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localbibliography.bib
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localbibliography.bib
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@book{SimonsFennig2017,
title = {Ethnologue: {{Languages}} of the World, Twentieth Edition},
url = {https://www.ethnologue.com/},
location = {{Dallas, Texas}},
publisher = {{SIL} International},
urldate = {2017-07-12},
date = {2017},
author = {Simons, Gary F. and Fennig, Charles D.}
}
@article{Berry1970,
langid = {english},
title = {A Note on the Prosodic Structure of {{Krio}}},
volume = {36},
issn = {0020-7071},
number = {4},
journaltitle = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
date = {1970},
pages = {266-267},
author = {Berry, Jack}
}
@book{Holm1988,
langid = {english},
location = {Cambridge},
title = {Pidgins and Creoles},
isbn = {978-0-521-24980-5},
publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
date = {1988},
author = {Holm, John A.}
}
@book{Zarco1938,
langid = {english},
location = {{Turnhout, Belgium}},
title = {Dialecto Inglés-Africano o {{Broken}}-{{English}} de La Colonia Española Del {{Golfo}} de {{Guinea}}},
publisher = {{H. Proost}},
date = {1938},
author = {Zarco, Mariano de}
}
@article{Lipski1992,
langid = {english},
title = {Pidgin {{English}} Usage in {{Equatorial Guinea}} ({{Fernando Poo}})},
volume = {13},
issn = {0172-8865},
number = {1},
journaltitle = {English World-Wide},
date = {1992},
pages = {33-57},
author = {Lipski, John M.}
}
@book{Fyfe1962,
langid = {english},
location = {{Oxford}},
title = {A History of {{Sierra Leone}}},
publisher = {{Oxford University Press}},
date = {1962},
author = {Fyfe, Christopher}
}
@book{Huber1999,
location = {{Amsterdam}},
title = {Ghanaian {{Pidgin English}} in Its {{West African}} Context: {A} Sociohistorical and Structural Analysis},
file = {Includes CD-ROM},
isbn = {978-90-272-4882-4},
number = {G24},
series = {Varieties of English Around the World},
publisher = {{John Benjamins}},
date = {1999},
author = {Huber, Magnus}
}
@incollection{Yakpo2013,
langid = {english},
location = {{Oxford}},
title = {Pichi},
volume = {1},
isbn = {978-0-19-969140-1},
url = {http://apics-online.info/contributions/19},
abstract = {The Atlas presents full colour maps of the distribution among the pidgins and creoles of 130 structural linguistic features drawn from their phonology, syntax, morphology, and lexicons. In addition there are some maps with relevant sociolinguistic features. The languages include pidgins, creoles, and other contact languages based on English, Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish, and French and languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas. Each map is accompanied by a detailed description and discussion of the feature. The project is the successor to the successful World Atlas of Language Structures and draws on the same linguistic, cartographic, and computing knowledge and skills of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig. The Atlas is published alongside a three-volume Survey of Pidgins and Creoles which describes the histories and linguistic characteristics of 76 languages. The books have been designed, edited, and written by the world's leading experts in the field and represent the most systematic and comprehensive guide ever published to the world's pidgins, creoles and mixed languages. Individually and together the books are a unique resource of outstanding value for linguists of all persuasions throughout the world.},
booktitle = {The Atlas of {{Pidgin}} and {{Creole}} Language Structures: {{English}}-Based and {{Dutch}}-Based Languages},
publisher = {{Oxford University Press}},
urldate = {2018-03-02},
date = {2013},
pages = {194--205},
author = {Yakpo, Kofi},
editor = {Michaelis, Susanne and Maurer, Philippe and Haspelmath, Martin and Huber, Magnus}
}
@book{Hammarstrom2017,
location = {{Jena}},
title = {Glottolog 3.0.},
url = {http://glottolog.org},
publisher = {{Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History}},
urldate = {2017-07-07},
date = {2017},
author = {Hammarström, Harald and Forkel, Robert and Haspelmath, Martin}
}
@article{SalaNgefac2006,
title = {What's Happening to {{Cameroon Pidgin}}? {{The}} Depidginisation Process in {{Cameroon Pidgin English}}},
volume = {36},
journaltitle = {Philologie im Netz (PhiN)},
date = {2006},
pages = {31--43},
author = {Sala, Bonaventura Mbiydzenyuy and Ngefac, Aloysius}
}
@article{Yakpo2011,
title = {Lenguas de {{Guinea Ecuatorial}}: {{D}}e La Documentación a La Implementación},
issn = {16991788},
abstract = {Este artículo pretende proporcionar una panorámica general sobre la situación actual de la documentación de las lenguas ecuatoguineanas y la implementación de políticas lingüísticas en el país, y presenta algunas ideas sobre cómo avanzar en la promoción de las lenguas africanas de Guinea Ecuatorial en la esfera pública. También proporciona un breve ejemplo de caso para la documentación en Guinea Ecuatorial, a través de mi propio trabajo descriptivo del pichi, la lengua criolla de base lexical inglesa de la isla de Bioko.},
number = {7},
journaltitle = {Oráfrica},
date = {2011},
pages = {13--28},
author = {Yakpo, Kofi}
}
@article{Yakpo2016a,
langid = {english},
title = {"{{The}} Only Language We Speak Really Well". {{The English}} Creoles of {{Equatorial Guinea}} and {{West Africa}} at the Intersection of Language Ideologies and Language Policies},
issn = {0165-2516},
abstract = {The objective of this paper is to provide an analysis of a hitherto undescribed aspect of the linguistic scenario of Equatorial Guinea with the English Lexifier Creole Pichi (Yakpo 2009, 2010) at the centre of enquiry. The following topics are addressed: (1) The status of Pichi in the Equato-Guinean polity; special emphasis is placed on the peculiarity of Equatorial Guinea being the only country of Africa in which an English Lexifier Creole coexists with an official language other than English; (2) A comparison of language policies, practices and ideologies vis-à-vis Pichi with those found in other English Creole speaking countries in the sub-region, i.e. Nigeria, Cameroon, Ghana and Sierra Leone – the discussion will focus on official responses to these languages in the respective countries.
A preliminary conclusion is that the “exceptional status” of Equatorial Guinea due to its Spanish colonial past and the use of Spanish is superficial. Approaches to linguistic diversity, the status of African languages vis-à-vis the official language, the configuration of the English Creole in the linguistic scenario all reveal deep similarities with other countries across the sub-region.
The context to the enquiry is the following: In Equatorial Guinea as in many other African countries, a complex conglomerate of factors is responsible for the absence of African languages in the official sphere. For many African nations, multiple causes for continuities between colonial and postcolonial language policies have been identified, among them economic factors, cultural dependence on the former colonizer, internalized negative attitudes inherited from colonialism, elitism, and a lack of political vision and administrative expertise (cf. Muthwii \& Kioko 2004; Baldauf \& Kaplan 2007; Bamgbose 2000). In part due to their symbolic link with the convulsions and contradictions of the slave trade and colonialism, the English Creoles are particularly exposed to inherited attitudes about the “unfitness” of autochthonous languages to serve as mediums of communication in high prestige domains beyond the home, the marketplace or use in popular culture. Yet in Equatorial Guinea as in other English Creole speaking countries like Nigeria and Cameroon, the creoles have seen a spectacular expansion as languages of wider communication and home languages in the past decades.
By turning to such contradictions, this paper attempts to tease apart specific and general characteristics of approaches to linguistic diversity in postcolonial Equatorial Guinea and to determine degrees of continuity with language policies and ideologies in the region.},
number = {239},
journaltitle = {International Journal of the Sociology of Language},
series = {Special issue: {Exploring} glottopolitical Dynamics in Africa: the Spanish colonial past and beyond},
date = {2016},
pages = {211-233},
author = {Yakpo, Kofi},
editor = {Castillo-Rodríguez, Susana and Morgenthaler García, Laura}
}
@book{RepublicadeGuineaEcuatorial2007,
langid = {spanish},
author = {{Ley Núm. 5/2.007}},
abstract = {education bill, Equatorial Guinea},
publisher = {Ley general de educación, República de Guinea Ecuatorial},
date = {2007}
}
@unpublished{OloFernandes2012,
location = {{Barcelona}},
title = {Apropiación de La Educación En {{Guinea Ecuatorial}} y Lenguas Nacionales},
date = {2012},
author = {Olo Fernandes, Lucas},
note = {Unpublished paper}
}
@incollection{Yakpo2009c,
location = {{London}},
title = {Complexity Revisited: {{Pichi}} ({{Equatorial Guinea}}) and {{Spanish}} in Contact},
isbn = {978-1-903292-15-0},
abstract = {Recent attempts to prove the simplicity of Creoles with respect to non-Creoles have, like preceding ones concentrated on describing the assumed paucity of selected surfacephenomena in quantitative terms. None of these accounts has taken into consideration that typically, Creoles are languages in contact. In the multilingual speech communities of West Africa but equally so in other regions, Creoles and Pidgins are in contact with lexifier superstrates, with historically unrelated non-lexifier superstrates and with a host of adstrate and substrate languages. This paper attempts to provide answers to two questions. (1) Can we reconcile the complexity of the mixed grammar and lexicon of a language like Pichi withthe notion of simplicity given that code-mixing of the type presented here forms an integral partof the linguistic system of the language? (2) Can we reconcile the restructuring (or “elaboration”in terms of the simplicity hypothesis) of Pichi grammar and lexicon through code-mixing within the short time-span of a hundred and seventy years with the notion that the youth of Creoles makes them simpler than non-Creoles?},
booktitle = {Simplicity and Complexity in Creoles and Pidgins},
publisher = {{Battlebridge}},
date = {2009-07},
pages = {183--215},
author = {Yakpo, Kofi},
editor = {Faraclas, Nicholas G. and Klein, Thomas}
}
@incollection{Yakpo2018,
location = {{Leiden}},
title = {¿{{El}} Nacimiento de Una Lengua Afrohispana?: {{La}} Influencia Del Español En El Idioma Criollo Inglés de {{Guinea Ecuatorial}}},
abstract = {The English Creole Pichi is spoken as a native and vehicular language by most of the population of the island of Bioko, Equatorial Guinea. This chapter looks at the impact of Spanish on the lexicon, grammar and discourse patterns of Pichi speakers of today, by analysing Pichi-Spanish code-switching patterns as well as lexical and structural borrowing from Spanish. Pichi has been deeply influenced by Spanish. This has contributed to the development of distinct characteristics that set Pichi apart from related West African languages like Krio and Nigerian Pidgin. A combination of linguistic and non-linguistic factors proper to the linguistic ecology of Bioko have made Pichi open to hybridization with Spanish. This development is not completed, however, because large parts of the grammar of Pichi have not been transformed by contact with Spanish. Nevertheless, Pichi is, with its partially mixed character, a unique testimony to the Afro-Hispanic heritage of Equatorial Guinea.},
booktitle = {África y El {{Afro}}-Hispanismo: {{Confluencias}} Trans- e Intra-Continentales En Las Expresiones Culturales Hispánicas y Africanas},
publisher = {{Brill}},
date = {2018},
pages = {243-259},
author = {Yakpo, Kofi},
editor = {Odartey-Wellington, Dorothy}
}
@book{Lipski1985,
location = {{Tübingen}},
title = {The {{Spanish}} of {{Equatorial Guinea}}: {The} Dialect of {Malabo} and Its Implications for {Spanish} Dialectology},
number = {Band 209},
series = {Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie},
publisher = {{Max Niemeyer Verlag}},
date = {1985},
author = {Lipski, John M.}
}
@article{García2016,
title = {Exploring Glottopolitical Dynamics in {{Africa}}: {The} {{Spanish}} Colonial Past and beyond. {{An}} Introduction},
number = {239},
journaltitle = {International Journal of the Sociology of Language},
date = {2016},
pages = {1--28},
author = {Castillo-Rodríguez, Susana and Morgenthaler García, Laura}
}
@article{Lynn1984,
title = {Commerce, Christianity and the Origins of the `{{Creoles}}' of {{Fernando Po}}},
volume = {25},
issn = {0021-8537},
abstract = {During the early and middle years of the nineteenth century a Creole elite emerged on the island of Fernando Po. The origins of this lay in the fact that for the thirty years after 1827 the island was at the centre of European political and economic interests in the Gulf of Guinea. The short-lived British occupation of Fernando Po, 1827-34, established the town of Clarence and brought to the island a number of settlers, and in particular 'liberated Africans', freed from slave ships captured by the Royal Navy. The situation they faced in Clarence and the treatment they received, not least once the British government withdrew and a succession of British traders attempted to run the town, led to the emergence of a homogeneous society out of the various ethnic groups they comprised. This society was to be transformed by the development of a palm oil trade on the island, particularly during the 1840s. This led to the emergence of a group of middlemen between the Bubi producers of the interior and the European traders who collected oil from Clarence, and concurrently, to the stratification of Clarence society into a trading elite and a group of labourers and servants. This trading elite was attracted to the work of the Baptist Mission in Clarence after 1841, and in particular saw the value of the Mission in giving itself a distinct identity. Over time this elite and the Baptists drew apart, but this was not before the interrelation of social stratification with the work of the Mission had produced a class of Creoles whose descendants - the Fernandinos - still survive as a distinct group in Equatorial Guinea today.},
number = {3},
journaltitle = {The Journal of African History},
shortjournal = {The Journal of African History},
date = {1984},
pages = {257-278},
author = {Lynn, Martin}
}
@phdthesis{BolekiaBoleká2007,
langid = {spanish},
school = {{University of Salamanca}},
title = {La enculturación bubi desde los préstamos léxicos del pidgin-english: procesos de lexicalización progresiva},
shorttitle = {La enculturación bubi desde los préstamos léxicos del pidgin-english},
date = {2007},
author = {Bolekia Boleká, Justo}
}
@article{MorgadesBesari2011,
entrysubtype = {newspaper},
location = {{Malabo, Equatorial Guinea}},
title = {Los Criollos ({{Fernandinos}}-{{Kriös}}) de {{Guinea Ecuatorial}}},
edition = {No. 162},
journaltitle = {La Gaceta de Guinea Ecuatorial},
journalsubtitle = {Misceláneas},
url = {http://www.lagacetadeguinea.com/162/19.htm},
urldate = {2013-05-30},
date = {2011-04},
author = {Morgades Besari, Trinidad}
}
@book{Alleyne1980,
langid = {english},
location = {{Ann Arbor}},
title = {Comparative {{Afro}}-{{American}}: {An} Historical-Comparative Study of {{English}}-Based {{Afro}}-{{American}} Dialects of the {{New World}}},
isbn = {978-0-89720-031-8},
shorttitle = {Comparative {{Afro}}-{{American}}},
publisher = {{Karoma Publishers}},
date = {1980},
author = {Alleyne, Mervyn C.}
}
@incollection{Hancock1986,
title = {The Domestic Hypothesis, Diffusion and Componentiality: An Account of {{Atlantic Anglophone}} Creole Origins},
booktitle = {Substrata versus Universals in Creole Genesis},
address = {Amsterdam},
publisher = {John Benjamins},
date = {1986},
pages = {71--102},
author = {Hancock, Ian F.},
editor = {Muysken, Pieter and Smith, Norval}
}
@incollection{Hancock1987,
title = {A Preliminary Classification of {{Anglophone Atlantic}} Creoles, with Syntactic Data from Thirty-Three Representative Dialects},
booktitle = {Pidgin and Creole Languages: {Essays} in Memory of {{John Reinecke}}},
address = {Honolulu},
publisher = {University of Hawai'i Press},
date = {1987},
pages = {264--333},
author = {Hancock, Ian F.},
editor = {Gilbert, Glenn G.}
}
@article{MuyskenSmith1990,
title = {Question Words in Pidgin and Creole Languages},
volume = {28},
abstract = {http://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/2066/14635/1/14635.pdf},
number = {4},
journaltitle = {Linguistics},
date = {1990},
pages = {883-903},
author = {Muysken, Pieter and Smith, Norval}
}
@incollection{Baker1999,
location = {{London}},
title = {Investigating the Origin and Diffusion of Shared Features among the {{Atlantic English Creoles}}},
isbn = {978-1-85919-088-3},
booktitle = {St. {{Kitts}} and the {{Atlantic Creoles}}: {{T}}he Texts of {{Samuel Augustus Mathews}} in Perspective},
publisher = {{University of Westminster Press}},
date = {1999},
pages = {315--364},
author = {Baker, Philip},
editor = {Baker, Philip and Bruyn, Adrienne}
}
@incollection{Faraclas2004,
location = {{Berlin}},
title = {Nigerian {{Pidgin English}}: {{Morphology}} and Syntax},
booktitle = {A Handbook of Varieties of {{English}}, {{Vol}} 2: {{Morphology}} and Syntax},
publisher = {{Mouton de Gruyter}},
date = {2004},
pages = {828--853},
author = {Faraclas, Nicholas},
editor = {Kortmann, Bernd and Schneider, Edgar W. and Burridge, Kate and Mesthrie, Rajend and Upton, Clive}
}
@article{Yakpo2016beeee,
title = {O Estatuto Do Pichi Na {{Guiné Equatorial}}},
volume = {3},
issn = {2311-6625},
abstract = {Este artigo explora a relação entre as políticas e as ideologias linguísticas relacionadas ao pichi, o crioulo de base lexical inglesa da Guiné Equatorial e a segunda língua nacional mais amplamente falada do país. Forneço explicações para a ausência de compromisso do Estado com o pichi, assim como a omissão do mesmo nos discursos públicos. Sugiro que as ideologias linguísticas que circundam o pichi estabelecem, em grande medida, valores negativos sobre a língua e têm contribuído para inibir as oportunidades de elevação de seu status e expansão de seu uso na Guiné Equatorial. Concluo que o pichi continuará, portanto, a ampliar suas funções sociais informalmente, pela conquista gradual de domínios adicionais de uso.},
number = {6},
journaltitle = {PLATÔ (Revista Digital do Instituto Internacional da Língua Portuguesa)},
series = {Glotopolítica na Guiné Equatorial},
date = {2016},
pages = {20-40},
author = {Yakpo, Kofi}
}
@article{Yakpo2016estatuto,
title = {O estatuto do pichi na {Guiné} {Equatorial}},
volume = {3},
issn = {2311-6625},
url = {http://www.riilp.org},
number = {6},
journal = {PLATÔ (Revista Digital do Instituto Internacional da Língua Portuguesa)},
author = {Yakpo, Kofi},
year = {2016},
pages = {20--40}
}
@article{HuberGörlach1996,
langid = {english},
title = {West {{African Pidgin English}}},
volume = {17},
issn = {0172-8865},
abstract = {The classification of West African languages as English, broken English, pidgin, or broken pidgin is problematic. It is argued that standard pidgins may be determined by the competence of educated, fluent speakers, at least as a reference point. Text types from a Nigerian newspaper demonstrating broken pidgin are discussed, \& the playfulness apparent in the use of pidgin, contrasts between "quasi-pidgin" \& "standard pidgin," \& the sociolinguistic position of pidgin are considered. Ghanaian Pidgin English magazine \& newspaper articles illustrating the influence of Standard Ghanaian English on pure pidgin are provided, with each article presented in its original state, a proper Pidgin version, \& an English translation. 8 References. D. Weibel},
number = {2},
journaltitle = {English World-Wide},
date = {1996},
pages = {239-258},
author = {Huber, Magnus and Görlach, Manfred}
}
@article{BakerHuber2001,
title = {Atlantic, {{Pacific}}, and World-Wide Features in {{English}}-Lexicon Contact Languages},
volume = {22},
number = {2},
journaltitle = {English World-Wide},
date = {2001},
pages = {157--208},
author = {Baker, Philip and Huber, Magnus}
}
@article{Singler1997,
langid = {english},
title = {The Configuration of {{Liberia}}'s {{Englishes}}},
volume = {16},
issn = {0883-2919, 1467-971X},
number = {2},
journaltitle = {World Englishes},
date = {1997},
pages = {205-231},
author = {Singler, John Victor}
}
@phdthesis{Smith1987,
title = {The Genesis of the {{Creole}} Languages of {{Surinam}}},
school={{University of Amsterdam}},
date = {1987},
author = {Smith, Norval}
}
@incollection{Smith2015,
langid = {english},
location = {{Berlin}},
title = {Ingredient {{X}}: {The} Shared {{African}} Lexical Element in the {{English}}-Lexifier {{Atlantic Creoles}}, and the Theory of Rapid Creolization},
isbn = {978-3-11-034397-7},
abstract = {Spatial relations in Sranan are expressed through a broad range of constructions. Some of these reflect the influence of the Dutch superstrate, others clearly reflect the influence of the substrate languages of Sranan. These “Niger-Congo” structures are markedly different from equivalent “Indo-European” ones. Pattern relexification is held responsible for the wholesale carry-over of substrate semantics plus morpho-syntactic specifications into Sranan locative constructions. The synchronic variation in Sranan is partially explained by the equally broad variety of constructions found within and across the African languages and language families that participated in the creation of Sranan. However, much of the apparent diversity is superficial in nature, for it chiefly concerns constituent order. In contrast, morphosyntactic features like the nature of dependency, as well as the semantic structure of spatial descriptions remain highly similar in Sranan and the substrates.},
number = {275},
booktitle = {Surviving the {{Middle Passage}}: {{The West Africa}}-{{Surinam Sprachbund}}},
series = {Trends in Linguistics, Studies and Monographs (TiLSM)},
publisher = {{De Gruyter Mouton}},
date = {2015},
pages = {67-106},
author = {Smith, Norval},
editor = {Muysken, Pieter and Smith, Norval}
}
@book{Dillard1973,
langid = {english},
location = {{New York}},
title = {Black {{English}}: {Its} History and Usage in the {{United States}}},
isbn = {978-0-394-71872-9},
shorttitle = {Black {{English}}},
abstract = {An investigation of the ways in which Black English differs from other varieties of American English, arguing that the differences are traceable to language-contact phenomena associated with the West African slave trade and with European maritime expansion, and discussing its effect on the education of African-American children.},
publisher = {{Vintage Books}},
date = {1973},
author = {Dillard, John L.}
}
@book{Rickford1999,
location = {{Oxford}},
title = {African {{American}} Vernacular {{English}}: {{Features}}, Evolution, Educational Implications},
shorttitle = {African {{American}} Vernacular {{English}}},
publisher = {{Wiley-Blackwell}},
date = {1999},
author = {Rickford, John R.}
}
@incollection{Winford2017,
langid = {english},
location = {{Amsterdam}},
title = {Some Observations on the Sources of {{AAVE}} Structure: {{Re}}-Examining the Creole Connection},
isbn = {978-90-272-5277-7},
shorttitle = {Some Observations on the Sources of {{AAVE}} Structure},
number = {53},
booktitle = {Language {{Contact}} in {{Africa}} and the {{African Diaspora}} in the {{Americas}}},
series = {Creole Language Library},
publisher = {{John Benjamins}},
date = {2017},
pages = {203-224},
author = {Winford, Donald},
editor = {Cutler, Cecelia and Vrzić, Zvjezdana and Angermeyer, Philipp}
}
@unpublished{Smith2001,
title = {Reconstructing {{Caribbean}} Plantation {{Pidgin English}}},
type = {Unpublished paper},
howpublished = {Unpublished paper},
date = {2001},
author = {Smith, Norval}
}
@unpublished{Dandeson2001,
title = {The Use of Preverbal Particles in {{Sierra Leone Krio}}},
type = {Unpublished paper},
howpublished = {Unpublished paper},
date = {2001},
author = {Smith, Dandeson}
}
@incollection{YillahCorcoran2007,
location = {{London}},
title = {Krio ({{Creole English}})},
booktitle = {Comparative Creole Syntax: {{Parallel}} Outlines of 18 Creole Grammars},
publisher = {{Battlebridge Publications}},
date = {2007},
author = {Yillah, Mohamed Sorie and Corcoran, Chris},
editor = {Holm, John and Patrick, Peter L.}
}
@incollection{Finney2004,
location = {{Amsterdam}},
title = {Tone Assignment on Lexical Items of {English} and {African} Origin in {{Krio}}},
abstract = {The nature of tone marking on words of English origin in English- based creoles is a highly debated issue. In creoles defined by some as pitch-accent languages, high tones in words that are derived from stress (accent) languages generally coincide with primary stress. I adopt herein the position that Krio is a tonal language, rather than a pitch-accent language. Tone is generally specified in the lexicon, particularly for lexical items of African origin. Tone assignment on disyllabic lexical items of English origin is unpredictable, albeit predictable in a limited set of polysyllabic lexical items: In this case, high tone generally orresponds with the primary or secondary stress that is closest to the end of the word. Finally, I propose a tonal rule of high tone deletion and spreading of low tone on the initial components of compounds of English origin.},
booktitle = {Creoles, Contact and Language Change: Linguistics and Social Implications},
publisher = {{John Benjamins}},
date = {2004},
pages = {221 -- 236},
author = {Finney, Malcolm Awadajin},
editor = {Escure, Geneviève and Schwegler, Armin}
}
@inproceedings{MorgadesBesari2005,
location = {{Rosario, Argentina}},
title = {Breve Apunte Sobre El Español En {{Guinea Ecuatorial}}},
url = {http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_05/morgades/p01.htm},
eventtitle = {{{III Congreso Internacional}} de La {{Lengua Española}}},
booktitle = {El Español En El Mundo: Anuario 2005},
publisher = {{Instituto Cervantes}},
urldate = {2018-02-20},
date = {2005},
author = {Morgades Besari, Trinidad}
}
@book{MartindelMolino1993,
location = {{Malabo}},
title = {La Ciudad de {{Clarence}}},
publisher = {{Ediciones Centro Cultural Hispano-Guineano}},
date = {1993},
author = {Martín del Molino, Amador}
}
@book{Cantús2006,
location = {{Barcelona}},
title = {Fernando {{Poo}}: Una Aventura Colonial Española. {{Vol I}}: {{Las}} Islas En Litigio: Entre La Esclavitud y El Abolicionismo, 1777-1846},
shorttitle = {Fernando {{Poo}}},
publisher = {{Ceiba Ediciones}},
date = {2006},
author = {Cantús, Dolores García}
}
@book{FyleJones1980,
location = {{Oxford}},
title = {A {{Krio}}-{{English Dictionary}}},
publisher = {{Oxford University Press}},
date = {1980},
author = {Fyle, Clifford N. and Jones, Eldred Durosimi}
}
@incollection{Coomber1992,
location = {{Uppsala}},
title = {The New {{Krio}} Orthography and Some Unresolved Problems},
booktitle = {Reading and Writing {{Krio}}},
publisher = {{Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis}},
date = {1992},
pages = {15-20},
author = {Coomber, Ajayi},
editor = {Jones, Eldred D. and Sandred, Karl I. and Shrimpton, Neville}
}
@book{InternationalAfricanInstitute1930,
langid = {english},
location = {{Oxford}},
title = {Practical {{Orthography}} of {{African Languages}}},
shorttitle = {Practical {{Orthography}} of {{African Languages}}},
abstract = {The first edition of the Practical Orthography of African Languages was a best-seller and this and the following volume re-issues the second edition, in English and French. Originally published in 1930, it provided an invaluable solution to the problem of finding a practical and uniform method of writing African languages. The volume is bound with a small pamphlet which analyses the information on the Semitic and cushitic languages of Eritrea, Ethiopia and the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Related languages are grouped together into larger sections which have some linguistic significance. A further pamphlet, the Distribution of the Nilotic and Nilo-Hamitic Languages of Africa, describes the relationship between languages and dialects. For each language, data are given on locality, number of speakers, use for educational and religious purposes and the extent of vernacular literature. The linguistic material is set out in phonetic script with tone marks, though reference is made to current standard orthoraphies where these exist.},
publisher = {{Oxford University Press}},
date = {1930},
author = {{International African Institute}},
eprinttype = {googlebooks}
}
@phdthesis{Yakpo2009a,
langid = {english},
title = {A Grammar of {{Pichi}}},
url = {http://hdl.handle.net/2066/79407},
abstract = {Pichi (formerly known as Fernando Po Creole English) is an Atlantic English-lexicon Creole spoken on the island of Bioko, Equatorial Guinea. With at least 70,000 speakers, Pichi is an offshoot of Krio (Sierra Leone) and shares many characteristics with its West African sister languages Aku (Gambia) and Nigerian, Cameroonian and Ghanaian Pidgin. At the same time, contact with Spanish, the colonial and official language of Equatorial Guinea, has made a significant impact on the lexicon and grammar of Pichi.
This first comprehensive description of Pichi is based on extensive fieldwork in Equatorial Guinea. It presents a detailed analysis of the phonology, morphology and syntax of the language and addresses language contact between Pichi and Spanish. The annexes contain a collection of interlinearised and annotated texts as well as Pichi-English-Pichi vocabulary lists.},
school ={Radboud University Nijmegen},
urldate = {2018-03-02},
date = {2009},
author = {Yakpo, Kofi}
}
@book{Yakpo2010,
langid = {spanish},
location = {{Barcelona}},
title = {Gramática del Pichi},
isbn = {978-84-937497-4-3},
number = {13},
series = {Laboratorio de recursos orales},
publisher = {{Ceiba Ediciones}},
date = {2010},
author = {Yakpo, Kofi}
}
@collection{MichaelisEtAl2013,
location = {{Leipzig}},
title = {{{APiCS Online}}},
url = {http://apics-online.info/},
publisher = {{Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology}},
date = {2013},
editor = {Michaelis, Susanne Maria and Maurer, Philippe and Haspelmath, Martin and Huber, Magnus}
}
@inproceedings{Yakpo2009b,
langid = {english},
location = {{Port of Spain}},
title = {Tone in {{Pichi}}},
abstract = {Pichi, the English-lexifier Creole of Bioko (Equatorial Guinea) features a mixed prosodic system similar to the ones identified for other Atlantic Creoles. The language exhibits a stratified lexicon with a majority of roots characterised by pitch accent and a minority characterised by tone.},
eventtitle = {17th Biennial Conference of the {{Society}} for {{Caribbean Linguistics}}, {{Cayenne}}, {{French Guiana}}, 23-31 {{July}} 2008},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th Biennial Conference of the {{Society}} for {{Caribbean Linguistics}}},
publisher = {{University of the West Indies at St. Augustine, Trinidad \& Tobago}},
date = {2009},
author = {Yakpo, Kofi}
}
@article{Rountree1972,
title = {Saramaccan Tone in Relation to Intonation and Grammar},
volume = {29},
journaltitle = {Lingua},
date = {1972},
pages = {308--325},
author = {Rountree, S. Catherine}
}
@book{Devonish1989,
location = {{Kingston}},
title = {Talking in Tones: {{A}} Study of Tone in {{Afro}}-{{European Creole}} Languages},
publisher = {{Caribbean Academic Publications}},
date = {1989},
author = {Devonish, Hubert}
}
@book{Devonish2002,
location = {{Kingston}},
title = {Talking Rhythm Stressing Tone: {The} Role of Prominence in {{Anglo}}-{{West African Creole}} Languages},
isbn = {978-976-8189-25-7},
number = {5},
series = {Caribbean Language series},
publisher = {{Arawak Publications}},
date = {2002},
author = {Devonish, Hubert}
}
@article{Good2004,
title = {Tone and Accent in {{Saramaccan}}: {{Charting}} a Deep Split in the Phonology of a Language},
number = {114},
journaltitle = {Lingua},
date = {2004},
pages = {575--619},
author = {Good, Jeffrey C.}
}
@article{Castillo1998,
title = {Tone and Stress in {{Papiamentu}}: {The} Contribution of a Constraint-Based Analysis to the Problem of Creole Genesis},
volume = {13},
number = {2},
journaltitle = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
date = {1998},
pages = {297--334},
author = {Rivera Castillo, Yolanda}
}
@article{CastilloFaraclas2006,
title = {The Emergence of Systems of Lexical and Grammatical Tone and Stress in {{Caribbean}} and {{West African Creoles}}},
number = {59},
journaltitle = {Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung},
date = {2006},
pages = {148-169},
author = {Rivera Castillo, Yolanda and Faraclas, Nicholas}
}
@article{SteienYakpo2017,
title = {Romancing with Tone: {On} the Outcomes of Prosodic Contact},
abstract = {The idea is common that tone is lost or reduced during language contact, and during contact between tone and intonation-only (i.e. “stress”) languages in particular. The assumption is that tone is complex and therefore does not survive universal processes of simplification seen to accompany the formation of contact varieties. We instead propose a dynamic model for the evolution of contact prosodic systems, making two central claims. First, contact varieties develop lexical tone or stress in accordance with the dominant type in their ecologies via areal convergence. Drawing on primary data from Central African French (CAF) and Equatoguinean Spanish (EGS), and supporting evidence from other contact varieties, we show that tone systems can easily be transferred from tonal adstrates and substrates to intonation-only languages. Secondly, the outcomes of prosodic contact will reflect the possibilities and limitations of stress-to-tone mapping, the typological matching of intonation-only and tonal features specific to the languages involved.},
date = {2018},
author = {{Bordal Steien}, Guri and Yakpo, Kofi},
note = {Manuscript}
}
@incollection{Lipski2015,
langid = {english},
location = {{Amsterdam}},
title = {“{{Toned}}-up” {{Spanish}}: {{Stress}} → Pitch → Tone(?) In {{Equatorial Guinea}}},
isbn = {978-90-272-0389-2},
shorttitle = {“{{Toned}}-up” {{Spanish}}},
booktitle = {Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory},
publisher = {{John Benjamins}},
date = {2015},
pages = {233-256},
author = {Lipski, John M.},
editor = {Tortora, Christina and Dikken, Marcel and Montoya, Ignacio L. and O'Neill, Teresa}
}
@article{Criper1971,
title = {A Classification of Types of {{English}} in {{Ghana}}},
volume = {10},
number = {3},
journaltitle = {Journal of African Languages},
date = {1971},
pages = {6--17},
author = {Criper, Lindsay}
}
@article{Criper-Friedman1990,
title = {The Tone System of {{West African}} Coastal {{English}}},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
journaltitle = {World Englishes},
date = {1990},
pages = {63--77},
author = {Criper-Friedman, Lindsay}
}
@inproceedings{GussenhovenUdofot2010,
location = {{Chicago, USA}},
title = {Word Melodies vs. Pitch Accents: {{A}} Perceptual Evaluation of Terracing Contours in {{British}} and {{Nigerian English}}},
abstract = {The results of a perception experiment in which Nigerian English listeners judged the well-formedness of Nigerian English intonation contours suggests that the language has tonal specifications for each syllable, including syllables that are unstressed in British English. The association of pitch accents to accented syllables in British English explains why British English listeners are relatively insensitive to deviations in the pitch of unstressed or unaccented syllables.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of {{Speech Prosody}} 2010},
date = {2010},
author = {Gussenhoven, Carlos and Udofot, Inyang}
}
@incollection{Steien2015,
location = {{Heidelberg}},
title = {Traces of the Lexical Tone System of {{Sango}} in {{Central African French}}},
booktitle = {Prosody and Language in Contact},
publisher = {{Springer}},
date = {2015},
pages = {29--49},
author = {{Bordal Steien}, Guri},
editor = {Delais-Roussarie, Elisabeth and Avanzi, Mathieu and Herment, Sophie }
}
@book{Faraclas1996,
langid = {english},
location = {{London}},
title = {Nigerian {{Pidgin}}},
isbn = {978-0-415-02291-0},
abstract = {Nigerian Pidginis the first comprehensive grammar of what has become one of the most widely spoken languages of Africa and the most widely spoken pidgin language in the world. The work consists of a detailed descriptive and analytic treatment of the syntax, morphology and phonology of Nigerian Pidgin, as well as preliminary studies of the lexicon and semantics of the language. The data and analysis presented in this book are based on samples of spontaneous speech collected in markets, workplaces, private homes and other sites throughout South Eastern Nigeria. This volume is further complemented by a full bibliography.},
publisher = {{Routledge}},
date = {1996},
author = {Faraclas, Nicholas G.}
}
@incollection{Yakpo2012a,
langid = {english},
location = {{Amsterdam}},
title = {Reiteration in {{Pichi}}: {{Forms}}, Functions and Areal-Typological Perspectives},
isbn = {978 90 272 5266 1},
shorttitle = {Reiteration in {{Pichi}}},
abstract = {Pichi, an Afro-Caribbean English-lexifier Creole spoken on the island of Bioko, Equatorial Guinea, features four types of reiteration. Amongst them, reduplication and repetition can be distinguished on formal and semantic grounds. Reduplication is a derivational operation consisting of self-compounding and tone deletion. It is restricted to dynamic verbs and yields iterative, dispersive and attenuative meanings. Repetition occurs with all major word classes, renders more iconic meanings and is analyzed as semi-morphological in nature. A comparison with verbal reiteration in a cross-section of West African languages and two of its sister languages in the Caribbean allows the conclusion that Pichi reduplication reflects an areal pattern. I conclude further that Pichi reduplication is not exceptionally iconic nor specifically “creole” in nature.},
number = {43},
booktitle = {The Morphosyntax of Reiteration in Creole and Non-Creole Languages},
series = {Creole Language Library (CLL)},
publisher = {{John Benjamins}},
date = {2012},
pages = {251-284},
author = {Yakpo, Kofi},
editor = {Aboh, Enoch A. and Zribi-Hertz, Anne}
}
@book{Yip2002,
location = {{Cambridge}},
title = {Tone},
publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
date = {2002},
author = {Yip, Moira}
}
@phdthesis{Suzuki1998,
school = {{University of Arizona}},
title = {A Typological Investigation of Dissimilation},
abstract = {This dissertation investigates the phenomenon of dissimilation from a theoretical perspective, with special attention to crosslinguistic patterns. After first arguing that the previous accounts based on the Obligatory Contour Principle (OCP) (Leben 1973, McCarthy 1979, 1986) are not satisfactory, I propose an alternative theory of identity avoidance, GENERALIZED OCP (GOCP) which generalizes the applicability of the traditional OCP to a wider range of phenomena, not just autosegmental (i.e. featural) ones. My proposal asserts that identity avoidance between two elements in sequence is fundamental to linguistic theory, an idea that can be characterized by a universal constraint governing various types of dissimilatory phenomena. This concept is implemented within the framework of Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993, McCarthy and Prince 1993a,b), which provides the flexibility for constraints to be both violable and rankable. Contrary to the traditional OCP based approach which is bound by various representational properties such as feature geometry and underspecification, the proposed approach abandons this representational dependency in favor of the richly articulated constraint-based system.},
date = {1998},
author = {Suzuki, Keiichiro}
}
@phdthesis{Pierrehumbert1980,
title = {The Phonology and Phonetics of {{English}} Intonation},
institution = {{Massachusetts Institute of Technology}},
date = {1980},
author = {Pierrehumbert, Janet Breckenridge}
}
@book{Cristo1998,
location = {{Cambridge}},
title = {Intonation Systems: {A} Survey of Twenty Languages},
shorttitle = {Intonation Systems},
publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
date = {1998},
author = {Hirst, Daniel and Di Cristo, Albert}
}
@incollection{Farquharson2007,
location = {{Amsterdam}},
title = {Creole Morphology Revisited},
booktitle = {Deconstructing Creole},
publisher = {{John Benjamins}},
date = {2007},
pages = {21-38},
author = {Farquharson, Joseph},
editor = {Ansaldo, Umberto and Matthews, Stephen and Lim, Lisa}
}
@incollection{ComrieThompson1985,
title = {Grammatical Categories and the Lexicon},
booktitle = {Language Typology and Syntactic Description, {{Vol}}. 3: {{Grammatical}} Categories and the Lexicon},
address = {Cambridge},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
date = {1985},
pages = {349--398},
author = {Comrie, Bernard and Thompson, Sandra A.},
editor = {Shopen, Timothy}
}
@book{ClaudiHünnemeyer1991,
location = {{Chicago and London}},
title = {Grammaticalization: {{A}} Conceptual Framework},
publisher = {{Chicago University Press}},
date = {1991},
author = {Heine, Bernd and Claudi, Ulrike and Hünnemeyer, Friederike}
}
@inproceedings{Downing2001,
location = {Germany},
publisher = {{Bielefeld University}},
title = {Tone (Non-)Transfer in {{Bantu}} Verbal Reduplication},
eventtitle = {International {{Workshop}} on the {{Typology}} of {{African Prosodic Systems}}},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{International Workshop}} on the {{Typology}} of {{African Prosodic Systems}}},
date = {2001},
author = {Downing, Laura J.}
}
@article{Odden1996,
title = {Patterns of Reduplication in {{Kikerewe}}},
abstract = {The principles governing reduplication have recently been subject to renewed scrutiny within Optimality Theory under the impetus of McCarthy \& Prince 1995. Bantu languages have provided a rich empirical domain for investigation in this area (Odden \& Odden 1985, 1996; Kiyomi \& Davis 1992; Mutaka \& Hyman 1990 and Downing 1994, 1996, inter alii),
since reduplication in Bantu languages often interacts in sometimes unexpected ways with other aspects of the phonology.},
number = {48},
journaltitle = {OSU WPL},
date = {1996},
pages = {111-148},
author = {Odden, David}
}
@article{Mufwene1986,
title = {Number Delimitation in {{Gullah}}},
volume = {61},
number = {1},
journaltitle = {American Speech},
date = {1986},
pages = {33--60},
author = {Mufwene, Salikoko S.}
}
@book{Kouwenberg1994,
title = {Berbice {{Dutch Creole}}},
isbn = {978-3-11-013736-1},
number = {12},
series = {Mouton Grammar Library},
address = {Berlin},
publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
date = {1994},
author = {Kouwenberg, S.}
}
@article{Haspelmath1994,
title = {Implicational Universals in the Distribution of Indefinite Pronouns},
volume = {47},
number = {3},
journaltitle = {STUF-Language Typology and Universals},
date = {1994},
pages = {160--185},
author = {Haspelmath, Martin}
}
@book{Haspelmath1997,
location = {{Oxford}},
title = {Indefinite Pronouns},
series = {Oxford Studies in Typology and Linguistic Theory},
publisher = {{Oxford University Press}},
date = {1997},
author = {Haspelmath, Martin}
}
@incollection{Sasse1991a,
title = {Aspect and Aktionsart: {A} Reconciliation},
volume = {6},
booktitle = {Belgian {{Journal}} of {{Linguistics}}},
date = {1991},
pages = {31--45},
author = {Sasse, Hans-Jürgen}
}
@book{Comrie1976,
location = {{Cambridge}},
title = {Aspect},
publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
date = {1976},
author = {Comrie, Bernard}
}
@book{Winford1993,
location = {{Amsterdam}},
title = {Predication in {{Caribbean English Creoles}}},
isbn = {978-90-272-5231-9},
number = {10},
series = {Creole Language Library (CLL)},
publisher = {{John Benjamins}},
date = {1993},
author = {Winford, Donald}
}
@incollection{Migge2000,
location = {{Amsterdam}},
title = {The Origin of the Syntax and the Semantics of Property Items in the {{Surinamese}} Plantation {{Creole}}},
number = {21},
booktitle = {Language Change and Language Contact in {{Pidgins}} and {{Creoles}}},
series = {Creole Language Library (CLL)},
publisher = {{John Benjamins}},
date = {2000},
pages = {201-231},
author = {Migge, Bettina},
editor = {McWhorter, John}
}
@incollection{ChungTimberlake1985,
title = {Tense, Aspect, and Mood},
booktitle = {Language Typology and Syntactic Description. {{Vol}}. 1: {{Grammatical}} Categories and the Lexicon},
address = {Cambridge},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
date = {1985},
pages = {202-258},
author = {Chung, Sandra and Timberlake, Alan},
editor = {Shopen, Timothy}
}
@book{Dahl1985,
title = {Tense and Aspect Systems},
address = {London},
publisher = {Basil Blackwell},
date = {1985},
author = {Dahl, Östen}
}
@incollection{Breu1985,
location = {{München}},
title = {Handlungsgrenzen Als {{Grundlage}} Der {{Verbklassifikation}}},
booktitle = {Slavistische {{Linguistik}} 1984},
publisher = {{Otto Sagner}},
date = {1985},
pages = {9--34},
author = {Breu, Walter},
editor = {Lehfeldt, Werner}
}
@incollection{Sasse1991,
location = {{Köln}},
title = {Aspekttheorie},
number = {14},
booktitle = {Aspektsysteme},
series = {Arbeitspapiere},
publisher = {{Institut für Sprachwissenschaft, Universität zu Köln}},
date = {1991},
pages = {1--35},
author = {Sasse, Hans-Jürgen},
editor = {Sasse, Hans-Jürgen}
}
@incollection{Sasse1991b,
address = {Köln},
series = {Arbeitspapiere},
title = {Aspekttheorie},
number = {14},
booktitle = {Aspektsysteme},
publisher = {Institut für Sprachwissenschaft, Universität zu Köln},
author = {Sasse, Hans-Jürgen},
editor = {Sasse, Hans-Jürgen},
year = {1991},
pages = {1--35}
}
@incollection{Jaggar2006,
langid = {english},
location = {{London}},
title = {The {{Hausa}} Perfective Tense-Aspect Used in Wh-/Focus Constructions and Historical Narratives: {A} Unified Account},
shorttitle = {The {{Hausa}} Perfective Tense-Aspect Used in Wh-/Focus Constructions and Historical Narratives},
abstract = {In this paper I revisit and elaborate some of the ideas I outlined in the earlier paper, concentrating on the semantic characteristics of the paired Perfective tense-aspects in a major (universal) discourse context—spontaneously-produced past-time narrative. The main focus is on the role of the paradigm known traditionally (and unfortunately) as the “Relative Perfective”, a set which is in partial complementary distribution with the “General/Neutral Perfective”. This specially inflected tense-aspect form is the one exploited at discourse-level to assert prominent events on the time-axis in foregrounded narrative sequences, but it is also required in classic clause-level wh-constructions, i.e., wh-interrogatives, declarative focus constructions, and relative clauses, operations which often share structural properties across languages. The central claim is that the fronted focus/wh- constructions and pivotal foregrounded portions of past-time narratives utilize the same specialized Perfective tense-aspect morphology because they achieve the same discourse-pragmatic goals—they all supply the most communicatively PROMINENT and focal NEW information.},
booktitle = {West {African} Linguistics: {Descriptive}, Comparative, and Historical Studies in Honor of {{Russell G}}. {{Schuh}}},
publisher = {{J.M. Dent \& Co}},
date = {2006},
pages = {100-133},
author = {Jaggar, Philip J.},
editor = {Hyman, Larry M. and Newman, Paul}
}
@article{Heine1994,
title = {On the Genesis of Aspect in {{African}} Languages: {The} Proximative},
journaltitle = {Proceedings of the annual meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society},
date = {1994},
pages = {35--46},
author = {Heine, Bernd}
}
@book{Palmer2001,
location = {{Cambridge}},
title = {Mood and Modality},
publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
date = {2001},
author = {Palmer, Frank Robert}
}
@book{Nkengasong2016,
location = {{Newcastle upon Tyne}},
title = {A Grammar of {{Cameroonian Pidgin}}},
isbn = {978-1-4438-8599-7},
abstract = {This volume represents a comprehensive description of the structure of Cameroonian Pidgin, including an overview of its socio-cultural context, writing system, sounds, word formation, word classes and sentence structures. It comprises a corpus of 540 Cameroonian Pidgin proverbs and a rich glossary of over 1000 words and expressions typical of Cameroonian Pidgin which are helpful in understanding the characteristic features of the language, as well as the cultural, the social, and the philosophical contexts of the Cameroonian Pidgin speaker. Written with the first-hand experience of a “native speaker”, it will be of interest to ordinary users, as well as students, researchers and professional linguists interested in the way the language functions. Indeed, it represents a useful resource for anyone wishing to learn or know about Pidgin, especially tourists and professionals traveling to West and Central Africa.},
publisher = {{Cambridge Scholars Publishing}},
date = {2016-01-02},
author = {Nkengasong, Nkemngong}
}
@incollection{Essegbey2008,
title = {The Potential Morpheme in {{Ewe}}},
booktitle = {Aspect and Modality in {{Kwa}} Languages},
address = {Amsterdam},
publisher = {John Benjamins},
date = {2008},
pages = {195-214},
author = {Essegbey, James},
editor = {Ameka, Felix K. and Kropp Dakubu, Mary Esther}
}
@incollection{Hopper1982,
title = {Aspect between Discourse and Grammar: {An} Introductory Essay for the Volume},
number = {1},
booktitle = {Tense-Aspect: {Between} Semantics and Pragmatics},
series = {Typological Studies in Language},
address = {Amsterdam},
publisher = {John Benjamins},
date = {1982},
pages = {3--18},
author = {Hopper, Paul J.},
editor = {Hopper, Paul J.}
}
@article{HopperThompson1980,
title = {Transitivity in Grammar and Discourse},
volume = {56},
number = {2},
journaltitle = {Language},