Part 1 - Running Code.ipynb

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  {
   "cells": [
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Running Code in the IPython Notebook"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "First and foremost, the IPython Notebook is an interactive environment for writing and running Python code."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Code cells allow you to enter and run Python code"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Run a code cell using `Shift-Enter` or pressing the \"Play\" button in the toolbar above:"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "a = 12"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 1
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "print(a)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "12\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 2
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Managing the IPython Kernel"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Code is run in a separate process called the IPython Kernel.  The Kernel can be interrupted or restarted.  Try running the following cell and then hit the \"Stop\" button in the toolbar above."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import time\n",
      "time.sleep(10)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "ename": "KeyboardInterrupt",
       "evalue": "",
       "output_type": "pyerr",
       "traceback": [
        "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;31mKeyboardInterrupt\u001b[0m                         Traceback (most recent call last)",
        "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-6-d7b436e260d5>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32mimport\u001b[0m \u001b[0mtime\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 2\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mtime\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0msleep\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m10\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
        "\u001b[1;31mKeyboardInterrupt\u001b[0m: "
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 6
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "If the Kernel dies you will be prompted to restart it. Here we call the low-level system libc.time routine with the wrong argument via\n",
      "ctypes to segfault the Python interpreter:"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import sys\n",
      "from ctypes import CDLL\n",
      "# This will crash a Linux or Mac system; equivalent calls can be made on Windows\n",
      "dll = 'dylib' if sys.platform == 'darwin' else 'so.6'\n",
      "libc = CDLL(\"libc.%s\" % dll) \n",
      "libc.time(-1)  # BOOM!!"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": "*"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "All of the goodness of IPython works"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Here are two system aliases:"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "pwd"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 1,
       "text": [
        "u'C:\\\\Users\\\\robh\\\\Documents\\\\GitHub\\\\notebooks'"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 1
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "ls"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        " Volume in drive C is SSD160_Boot\n",
        " Volume Serial Number is FA1C-F815\n",
        "\n",
        " Directory of C:\\Users\\robh\\Documents\\GitHub\\notebooks\n",
        "\n",
        "01/11/2014  02:36 PM    <DIR>          .\n",
        "01/11/2014  02:36 PM    <DIR>          ..\n",
        "09/06/2013  10:31 PM            52,299 Bessel Functions.ipynb\n",
        "01/11/2014  02:33 PM             9,730 Coroutines & Generators.ipynb\n",
        "01/11/2014  02:33 PM             2,187 DefaultNotebook.ipynb\n",
        "01/11/2014  02:33 PM             3,947 Evan's Logger.ipynb\n",
        "10/27/2013  02:24 PM             4,163 Geometry.ipynb\n",
        "01/11/2014  02:33 PM             7,042 HTTP Connection Reuse.ipynb\n",
        "11/11/2013  11:38 AM             7,086 Minecraft Math.ipynb\n",
        "09/06/2013  11:02 PM            29,075 Part 1 - Running Code.ipynb\n",
        "09/06/2013  10:42 PM            71,227 Part 2 - Basic Output.ipynb\n",
        "09/06/2013  10:53 PM            87,001 Part 3 - Plotting with Matplotlib.ipynb\n",
        "09/06/2013  10:54 PM             7,474 Part 4 - Markdown Cells.ipynb\n",
        "09/06/2013  10:54 PM           182,079 Part 5 - Rich Display System.ipynb\n",
        "01/11/2014  02:33 PM               445 README.md\n",
        "12/08/2013  08:14 PM             2,865 Scratch Pad.ipynb\n",
        "01/11/2014  02:33 PM             1,216 Untitled0.ipynb\n",
        "              15 File(s)        467,836 bytes\n",
        "               2 Dir(s)  75,880,222,720 bytes free\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 2
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Any command line program can be run using `!` with string interpolation from Python variables:"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "message = 'The IPython notebook is great!'\n",
      "# note: the echo command does not run on Windows, it's a unix command.\n",
      "!echo $message"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "The IPython notebook is great!\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 3
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Tab completion works:"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import numpy\n",
      "numpy.random.binomial()"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "ename": "TypeError",
       "evalue": "binomial() takes at least 2 positional arguments (0 given)",
       "output_type": "pyerr",
       "traceback": [
        "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
        "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-4-6dcb30dcde9f>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32mimport\u001b[0m \u001b[0mnumpy\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 2\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mnumpy\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mrandom\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mbinomial\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
        "\u001b[1;32mC:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\numpy\\random\\mtrand.pyd\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mmtrand.RandomState.binomial (numpy\\random\\mtrand\\mtrand.c:16154)\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n",
        "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: binomial() takes at least 2 positional arguments (0 given)"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 4
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Tab completion after `(` brings up a tooltip with the docstring:"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "numpy.random.rand(0,10)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 5,
       "text": [
        "array([], shape=(0L, 10L), dtype=float64)"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 5
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Adding `?` opens the docstring in the pager below:"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "magic?"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 6
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Exceptions are formatted nicely:"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "x = 1\n",
      "y = 4\n",
      "z = y/(1-x)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "ename": "ZeroDivisionError",
       "evalue": "integer division or modulo by zero",
       "output_type": "pyerr",
       "traceback": [
        "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m                         Traceback (most recent call last)",
        "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-16-dc39888fd1d2>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      2\u001b[0m \u001b[0my\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m4\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 3\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mz\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0my\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m/\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m-\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
        "\u001b[1;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m: integer division or modulo by zero"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 16
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Working with external code"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "There are a number of ways of getting external code into code cells."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Pasting code with `>>>` prompts works as expected:"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      ">>> the_world_is_flat = 1\n",
      ">>> if the_world_is_flat:\n",
      "...     print(\"Be careful not to fall off!\")"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Be careful not to fall off!\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 18
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "The `%load` magic lets you load code from URLs or local files:"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%load?"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 19
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%matplotlib inline"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 20
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%load http://matplotlib.sourceforge.net/mpl_examples/pylab_examples/integral_demo.py"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 21
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "#!/usr/bin/env python\n",
      "\n",
      "# implement the example graphs/integral from pyx\n",
      "from pylab import *\n",
      "from matplotlib.patches import Polygon\n",
      "\n",
      "def func(x):\n",
      "    return (x-3)*(x-5)*(x-7)+85\n",
      "\n",
      "ax = subplot(111)\n",
      "\n",
      "a, b = 2, 9 # integral area\n",
      "x = arange(0, 10, 0.01)\n",
      "y = func(x)\n",
      "plot(x, y, linewidth=1)\n",
      "\n",
      "# make the shaded region\n",
      "ix = arange(a, b, 0.01)\n",
      "iy = func(ix)\n",
      "verts = [(a,0)] + list(zip(ix,iy)) + [(b,0)]\n",
      "poly = Polygon(verts, facecolor='0.8', edgecolor='k')\n",
      "ax.add_patch(poly)\n",
      "\n",
      "text(0.5 * (a + b), 30,\n",
      "     r\"$\\int_a^b f(x)\\mathrm{d}x$\", horizontalalignment='center',\n",
      "     fontsize=20)\n",
      "\n",
      "axis([0,10, 0, 180])\n",
      "figtext(0.9, 0.05, 'x')\n",
      "figtext(0.1, 0.9, 'y')\n",
      "ax.set_xticks((a,b))\n",
      "ax.set_xticklabels(('a','b'))\n",
      "ax.set_yticks([])\n",
      "show()\n"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "display_data",
       "png": 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J23RNu6DA9RDN3LlGVyLecPDgQcA1n+wtq1atIiwsjMzMTEJDQy/atAF+9atf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\nAElFTkSuQmCC\n",
       "text": [
        "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7d46080>"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 25
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": []
    }
   ],
   "metadata": {}
  }
 ]
}