Part 2 - Basic Output.ipynb

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   "cells": [
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Basic Output"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "When a cell is run, it can generate *output*. In IPython, the definition of output is quite general; it can be text, images, LaTeX, HTML or JSON. All output is displayed below the code that generated it, in the *output area*.\n",
      "\n",
      "This Notebook describes the basics of output and shows how the `stdout/stderr` streams are handled."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Displayhook"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "When a Python object is returned by an expression, Python's `displayhook` mechanism is triggered. In IPython, this results in an output prompt, such as `Out[2]`. These objects are then available under the variables:\n",
      "\n",
      "* `_` (last output)\n",
      "* `__` (second to last output)\n",
      "* `_N` (`Out[N]`)"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import numpy as np\n",
      "import sys"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 1
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "np.random.rand(10)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 2,
       "text": [
        "array([ 0.75222263,  0.72102181,  0.15122973,  0.00386071,  0.21584229,\n",
        "        0.72508214,  0.16864276,  0.96639874,  0.92500381,  0.30806583])"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 2
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "np.sin(_)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 3,
       "text": [
        "array([ 0.68326335,  0.66015253,  0.15065394,  0.0038607 ,  0.21417025,\n",
        "        0.66319692,  0.16784452,  0.82284458,  0.79862306,  0.3032161 ])"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 3
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "sys.stdout and sys.stderr"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "The stdout and stderr streams are displayed as text in the output area."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "print(\"hi, stdout\")"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "hi, stdout\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 4
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "from __future__ import print_function\n",
      "print('hi, stderr', file=sys.stderr)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stderr",
       "text": [
        "hi, stderr\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 5
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Output is asynchronous"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "All output is displayed asynchronously as it is generated in the Kernel. If you execute the next cell, you will see the output one piece at a time, not all at the end."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import time, sys\n",
      "for i in range(8):\n",
      "    print(i)\n",
      "    time.sleep(0.5)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "0\n",
        "1"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "\n",
        "2"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "\n",
        "3"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "\n",
        "4"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "\n",
        "5"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "\n",
        "6"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "\n",
        "7"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 6
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Large outputs"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "To better handle large outputs, the output area can be collapsed. Run the following cell and then single- or double- click on the active area to the left of the output:"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "for i in range(50):\n",
      "    print(i)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "0\n",
        "1\n",
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        "46\n",
        "47\n",
        "48\n",
        "49\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 7
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Beyond a certain point, output will scroll automatically:"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "for i in range(500):\n",
      "    print(2**i - 1)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
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       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 8
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Capturing output with <tt>%%capture</tt>"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "IPython has a [cell magic](Cell%20Magics.ipynb), `%%capture`, which captures the stdout/stderr of a cell. With this magic you can discard these streams or store them in a variable."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "from __future__ import print_function\n",
      "import sys"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 9
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "By default, `%%capture` discards these streams.  This is a simple way to suppress unwanted output."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%%capture\n",
      "print('hi, stdout')\n",
      "print('hi, stderr', file=sys.stderr)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 10
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "If you specify a name, then stdout/stderr will be stored in an object in your namespace."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%%capture captured\n",
      "print('hi, stdout')\n",
      "print('hi, stderr', file=sys.stderr)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 11
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "captured"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 12,
       "text": [
        "<IPython.utils.capture.CapturedIO at 0x2b9f710>"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 12
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Calling the object writes the output to stdout/stderr as appropriate."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "captured()"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "hi, stdout\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stderr",
       "text": [
        "hi, stderr\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 13
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "captured.stdout"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 14,
       "text": [
        "'hi, stdout\\n'"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 14
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "captured.stderr"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 15,
       "text": [
        "'hi, stderr\\n'"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 15
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "`%%capture` grabs all output types, not just stdout/stderr, so you can do plots and use IPython's display system inside `%%capture`"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%matplotlib inline\n",
      "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
      "import numpy as np"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 16
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%%capture wontshutup\n",
      "\n",
      "print(\"setting up X\")\n",
      "x = np.linspace(0,5,1000)\n",
      "print(\"step 2: constructing y-data\")\n",
      "y = np.sin(x)\n",
      "print(\"step 3: display info about y\")\n",
      "plt.plot(x,y)\n",
      "print(\"okay, I'm done now\")"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 17
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "wontshutup()"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "setting up X\n",
        "step 2: constructing y-data\n",
        "step 3: display info about y\n",
        "okay, I'm done now\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "display_data",
       "png": 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pLFoErVtDejr06mU7kTNpQbSIiGV79kDLlqbVOGIEBAXZTuQdtCBaRMQhqlUz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\nRK5CYII=\n",
       "text": [
        "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x3817cd0>"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 18
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "And you can selectively disable capturing stdout, stderr or rich display, by passing `--no-stdout`, `--no-stderr` and `--no-display`"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%%capture cap --no-stderr\n",
      "print('hi, stdout')\n",
      "print(\"hello, stderr\", file=sys.stderr)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stderr",
       "text": [
        "hello, stderr\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 19
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "cap.stdout"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 20,
       "text": [
        "'hi, stdout\\n'"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 20
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "cap.stderr"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 21,
       "text": [
        "''"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 21
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "cap.outputs"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 22,
       "text": [
        "[]"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 22
    }
   ],
   "metadata": {}
  }
 ]
}