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dark_ages.html
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dark_ages.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<meta name="description" content="The site is intended as a free educational resource about the frontiers of galaxy formation." />
<meta name="keywords" content="observatories, telescope, observational astronomy, early universe, cosmic dawn, first galaxies, first stars, population 3, cosmology" />
<meta name="author" content="Erika Hoffman" />
<title>Dark Ages - Cosmic Dark to Cosmic Dawn</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css" />
<link rel="icon" href="images/galaxy_icon_d.png">
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<! ALTERED GRID 1 !>
<div class="grid_1">
<! TOP NAVIGATION !>
<header>
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<a href="index.html"><h1 class="main-header">Cosmic Dark to Cosmic Dawn</h1></a>
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<ul style="padding-top: 27px; ">
<li class="current"><a href="dark_ages.html">What happened during the <span class="bold">Dark Ages?</span></a></li>
<li><a href="cosmic_dawn_1.html">How did the <span class="bold">first stars</span> form?</a></li>
<li><a href="cosmic_dawn_2.html">How did the <span class="bold">first galaxies</span> form?</a></li>
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<a href="dark_ages.html" class="dark_head">The Dark Ages</a>
<a href="big_bang_cmb.html" class="dark_cont">The Big Bang</a>
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<a href="exotic_physics.html" class="dark_cont">Exotic Physics</a>
<a href="cosmic_dawn_1.html" class="cd_1_head">Era of the First Stars</a>
<a href="first_stars.html" class="cd_1_cont">The First Stars</a>
<a href="first_black_holes.html" class="cd_1_cont">The First Black Holes</a>
<a href="light_fills_the_universe.html" class="cd_1_cont">Light Fills the Universe</a>
<a href="spin_flip.html" class="cd_1_cont">The Spin-Flip Backgound</a>
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<a href="epoch_of_reionization.html" class="cd_2_cont">Epoch of Reionization</a>
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<! class="page_title" style=" font-size:5.5vw; margin-top:0; padding:1.5%; grid-row:2; background-color:black;" THE DARK AGES !>
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<h1><a href="big_bang_cmb.html">The Big Bang and Cosmic Microwave Background</a></h1>
<p>
During the first few hundred thousand years of its existence, the Universe was very different from today - but around that time, light called the Cosmic Microwave Background formed, which astronomers can study in detail. This teaches us about these early phases in our Universe's history and sets the stage for structure formation later on.
</p>
<p class="img_cred_body">
Image: 13.7 billion year old temperature fluctuations (+/- 200 microKelvin - shown as color differences) that correspond to the seeds that grew to become the galaxies.
<br />Credit: <a href="https://wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/media/101080/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">NASA / WMAP Science Team</a>
</p>
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<div class="in_text_image_right_3" style="background-image:url('images/cosmic_web_unaltered.jpg'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: cover; margin:0;">
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<div class="text_left_3" style="padding: 6%; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); margin: 0;">
<h1><a href="cosmic_web.html">Spinning the Cosmic Web</a></h1>
<p>
After the cosmic microwave background formed, the Universe expanded "quietly" for tens of millions of years - to a casual observer, very little appeared to be happening: these are the <i>Dark Ages</i> of our Universe's history. But gravity was actually beginning the long process of building the first structures in the Universe along the <i>Cosmic Web</i>.
</p>
<p class="img_cred_body">
Image: A visualization of the cosmic web. Each bright knot is an entire galaxy, while the purple filaments show where material exists between the galaxies.
<br />Credit: <a href="https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10118" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">NASA/NCSA, UIUC, Frank Summers, STScl, Martin White, Lars Hernquist, Harvard</a>
</p>
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<div class="in_text_image_left_5" style="background-image:url(images/cosmic_string.jpg); background-size: 110%; margin: 0;">
</div>
<div class="text_right_5" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .4); margin: 0; padding:6%;">
<h1><a href="exotic_physics.html">Exotic Physics During the Dark Ages</a></h1>
<p>
The simplicity of the Universe at this time has one key advantage for astronomers: any unexpected processes will show up clearly against the simple universe! Thus the Dark Ages offer a unique opportunity to study exotic physics like dark matter and primordial black holes.
</p>
<p class="img_cred_body">
Image: A snapshot of a cosmic string network during the transition from the radiation epoch to the matter epoch.
<br />Credit: <a href="https://wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/media/101080/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">NASA / WMAP Science Team</a>
</p>
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</article>
<! PAGE BEFORE / PAGE AFTER NAVIGATION >
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<a href="index.html">Previous: Home</a>
<a href="big_bang_cmb.html" style="float: right;">Next: The Big Bang and the CMB </a>
</section>
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<div class="mission"><span class="bold">Our Mission:</span> <br />The site is intended as a free educational resource about the frontiers of galaxy formation.</div>
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<span class="bold">Creation and Funding:</span>
<br />Content and supervision by Professor Steven Furlanetto, website design by Erika Hoffman, funding and support from NASA NESS, NSF, & UCLA Physics and Astronomy.
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