Furlanetto research group at UCLA primarily studies the first stars, black holes, and galaxies to form in our Universe, as well as the effects they have on their surroundings and the ways in which astronomers can observe them. The group uses theoretical tools to model these early luminous sources and to understand how observations can constrain their properties.
<br /><br />The Furlanetto group is part of several collaborations to observe the early Universe, including the <a href="http://reionization.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA)</a>, the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu/faculty/burns/ness" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Network for Exploration and Space Science (NESS)</a>, the PRIMER survey for distant galaxies with the <a href="https://www.jwst.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">James Webb Space Telescope</a>, and the EXPO team to support the <a href="https://roman.gsfc.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Nancy Grace Roman Telescope</a>.
</div>
</div>
<div class="img_cred">
<br /> A computer simulation of structures emerging during cosmic reionization. The blue shows the largest connected ionized bubble to grow in the simulation, while the red shows other ionized bubbles.
<br />Image Credit: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw104" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">From Furlanetto & Oh (2016)</a>
</div>
<section class="page" style="background-image: url('images/research_pic.jpeg'); filter: brightness(70%); background-attachment:;">
<div class="scale">
</div>
</section>
<! PAGE BEFORE / PAGE AFTER NAVIGATION >
<section class="page_nav">
<a href=""></a>
<a href="group_members.html" style="float: right;">Next: Group Members</a>
</section>
<! MAIN TEXT !>
<article class="main-col" style="grid-column: 1 / span 19;">
<div class="in_text_header_left" style="grid-row:1; margin:0;">
<h1>Research areas of special interest include the following:</h1>
<p>
(Please note that these are technical descriptions; please see the <a href="index.html">Cosmic Dark to Cosmic Dawn Website</a> for more accessible descriptions!)
</p>
</div>
<div class="in_text_image_left_2" style="background-image:url('images/mebane_snapshot.png'); background-size:contain; background-size:contain;"></div>
<div class="text_right_2">
<h1>The First Stars</h1>
<p>
The first luminous objects in the Universe were exotic "Population III" stars, which likely formed about 50 million years after the Big Bang. The properties of these sources are almost entirely unknown, as they have yet to be observed, but they were likely much more massive than typical stars today. While these stars formed in tiny clumps, their collective effects, including both their radiation backgrounds and the heavy elements they produced, have enormous implications for subsequent generations of structure. The research group focuses on how we can use forthcoming observations - including intensity mapping - to understand their properties.
<br /><br />This figure shows the predicted history of star formation in one of the group's "semi-analytic" models of the first stars and galaxies. The vertical axis shows the star formation rate density (i.e., how rapidly stars form in the Universe, per unit time and volume). The blue and red lines show the contribution from "normal" and Population III star formation, while the black shows the total. The transition between these modes depends on feedback from the first stars and is a key observable of this era.
</p>
<p class="img_cred_body">
Figure: From Mebane et al. (2018)
</p>
</div>
<div class="in_text_image_right_3" style="background-image: url('images/trapp_furr_2020.png'); background-size: contain; background-size: 110%;"></div>
<div class="text_left_3">
<h1>Galaxies at Early Times</h1>
<p>
The first stars were likely transient sources - forming in gas clouds too fragile to sustain star formation over long time periods. But as their host dark matter halos grew, they could eventually hold onto enough gas to sustain star formation over long timescales -- or in other words become galaxies! These galaxies are in many ways similar to those at later times, but they grow far more rapidly (thanks to the short timescales over which the Universe evolves at early times). The research group is interested in understanding the key properties of these galaxies. What regulates their star formation rate? How do their gas supplies grow? How do they spread heavy elements through the Universe?
<br /><br />The group also uses these galaxy models as a foundation to interpret observations and help optimize future measurements. For example, the figure at right shows predictions for the field-to-field variations in future galaxy surveys due to <i>cosmic variance</i> - the large-scale density fluctuations across the Universe. (The different colored bands show predicted variations for surveys of different sizes, with the narrow orange bands corresponding to the largest.) Incorporating the galaxy model and its predicted variance into galaxy survey improves measurements of the luminosity functions and the environments of the galaxies.
</p>
<p class="img_cred_body">
Figure: From Trapp & Furlanetto (2020)
</p>
</div>
<div class="in_text_image_left_5" style="background-image:url('images/Fur_Oh_2016.png'); background-size:contain; "></div>
<div class="text_right_5">
<h1>Reionization</h1>
<p>
The landmark event of the Cosmic Dawn is reionization, when photons produced by early galaxies escaped into the intergalactic medium (IGM) and ionized all of the hydrogen in the Universe. In the standard picture, ionized bubbles first appeared around the earliest sources, later growing and merging as more and larger galaxies appear. The image here shows a computer model of reionization, with the gray corresponding to neutral gas and the white ionized gas. The ionized bubbles grow rapidly throughout the process.
<br /><br />The Furlanetto group models the reionization era in order to understand how astronomers can use it to learn about galaxies and the early IGM, using a range of models that include analytic, semi-analytic, and "semi-numeric" models. For example, the sizes of the bubbles depend primarily on the overall ionized fraction, but their characteristic scale can also be used to measure the masses of the galaxies driving reionization. The IGM also affects the bubbles by limiting their growth in the late stages, thanks to absorption of ionizing photons by residual neutral gas.
</p>
<p class="img_cred_body">
Figure: From Furlanetto & Oh (2016)
</p>
</div>
<div class="in_text_image_right_7" style="background-image: url('images/Mebane_Mirocha_Fur_2018.png'); background-size: contain;"></div>
<div class="text_left_7">
<h1>The 21-cm Signal</h1>
<p>
One important way astronomers hope to observe the Cosmic Dawn is with the 21-cm hyperfine "spin-flip" line of neutral hydrogen. This is an extraordinarily weak transition, but the Universe has so much hydrogen that it is (in principle!) observable in the early Universe. The Furlanetto group works to understand how observations of this signal can be used to measure the properties of the first stars, black holes, and galaxies.
<br /><br />The accompanying figure shows an example of this process. While the 21-cm signal has not yet been definitively detected, the EDGES collaboration announced a possible measurement in 2018, shown by the light gray in the figure. The signal was surprising relative to expectations: for example, the dashed curve in the figure shows a prediction based on "normal" galaxies. The other curves show a range of predictions incorporating the formation of the first stars (as described above). Including these sources helps match the tentative signal's timing (matching its position along the horizontal axis) and can match the amplitude, but only if the black hole remnants of these stars are exceptionally strong radio emitters. As measurements of the 21-cm signal improve, these kinds of inferences will also become more robust.
</p>
<p class="img_cred_body">
Figure: Mebane, Mirocha, & Furlanetto (2018)
</p>
</div>
<div class="in_text_image_left_9" style="background-image:url('images/Davies_Becker_Fur_2018.png'); background-size:contain; "></div>
<div class="text_right_9">
<h1>The Intergalactic Medium</h1>
<p>
While not typically luminous in its own right, the IGM - the material between galaxies - actually contains most of the matter in the Universe. It also acts as the fuel supply for later generations of galaxies, so it is important to understand its properties. The Furlanetto research group uses analytic and simple numerical models to understand how the intergalactic medium evolves and how we can use it to learn about galaxies.
<br /><br />The figure shows how the properties of the IGM vary in two different models. The left panel shows the ionizing background (denoted by the Greek Γ ), in a model in which the Universe is reionized but has strong fluctuations in the ionizing background. The right panel shows the temperature variations caused by the reionization process. These two models predict very different galaxy populations in regions with substantial quantities of neutral hydrogen, and the Furlanetto group is using galaxy surveys to determine which picture better represents the early Universe.
</p>
<p class="img_cred_body">
Figure: From Davies, Becker, & Furlanetto (2018)
</p>
</div>
</article>
<section class="page_nav">
<a href=""></a>
<a href="group_members.html" style="float: right;">Next: Group Members</a>
</section>
</div>
<div class="grid_2">
<! EXTERNAL LINKS SECTION !>
<section class="links">
<h1>Want to know more?</h1>
<p>
You can learn more about our work in these fields through our publications, which are indexed on <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/search/q=%20author%3A%22furlanetto%2C%20s%22&sort=date%20desc%2C%20bibcode%20desc&p_=0" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">ADS</a> and <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/?searchtype=author&query=Furlanetto%2C+S+R" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">arXiv</a>.
<br />If you really want a deep dive, I recommend the book I wrote with Avi Loeb, <a href="https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691144917/the-first-galaxies-in-the-universe" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i>The First Galaxies in the Universe</i></a>
</p>
</section>
<div class="mission"><span class="bold">Our Mission:</span> <br />The site is intended as a free educational resource about the frontiers of galaxy formation.</div>
<div class="creation">
<div class="creation_top">
<span class="bold">Creation and Funding:</span>
<br />Content and supervision by Professor Steven Furlanetto, website design by Erika Hoffman, funding and support from NASA NESS, NSF, & UCLA Physics and Astronomy.
</div>
<img src="images/nasa_logo.png" class="nasa" />
<img src="images/nasa_ness.png" class="ness" />
<img src="images/NSF_logo.png" class="nsf" />
<img src="images/Bxd_Wht_PhysicsAstronomy_A.svg" class="ucla" />
</div>
<div class="copyright">
Copyright © 2021
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>