week3Notebook.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Pod Casts are fun!\n",
    "\n",
    "Planet Python/ Data Skeptic"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "import pandas as pd\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "pd.Series?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0       Vanilla\n",
       "1     Chocolate\n",
       "2    Strawberry\n",
       "dtype: object"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "flavors = [\"Vanilla\", 'Chocolate', \"Strawberry\"]\n",
    "pd.Series(flavors)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "numbers = [1,2,3,4,None]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    1.0\n",
       "1    2.0\n",
       "2    3.0\n",
       "3    4.0\n",
       "4    NaN\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser1 = pd.Series(numbers)\n",
    "ser1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "nan"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser1[4]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = ser1[4]\n",
    "x==np.NaN"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.NaN == np.NaN"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.isnan(x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "AL    Yellowhammer\n",
       "AK       Ptarmagin\n",
       "AZ     Cactus Wren\n",
       "AR     Mockingbird\n",
       "dtype: object"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "statebirds = {\"AL\":\"Yellowhammer\", \"AK\":\"Ptarmagin\", \n",
    "             \"AZ\":\"Cactus Wren\", \"AR\":\"Mockingbird\"}\n",
    "b = pd.Series(statebirds)\n",
    "b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Alice         Vanilla\n",
       "Bob         Chocolate\n",
       "Charlie    Strawberry\n",
       "dtype: object"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "f = pd.Series(flavors, index = [\"Alice\", \"Bob\", \"Charlie\"])\n",
    "f"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Querying a Series"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "iloc - index location\n",
    "loc - location\n",
    "\n",
    "Note these are attributes - not methods!\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Cactus Wren'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b.iloc[2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Cactus Wren'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b.loc['AZ']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "('Cactus Wren', 'Cactus Wren')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Note .iloc and .loc maynot be necessary!\n",
    "b[2], b['AZ'] "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## exercise\n",
    "\n",
    "What happens if the index is nan integer?\n",
    "\n",
    "From the following data make a series called zips \n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "<table>\n",
    "<tr><td>zipcodes </td><td>  City </td></tr>\n",
    "<tr><td>========</td><td>   ======</td></tr>\n",
    "<tr><td>11568    </td><td>   Old Westbury</td></tr>\n",
    "<tr><td>11590    </td><td>   Westbury</td></tr>\n",
    "<tr><td>11720    </td><td>   Centerreach</td></tr>\n",
    "<tr><td>11771    </td><td>   Oyster Bay</td></tr>\n",
    "</table>\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "with zip codes as the index.  Try to query based on zip code.  What does zips[1] return?  What does zips .iloc[1] return?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "11568.0    Old Westbury\n",
      "11590.0        Westbury\n",
      "11720.0     Centerreach\n",
      "11771.0      Oyster Bay\n",
      "NaN                Help\n",
      "dtype: object\n",
      "Westbury\n",
      "Help\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "zips = pd.Series( {11568:'Old Westbury', 11590:'Westbury',\n",
    "                 11720:'Centerreach', 11771:'Oyster Bay',\n",
    "                  np.NaN:\"Help\"} )\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "print(zips)\n",
    "print(zips.iloc[1])\n",
    "print(zips.loc[np.NaN])\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Iteration over a series"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0     3\n",
      "1     2\n",
      "2     3\n",
      "3     9\n",
      "4    10\n",
      "dtype: int64\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "511"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = np.random.randint(1,11,100)\n",
    "nSeries = pd.Series(a)\n",
    "\n",
    "print(nSeries.head())\n",
    "\n",
    "total = 0\n",
    "for item in nSeries:\n",
    "    total += item\n",
    "\n",
    "total"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "511"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Vectorized and faster!\n",
    "np.sum(nSeries)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "pd.Series?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# List comprehension is the way to go\n",
    "[a**2 for a in range(1,11)]\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[4, 16, 36, 64, 100]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "[a**2 for a in range(1,11) if a%2 ==0]\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Make a series called \"aSeries\" with 10000 entries with random values from 1 to 10 inclusive.  Make the index their square. What problem do you foresee with this series? "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<hr>\n",
    "Make a series called \"bSeries\" with entries which are the numbers from 1 to 10,000 excluding all numbers divisible by 4.\n",
    "\n",
    "<hr>\n",
    "Now to the cSeries.  The bSeries is an attempt to find out which years are not a leap year, but the rule is complicated.  Here is the rule.  \n",
    "<ul>\n",
    "<li> The rule is we have a leap year every year that is divisible by 4. </li>\n",
    "<li> We skip the leap year if it is divisible by 100.  So we don't have a leap year in 2100 and 2200. </li>\n",
    "    <li> And finally we include all years that are divisible by 1000.  So we have leap years in the year 2000, 3000 and so on.</li>\n",
    "</ul>\n",
    "<hr>\n",
    "Make a series called \"cSeries\" with entries which are the numbers from 1 to 10,000 that are not leap years.\n",
    "\n",
    "<hr>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Make a series called \"dSeries\" with 10000 entries with random values from 1 to 100 inclusive."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "36    6\n",
       "36    6\n",
       "16    4\n",
       "36    6\n",
       "1     1\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 48,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = np.random.randint(1,11,10000)\n",
    "aSeries = pd.Series( a, index = a**2 )\n",
    "aSeries.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    1\n",
       "1    2\n",
       "2    3\n",
       "3    5\n",
       "4    6\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 49,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "bSeries = pd.Series(  [i for i in range(1,10001) if i%4 != 0] )\n",
    "bSeries.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "290    383\n",
       "291    385\n",
       "292    386\n",
       "293    387\n",
       "294    389\n",
       "295    390\n",
       "296    391\n",
       "297    393\n",
       "298    394\n",
       "299    395\n",
       "300    397\n",
       "301    398\n",
       "302    399\n",
       "303    400\n",
       "304    401\n",
       "305    402\n",
       "306    403\n",
       "307    405\n",
       "308    406\n",
       "309    407\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 46,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def AmIALeapYear(n):\n",
    "    if n%4==0:\n",
    "        if n%1000==0:\n",
    "            return True\n",
    "        elif n%100==0:\n",
    "            return False\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            return True\n",
    "    return False\n",
    "\n",
    "cSeries = pd.Series(  [i for i in range(1,10001) if not(AmIALeapYear(i))] )\n",
    "cSeries[290:310]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    99\n",
       "1    59\n",
       "2    91\n",
       "3    60\n",
       "4     4\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 50,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dSeries = pd.Series( np.random.randint(1,101,10000)  )\n",
    "dSeries.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Let's time your dSeries summations"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1.73 ms ± 154 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%timeit -n 100\n",
    "total = 0\n",
    "for item in dSeries:\n",
    "    total += item\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "191 µs ± 61.9 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%timeit -n 100\n",
    "np.sum(dSeries)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    36\n",
       "1    47\n",
       "2    35\n",
       "3    74\n",
       "4    88\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 53,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dSeries = pd.Series(np.random.randint(1,101,10000))\n",
    "dSeries.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "s1 = dSeries\n",
    "s2 = dSeries"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    38\n",
       "1    49\n",
       "2    37\n",
       "3    76\n",
       "4    90\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 55,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s1+=2\n",
    "s1.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 57,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(38, 38, 38)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 57,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s1[0], s2[0],dSeries[0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### what looks wrong?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#What we need to do\n",
    "\n",
    "s1 = dSeries.copy()\n",
    "s2 = dSeries.copy()\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 59,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    40\n",
       "1    51\n",
       "2    39\n",
       "3    78\n",
       "4    92\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 59,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s1+=2\n",
    "s1.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 61,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(40, 38, 38)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 61,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s1[0], s2[0], dSeries[0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 65,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "dSeries = pd.Series(np.random.randint(1,101,10000))\n",
    "s1 = dSeries.copy()\n",
    "s2 = dSeries.copy()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Time the following two blocks of code using timeit.  Which was faster?\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 66,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "UnboundLocalError",
     "evalue": "local variable 's1' referenced before assignment",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mUnboundLocalError\u001b[0m                         Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-66-c91511210403>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mget_ipython\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mrun_cell_magic\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'timeit'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'-n 100'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m's1+=2\\n'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/interactiveshell.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mrun_cell_magic\u001b[0;34m(self, magic_name, line, cell)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   2360\u001b[0m             \u001b[0;32mwith\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mbuiltin_trap\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   2361\u001b[0m                 \u001b[0margs\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mmagic_arg_s\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcell\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m-> 2362\u001b[0;31m                 \u001b[0mresult\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfn\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0margs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m**\u001b[0m\u001b[0mkwargs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m   2363\u001b[0m             \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mresult\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   2364\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m<decorator-gen-60>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mtimeit\u001b[0;34m(self, line, cell, local_ns)\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/magic.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<lambda>\u001b[0;34m(f, *a, **k)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    185\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;31m# but it's overkill for just that one bit of state.\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    186\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmagic_deco\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0marg\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 187\u001b[0;31m         \u001b[0mcall\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mlambda\u001b[0m \u001b[0mf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m**\u001b[0m\u001b[0mk\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m \u001b[0mf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m**\u001b[0m\u001b[0mk\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    188\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    189\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcallable\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0marg\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mtimeit\u001b[0;34m(self, line, cell, local_ns)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   1162\u001b[0m                     \u001b[0;32mbreak\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   1163\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m-> 1164\u001b[0;31m         \u001b[0mall_runs\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mtimer\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mrepeat\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mrepeat\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mnumber\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m   1165\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mbest\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmin\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mall_runs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m/\u001b[0m \u001b[0mnumber\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   1166\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mworst\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmax\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mall_runs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m/\u001b[0m \u001b[0mnumber\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/timeit.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mrepeat\u001b[0;34m(self, repeat, number)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    202\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mr\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    203\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32mfor\u001b[0m \u001b[0mi\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32min\u001b[0m \u001b[0mrange\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mrepeat\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 204\u001b[0;31m             \u001b[0mt\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mtimeit\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mnumber\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    205\u001b[0m             \u001b[0mr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mappend\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mt\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    206\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mtimeit\u001b[0;34m(self, number)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    167\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mgc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mdisable\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    168\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32mtry\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 169\u001b[0;31m             \u001b[0mtiming\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0minner\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mit\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mtimer\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    170\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32mfinally\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    171\u001b[0m             \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mgcold\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m<magic-timeit>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36minner\u001b[0;34m(_it, _timer)\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mUnboundLocalError\u001b[0m: local variable 's1' referenced before assignment"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%timeit -n 100\n",
    "s1 += 2\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 67,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "KeyboardInterrupt",
     "evalue": "",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mKeyboardInterrupt\u001b[0m                         Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-67-a4bfe67820ab>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mget_ipython\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mrun_cell_magic\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'timeit'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'-n 100'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'\\ntotal = 0\\nfor i in range(len(s2)):\\n    s2.iloc[i] += 2\\n'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/interactiveshell.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mrun_cell_magic\u001b[0;34m(self, magic_name, line, cell)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   2360\u001b[0m             \u001b[0;32mwith\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mbuiltin_trap\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   2361\u001b[0m                 \u001b[0margs\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mmagic_arg_s\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcell\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m-> 2362\u001b[0;31m                 \u001b[0mresult\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfn\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0margs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m**\u001b[0m\u001b[0mkwargs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m   2363\u001b[0m             \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mresult\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   2364\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m<decorator-gen-60>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mtimeit\u001b[0;34m(self, line, cell, local_ns)\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/magic.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<lambda>\u001b[0;34m(f, *a, **k)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    185\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;31m# but it's overkill for just that one bit of state.\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    186\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmagic_deco\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0marg\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 187\u001b[0;31m         \u001b[0mcall\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mlambda\u001b[0m \u001b[0mf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m**\u001b[0m\u001b[0mk\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m \u001b[0mf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m**\u001b[0m\u001b[0mk\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    188\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    189\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcallable\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0marg\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mtimeit\u001b[0;34m(self, line, cell, local_ns)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   1162\u001b[0m                     \u001b[0;32mbreak\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   1163\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m-> 1164\u001b[0;31m         \u001b[0mall_runs\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mtimer\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mrepeat\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mrepeat\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mnumber\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m   1165\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mbest\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmin\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mall_runs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m/\u001b[0m \u001b[0mnumber\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   1166\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mworst\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmax\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mall_runs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m/\u001b[0m \u001b[0mnumber\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/timeit.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mrepeat\u001b[0;34m(self, repeat, number)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    202\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mr\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    203\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32mfor\u001b[0m \u001b[0mi\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32min\u001b[0m \u001b[0mrange\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mrepeat\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 204\u001b[0;31m             \u001b[0mt\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mtimeit\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mnumber\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    205\u001b[0m             \u001b[0mr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mappend\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mt\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    206\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mtimeit\u001b[0;34m(self, number)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    167\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mgc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mdisable\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    168\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32mtry\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 169\u001b[0;31m             \u001b[0mtiming\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0minner\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mit\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mtimer\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    170\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32mfinally\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    171\u001b[0m             \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mgcold\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m<magic-timeit>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36minner\u001b[0;34m(_it, _timer)\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pandas/core/indexing.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m__setitem__\u001b[0;34m(self, key, value)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    203\u001b[0m             \u001b[0mkey\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcom\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mapply_if_callable\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mkey\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mobj\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    204\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mindexer\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_get_setitem_indexer\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mkey\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 205\u001b[0;31m         \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_setitem_with_indexer\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mindexer\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mvalue\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    206\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    207\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0m_validate_key\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mkey\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0maxis\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m \u001b[0mint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pandas/core/indexing.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m_setitem_with_indexer\u001b[0;34m(self, indexer, value)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    591\u001b[0m             \u001b[0;31m# actually do the set\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    592\u001b[0m             \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mobj\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_consolidate_inplace\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 593\u001b[0;31m             \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mobj\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_data\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mobj\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_data\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0msetitem\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mindexer\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0mindexer\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mvalue\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0mvalue\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    594\u001b[0m             \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mobj\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_maybe_update_cacher\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mclear\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32mTrue\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    595\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pandas/core/internals/managers.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36msetitem\u001b[0;34m(self, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    558\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    559\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0msetitem\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m**\u001b[0m\u001b[0mkwargs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 560\u001b[0;31m         \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mapply\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"setitem\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m**\u001b[0m\u001b[0mkwargs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    561\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    562\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mputmask\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m**\u001b[0m\u001b[0mkwargs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pandas/core/internals/managers.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mapply\u001b[0;34m(self, f, axes, filter, do_integrity_check, consolidate, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    436\u001b[0m                     \u001b[0mkwargs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0mk\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mobj\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mreindex\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mb_items\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0maxis\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0maxis\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcopy\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0malign_copy\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    437\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 438\u001b[0;31m             \u001b[0mapplied\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mgetattr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mb\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m**\u001b[0m\u001b[0mkwargs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    439\u001b[0m             \u001b[0mresult_blocks\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0m_extend_blocks\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mapplied\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mresult_blocks\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    440\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pandas/core/internals/blocks.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36msetitem\u001b[0;34m(self, indexer, value)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    944\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mtranspose\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    945\u001b[0m             \u001b[0mvalues\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mvalues\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mT\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 946\u001b[0;31m         \u001b[0mblock\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mmake_block\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mvalues\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    947\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mblock\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    948\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pandas/core/internals/blocks.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mmake_block\u001b[0;34m(self, values, placement)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    263\u001b[0m             \u001b[0mplacement\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mmgr_locs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    264\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 265\u001b[0;31m         \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmake_block\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mvalues\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mplacement\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0mplacement\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mndim\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mndim\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    266\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    267\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmake_block_same_class\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mvalues\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mplacement\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32mNone\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mndim\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32mNone\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mdtype\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32mNone\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pandas/core/internals/blocks.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mmake_block\u001b[0;34m(values, placement, klass, ndim, dtype, fastpath)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   3258\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mklass\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mis\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mNone\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   3259\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mdtype\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mdtype\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mor\u001b[0m \u001b[0mvalues\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mdtype\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m-> 3260\u001b[0;31m         \u001b[0mklass\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mget_block_type\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mvalues\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mdtype\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m   3261\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   3262\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32melif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mklass\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mis\u001b[0m \u001b[0mDatetimeTZBlock\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mand\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mnot\u001b[0m \u001b[0mis_datetime64tz_dtype\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mvalues\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pandas/core/internals/blocks.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mget_block_type\u001b[0;34m(values, dtype)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   3212\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;31m# Need this first(ish) so that Sparse[datetime] is sparse\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   3213\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mcls\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mExtensionBlock\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m-> 3214\u001b[0;31m     \u001b[0;32melif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mis_categorical\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mvalues\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m   3215\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mcls\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mCategoricalBlock\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   3216\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32melif\u001b[0m \u001b[0missubclass\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mvtype\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mnp\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mdatetime64\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pandas/core/dtypes/common.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mis_categorical\u001b[0;34m(arr)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    385\u001b[0m     \"\"\"\n\u001b[1;32m    386\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 387\u001b[0;31m     \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0misinstance\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0marr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mABCCategorical\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mor\u001b[0m \u001b[0mis_categorical_dtype\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0marr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    388\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    389\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pandas/core/dtypes/common.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mis_categorical_dtype\u001b[0;34m(arr_or_dtype)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    706\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0marr_or_dtype\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mis\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mNone\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    707\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mFalse\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 708\u001b[0;31m     \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mCategoricalDtype\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mis_dtype\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0marr_or_dtype\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    709\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    710\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mKeyboardInterrupt\u001b[0m: "
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%timeit -n 100\n",
    "\n",
    "total = 0\n",
    "for i in range(len(s2)):\n",
    "    s2.iloc[i] += 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "dSeries[0],s1[0], s2[0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Merging Data Series"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 70,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Cardinal        IN\n",
       "Cardinal        IL\n",
       "Cardinal        KY\n",
       "Yellowhammer    AL\n",
       "Ptarmagin       AL\n",
       "Cactus Wren     AZ\n",
       "Mockingbird     AR\n",
       "dtype: object"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 70,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# from the followinf web page\n",
    "# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_birds\n",
    "sb1 = pd.Series({\"Yellowhammer\":\"AL\", \"Ptarmagin\":\"AL\", \n",
    "             \"Cactus Wren\":\"AZ\", \"Mockingbird\":\"AR\"})\n",
    "\n",
    "sb2 = pd.Series([\"IN\", \"IL\",\"KY\"],                \n",
    "                index = [\"Cardinal\",\"Cardinal\",\"Cardinal\"] \n",
    "               )\n",
    "\n",
    "sb3 = sb2.append(sb1)\n",
    "sb3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 71,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'AZ'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 71,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sb3.loc[\"Cactus Wren\"]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 72,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Cardinal    IN\n",
       "Cardinal    IL\n",
       "Cardinal    KY\n",
       "dtype: object"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 72,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sb3.loc[\"Cardinal\"]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 73,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "str"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 73,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(sb3.loc[\"Cactus Wren\"])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 74,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "pandas.core.series.Series"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 74,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(sb3.loc[\"Cardinal\"])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 81,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Cardinal        KY\n",
       "Yellowhammer    AL\n",
       "Ptarmagin       AL\n",
       "Cactus Wren     AZ\n",
       "Mockingbird     AR\n",
       "dtype: object"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 81,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sb1 = pd.Series({\"Yellowhammer\":\"AL\", \"Ptarmagin\":\"AK\", \n",
    "             \"Cactus Wren\":\"AZ\", \"Mockingbird\":\"AR\"})\n",
    "\n",
    "#sb2 = pd.Series([\"IN\", \"IL\",\"KY\"],                \n",
    "#                index = [\"Cardinal\",\"Cardinal\",\"Cardinal\"]  )\n",
    " \n",
    "sb2 = pd.Series({\"Cardinal\":\"IN\",\"Cardinal\":\"IL\",\"Cardinal\":\"KY\"})                \n",
    "\n",
    "              \n",
    "\n",
    "sb3 = sb2.append(sb1)\n",
    "sb3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 83,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'Yellowhammer': 'AL',\n",
       " 'Ptarmagin': 'AK',\n",
       " 'Cactus Wren': 'AZ',\n",
       " 'Mockingbird': 'AR'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 83,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "{\"Yellowhammer\":\"AL\", \"Ptarmagin\":\"AK\", \n",
    "             \"Cactus Wren\":\"AZ\", \"Mockingbird\":\"AR\"}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 84,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'Cardinal': 'KY'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 84,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "{\"Cardinal\":\"IN\",\"Cardinal\":\"IL\",\"Cardinal\":\"KY\"}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# The Data Frame"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "import pandas as pd"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "f1 = {'Name':'Viraj', 'Flavor':'Cheese', 'Cost':15.00}\n",
    "f2 = {'Name':'Danni', 'Flavor':'Buff Chicken', 'Cost':19.50}\n",
    "f3 = {'Name':'Pravene', 'Flavor':'Mushroom', 'Cost':16.75}\n",
    "\n",
    "df = pd.DataFrame([f1,f2,f3], \n",
    "                  index = [\"Dominos\", \"Pizza Hut\",\"Pizza Hut\"])\n",
    "df #or df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df.loc[\"Pizza Hut\"]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df.loc[\"Dominos\"]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df.T"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df.T.loc['Name']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df['Name']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df.loc[\"Dominos\"]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df.loc[\"Dominos\"][\"Name\"]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df.loc[\"Dominos\",\"Name\"]  # This is better try not to have ]["
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df.loc[\"Dominos\",[\"Name\",\"Cost\"]]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# To add a column to the df\n",
    "df['Delivery'] = [True, False, True]\n",
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# to remove all pizz huts we could do this\n",
    "df.drop(\"Pizza Hut\")\n",
    "\n",
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# What happened?  None of the pizza huts disappeared.  \n",
    "#We were working with a copy!\n",
    "\n",
    "df2 = df.drop(\"Pizza Hut\")\n",
    "\n",
    "df2\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#what about this?  Is it a view or a copy?  How can you tell\n",
    "#what is the difference?\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "df2 = df[0:1]\n",
    "df2\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df[\"Number\"] = [1,1,2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df[\"Bill\"] = df['Cost']*df['Number']*1.0863\n",
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df[\"Bill\"] =np.round(df[\"Bill\"],2)\n",
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Get data from a file"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "!cat olympics.csv # should work in Mac or linux.  Maybe not in windows?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df = pd.read_csv(\"olympics.csv\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "pd.read_csv?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df = pd.read_csv(\"olympics.csv\", index_col = 0, skiprows = 1)\n",
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df.columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "newColumnNames = df.columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "newColumnNames[1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "newColumnNames[1] = \"Gold\"\n",
    "# you fix the other column names \n",
    "#'02 ! = 'Silver'\n",
    "#'02 !.2''Silver.2'\n",
    "newColumnNames"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "newColumnNames = list(df.columns)\n",
    "#newColumnNames[1] = \"Gold\"\n",
    "# you fix the other column names \n",
    "#'02 ! = 'Silver'\n",
    "#'02 !.2''Silver.2'\n",
    "newColumnNames"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(len(newColumnNames)):\n",
    "    if newColumnNames[i][:2]=='01':\n",
    "        newColumnNames[i]='Gold'+newColumnNames[i][newColumnNames[i].find('!')+1:]\n",
    "    if newColumnNames[i][:2]=='02':\n",
    "        newColumnNames[i]='Silver'+newColumnNames[i][newColumnNames[i].find('!')+1:]\n",
    "    if newColumnNames[i][:2]=='03':\n",
    "        newColumnNames[i]='Bronze'+newColumnNames[i][newColumnNames[i].find('!')+1:]\n",
    "newColumnNames"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df.columns = newColumnNames"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Boolean Masking"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df['Gold']>0"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "only_gold = df.where(df['Gold']>0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "only_gold"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "len(df)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "only_gold2 = df[df['Gold']>0]\n",
    "only_gold2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "sum(df['Gold']>0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# bitwise and or in python\n",
    "# | or\n",
    "# & and"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "(df['Gold']>0)&(df['Gold.1']>0) # need the parentheses\n",
    "(df['Gold']>0)|(df['Gold.1']>0) # need the parentheses"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "(df['Gold']>0)^(df['Gold.1']>0) # what does the caret do?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Indexing a data Frame"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df['country'] = df.index"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df.set_index('Gold') # this is a destructive process.  \n",
    "#The previous indexiis gone."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df.head() # what must I do?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df = df.set_index('Gold')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df = df.reset_index()\n",
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### New data set"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "!ls *.csv"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df = pd.read_csv(\"census.csv\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# summary level 40 is statewide\n",
    "# summary level 50 is countywide\n",
    "df['SUMLEV'].unique()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#let's get rid of all statewide summaries\n",
    "df = df[???] # what goes here?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Now let's just keep a few of the many columns\n",
    "df.columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#df = df[df['SUMLEV']==50] # here is the previous answer\n",
    "cols2keep = ['STNAME', 'CTYNAME', 'POPESTIMATE2010',\n",
    "       'POPESTIMATE2011', 'POPESTIMATE2012', 'POPESTIMATE2013',\n",
    "       'POPESTIMATE2014', 'POPESTIMATE2015', \n",
    "             'BIRTHS2010', 'BIRTHS2011', 'BIRTHS2012', \n",
    "             'BIRTHS2013', 'BIRTHS2014', 'BIRTHS2015']\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "df = df[cols2keep]\n",
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Multiple Index"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df = df.set_index(['STNAME','CTYNAME'])\n",
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df.loc['New York', 'Suffolk County']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#or you cold do a list of tuples\n",
    "df.loc[[('New York', 'Suffolk County'), ('New York', 'Nassau County')]]\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Missing Values"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df = pd.read_csv(\"log.csv\")\n",
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# if value hasn't changed since last updating it has NaN\n",
    "# seconds since the epoch.  When is the epoch?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df.fillna?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# We will use method fill forward (ffill) but data must be in correct order!\n",
    "# set index to user then time and apply method = 'ffill'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Merging Data Frames\n",
    "Outer join, inner Join, left join,..."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
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