02-python-essentials/02.07-mutable-and-immutable-data-types.ipynb

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  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# 可变和不可变类型"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "source": [
    "## 列表是可变的（Mutable）"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2, 3, 4]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = [1,2,3,4]\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "通过索引改变："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[100, 2, 3, 4]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a[0] = 100\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "通过方法改变："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[100, 2, 3, 200, 4]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.insert(3, 200)\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[2, 3, 4, 100, 200]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.sort()\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 字符串是不可变的（Immutable）"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'hello world'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = \"hello world\"\n",
    "s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "通过索引改变会报错："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "'str' object does not support item assignment",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-6-83b06971f05e>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0ms\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[1;34m'z'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: 'str' object does not support item assignment"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s[0] = 'z'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "字符串方法只是返回一个新字符串，并不改变原来的值："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "hello Mars\n",
      "hello world\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print s.replace('world', 'Mars')\n",
    "print s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "如果想改变字符串的值，可以用重新赋值的方法："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "hello Mars\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = \"hello world\"\n",
    "s = s.replace('world', 'Mars')\n",
    "print s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "或者用 `bytearray` 代替字符串："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "bytearray(b'a12de')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = bytearray('abcde')\n",
    "s[1:3] = '12'\n",
    "s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "数据类型分类：\n",
    "\n",
    "|可变数据类型|不可变数据类型|\n",
    "|--|--|\n",
    "|`list`, `dictionary`, `set`, `numpy array`, `user defined objects`|`integer`, `float`, `long`, `complex`, `string`, `tuple`, `frozenset`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 字符串不可变的原因"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "其一，列表可以通过以下的方法改变，而字符串不支持这样的变化。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = [1, 2, 3, 4]\n",
    "b = a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "此时， `a` 和 `b` 指向同一块区域，改变 `b` 的值， `a` 也会同时改变："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[100, 2, 3, 4]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b[0] = 100\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "其二，是字符串与整数浮点数一样被认为是基本类型，而基本类型在Python中是不可变的。"
   ]
  }
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