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UniversalEnglishGrammaticalRelations.java
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UniversalEnglishGrammaticalRelations.java
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// Universal Stanford Dependencies - Code for producing and using Universal Stanford dependencies.
// Copyright © 2013-2019 The Board of Trustees of
// The Leland Stanford Junior University. All Rights Reserved.
//
// This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
// modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
// as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
// of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
//
// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with this program. If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/ .
//
// For more information, bug reports, fixes, contact:
// Christopher Manning
// Dept of Computer Science, Gates 2A
// Stanford CA 94305-9020
// USA
// parser-support@lists.stanford.edu
// http://nlp.stanford.edu/software/stanford-dependencies.html
package edu.stanford.nlp.trees;
import static edu.stanford.nlp.trees.EnglishPatterns.*;
import edu.stanford.nlp.trees.tregex.TregexPatternCompiler;
import edu.stanford.nlp.util.CollectionUtils;
import edu.stanford.nlp.util.Generics;
import edu.stanford.nlp.international.Language;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReadWriteLock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;
import static edu.stanford.nlp.trees.GrammaticalRelation.*;
/**
* {@code UniversalEnglishGrammaticalRelations} is a
* set of {@link GrammaticalRelation} objects according to the Universal
* Dependencies standard.
* <br>
* Grammatical relations can either be shown in their basic form, where each
* input token receives a relation, or "collapsed" which does certain normalizations
* which group words or turns them into relations. See
* {@link UniversalEnglishGrammaticalStructure}. What is presented here mainly
* shows the basic form, though there is some mixture. The "collapsed" grammatical
* relations primarily differ as follows:
* <ul>
* <li>Some multiword conjunctions and prepositions are treated as single
* words, and then processed as below.</li>
* <li>Prepositions are appended to nmod/acl/advcl
* grammatical relations..</li>
* <li>Coordination markers are appended to "conj"
* grammatical relations.</li>
* <li>Agents of passive sentences are recognized and marked as nmod:agent and not as nmod:by.</li>
* </ul>
* <br>
* This set of English grammatical relations is not intended to be
* exhaustive or immutable. It's just where we're at now.
* <br>
* <br>
* See {@link GrammaticalRelation} for details of fields and matching.
* <br>
* <br>
* If using LexicalizedParser, it should be run with the
* {@code -retainTmpSubcategories} option and one of the
* {@code -splitTMP} options (e.g., {@code -splitTMP 1}) in order to
* get the temporal NP dependencies maximally right!
* <br>
* <i>Implementation notes: </i> Don't change the set of GRs without discussing it
* with people first. If a change is needed, to add a new grammatical relation:
* <ul>
* <li> Governor nodes of the grammatical relations should be the lowest ones.</li>
* <li> Check the semantic head rules in UniversalSemanticHeadFinder and
* ModCollinsHeadFinder, both in the trees package. That's what will be used to
* match here.</li>
* <li> Create and define the GrammaticalRelation similarly to the others.</li>
* <li> Add it to the {@code values} array at the end of the file.</li>
* </ul>
* The patterns in this code assume that an NP may be followed by either a
* -ADV or -TMP functional tag but there are no other functional tags represented.
* This corresponds to what we currently get from NPTmpRetainingTreeNormalizer or
* DependencyTreeTransformer.
*
* @author Bill MacCartney
* @author Marie-Catherine de Marneffe
* @author Christopher Manning
* @author Galen Andrew (refactoring English-specific stuff)
* @author Sebastian Schuster
* @see GrammaticalStructure
* @see GrammaticalRelation
* @see EnglishGrammaticalStructure
* @see <a href="http://universaldependencies.github.io/docs/en/dep/">English grammatical relations documentation</a>
*/
public class UniversalEnglishGrammaticalRelations {
//todo: Things still to fix: comparatives, in order to clauses, automatic Vadas-like NP structure
/** This class is just a holder for static classes
* that act a bit like an enum.
*/
private UniversalEnglishGrammaticalRelations() {}
// By setting the HeadFinder to null, we find out right away at
// runtime if we have incorrectly set the HeadFinder for the
// dependency tregexes
private static final TregexPatternCompiler tregexCompiler = new TregexPatternCompiler((HeadFinder) null);
/**
* The "predicate" grammatical relation. The predicate of a
* clause is the main VP of that clause; the predicate of a
* subject is the predicate of the clause to which the subject
* belongs.
* <br>
* Example: <br>
* "Reagan died" → {@code pred}(Reagan, died)
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation PREDICATE =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "pred", "predicate",
DEPENDENT, "S|SINV", tregexCompiler,
"S|SINV <# VP=target");
/**
* An auxiliary of a clause is a non-main verb of the clause,
* e.g., a modal auxiliary, or a form of be, do or have in a
* periphrastic tense.
* <br>
* Contrary to the older SD and arguments of Pullum (1982) and
* following, infinitive to is not analyzed as an auxiliary.
* Instead, it is analyzed as a mark.
* <br>
* Example: <br>
* "Reagan has died" → {@code aux}(died, has)
* <br>
* For any pattern in AUX_MODIFIER, AUX_PASSIVE_MODIFIER, and COPULA
* where the target is not the verb itself, but rather the enclosing
* constituent, there is a tregex named variable:
* =aux
* Please make sure to maintain this. Those tags are used in
* UniversalPOSMapper to update the tags
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation AUX_MODIFIER =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "aux", "auxiliary",
DEPENDENT, "VP|SQ|SINV|CONJP", tregexCompiler,
"VP=root < VP < (/^(?:MD|VB.*|AUXG?|POS)$/=target) : (=root !<<# =target)",
"SQ|SINV < (/^(?:VB|MD|AUX)/=target $++ /^(?:VP|ADJP)/)",
// add handling of tricky VP fronting cases...
"SINV < (VP=target < (/^(?:VB|AUX|POS)/=aux < " + beAuxiliaryRegex + ") $-- (VP < VBG))");
/**
* The "passive auxiliary" grammatical relation. A passive auxiliary of a
* clause is a
* non-main verb of the clause which contains the passive information.
*
* Example: <br>
* "Kennedy has been killed" → {@code auxpass}(killed, been)
* <br>
* See AUX_MODIFIER for an explanation of the =aux named nodes
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation AUX_PASSIVE_MODIFIER =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "aux:pass", "passive auxiliary",
AUX_MODIFIER, "VP|SQ|SINV", tregexCompiler,
"VP < (/^(?:VB|AUX|POS)/=target < " + passiveAuxWordRegex + " ) < (VP|ADJP [ < VBN|VBD | < (VP|ADJP < VBN|VBD) < CC ] )",
"SQ|SINV < (/^(?:VB|AUX|POS)/=target < " + beAuxiliaryRegex + " $++ (VP < VBD|VBN))",
// add handling of tricky VP fronting cases...
"SINV < (VP=target < (/^(?:VB|AUX|POS)/=aux < " + beAuxiliaryRegex + ") $-- (VP < VBD|VBN))",
"SINV < (VP=target < (VP < (/^(?:VB|AUX|POS)/=aux < " + beAuxiliaryRegex + ")) $-- (VP < VBD|VBN))");
/**
* The "copula" grammatical relation. A copula is the relation between
* the complement of a copular verb and the copular verb.
* <br>
* Examples: <br>
* "Bill is big" → {@code cop}(big, is) <br>
* "Bill is an honest man" → {@code cop}(man, is)
* <br>
* See AUX_MODIFIER for an explanation of the =aux named nodes
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation COPULA =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "cop", "copula",
AUX_MODIFIER, "VP|SQ|SINV|SBARQ", tregexCompiler,
"VP < (/^(?:VB|AUX)/=target < " + copularWordRegex + " [ $++ (/^(?:ADJP|NP$|WHNP$|PP|UCP)/ !< (VBN|VBD !$++ /^N/)) | $++ (S <: (ADJP < JJ)) ] )",
"SQ|SINV < (/^(?:VB|AUX)/=target < " + copularWordRegex + " [ $++ (ADJP !< VBN|VBD) | $++ (NP $++ NP) | $++ (S <: (ADJP < JJ)) ] )",
// matches (what, is) in "what is that" after the SQ has been flattened out of the tree
"SBARQ < (/^(?:VB|AUX)/=target < " + copularWordRegex + ") < (WHNP < WP)",
// "Such a great idea this was"
"SINV <# (NP $++ (NP $++ (VP=target < (/^(?:VB|AUX)/=aux < " + copularWordRegex + "))))");
/**
* The "conjunct" grammatical relation. A conjunct is the relation between
* two elements connected by a conjunction word. We treat conjunctions
* asymmetrically: The head of the relation is the first conjunct and other
* conjunctions depend on it via the <i>conj</i> relation.
* <br>
* Example: <br>
* "Bill is big and honest" → {@code conj}(big, honest)
* <br>
* <i>Note:</i>Modified in 2010 to exclude the case of a CC/CONJP first in its phrase: it has to conjoin things.
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation CONJUNCT =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "conj", "conjunct",
DEPENDENT, "VP|(?:WH)?NP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|ADJP|PP|QP|ADVP|UCP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|S|NX|SBAR|SBARQ|SINV|SQ|JJP|NML|RRC|PCONJP", tregexCompiler,
"VP|S|SBAR|SBARQ|SINV|SQ|RRC < (CC|CONJP $-- !/^(?:``|-LRB-|PRN|PP|ADVP|RB|MWE)/ $+ !/^(?:SBAR|PRN|``|''|-[LR]RB-|,|:|\\.)$/=target)",
// This case is separated out from the previous case to
// avoid conflicts with advcl when you have phrases such as
// "but only because ..."
"SBAR < (CC|CONJP $-- @SBAR $+ @SBAR=target)",
// non-parenthetical or comma in suitable phrase with conj then adverb to left
"VP|S|SBAR|SBARQ|SINV|SQ|RRC < (CC|CONJP $-- !/^(?:``|-LRB-|PRN|PP|ADVP|RB)/ $+ (ADVP $+ !/^(?:PRN|``|''|-[LR]RB-|,|:|\\.)$/=target))",
// content phrase to the right of a comma or a parenthetical
// The test at the end is to make sure that a conjunction or
// comma etc actually show up between the target of the conj
// dependency and the head of the phrase. Otherwise, a
// different relationship is probably more appropriate.
// Note that this test looks for one of two things: a
// cc/conjp which does not have a , between it and the
// target or a , which does not appear to the right of a
// cc/conjp. This test eliminates things such as
// parenthetics which come after a list, such as in the
// sentence "to see the market go down and dump everything,
// which ..." where "go down and dump everything, which..."
// is all in one VP node.
"VP|S|SBAR|SBARQ|SINV|SQ=root < (CC|CONJP $-- !/^(?:``|-LRB-|PRN|PP|ADVP|RB)/) < (/^(?:PRN|``|''|-[LR]RB-|,|:|\\.)$/ $+ (/^S|SINV$|^(?:A|N|V|PP|PRP|J|W|R)/=target [$-- (CC|CONJP $-- (__ ># =root) !$++ (/^:|,$/ $++ =target)) | $-- (/^:|,$/ $-- (__ ># =root) [!$-- /^CC|CONJP$/ | $++ (=target < (/^,$/ $++ (__ ># =target)))])] ) )",
// non-parenthetical or comma in suitable phrase with conjunction to left
"/^(?:ADJP|JJP|PP|QP|(?:WH)?NP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|ADVP|UCP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|NX|NML)$/ [ < (CC|CONJP $-- !/^(?:``|-LRB-|PRN)$/ $+ !/^(?:PRN|``|''|-[LR]RB-|,|:|\\.)$/=target) | < " + ETC_PAT_target + " | < " + FW_ETC_PAT_target + "]",
// non-parenthetical or comma in suitable phrase with conj then adverb to left
"/^(?:ADJP|PP|(?:WH)?NP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|ADVP|UCP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|NX|NML)$/ < (CC|CONJP $-- !/^(?:``|-LRB-|PRN)$/ $+ (ADVP $+ !/^(?:PRN|``|''|-[LR]RB-|,|:|\\.)$/=target))",
// content phrase to the right of a comma or a parenthetical
"/^(?:ADJP|PP|(?:WH)?NP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|ADVP|UCP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|NX|NML)$/ [ < (CC|CONJP $-- !/^(?:``|-LRB-|PRN)$/) | < " + ETC_PAT + " | < " + FW_ETC_PAT + "] < (/^(?:PRN|``|''|-[LR]RB-|,|:|\\.)$/ [ $+ /^S|SINV$|^(?:A|N|V|PP|PRP|J|W|R)/=target | $+ " + ETC_PAT_target + " ] )",
// content phrase to the left of a comma for at least NX
"NX|NML [ < (CC|CONJP $- __) | < " + ETC_PAT + "] < (/^,$/ $- /^(?:A|N|V|PP|PRP|J|W|R|S)/=target)",
// to take the conjunct in a preconjunct structure "either X or Y"
// also catches some missing examples of etc as conj
"/^(?:VP|S|SBAR|SBARQ|SINV|ADJP|PP|QP|(?:WH)?NP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|ADVP|UCP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|NX|NML)$/ [ < (CC $++ (CC|CONJP $+ !/^(?:PRN|``|''|-[LR]RB-|,|:|\\.)$/=target)) | <- " + ETC_PAT_target + " | <- " + FW_ETC_PAT_target + " ]",
// transformed prepositional conjunction phrase in sentence such as
// "Lufthansa flies from and to Serbia."
"PCONJP < (CC $+ IN|TO=target)",
//to get conjunctions in phrases such as "big / main" or "man / woman"
"/.*/ < (/^(.*)$/#1%x $+ (/,/ < /\\// $+ /^(.*)$/#1%x=target))");
/**
* The "coordination" grammatical relation. A coordination is the relation
* between an element and a conjunction.
* <br>
* Example: <br>
* "Bill is big and honest." → {@code cc}(big, and)
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation COORDINATION =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "cc", "coordination",
DEPENDENT, ".*", tregexCompiler,
"/^(?!MWE).*$/ ([ < (CC=target !< /^(?i:either|neither|both)$/ ) | < (CONJP=target !< (RB < /^(?i:not)$/ $+ (RB|JJ < /^(?i:only|just|merely)$/))) ] [!> /PP/ | !>2 NP])");
/**
* The "punctuation" grammatical relation. This is used for any piece of
* punctuation in a clause, if punctuation is being retained in the
* typed dependencies.
* <br>
* Example: <br>
* "Go home!" → {@code punct}(Go, !)
* <br>
* The condition for NFP to appear hear is that it does not match the emoticon patterns under discourse.
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation PUNCTUATION =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "punct", "punctuation",
DEPENDENT, ".*", tregexCompiler,
"__ < /^(?:\\.|:|,|''|``|\\*|-LRB-|-RRB-|HYPH)$/=target",
"__ < (NFP=target !< " + WESTERN_SMILEY + " !< " + ASIAN_SMILEY + ")");
/**
* The "argument" grammatical relation. An argument of a VP is a
* subject or complement of that VP; an argument of a clause is
* an argument of the VP which is the predicate of that
* clause.
* <br>
* Example: <br>
* "Clinton defeated Dole" → {@code arg}(defeated, Clinton), {@code arg}(defeated, Dole)
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation ARGUMENT =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "arg", "argument", DEPENDENT);
/**
* The "subject" grammatical relation. The subject of a VP is
* the noun or clause that performs or experiences the VP; the
* subject of a clause is the subject of the VP which is the
* predicate of that clause.
* <br>
* Examples: <br>
* "Clinton defeated Dole" → {@code subj}(defeated, Clinton) <br>
* "What she said is untrue" → {@code subj}(is, What she said)
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation SUBJECT =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "subj", "subject", ARGUMENT);
/**
* The "nominal subject" grammatical relation. A nominal subject is
* a subject which is an noun phrase.
* <br>
* Example: <br>
* "Clinton defeated Dole" → {@code nsubj}(defeated, Clinton)
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation NOMINAL_SUBJECT =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "nsubj", "nominal subject",
SUBJECT, "S|SQ|SBARQ|SINV|SBAR|PRN", tregexCompiler,
"S=subj < ((NP|WHNP=target !< EX !<# (/^NN/ < (" + timeWordRegex + "))) $++ VP=verb) : (=subj !> VP | !<< (=verb < TO))",
"S < ( NP=target <# (/^NN/ < " + timeWordRegex + ") !$++ NP $++VP)",
"SQ|PRN < (NP=target !< EX $++ VP)",
"SQ < (NP=target !< EX $- (/^(?:VB|AUX)/ < " + copularWordRegex + ") !$++ VP)",
// Allows us to match "Does it?" without matching "Who does it?"
"SQ < (NP=target !< EX $- /^(?:VB|AUX)/ !$++ VP) !$-- NP|WHNP",
"SQ < ((NP=target !< EX) $- (RB $- /^(?:VB|AUX)/) ![$++ VP])",
"SBARQ < WHNP=target < (SQ < (VP !$-- NP))",
// This will capture incorrectly parsed trees in sentences
// such as "What disease causes cancer" without capturing
// correctly parsed trees such as "What do elephants eat?"
"SBARQ < WHNP=target < (SQ < ((/^(?:VB)/ !< " + copularWordRegex + ") !$-- NP !$++ VP))",
"SBARQ < (SQ=target < (/^(?:VB|AUX)/ < " + copularWordRegex + ") !< VP)",
// matches subj in SINV
"SINV < (NP|WHNP=target [ $- VP|VBZ|VBD|VBP|VB|MD|AUX | $- (@RB|ADVP $- VP|VBZ|VBD|VBP|VB|MD|AUX) | !$- __ !$ @NP] )",
// Another SINV subj, such as "Such a great idea this was"
"SINV < (NP $++ (NP=target $++ (VP < (/^(?:VB|AUX)/ < " + copularWordRegex + "))))",
//matches subj in xcomp like "He considered him a friend"
"S < (NP=target $+ NP|ADJP) > VP",
// matches subj in relative clauses
"SBAR < WHNP=target [ < (S < (VP !$-- NP) !< SBAR) | < (VP !$-- NP) !< S ]", // second disjunct matches errors where there is no S under SBAR and otherwise does no harm
// matches subj in relative clauses
"SBAR !< WHNP < (S !< (NP $++ VP)) > (VP > (S $- WHNP=target))",
// matches subj in existential "there" SQ
"SQ < ((NP < EX) $++ NP=target)",
// matches subj in existential "there" S
"S < (NP < EX) <+(VP) (VP < NP=target)",
// matches (what, that) in "what is that" after the SQ has been flattened out of the tree
"SBARQ < (/^(?:VB|AUX)/ < " + copularWordRegex + ") < (WHNP < WP) < NP=target",
// matches (what, wrong) in "what is wrong with ..." after the SQ has been flattened out of the tree
// note that in that case "wrong" is taken as the head thanks to UniversalSemanticHeadFinder hackery
// The !$++ matches against (what, worth) in What is UAL stock worth?
"SBARQ < (WHNP=target $++ ((/^(?:VB|AUX)/ < " + copularWordRegex + ") $++ ADJP=adj !$++ (NP $++ =adj)))",
// the (NP < EX) matches (is, WHNP) in "what dignity is there in ..."
// the PP matches (is, WHNP) in "what is on the test"
"SBARQ <1 WHNP=target < (SQ < (/^(?:VB|AUX)/ < " + copularWordRegex + ") [< (NP < EX) | < PP])");
/**
* The "nominal passive subject" grammatical relation. A nominal passive
* subject is a subject of a passive which is an noun phrase.
* <br>
* Example: <br>
* "Dole was defeated by Clinton" → {@code nsubjpass}(defeated, Dole)
* <br>
* This pattern recognizes basic (non-coordinated) examples. The coordinated
* examples are currently handled by correctDependencies() in
* EnglishGrammaticalStructure. This seemed more accurate than any tregex
* expression we could come up with.
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation NOMINAL_PASSIVE_SUBJECT =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "nsubj:pass", "nominal passive subject",
NOMINAL_SUBJECT, "S|SQ", tregexCompiler,
"S|SQ < (WHNP|NP=target !< EX) < (VP < (/^(?:VB|AUX)/ < " + passiveAuxWordRegex + ") < (VP < VBN|VBD))");
/**
* The "clausal subject" grammatical relation. A clausal subject is
* a subject which is a clause.
* <br>
* Examples: (subject is "what she said" in both examples) <br>
* "What she said makes sense" → {@code csubj}(makes, said) <br>
* "What she said is untrue" → {@code csubj}(untrue, said)
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation CLAUSAL_SUBJECT =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "csubj", "clausal subject",
SUBJECT, "S", tregexCompiler,
"S < (SBAR|S=target !$+ /^,$/ $++ (VP !$-- NP))");
/**
* The "clausal passive subject" grammatical relation. A clausal passive subject is
* a subject of a passive verb which is a clause.
* <br>
* Example: (subject is "that she lied") <br>
* "That she lied was suspected by everyone" → {@code csubjpass}(suspected, lied)
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation CLAUSAL_PASSIVE_SUBJECT =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "csubj:pass", "clausal passive subject",
CLAUSAL_SUBJECT, "S", tregexCompiler,
"S < (SBAR|S=target !$+ /^,$/ $++ (VP < (VP < VBN|VBD) < (/^(?:VB|AUXG?)/ < " + passiveAuxWordRegex + ") !$-- NP))",
"S < (SBAR|S=target !$+ /^,$/ $++ (VP <+(VP) (VP < VBN|VBD > (VP < (/^(?:VB|AUX)/ < " + passiveAuxWordRegex + "))) !$-- NP))");
/**
* The "complement" grammatical relation. A complement of a VP
* is any object (direct or indirect) of that VP, or a clause or
* adjectival phrase which functions like an object; a complement
* of a clause is an complement of the VP which is the predicate
* of that clause.
* <br>
* Examples: <br>
* "She gave me a raise" →
* {@code comp}(gave, me),
* {@code comp}(gave, a raise) <br>
* "I like to swim" →
* {@code comp}(like, to swim)
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation COMPLEMENT =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "comp", "complement", ARGUMENT);
/**
* The "direct object" grammatical relation. The direct object
* of a verb is the noun phrase which is the (accusative) object of
* the verb; the direct object of a clause or VP is the direct object of
* the head predicate of that clause.
* <br>
* Example: <br>
* "She gave me a raise" →
* {@code obj}(gave, raise) <br>
* Note that obj can also be assigned by the conversion of rel in the postprocessing.
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation DIRECT_OBJECT =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "obj", "direct object",
COMPLEMENT, "VP|SQ|SBARQ?", tregexCompiler,
"VP !< (/^(?:VB|AUX)/ [ < " + copularWordRegex + " | < " + clausalComplementRegex + " ]) < (NP|WHNP=target [ [ !<# (/^NN/ < " + timeWordRegex + ") !$+ NP ] | $+ NP-TMP | $+ (NP <# (/^NN/ < " + timeWordRegex + ")) ] ) " +
// The next qualification eliminates parentheticals that
// come after the actual obj
" <# (__ !$++ (NP $++ (/^[:]$/ $++ =target))) ",
// Examples such as "Rolls-Royce expects sales to remain steady"
"VP < (S < (NP|WHNP=target $++ (VP < TO)))",
// This matches rare cases of misparses, such as "What
// disease causes cancer?" where the "causes" does not get a
// surrounding VP. Hopefully it does so without overlapping
// any other dependencies.
"SQ < (/^(?:VB)/=verb !< " + copularWordRegex + ") $-- WHNP !< VP !< (/^(?:VB)/ ! == =verb) < (NP|WHNP=target [ [ !<# (/^NN/ < " + timeWordRegex + ") !$+ NP ] | $+ NP-TMP | $+ (NP <# (/^NN/ < " + timeWordRegex + ")) ] )",
// The rule for Wh-questions
// cdm Jul 2010: No longer require WHNP as first child of SBARQ below: often not because of adverbials, quotes, etc., and removing restriction does no harm
// this next pattern used to assume no empty NPs. Corrected.
// One could require the VP at the end of the <+ to also be !< (/^(?:VB|AUX)/ $. SBAR) . This would be right for complement SBAR, but often avoids good matches for adverbial SBAR. Adding it kills 4 good matches for avoiding 2 wrong matches on sum of TB3-train and EWT
"SBARQ < (WHNP=target !< WRB !<# (/^NN/ < " + timeWordRegex + ")) <+(SQ|SINV|S|VP) (VP !< NP|TO !< (S < (VP < TO)) !< (/^(?:VB|AUX)/ < " + copularWordRegex + " $++ (VP < VBN|VBD)) !< (PP <: IN|TO) $-- (NP !< /^-NONE-$/))",
// matches direct object in relative clauses with relative pronoun "I saw the book that you bought". Seems okay. If this is changed, also change the pattern for "rel"
// TODO: this can occasionally produce incorrect dependencies, such as the sentence
// "with the way which his split-fingered fastball is behaving"
// eg take a tree where the verb doesn't have an object
"SBAR < (WHNP=target !< WRB) < (S < NP < (VP !< SBAR !<+(VP) (PP <- IN|TO) !< (S < (VP < TO))))",
// // matches direct object for long dependencies in relative clause without explicit relative pronouns
// "SBAR !< (WHPP|WHNP|WHADVP) < (S < (@NP $++ (VP !< (/^(?:VB|AUX)/ < " + copularWordRegex + " !$+ VP) !<+(VP) (/^(?:VB|AUX)/ < " + copularWordRegex + " $+ (VP < VBN|VBD)) !<+(VP) NP !< SBAR !<+(VP) (PP <- IN|TO)))) !$-- CC $-- NP > NP=target " +
// // avoid conflicts with rcmod. TODO: we could look for
// // empty nodes in this kind of structure and use that to
// // find obj, tmod, advmod, etc. won't help the parser,
// // of course, but will help when converting a treebank
// // which contains empties
// // Example: "with the way his split-fingered fastball is behaving"
// "!($-- @NP|WHNP|NML > @NP|WHNP <: (S !< (VP < TO)))",
// If there was an NP between the WHNP and the ADJP, we want
// that NP to have the nsubj relation, and the WHNP is either
// a obj or a pobj instead. For example, dobj(What, worth)
// in "What is UAL stock worth?"
"SBARQ < (WHNP=target $++ ((/^(?:VB|AUX)/ < " + copularWordRegex + ") $++ (ADJP=adj !< (PP !< NP)) $++ (NP $++ =adj)))"
// Now allow $++ in main pattern above so don't need this.
// "SBAR !< (WHPP|WHNP|WHADVP) < (S < (@NP $+ (ADVP $+ (VP !< (/^(?:VB|AUX)/ < " + copularWordRegex + " !$+ VP) !<+(VP) (/^(?:VB|AUX)/ < " + copularWordRegex + " $+ (VP < VBN|VBD)) !<+(VP) NP !< SBAR !<+(VP) (PP <- IN|TO))))) !$-- CC $-- NP > NP=target"
// Excluding BE doesn't allow cases of NP-PRD followed by NP-TMP or NP-LOC like "These are Europeans next door."
// Doc said: case with an iobj before dobj as two regular NPs. (This won't match if second one is explicitly NP-TMP.) But basic case covers this case. Does nothing.
// "VP < (NP $+ (NP|WHNP=target !< (/^NN/ < " + timeWordLotRegex + "))) !<(/^(?:VB|AUX)/ < " + copularWordRegex + ")", // this time one also included "lot"
// Doc said: match "give it next week". CDM 2013: I think this was put in to handle parse errors where the 2 NPs of a ditransitive were grouped into 1. But it is in principle wrong, and including it seems to be a no-op on TB3 WSJ. So exclude for now.
// "VP < (NP < (NP $+ (/^(NP|WHNP)$/=target !< (/^NN/ < " + timeWordLotRegex + "))))!< (/^(?:VB|AUX)/ < " + copularWordRegex + ")", // this time one also included "lot"
// Doc said: matches direct object in relative clauses "I saw the book that you said you bought". But it didn't seem to determine anything.
// This was various attempts at handling a long distance dependency, but that doesn't work; now handled through rel mechanism.
// "SBAR !< WHNP|WHADVP < (S < (@NP $++ (VP !$++ NP))) > (VP > (S < NP $- WHNP=target))",
// "SBAR !< WHNP|WHADVP|IN < (S < @NP < (VP !< (NP !<<# " + timeWordRegex + "))) > (VP > (S < NP $- WHNP=target))",
// "S < (@NP !< /^-NONE-$/) <+(VP) (VP !< (@NP !< /^-NONE-$/ < (/^VB/ !< " + copularWordRegex + ")) !< CONJP|CC|SBAR) > (@SBAR !< @WHNP|WHADVP $- /^VB/ >+(VP|S|SBAR) (S < (@NP !< /^-NONE-$/ !<<# " + timeWordRegex + ") $- (@WHNP=target !< /^-NONE-$/ !<# WRB)))",
// we now don't match "VBG > PP $+ NP=target", since it seems better to CM to regard these quasi preposition uses (like "including soya") as prepositions rather than verbs with objects -- that's certainly what the phrase structure at least suggests in the PTB. They're now matched as pobj
);
/**
* The "indirect object" grammatical relation. The indirect
* object of a VP is the noun phrase which is the (dative) object
* of the verb; the indirect object of a clause is the indirect
* object of the VP which is the predicate of that clause.
* <br>
* Example: <br>
* "She gave me a raise" →
* {@code iobj}(gave, me)
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation INDIRECT_OBJECT =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "iobj", "indirect object",
COMPLEMENT, "VP", tregexCompiler,
"VP < (NP=target !< /\\$/ !<# (/^NN/ < " + timeWordRegex + ") $+ (NP !<# (/^NN/ < " + timeWordRegex + ")))",
// this next one was meant to fix common mistakes of our parser, but is perhaps too dangerous to keep
// excluding selfRegex leaves out phrases such as "I cooked dinner myself"
// excluding DT leaves out phrases such as "My dog ate it all""
"VP < (NP=target < (NP !< /\\$/ $++ (NP !<: (PRP < " + selfRegex + ") !<: DT !< (/^NN/ < " + timeWordLotRegex + ")) !$ CC|CONJP !$ /^,$/ !$++ /^:$/))");
/**
* The "clausal complement" grammatical relation. A clausal complement of
* a verb or adjective is a dependent clause with an internal subject which
* functions like an object of the verb, or adjective. Clausal complements
* for nouns are limited to complement clauses with a subset of nouns
* like "fact" or "report". We analyze them the same (parallel to the
* analysis of this class as "content clauses" in Huddleston and Pullum 2002).
* Clausal complements are usually finite (though there
* are occasional exceptions including remnant English subjunctives, and we
* also classify the complement of causative "have" (She had him arrested)
* in this category.
* <br>
* Example: <br>
* "He says that you like to swim" →
* {@code ccomp}(says, like) <br>
* "I am certain that he did it" →
* {@code ccomp}(certain, did) <br>
* "I admire the fact that you are honest" →
* {@code ccomp}(fact, honest)
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation CLAUSAL_COMPLEMENT =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "ccomp", "clausal complement",
COMPLEMENT, "VP|SINV|S|ADJP|ADVP|NP(?:-.*)?", tregexCompiler,
// Weird case of verbs with direct S complement that is not an infinitive or participle
// ("I saw [him take the cake].", "making [him go crazy]")
"VP < (S=target < (VP !<, TO|VBG|VBN) !$-- NP)",
// the canonical case of a SBAR[that] with an overt "that" or "whether"
"VP < (SBAR=target < (S <+(S) VP) <, (IN|DT < /^(?i:that|whether)$/))",
// Conjoined SBAR otherwise in the canonical case
"VP < (SBAR=target < (SBAR < (S <+(S) VP) <, (IN|DT < /^(?i:that|whether)$/)) < CC|CONJP)",
// This finds most ccomp SBAR[that] with omission of that, but only ones without dobj
"VP < (SBAR=target < (S < VP) !$-- NP !<, (IN|WHADVP) !<2 (IN|WHADVP $- ADVP|RB))",
// Find ccomp SBAR[that] after dobj for clear marker verbs
"VP < (/^V/ < " + ccompObjVerbRegex + ") < (SBAR=target < (S < VP) $-- NP !<, (IN|WHADVP) !<2 (IN|WHADVP $- ADVP|RB))",
"VP < (SBAR=target < (S < VP) !$-- NP <, (WHADVP < (WRB < /^(?i:how)$/)))",
"VP < @SBARQ=target", // Direct question: She asked "Who is in trouble"
"VP < (/^VB/ < " + haveRegex + ") < (S=target < @NP < VP)",
// !$-- @SBAR|S handles cases where the answer to the question
// "What do they ccompVerb?"
// is already answered by a different node
// the ccompObjVerbRegex/NP test distinguishes "He told me why ..."
// vs "They know my order when ..."
"VP < (@SBAR=target !$-- @SBAR|S !$-- /^:$/ [ == @SBAR=sbar | <# @SBAR=sbar ] ) < (/^V/ < " + ccompVerbRegex + ") [ < (/^V/ < " + ccompObjVerbRegex + ") | < (=target !$-- NP) ] : (=sbar < (WHADVP|WHNP < (WRB !< /^(?i:how)$/) !$-- /^(?!RB|ADVP).*$/) !< (S < (VP < TO)))",
// to find "...", he said or "...?" he asked.
// We eliminate conflicts with conj by looking for CC
// Matching against "!< (VP < TO|VBG|VBN)" matches against vmod
// "!< (VP <1 (VP [ <1 VBG|VBN | <2 (VBG|VBN $-- ADVP) ])))" also matches against vmod
"@S|SINV < (@S|SBARQ=target $+ /^(,|\\.|'')$/ !$- /^(?:CC|CONJP|:)$/ !$- (/^(?:,)$/ $- CC|CONJP) !< (VP < TO|VBG|VBN) !< (VP <1 (VP [ <1 VBG|VBN | <2 (VBG|VBN $-- ADVP) ]))) !< (@S !== =target $++ =target !$++ @CC|CONJP)",
// ADVP is things like "As long as they spend ..."
// < WHNP captures phrases such as "no matter what", "no matter how", etc
"ADVP < (SBAR=target [ < WHNP | ( < (IN < /^(?i:as|that)/) < (S < (VP !< TO))) ])",
"ADJP < (SBAR=target !< (IN < as) < S)", // ADJP is things like "sure (that) he'll lose" or for/to ones or object of comparison with than "than we were led to expect"; Leave aside as in "as clever as we thought.
// That ... he know
"S <, (SBAR=target <, (IN < /^(?i:that|whether)$/) !$+ VP)",
// JJ catches a couple of funny NPs with heads like "enough"
// Note that we eliminate SBAR which also match an vmod pattern
"@NP < JJ|NN|NNS < (SBAR=target [ !<(S < (VP < TO )) | !$-- NP|NN|NNP|NNS ] )",
// New ones to pick up some more "say" patterns (2019); avoid S-ADV descendants
"VP < (/^V/ < " + sayVerbRegex + ") < (S|S-CLF|S-TTL|SQ=target <+(S) (VP < /^VB[DZP]$/))",
"@S < /^S-TPC/=target < VP",
// detect fronted VPs, eg
// "not finding this ccomp is bad, he said"
// eliminate VP !< SBAR to avoid detecting
// "he was debugging and (VP saying (SBAR he wanted to find the ccomp))"
// eliminate S !< (VP < (/^VB[GN]/ !$-- /^V/)) to avoid detecting
// (S (NP Rick Lynch) (S (VP (VBG referring to ...))) (VP says ...))
"S < (S=target $++ (VP < (/^V/ < " + sayVerbRegex + ") !< SBAR) !< (VP < (/^VB[GN]/ !$-- /^V/)))"
);
/**
* An open clausal complement (<i>xcomp</i>) of a VP or an ADJP is a clausal
* complement without its own subject, whose reference is determined by an
* external subject. These complements are always non-finite.
* The name <i>xcomp</i> is borrowed from Lexical-Functional Grammar.
* (Mainly "TO-clause" are recognized, but also some VBG like "stop eating")
* <br>
* Examples: <br>
* "I like to swim" →
* {@code xcomp}(like, swim) <br>
* "I am ready to leave" →
* {@code xcomp}(ready, leave)
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation XCLAUSAL_COMPLEMENT =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "xcomp", "xclausal complement",
COMPLEMENT, "VP|ADJP|SINV", tregexCompiler,
//"VP < (S=target [ !$-- NP $-- (/^V/ < " + xcompNoObjVerbRegex + ") | $-- (/^V/ < " + xcompVerbRegex + ") ] !$- (NN < order) < (VP < TO))", // used to have !> (VP < (VB|AUX < be))
"VP < (S=target [ !$-- NP | $-- (/^V/ < " + xcompVerbRegex + ") ] !$- (NN < order) < (VP < TO))", // used to have !> (VP < (VB|AUX < be))
"ADJP < (S=target <, (VP <, TO))",
"VP < (S=target !$- (NN < order) < (NP $+ NP|ADJP))",
// to find "help sustain ...
"VP <# (/^(?:VB|AUX)/ $+ (VP=target < VB|VBG))",
"VP < (SBAR=target < (S !$- (NN < order) < (VP < TO))) !> (VP < (VB|AUX < be)) ",
"VP < (S=target !$- (NN < order) <: NP) > VP",
"VP < (S=target !< VP)",
"VP < (/^VB/ $+ (@S=target < (@ADJP < /^JJ/ ! $-- @NP|S))) $-- (/^VB/ < " + copularWordRegex + " )",
// stop eating
// note that we eliminate parentheticals and clauses that could match a vmod
// the clause !$-- VBG eliminates matches such as "What are you wearing dancing tonight"
"(VP < (S=target < (VP < VBG ) !< NP !$- (/^,$/ [$- @NP|VP | $- (@PP $-- @NP ) |$- (@ADVP $-- @NP)]) !$-- /^:$/ !$-- VBG))",
// Detects xcomp(becoming, requirement) in "Hand-holding is becoming an investment banking job requirement"
// Also, xcomp(becoming, problem) in "Why is Dave becoming a problem?"
"(VP $-- (/^(?:VB|AUX)/ < " + copularWordRegex + ") < (/^VB/ < " + clausalComplementRegex + ") < NP=target)",
"VP < (/^(?:VB|AUX)/ < " + clausalComplementRegex + ") < (NP|WHNP=target [ [ !<# (/^NN/ < " + timeWordRegex + ") !$+ NP ] | $+ NP-TMP | $+ (NP <# (/^NN/ < " + timeWordRegex + ")) ] ) " +
// The next qualification eliminates parentheticals that come after the actual dobj
" <# (__ !$++ (NP $++ (/^[:]$/ $++ =target))) ",
// The old attr relation, used here to recover xcomp relations instead.
"VP=vp < NP=target <(/^(?:VB|AUX)/ < " + copularWordRegex + " >># =vp) !$ (NP < EX)",
// "Such a great idea this was" if "was" is the root, eg -makeCopulaHead
"SINV <# (VP < (/^(?:VB|AUX)/ < " + copularWordRegex + ") $-- (NP $-- NP=target))",
//Former acomp expression
"VP [ < ADJP=target | ( < (/^VB/ [ ( < " + clausalComplementRegex + " $++ VP=target ) | $+ (@S=target < (@ADJP < /^JJ/ ! $-- @NP|S)) ] ) !$-- (/^VB/ < " + copularWordRegex + " )) ]",
// For new treebank xcomp changes, match V + NP + xcomp patterns
"VP < (/^V/ < " + xcompVerbRegex + ") < NP < (S=target < (VP < TO))"
);
/**
* The RELATIVE grammatical relation is only here as a temporary
* relation. This tregex triggering indicates either a dobj or a
* pobj should be here. We figure this out in a post-processing
* step by looking at the surrounding dependencies.
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation RELATIVE =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "rel", "relative",
COMPLEMENT, "SBAR|SBARQ", tregexCompiler,
"SBAR < (WHNP=target !< WRB) < (S < NP < (VP [ < SBAR | <+(VP) (PP <- IN|TO) | < (S < (VP < TO)) ] ))",
// Rule for copular Wh-questions, e.g. "What am I good at?"
"SBARQ < (WHNP=target !< WRB !<# (/^NN/ < " + timeWordRegex + ")) <+(SQ|SINV) (/^(?:VB|AUX)/ < " + copularWordRegex + " !$++ VP)");
/**
* The PREPOSITION grammatical relation is only here as a temporary
* relation. It matches prepositions in sentences such as
* "What is the esophagus used for?" which are attached to the
* nominal modifier in a post-processing step.
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation PREPOSITION =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "prep", "preposition",
COMPLEMENT, "VP|ADJP", tregexCompiler,
"VP|ADJP < (PP=target <: IN|TO)");
/**
* The "referent" grammatical relation. A
* referent of the Wh-word of a NP is the relative word introducing the relative clause modifying the NP.
* <br>
* Example: <br>
* "I saw the book which you bought" →
* {@code ref}(book, which) <br>
* "I saw the book the cover of which you designed" →
* {@code ref}(book, which)
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation REFERENT =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "ref", "referent", DEPENDENT);
/**
* The "expletive" grammatical relation.
* This relation captures an existential there.
* <br>
* <br>
* Example: <br>
* "There is a statue in the corner" →
* {@code expl}(is, there)
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation EXPLETIVE =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "expl", "expletive",
DEPENDENT, "S|SQ|SINV", tregexCompiler,
"S|SQ|SINV < (NP=target <+(NP) EX)");
/**
* The "modifier" grammatical relation. A modifier of a VP is
* any constituent that serves to modify the meaning of the VP
* (but is not an {@code ARGUMENT} of that
* VP); a modifier of a clause is an modifier of the VP which is
* the predicate of that clause.
* <br>
* Examples: <br>
* "Last night, I swam in the pool" →
* {@code mod}(swam, in the pool),
* {@code mod}(swam, last night)
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation MODIFIER =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "mod", "modifier", DEPENDENT);
/**
* The "nominal modifier" grammatical relation. The nmod relation is
* used for nominal modifiers of nouns or clausal predicates. {@code nmod}
* is a noun functioning as a non-core (oblique) argument or adjunct.
* In English, nmod is used for prepositional complements.
* <br>
* (The preposition in turn may be modifying a noun, verb, etc.)
* We here define cases of VBG quasi-prepositions like "including",
* "concerning", etc. as instances of pobj (unlike the Penn Treebank).
* <br>
* Example: <br>
* "I sat on the chair" →
* {@code nmod}(sat, chair)
* <br>
* (The preposition can be called a FW for pace, versus, etc. It can also
* be called a CC - but we don't currently handle that and would need to
* distinguish from conjoined PPs. Jan 2010 update: We now insist that the
* NP must follow the preposition. This prevents a preceding NP measure
* phrase being matched as a nmod. We do allow a preposition tagged RB
* followed by an NP pobj, as happens in the Penn Treebank for adverbial uses
* of PP like "up 19%")
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation NOMINAL_MODIFIER =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "nmod", "nominal modifier",
MODIFIER, ".*", tregexCompiler,
"/^(?:(?:WH)?(?:NP|NX|NML)(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|PRN)$/ < (WHPP|WHPP-TMP|PP|PP-TMP=target [< @NP|WHNP|NML | < (PP < @NP|WHNP|NML)]) !<- " + ETC_PAT + " !<- " + FW_ETC_PAT,
"/^(?:(?:WH)?(?:NP|NX|NML)(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|PRN)$/ < (S=target <: WHPP|WHPP-TMP|PP|PP-TMP)",
// only allow a PP < PP one if there is not a verb, or other pattern that matches acl/advcl under it. Else acl/advcl
"@NP < (@UCP|PRN=target <# @PP)");
public static final GrammaticalRelation OBLIQUE_MODIFIER =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "obl", "oblique modifier",
MODIFIER, ".*", tregexCompiler,
"/^(?:(?:WH)?(?:ADJP|ADVP)(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|VP|NAC|SQ|FRAG|X|RRC)$/ < (WHPP|WHPP-TMP|PP|PP-TMP=target [< @NP|WHNP|NML | < (PP < @NP|WHNP|NML)]) !<- " + ETC_PAT + " !<- " + FW_ETC_PAT,
"/^(?:(?:WH)?(?:ADJP|ADVP)(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|VP|NAC|SQ|FRAG|X|RRC)$/ < (S=target <: WHPP|WHPP-TMP|PP|PP-TMP)",
// to handle "What weapon is Apollo most proficient with?"
"SBARQ < (WHNP=target $++ ((/^(?:VB|AUX)/ < " + copularWordRegex + ") $++ (ADJP=adj < (PP <: IN)) $++ (NP $++ =adj)))",
//to handle "What is the esophagus used for"? or "What radio station did Paul Harvey work for?"
"SBARQ < (WHNP=target [$++ (VP < (PP <: IN)) | $++ (SQ < (VP < (PP <: IN)))])",
"SBAR|SBARQ < /^(?:WH)?PP/=target < S|SQ",
"WHPP|WHPP-TMP|WHPP-ADV|PP|PP-TMP|PP-ADV < (WHPP|WHPP-TMP|WHPP-ADV|PP|PP-TMP|PP-ADV=target !$- IN|VBG|VBN|TO)",
"S|SINV < (PP|PP-TMP=target !< SBAR|S) < VP|S",
// For cases like "some uzi - toting guards" with new tokenization
"@ADJP > @NP < (@NP|NN|NNP|NNS|NNPS=target . (HYPH . VBN|VBG))"
);
/**
* The "adverbial clause modifier" grammatical relation. An adverbial
* clause modifier is a clause which modifies a verb or other predicate
* (adjective, etc.), as a modifier not as a core complement. This includes
* things such as a temporal clause, consequence, conditional clause,
* purpose clause, etc. The dependent must be clausal (or else it is an
* {@code advmod}) and the dependent is the main predicate of the clause.
* <br>
* Examples: <br>
* "The accident happened as the night was falling" →
* {@code advcl}(happened, falling) <br>
* "If you know who did it, you should tell the teacher" →
* {@code advcl}(tell, know)
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation ADV_CLAUSE_MODIFIER =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "advcl", "adverbial clause modifier",
MODIFIER, "VP|S|SQ|SINV|SBARQ|NP|ADVP|ADJP", tregexCompiler,
"VP < (@SBAR=target <= (@SBAR [ < (IN|MWE !< /^(?i:that|whether)$/) | <: (SINV <1 /^(?:VB|MD|AUX)/) | < (RB|IN < so|now) < (IN < that) | <1 (ADVP < (RB < now)) <2 (IN < that) ] ))",
"S|SQ|SINV < (SBAR|SBAR-TMP=target <, (IN|MWE !< /^(?i:that|whether)$/ !$+ (NN < order)) !$-- /^(?!CC|CONJP|``|,|INTJ|PP(-.*)?).*$/ !$+ VP)",
// to get "rather than"
//"S|SQ|SINV < (SBAR|SBAR-TMP=target <2 (IN|MWE !< /^(?i:that|whether)$/ !$+ (NN < order)) !$-- /^(?!CC|CONJP|``|,|INTJ|PP(-.*)?$).*$/)",
// this one might just be better, but at any rate license one with quotation marks or a conjunction beforehand
"S|SQ|SINV < (SBAR|SBAR-TMP=target <, (IN|MWE !< /^(?i:that|whether)$/ !$+ (NN < order)) !$+ @VP $+ /^,$/ $++ @NP)",
// the last part should probably only be @SQ, but this captures some strays at no cost
"SBARQ < (SBAR|SBAR-TMP|SBAR-ADV=target <, (IN|MWE !< /^(?i:that|whether)$/ !$+ (NN < order)) $+ /^,$/ $++ @SQ|S|SBARQ)",
// added the (S < (VP <TO)) part so that "I tell them how to do so" doesn't get a wrong advcl
// note that we allow adverb phrases to come before the WHADVP, which allows for phrases such as "even when"
// ":" indicates something that should be a parataxis
// in cases where there are two SBARs conjoined, we're happy
// to use the head SBAR as a candidate for this relation
"S|SQ < (@SBAR=target [ == @SBAR=sbar | <# @SBAR=sbar ] ): (=sbar < (WHADVP|WHNP < (WRB !< /^(?i:how)$/) !$-- /^(?!RB|ADVP).*$/) !< (S < (VP < TO)) !$-- /^:$/)",
"VP < (@SBAR=target !$-- /^:$/ [ == @SBAR=sbar | <# @SBAR=sbar ] ) [ !< (/^V/ < " + ccompVerbRegex + ") | < (=target $-- @SBAR|S) | ( !< (/^V/ < " + ccompObjVerbRegex + ") < (=target $-- NP)) ] : (=sbar < (WHADVP|WHNP < (WRB !< /^(?i:how)$/) !$-- /^(?!RB|ADVP).*$/) !< (S < (VP < TO)))",
// "S|SQ < (PP=target <, RB < @S)", // caught as prep and pcomp.
"@S < (@SBAR=target $++ @NP $++ @VP)", // fronted adverbial clause
"@S < (@S=target < (VP < TO) $+ (/^,$/ $++ @NP))", // part of former purpcl: This is fronted infinitives: "To find out why, we went to ..."
// "VP > (VP < (VB|AUX < be)) < (S=target !$- /^,$/ < (VP < TO|VBG) !$-- NP)", // part of former purpcl [cdm 2010: this pattern was added by me in 2006, but it is just bad!]
// // matches direct object for long dependencies in relative clause without explicit relative pronouns
// "SBAR !< (WHPP|WHNP|WHADVP) < (S < (@NP $++ (VP !< (/^(?:VB|AUX)/ < " + copularWordRegex + " !$+ VP) !<+(VP) (/^(?:VB|AUX)/ < " + copularWordRegex + " $+ (VP < VBN|VBD)) !<+(VP) NP !< SBAR !<+(VP) (PP <- IN|TO)))) !$-- CC $-- NP > NP=target " +
// // avoid conflicts with rcmod. TODO: we could look for
// // empty nodes in this kind of structure and use that to
// // find dobj, tmod, advmod, etc. won't help the parser,
// // of course, but will help when converting a treebank
// // which contains empties
// // Example: "with the way his split-fingered fastball is behaving"
// "!($-- @NP|WHNP|NML > @NP|WHNP <: (S !< (VP < TO)))",
"NP < (NP $++ (SBAR=target < (IN|MWE < /^(?i:than)$/) !< (WHPP|WHNP|WHADVP) < (S < (@NP $++ (VP !< (/^(?:VB|AUX)/ < " + copularWordRegex + " !$+ VP) !<+(VP) (/^(?:VB|AUX)/ < " + copularWordRegex + " $+ (VP < VBN|VBD)) !<+(VP) NP !< SBAR !<+(VP) (PP <- IN|TO|MWE)))) !<: (S !< (VP < TO))) !$++ (CC $++ =target))",
// this is for comparative or as ... as complements: sold more quickly [than they had expected]
// available as long [as they install a crash barrier]
"ADVP < ADVP < SBAR=target",
//moved from vmod
// to get "John, knowing ..., announced "
// allowing both VP=verb and VP <1 VP=verb catches
// conjunctions of two VP clauses
"S|SINV < (S=target (< VP=verb | < (VP <1 VP=verb)) [ $- (/^,$/ [ $- @NP | $- (@PP $ @NP) ] ) | $+ (/^,$/ $+ @NP) ] ) : (=verb [ <1 VBG|VBN | <2 (VBG|VBN $-- ADVP) ])",
"(VP < (@S=target < (VP [ <1 VBG|VBN | <2 (VBG|VBN $-- ADVP) ]) $- (/^,$/ [$- @NP|VP | $- (@PP $-- @NP ) |$- (@ADVP $-- @NP)])))",
// What are you wearing dancing tonight?
"(VP < (S=target < (VP < VBG) $-- VBG=ing !$-- (/^[:]$/ $-- =ing)))",
// We could use something like this keying off -ADV annotation, but not yet operational, as we don't keep S-ADV, only NP-ADV
// "VP < (/^S-ADV$/=target < (VP <, VBG|VBN) )",
// they wrote asking the SEC to ...
"VP < (S=target $-- NP < (VP < TO) !$-- (/^V/ < " + xcompVerbRegex + ") )",
//"VP < (S=target < (VP < TO) !$-- (/^V/ < " + xcompNoObjVerbRegex + ") )",
"SBARQ < WHNP < (S=target < (VP <1 TO))",
//former pcomp
"/^(?:(?:WH)?(?:ADJP|ADVP)(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|VP|SQ|FRAG|PRN|X|RRC|S)$/ < (WHPP|WHPP-TMP|PP|PP-TMP=target !< @NP|WHNP|NML !$- (@CC|CONJP $- __) !<: IN|TO !< @CC|CONJP < /^((?!(PP|IN)).)*$/) !<- " + ETC_PAT + " !<- " + FW_ETC_PAT,
"VP|ADJP < /^PP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?$/=target < (@PP < @SBAR|S $++ CONJP|CC)");
/**
* The "marker" grammatical relation. A marker is the word introducing a finite clause subordinate to another clause.
* For a complement clause, this will typically be "that" or "whether".
* For an adverbial clause, the marker is typically a preposition like "while" or "although".
* <br>
* Example: <br>
* "U.S. forces have been engaged in intense fighting after insurgents launched simultaneous attacks" →
* {@code mark}(launched, after)
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation MARKER =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "mark", "marker",
MODIFIER, "SBAR(?:-TMP)?|VP|PP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?", tregexCompiler,
//infinitival to
"VP < VP < (TO=target)",
"SBAR|SBAR-TMP < (IN|DT|MWE=target $++ S|FRAG)",
"SBAR < (IN|DT=target < that|whether) [ $-- /^(?:VB|AUX)/ | $- NP|NN|NNS | > ADJP|PP | > (@NP|UCP|SBAR < CC|CONJP $-- /^(?:VB|AUX)/) ]",
"/^PP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?$/ < (IN|TO|MWE|PCONJP|VBN|JJ=target $+ @SBAR|S)");
/**
* The "adjectival modifier" grammatical relation. An adjectival
* modifier of an NP is any adjectival phrase that serves to modify
* the meaning of the NP.
* <br>
* Example: <br>
* "Sam eats red meat" →
* {@code amod}(meat, red) <br>
* The relation amod is also used for multiword country adjectives, despite their
* questionable treebank representation.
* <br>
* Example: <br>
* "the West German economy" →
* {@code amod}(German, West),
* {@code amod}(economy, German)
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation ADJECTIVAL_MODIFIER =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "amod", "adjectival modifier",
MODIFIER, "NP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|NX|NML|NAC|WHNP|ADJP|INTJ", tregexCompiler,
"/^(?:NP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|NX|NML|NAC|WHNP|INTJ)$/ < (ADJP|WHADJP|JJ|JJR|JJS|JJP|VBN|VBG|VBD|IN=target !< (QP !< /^[$]$/) !$- CC)",
// IN above is needed for "next" in "next week" etc., which is often tagged IN.
"ADJP !< CC|CONJP < (JJ|NNP $ JJ|NNP=target)",
// Cover the case of "John, 34, works at Stanford" - similar to an expression for appos
"WHNP|WHNP-TMP|WHNP-ADV|NP|NP-TMP|NP-ADV < (NP=target <: CD $- /^,$/ $-- /^(?:WH)?NP/ !$ CC|CONJP)");
/**
* The "numeric modifier" grammatical relation. A numeric
* modifier of an NP is any number phrase that serves to modify
* the meaning of the NP. Also, the enumeration of lists have
* this relation to the head of the list item.
* <br>
* PTB: PP NP X S FRAG <br>
* EWT: SQ SBARQ SINV SBAR NML VP <br>
* Craft: PRN <br>
* OntoNotes: ADJP <br>
* Example: <br>
* "Sam eats 3 sheep" →
* {@code nummod}(sheep, 3)
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation NUMERIC_MODIFIER =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "nummod", "numeric modifier",
MODIFIER, "(?:WH)?NP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|NML|NX|ADJP|WHADJP|QP|PP|X|S|FRAG|SQ|SBARQ|SINV|SBAR|VP|PRN", tregexCompiler,
"/^(?:WH)?(?:NP|NX|NML)(?:-TMP|-ADV)?$/ < (CD|QP=target !$- CC)",
// $ is so phrases such as "$ 100 million buyout" get amod(buyout, $)
"/^(?:WH)?(?:NP|NX|NML)(?:-TMP|-ADV)?$/ < (ADJP=target <: (QP !< /^[$]$/))",
// Phrases such as $ 100 million get converted from (QP ($ $) (CD 100) (CD million)) to
// (QP ($ $) (QP (CD 100) (CD million))). This next tregex covers those phrases.
// Note that the earlier tregexes are usually enough to cover those phrases, such as when
// the QP is by itself in an ADJP or NP, but sometimes it can have other siblings such
// as in the phrase "$ 100 million or more". In that case, this next expression is needed.
"QP < QP=target < /^[$]$/");
/**
* The "compound modifier" grammatical relation. A compound
* modifier of an NP is any noun that serves to modify the head noun.
* Note that this has all nouns modify the rightmost a la Penn headship
* rules. There is no intelligent noun compound analysis.
* <br>
* We eliminate nouns that are detected as part of a POS, since that
* will turn into the dependencies denoting possession instead.
* Note we have to include (VBZ < /^\'s$/) as part of the POS
* elimination, since quite a lot of text such as
* "yesterday's widely published sequester" was misannotated as a
* VBZ instead of a POS. TODO: remove that if a revised PTB is ever
* released.
* <br>
* Example: <br>
* "Oil price futures" →
* {@code compound}(futures, oil),
* {@code compound}(futures, price) <br>
*
* Numbers consisting of multiple words are also treated as compounds.
* <br>
* Example: <br>
* "I have four thousand sheep" →
* {@code compound}(thousand, four) <br>
*
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation COMPOUND_MODIFIER =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "compound", "compound modifier",
MODIFIER, "(?:WH)?(?:NP|NX|NAC|NML|ADVP|ADJP|QP)(?:-TMP|-ADV)?", tregexCompiler,
"/^(?:WH)?(?:NP|NX|NAC|NML)(?:-TMP|-ADV)?$/ < (NP|NN|NNS|NNP|NNPS|FW|AFX=target $++ NN|NNS|NNP|NNPS|FW|CD=sister !<<- POS !<<- (VBZ < /^[\'’]s$/) !$- /^,$/ !$++ (POS $++ =sister))",
// same thing as the above, but without the clause excluding the comma. NML in such a situation is typically a noun phrase modifying a noun,
// whereas other nodes such as NN can be parts of lists or otherwise unsuitable for the nn relationship
"/^(?:WH)?(?:NP|NX|NAC|NML)(?:-TMP|-ADV)?$/ < (NML=target $++ NN|NNS|NNP|NNPS|FW|CD=sister !<<- POS !<<- (VBZ < /^[\'’]s$/) !$++ (POS $++ =sister))",
"/^(?:WH)?(?:NP|NX|NAC|NML)(?:-TMP|-ADV)?$/ < JJ|JJR|JJS=sister < (NP|NML|NN|NNS|NNP|NNPS|FW=target !<<- POS !<<- (VBZ < /^[\'’]s$/) $+ =sister) <# NN|NNS|NNP|NNPS !<<- POS !<<- (VBZ < /^[\'’]s$/) ",
"QP|ADJP < (/^(?:CD|$|#)$/=target !$- CC)", //number relation in original SD
"@NP < (/^[$]$/=target $+ /^N.*/)",
// in vitro, in vivo, etc., in Genia
// matches against "etc etc"
"ADJP|ADVP < (FW [ $- (FW=target !< /^(?i:etc)$/) | $- (IN=target < in|In) ] )");
/**
* The "name" relation. This relation was used in UDv1 for proper
* nouns constituted of multiple nominal elements. It was removed in UDv2
* Words joined by name should all be part of a
* minimal noun phrase; otherwise regular syntactic relations should be used.
* In general, names are annotated in a flat, head-initial structure, in which all words in the name
* modify the first one using the {@code name} label.
* <br>
*
* The distinction between {@code compound} and {@code name} can only be made on the basis of NER tags.
* For this reason, we use the {@code compound} relation for all flat NPs and replace it with the {@code name}
* relation during post-processing.
* <br>
* Example: <br>
* "Hillary Rodham Clinton" →
* {@code name}(Hillary, Rodham),
* {@code name}(Hillary, Clinton)<br>
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation NAME_MODIFIER =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "name", "name", MODIFIER);
/*
* There used to be a relation "abbrev" for when abbreviations were defined in brackets after a noun
* phrase, like "the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)", but it has now been disbanded, and
* subsumed under appos.
*/
/**
* The "appositional modifier" grammatical relation. An appositional
* modifier of an NP is an NP that serves to modify
* the meaning of the NP. It includes parenthesized examples, as well as defining abbreviations.
* <br>
* Examples: <br>
* "Sam, my brother, eats red meat" →
* {@code appos}(Sam, brother) <br>
* "Bill (John's cousin)" → {@code appos}(Bill, cousin).
*
* "The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)" →
* {@code appos}(Corporation, ABC)
*/
public static final GrammaticalRelation APPOSITIONAL_MODIFIER =
new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "appos", "appositional modifier",
MODIFIER, "(?:WH)?NP(?:-TMP|-ADV)?|FRAG", tregexCompiler,
"WHNP|WHNP-TMP|WHNP-ADV|NP|NP-TMP|NP-ADV|FRAG < (NP=target !<: CD $- /^,$/ $-- /^(?:WH)?NP/) !< CC|CONJP !< " + FW_ETC_PAT + " !< " + ETC_PAT,
"WHNP|WHNP-TMP|WHNP-ADV|NP|NP-TMP|NP-ADV|FRAG < (PRN=target < (NP < /^(?:NN|CD)/ $-- /^-LRB-$/ $+ /^-RRB-$/))",
// NP-ADV is a npadvmod, NP-TMP is a tmod
"@WHNP|NP < (NP=target !<: CD <, /^-LRB-$/ <` /^-RRB-$/ $-- /^(?:WH)?NP/ !$ CC|CONJP)",
// TODO: next pattern with NNP doesn't work because leftmost NNP is deemed head in a
// structure like (NP (NNP Norway) (, ,) (NNP Verdens_Gang) (, ,))
"NP|NP-TMP|NP-ADV < (NNP $+ (/^,$/ $+ NNP=target)) !< CC|CONJP !< " + FW_ETC_PAT + " !< " + ETC_PAT,
// find abbreviations
// for biomedical English, the former NNP heuristic really doesn't work, because they use NN for all chemical entities
// while not unfoolable, this version produces less false positives and more true positives.
"WHNP|WHNP-TMP|WHNP-ADV|NP|NP-TMP|NP-ADV < (PRN=target <, /^-LRB-$/ <- /^-RRB-$/ !<< /^(?:POS|(?:WP|PRP)\\$|[,$#]|CC|RB|CD)$/ <+(NP) (NNP|NN < /^(?:[A-Z]\\.?){2,}/) )",