amf.md

Alternating Matrix Factorization tutorial

Alternating matrix factorization decomposes a matrix V in the form V ~ WH where W is called the basis matrix and H is called the encoding matrix. V is taken to be of size n x m and the obtained W is n x r and H is r x m. The size r is called the rank of the factorization. Factorization is done by alternately calculating W and H respectively while holding the other matrix constant.

mlpack provides a simple C++ interface to perform Alternating Matrix Factorization.

The AMF class

The AMF class is templatized with 3 parameters; the first contains the policy used to determine when the algorithm has converged; the second contains the initialization rule for the W and H matrix; the last contains the update rule to be used during each iteration. This templatization allows the user to try various update rules, initialization rules, and termination policies (including ones not supplied with mlpack) for factorization.

The class provides the following method that performs factorization

template<typename MatType> double Apply(const MatType& V,
                                        const size_t r,
                                        arma::mat& W,
                                        arma::mat& H);

Using different termination policies

The AMF implementation comes with different termination policies to support many implemented algorithms. Every termination policy implements the following method which returns the status of convergence.

bool IsConverged(arma::mat& W, arma::mat& H)

Below is a list of all the termination policies that mlpack contains.

• SimpleResidueTermination
• SimpleToleranceTermination
• ValidationRMSETermination

In SimpleResidueTermination, the termination decision depends on two factors, value of residue and number of iteration. If the current value of residue drops below the threshold or the number of iterations goes beyond the threshold, positive termination signal is passed to AMF.

In SimpleToleranceTermination, termination criterion is met when the increase in residue value drops below the given tolerance. To accommodate spikes, certain number of successive residue drops are accepted. Secondary termination criterion terminates algorithm when iteration count goes beyond the threshold.

ValidationRMSETermination divides the data into 2 sets, training set and validation set. Entries of the validation set are nullifed in the input matrix. Termination criterion is met when increase in validation set RMSe value drops below the given tolerance. To accommodate spikes certain number of successive validation RMSE drops are accepted. This upper imit on successive drops can be adjusted with reverseStepCount. A secondary termination criterion terminates the algorithm when the iteration count goes above the threshold. Though this termination policy is better measure of convergence than the above 2 termination policies, it may cause a decrease in performance since it is computationally expensive.

On the other hand, CompleteIncrementalTermination and IncompleteIncrementalTermination are just wrapper classes for other termination policies. These policies are used when AMF is applied with SVDCompleteIncrementalLearning and SVDIncompleteIncrementalLearning, respectively.

Using different initialization policies

mlpack currently has 2 initialization policies implemented for AMF:

• RandomInitialization
• RandomAcolInitialization

RandomInitialization initializes matrices W and H with random uniform distribution while RandomAcolInitialization initializes the W matrix by averaging p randomly chosen columns of V. In the case of RandomAcolInitialization, p is a template parameter.

To implement their own initialization policy, users need to define the following function in their class.

template<typename MatType>
inline static void Initialize(const MatType& V,
                              const size_t r,
                              arma::mat& W,
                              arma::mat& H)

Using different update rules

mlpack implements the following update rules for the AMF class:

• NMFALSUpdate
• NMFMultiplicativeDistanceUpdate
• NMFMultiplicativeDivergenceUpdate
• SVDBatchLearning
• SVDIncompleteIncrementalLearning
• SVDCompleteIncrementalLearning

Non-Negative Matrix factorization can be achieved with NMFALSUpdate, NMFMultiplicativeDivergenceUpdate or NMFMultiplicativeDivergenceUpdate. NMFALSUpdate implements a simple Alternating Least Squares optimization while the other rules implement algorithms given in the paper 'Algorithms for Non-negative Matrix Factorization'.

The remaining update rules perform the singular value decomposition of the matrix V. This SVD factorization is optimized for use by mlpack's collaborative filtering code (see the collaborative filtering tutorial). This use of SVD factorizers for collaborative filtering is described in the paper 'A Guide to Singular Value Decomposition for Collaborative Filtering' by Chih-Chao Ma. For further details about the algorithms refer to the respective class documentation.

Using Non-Negative Matrix Factorization with AMF

The use of AMF for Non-Negative Matrix factorization is simple. The AMF module defines NMFALSFactorizer which can be used directly without knowing the internal structure of AMF. For example:

#include <mlpack.hpp>

using namespace std;
using namespace arma;
using namespace mlpack;

int main()
{
  NMFALSFactorizer nmf;
  mat W, H;
  mat V = randu<mat>(100, 100);
  size_t r = 10;
  double residue = nmf.Apply(V, r, W, H);
}

NMFALSFactorizer uses SimpleResidueTermination, which is most preferred with Non-Negative Matrix factorizers. The initialization of W and H in NMFALSFactorizer is random. The Apply() function returns the residue obtained by comparing the constructed matrix W * H with the original matrix V.

Using Singular Value Decomposition with AMF

mlpack has the following SVD factorizers implemented for AMF:

• SVDBatchFactorizer
• SVDIncompleteIncrementalFactorizer
• SVDCompleteIncrementalFactorizer

Each of these factorizers takes a template parameter MatType, which specifies the type of the matrix V (dense or sparse---these have types arma::mat and arma::sp_mat, respectively). When the matrix to be factorized is relatively sparse, specifying MatType = arma::sp_mat can provide a runtime boost.

#include <mlpack.hpp>

using namespace std;
using namespace arma;
using namespace mlpack;

int main()
{
  sp_mat V = sprandu<sp_mat>(100,100,0.1);
  size_t r = 10;
  mat W, H;

  SVDBatchFactorizer<sp_mat> svd;
  double residue = svd.Apply(V, r, W, H);
}

Further documentation

For further documentation on the AMF class, consult the AMF source code comments.