RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach

https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.11692

Introduction

RoBERTa iterates on BERT's pretraining procedure, including training the model longer, with bigger batches over more data; removing the next sentence prediction objective; training on longer sequences; and dynamically changing the masking pattern applied to the training data. See the associated paper for more details.

What's New:

December 2020: German model (GottBERT) is available: GottBERT.
January 2020: Italian model (UmBERTo) is available from Musixmatch Research: UmBERTo.
November 2019: French model (CamemBERT) is available: CamemBERT.
November 2019: Multilingual encoder (XLM-RoBERTa) is available: XLM-R.
September 2019: TensorFlow and TPU support via the transformers library.
August 2019: RoBERTa is now supported in the pytorch-transformers library.
August 2019: Added tutorial for finetuning on WinoGrande.
August 2019: Added tutorial for pretraining RoBERTa using your own data.

Pre-trained models

Model	Description	# params	Download
`roberta.base`	RoBERTa using the BERT-base architecture	125M	roberta.base.tar.gz
`roberta.large`	RoBERTa using the BERT-large architecture	355M	roberta.large.tar.gz
`roberta.large.mnli`	`roberta.large` finetuned on MNLI	355M	roberta.large.mnli.tar.gz
`roberta.large.wsc`	`roberta.large` finetuned on WSC	355M	roberta.large.wsc.tar.gz

Results

GLUE (Wang et al., 2019) (dev set, single model, single-task finetuning)

Model	MNLI	QNLI	QQP	RTE	SST-2	MRPC	CoLA	STS-B
`roberta.base`	87.6	92.8	91.9	78.7	94.8	90.2	63.6	91.2
`roberta.large`	90.2	94.7	92.2	86.6	96.4	90.9	68.0	92.4
`roberta.large.mnli`	90.2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

SuperGLUE (Wang et al., 2019) (dev set, single model, single-task finetuning)

Model	BoolQ	CB	COPA	MultiRC	RTE	WiC	WSC
`roberta.large`	86.9	98.2	94.0	85.7	89.5	75.6	-
`roberta.large.wsc`	-	-	-	-	-	-	91.3

SQuAD (Rajpurkar et al., 2018) (dev set, no additional data used)

Model	SQuAD 1.1 EM/F1	SQuAD 2.0 EM/F1
`roberta.large`	88.9/94.6	86.5/89.4

RACE (Lai et al., 2017) (test set)

Model	Accuracy	Middle	High
`roberta.large`	83.2	86.5	81.3

HellaSwag (Zellers et al., 2019) (test set)

Model	Overall	In-domain	Zero-shot	ActivityNet	WikiHow
`roberta.large`	85.2	87.3	83.1	74.6	90.9

Commonsense QA (Talmor et al., 2019) (test set)

Model	Accuracy
`roberta.large` (single model)	72.1
`roberta.large` (ensemble)	72.5

Winogrande (Sakaguchi et al., 2019) (test set)

Model	Accuracy
`roberta.large`	78.1

XNLI (Conneau et al., 2018) (TRANSLATE-TEST)

Model	en	fr	es	de	el	bg	ru	tr	ar	vi	th	zh	hi	sw	ur
`roberta.large.mnli`	91.3	82.91	84.27	81.24	81.74	83.13	78.28	76.79	76.64	74.17	74.05	77.5	70.9	66.65	66.81

Example usage

Load RoBERTa from torch.hub (PyTorch >= 1.1):

import torch
roberta = torch.hub.load('pytorch/fairseq', 'roberta.large')
roberta.eval()  # disable dropout (or leave in train mode to finetune)

Load RoBERTa (for PyTorch 1.0 or custom models):

# Download roberta.large model
wget https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/roberta.large.tar.gz
tar -xzvf roberta.large.tar.gz

# Load the model in fairseq
from fairseq.models.roberta import RobertaModel
roberta = RobertaModel.from_pretrained('/path/to/roberta.large', checkpoint_file='model.pt')
roberta.eval()  # disable dropout (or leave in train mode to finetune)

Apply Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE) to input text:

tokens = roberta.encode('Hello world!')
assert tokens.tolist() == [0, 31414, 232, 328, 2]
roberta.decode(tokens)  # 'Hello world!'

Extract features from RoBERTa:

# Extract the last layer's features
last_layer_features = roberta.extract_features(tokens)
assert last_layer_features.size() == torch.Size([1, 5, 1024])

# Extract all layer's features (layer 0 is the embedding layer)
all_layers = roberta.extract_features(tokens, return_all_hiddens=True)
assert len(all_layers) == 25
assert torch.all(all_layers[-1] == last_layer_features)

Use RoBERTa for sentence-pair classification tasks:

# Download RoBERTa already finetuned for MNLI
roberta = torch.hub.load('pytorch/fairseq', 'roberta.large.mnli')
roberta.eval()  # disable dropout for evaluation

# Encode a pair of sentences and make a prediction
tokens = roberta.encode('Roberta is a heavily optimized version of BERT.', 'Roberta is not very optimized.')
roberta.predict('mnli', tokens).argmax()  # 0: contradiction

# Encode another pair of sentences
tokens = roberta.encode('Roberta is a heavily optimized version of BERT.', 'Roberta is based on BERT.')
roberta.predict('mnli', tokens).argmax()  # 2: entailment

Register a new (randomly initialized) classification head:

roberta.register_classification_head('new_task', num_classes=3)
logprobs = roberta.predict('new_task', tokens)  # tensor([[-1.1050, -1.0672, -1.1245]], grad_fn=<LogSoftmaxBackward>)

Batched prediction:

import torch
from fairseq.data.data_utils import collate_tokens

roberta = torch.hub.load('pytorch/fairseq', 'roberta.large.mnli')
roberta.eval()

batch_of_pairs = [
    ['Roberta is a heavily optimized version of BERT.', 'Roberta is not very optimized.'],
    ['Roberta is a heavily optimized version of BERT.', 'Roberta is based on BERT.'],
    ['potatoes are awesome.', 'I like to run.'],
    ['Mars is very far from earth.', 'Mars is very close.'],
]

batch = collate_tokens(
    [roberta.encode(pair[0], pair[1]) for pair in batch_of_pairs], pad_idx=1
)

logprobs = roberta.predict('mnli', batch)
print(logprobs.argmax(dim=1))
# tensor([0, 2, 1, 0])

Using the GPU:

roberta.cuda()
roberta.predict('new_task', tokens)  # tensor([[-1.1050, -1.0672, -1.1245]], device='cuda:0', grad_fn=<LogSoftmaxBackward>)

Advanced usage

Filling masks:

RoBERTa can be used to fill <mask> tokens in the input. Some examples from the Natural Questions dataset:

roberta.fill_mask('The first Star wars movie came out in <mask>', topk=3)
# [('The first Star wars movie came out in 1977', 0.9504708051681519, ' 1977'), ('The first Star wars movie came out in 1978', 0.009986862540245056, ' 1978'), ('The first Star wars movie came out in 1979', 0.009574787691235542, ' 1979')]

roberta.fill_mask('Vikram samvat calender is official in <mask>', topk=3)
# [('Vikram samvat calender is official in India', 0.21878819167613983, ' India'), ('Vikram samvat calender is official in Delhi', 0.08547237515449524, ' Delhi'), ('Vikram samvat calender is official in Gujarat', 0.07556215673685074, ' Gujarat')]

roberta.fill_mask('<mask> is the common currency of the European Union', topk=3)
# [('Euro is the common currency of the European Union', 0.9456493854522705, 'Euro'), ('euro is the common currency of the European Union', 0.025748178362846375, 'euro'), ('€ is the common currency of the European Union', 0.011183084920048714, '€')]

Pronoun disambiguation (Winograd Schema Challenge):

RoBERTa can be used to disambiguate pronouns. First install spaCy and download the English-language model:

pip install spacy
python -m spacy download en_core_web_lg

Next load the roberta.large.wsc model and call the disambiguate_pronoun function. The pronoun should be surrounded by square brackets ([]) and the query referent surrounded by underscores (_), or left blank to return the predicted candidate text directly:

roberta = torch.hub.load('pytorch/fairseq', 'roberta.large.wsc', user_dir='examples/roberta/wsc')
roberta.cuda()  # use the GPU (optional)

roberta.disambiguate_pronoun('The _trophy_ would not fit in the brown suitcase because [it] was too big.')
# True
roberta.disambiguate_pronoun('The trophy would not fit in the brown _suitcase_ because [it] was too big.')
# False

roberta.disambiguate_pronoun('The city councilmen refused the demonstrators a permit because [they] feared violence.')
# 'The city councilmen'
roberta.disambiguate_pronoun('The city councilmen refused the demonstrators a permit because [they] advocated violence.')
# 'demonstrators'

See the RoBERTA Winograd Schema Challenge (WSC) README for more details on how to train this model.

Extract features aligned to words:

By default RoBERTa outputs one feature vector per BPE token. You can instead realign the features to match spaCy's word-level tokenization with the extract_features_aligned_to_words method. This will compute a weighted average of the BPE-level features for each word and expose them in spaCy's Token.vector attribute:

doc = roberta.extract_features_aligned_to_words('I said, "hello RoBERTa."')
assert len(doc) == 10
for tok in doc:
    print('{:10}{} (...)'.format(str(tok), tok.vector[:5]))
# <s>       tensor([-0.1316, -0.0386, -0.0832, -0.0477,  0.1943], grad_fn=<SliceBackward>) (...)
# I         tensor([ 0.0559,  0.1541, -0.4832,  0.0880,  0.0120], grad_fn=<SliceBackward>) (...)
# said      tensor([-0.1565, -0.0069, -0.8915,  0.0501, -0.0647], grad_fn=<SliceBackward>) (...)
# ,         tensor([-0.1318, -0.0387, -0.0834, -0.0477,  0.1944], grad_fn=<SliceBackward>) (...)
# "         tensor([-0.0486,  0.1818, -0.3946, -0.0553,  0.0981], grad_fn=<SliceBackward>) (...)
# hello     tensor([ 0.0079,  0.1799, -0.6204, -0.0777, -0.0923], grad_fn=<SliceBackward>) (...)
# RoBERTa   tensor([-0.2339, -0.1184, -0.7343, -0.0492,  0.5829], grad_fn=<SliceBackward>) (...)
# .         tensor([-0.1341, -0.1203, -0.1012, -0.0621,  0.1892], grad_fn=<SliceBackward>) (...)
# "         tensor([-0.1341, -0.1203, -0.1012, -0.0621,  0.1892], grad_fn=<SliceBackward>) (...)
# </s>      tensor([-0.0930, -0.0392, -0.0821,  0.0158,  0.0649], grad_fn=<SliceBackward>) (...)

Evaluating the `roberta.large.mnli` model:

Example python code snippet to evaluate accuracy on the MNLI dev_matched set.

label_map = {0: 'contradiction', 1: 'neutral', 2: 'entailment'}
ncorrect, nsamples = 0, 0
roberta.cuda()
roberta.eval()
with open('glue_data/MNLI/dev_matched.tsv') as fin:
    fin.readline()
    for index, line in enumerate(fin):
        tokens = line.strip().split('\t')
        sent1, sent2, target = tokens[8], tokens[9], tokens[-1]
        tokens = roberta.encode(sent1, sent2)
        prediction = roberta.predict('mnli', tokens).argmax().item()
        prediction_label = label_map[prediction]
        ncorrect += int(prediction_label == target)
        nsamples += 1
print('| Accuracy: ', float(ncorrect)/float(nsamples))
# Expected output: 0.9060

Finetuning

Finetuning on GLUE
Finetuning on custom classification tasks (e.g., IMDB)
Finetuning on Winograd Schema Challenge (WSC)
Finetuning on Commonsense QA (CQA)

Pretraining using your own data

See the tutorial for pretraining RoBERTa using your own data.

Citation

@article{liu2019roberta,
    title = {RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach},
    author = {Yinhan Liu and Myle Ott and Naman Goyal and Jingfei Du and
              Mandar Joshi and Danqi Chen and Omer Levy and Mike Lewis and
              Luke Zettlemoyer and Veselin Stoyanov},
    journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.11692},
    year = {2019},
}

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README.md

README.md

RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach

Introduction

What's New:

Pre-trained models

Results

Example usage

Load RoBERTa from torch.hub (PyTorch >= 1.1):

Load RoBERTa (for PyTorch 1.0 or custom models):

Apply Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE) to input text:

Extract features from RoBERTa:

Use RoBERTa for sentence-pair classification tasks:

Register a new (randomly initialized) classification head:

Batched prediction:

Using the GPU:

Advanced usage

Filling masks:

Pronoun disambiguation (Winograd Schema Challenge):

Extract features aligned to words:

Evaluating the `roberta.large.mnli` model:

Finetuning

Pretraining using your own data

Citation

Files

README.md

Latest commit

History

README.md

File metadata and controls

RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach

Introduction

What's New:

Pre-trained models

Results

Example usage

Load RoBERTa from torch.hub (PyTorch >= 1.1):

Load RoBERTa (for PyTorch 1.0 or custom models):

Apply Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE) to input text:

Extract features from RoBERTa:

Use RoBERTa for sentence-pair classification tasks:

Register a new (randomly initialized) classification head:

Batched prediction:

Using the GPU:

Advanced usage

Filling masks:

Pronoun disambiguation (Winograd Schema Challenge):

Extract features aligned to words:

Evaluating the roberta.large.mnli model:

Finetuning

Pretraining using your own data

Citation

Evaluating the `roberta.large.mnli` model: