diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ae0c559 --- /dev/null +++ b/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ +# specify thh riessler file and all the files that you are including +SOURCE= riessler.tex $(wildcard local*.tex) $(wildcard chapters/*.tex) \ +langsci/langscibook.cls + +# specify your riessler target here: +pdf: riessler.bbl riessler.pdf #by the time riessler.pdf, bib assures there is a newer aux file + +all: pod cover + +complete: index riessler.pdf + +index: riessler.and + +riessler.pdf: riessler.aux + xelatex riessler + +riessler.aux: $(SOURCE) + xelatex -no-pdf riessler + +#create only the book +riessler.bbl: $(SOURCE) localbibliography.bib + xelatex -no-pdf riessler +# biber -min-crossrefs=200 riessler + bibtex -min-crossrefs=200 riessler + +riessler.and: riessler.bbl + sed -i s/.*\\emph.*// riessler.adx #remove titles which biblatex puts into the name index + sed -i 's/Testelets, Jakov~G/Testelets, Yakov~G/' riessler.adx + sed -i 's/Volodin, Aleksandr~P./Volodin, Alexander~P./' riessler.adx + sed -i 's/Schulze, Wolfgang/Schulze-Fürhoff, Wolfgang/' riessler.adx + sed -i 's/Nikolaeva, Irina~A./Nikolaeva, Irina/' riessler.adx + sed -i 's/Nedjalkov, Igor~V./Nedjalkov, Igor/' riessler.adx + sed -i 's/hyperindexformat{\\\(infn {[0-9]*\)}/\1/' riessler.sdx # ordering of references to footnotes + sed -i 's/hyperindexformat{\\\(infn {[0-9]*\)}/\1/' riessler.adx + sed -i 's/hyperindexformat{\\\(infn {[0-9]*\)}/\1/' riessler.ldx + python3 fixindex.py + mv mainmod.adx riessler.adx + makeindex -o riessler.and riessler.adx + makeindex -o riessler.lnd riessler.ldx + makeindex -o riessler.snd riessler.sdx + xelatex riessler + + +#create a png of the cover +cover: FORCE + convert riessler.pdf\[0\] -quality 100 -background white -alpha remove -bordercolor black -border 2 cover.png + cp cover.png googlebooks_frontcover.png + convert -geometry 50x50% cover.png covertwitter.png + display cover.png + + +#prepare for print on demand services +pod: bod createspace googlebooks + +#prepare for submission to BOD +bod: bod/bodcontent.pdf + +bod/bodcontent.pdf: complete + sed "s/output=short/output=coverbod/" riessler.tex >bodcover.tex + xelatex bodcover.tex + xelatex bodcover.tex + mv bodcover.pdf bod + ./filluppages 4 riessler.pdf bod/bodcontent.pdf + +# prepare for submission to createspace +createspace: createspace/createspacecontent.pdf + +createspace/createspacecontent.pdf: complete + sed "s/output=short/output=covercreatespace/" riessler.tex >createspacecover.tex + xelatex createspacecover.tex + xelatex createspacecover.tex + mv createspacecover.pdf createspace + c +googlebooks: googlebooks_interior.pdf + +googlebooks_interior.pdf: complete + cp riessler.pdf googlebooks_interior.pdf + pdftk riessler.pdf cat 1 output googlebooks_frontcover.pdf + +openreview: openreview.pdf + + +openreview.pdf: riessler.pdf + pdftk riessler.pdf multistamp orstamp.pdf output openreview.pdf + +proofreading: proofreading.pdf + + +proofreading.pdf: riessler.pdf + pdftk riessler.pdf multistamp prstamp.pdf output proofreading.pdf + +blurb: blurb.html blurb.tex biosketch.tex biosketch.html + + +blurb.tex: blurb.md + pandoc -f markdown -t latex blurb.md>blurb.tex + +blurb.html: blurb.md + pandoc -f markdown -t html blurb.md>blurb.html + +biosketch.tex: blurb.md + pandoc -f markdown -t latex biosketch.md>biosketch.tex + +biosketch.html: blurb.md + pandoc -f markdown -t html biosketch.md>biosketch.html + +#housekeeping +clean: + rm -f *.bak *~ *.backup *.tmp \ + *.adx *.and *.idx *.ind *.ldx *.lnd *.sdx *.snd *.rdx *.rnd *.wdx *.wnd \ + *.log *.blg *.ilg \ + *.aux *.toc *.cut *.out *.tpm *.bbl *-blx.bib *_tmp.bib \ + *.glg *.glo *.gls *.wrd *.wdv *.xdv \ + *.run.xml \ + chapters/*aux chapters/*~ chapters/*.bak chapters/*.backup + +realclean: clean + rm -f *.dvi *.ps *.pdf + +FORCE: diff --git a/assignments b/assignments new file mode 100644 index 0000000..86af948 --- /dev/null +++ b/assignments @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Heinz 1 2 +Berta 1 3 +Kuno 2 3 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assignproofreaders.py b/assignproofreaders.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5d0cc6a --- /dev/null +++ b/assignproofreaders.py @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +import sys +author = sys.argv[1] +booktitle = sys.argv[2] + +template = """Dear {name}, +thanks for your offer. The book can be found at +http://www.glottotopia.org/{author}/{booktitle}.pdf + +You are assigned the following chapters: +{chapterlist} + +These can be found at +{linklist} + +You can either proofread locally and send the corrections in your +preferred format, or you can use the online annotation available at + +{orlist} + +Guidelines for proofreaders can be found here +http://langsci-press.org/public/downloads/LangSci_Guidelines_Proofreaders.pdf + +Guidelines for online annotation can be found here +http://langsci-press.org/openReview/userGuide + +We aim at having the corrections in by Monday February 15 + +Best wishes and thanks again for your help +Sebastian +""" + +chapters = ['0']+[l.strip() for l in open("chapternames").readlines()] +assignments = open("assignments").readlines() + +mails = [] + +for a in assignments: + name = a.split()[0] + chapternumbers = a.split()[1:] + chapterlist = '\n'.join("%s %s"%(i,chapters[int(i)]) for i in chapternumbers) + linklist = '\n'.join(["http://www.glottotopia.org/%s/%s.pdf"%(author,i) for i in chapternumbers]) + orlist = "\n".join(["https://via.hypothes.is/http://www.glottotopia.org/%s/%s.pdf"%(author,i) for i in chapternumbers]) + mails.append(template.format(name=name, author=author,booktitle=booktitle,chapterlist=chapterlist,linklist=linklist,orlist=orlist)) + +separator = '\n'+80*'-'+'\n' +print separator.join(mails) diff --git a/autoindex.py b/autoindex.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..17168b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/autoindex.py @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +#!/usr/bin/python3 + +import glob +import re + +lgs=open("locallanguages.txt").read().split('\n') +terms=open("localsubjectterms.txt").read().split('\n')[::-1]#reverse to avoid double indexing +print("found %i language names for autoindexing" % len(lgs)) +print("found %i subject terms for autoindexing" % len(terms)) + +files = glob.glob('chapters/*tex') + +SUBJECTP = re.compile +for f in files: + print("indexing %s" % f) + #strip preamble of edited volume chapters to avoid indexing there + a = open(f).read().split(r"\begin{document}") + content = a[-1] + preamble = '' + joiner = '' + if len(a) == 2: + preamble = a[0] + joiner = r"\begin{document}" + for lg in lgs: + lg = lg.strip() + if lg == '': + continue + content= re.sub('(? abessive\\ +\textsc{adjz} \> adjectivizer, adjectivization\is{adjective derivation}\\ +\textsc{agr} \> (any kind of) agreement\is{agreement marking}\\ +\textsc{attr} \> or (attr.); attribution,\\ \> attributive\\ +\textsc{anr} \> action nominal(izer)\\ +\textsc{compar} \> comparative (adjective\\ \> derivation)\\ +\textsc{contr} \> \isi{contrastive focus}\\ +\textsc{crs} \> currently relevant state\\ +\textsc{deriv} \> derivative, derivation\\ \> (unspecified)\\ +\textsc{dim} \> diminutive\\ +\textsc{ess} \> essive\\ +\textsc{hum} \> human (gender)\\ +\textsc{ill} \> illative\\ +\textsc{infl} \> (any) inflection\\ +\textsc{mod} \> modification\is{modification marking}\\ +\textsc{nar} \> narrative (case)\\ +\textsc{nonfut} \> non-future\\ +\textsc{nonhum} \> non-human (gender)\\ +\textsc{pfct} \> perfective (verb derivation)\\ +\textsc{pred} \> or (pred.); predication, predicative\is{predicative marking}\\ +\textsc{prepos} \> prepositional\\ +\textsc{real} \> realis\\ +\textsc{stat} \> stative (verb derivation)\is{stative verb}\\ +\textsc{super} \> superlative\\ +\textsc{utr} \> utrum, common (gender) +\end{tabbing} +\end{multicols} + +\section*{Syntactic classes and phrase constituents} +%%% +\begin{tabbing} +\TABh \= \kill +{A} \> adjective\\ +{AdP} \> adposition phrase\\ +{AP} \> adjective phrase\\ +{ART} \> (attributive) article\is{attributive article}\\ +{CASE} \> case (\isi{clitic})\\ +{DEF} \> definite article\is{species marking!definite}\\ +{Deg} \> degree word\\ +{HEAD} \> phrase head\\ +{INDEF} \> indefinite article\is{species marking!indefinite}\\ +{N} \> noun\\ +{NP} \> noun phrase\\ +{PSD} \> possessed (head in possessive noun phrase)\\ +{PSR} \> possessor (dependent in possessive noun phrase)\is{adnominal modifier!possessor noun}\\ +{Rel} \> relative clause\is{adnominal modifier!relative clause}\\ +{V} \> verb +\end{tabbing} +%%% + +\section*{Abbreviations for cardinal directions} +%%% +\begin{multicols}{2} +\begin{tabbing} +\TABh \= \kill +{C} \> Central\\ +{E} \> East(ern)\\ +{N} \> North(ern)\\ +{NE} \> North-East(ern)\\ +{NW} \> North-West(ern)\\ +{S} \> South(ern)\\ +{SE} \> South-East(ern)\\ +{SW} \> South-West(ern)\\ +{W} \> West(ern) +\end{tabbing} +\end{multicols} +%%% + +\section*{Other symbols} +%%% +The following symbols are used for the illustration of linguistic changes. +%%% +\begin{tabbing} +\TABh \= \kill +\textasciitilde \> variant\\ +< \> borrowing\\ +$\leftarrow$ \> derivation or other synchronic process\\ +$\Leftarrow$ \> \isi{grammaticalization} or other diachronic process\footnotemark +\end{tabbing} + +\footnotetext{Note that the term \textsc{grammaticalization} is used for different types of linguistic changes leading to re-analysis\is{re-analysis} of a given construction's grammatical meaning. A prototypical instance in this rather broad sense of grammaticalization is the morphologization of a formerly lexical morpheme to a grammatical morpheme, as the development of definite markers\is{species marking!definite} from anaphoric pronouns in Germanic\il{Germanic languages} languages, like in English\il{English} \textit{the house} (\textit{the} $\Leftarrow$ Old English\il{Old English} \textit{þæt}) and Swedish\il{Swedish} \textit{hus-et} (\textit{-et} $\Leftarrow$ Old Norse\il{Old Norse} \textit{hið}). +} + +\is{article|see{attributive article}} +\is{associative marker|see{anti\hyp{}construct state}} +\is{attributive affix|see{anti\hyp{}construct state}} +\is{attributive case|see{anti\hyp{}construct state}} +\is{attributive particle|see{anti\hyp{}construct state}} +\is{attributive state!dependent\hyp{}marking|see{anti\hyp{}construct state}} +\is{attributive state!head-marking|see{construct state}} +\is{attributive state!neutral|see{linker}} +\is{Autotypology|see{AUTOTYP}} +\is{Central Asia|see{Inner Asia}} +\is{cross-reference|see{dependent\hyp{}driven agreement}} +\is{Ezafe|see{construct state}} +\is{Izafe|see{construct state}} +\is{linking article|see{attributive article}} +\is{noun phrase marker|see{attributive article}} +\is{possessor agreement|see{dependent\hyp{}driven agreement}} +\is{relative clause|see{adnominal modifier}} +\is{relator|see{anti\hyp{}construct state}} +\is{restrictive marking|see{focus marking}} diff --git a/chapters/appendix.tex b/chapters/appendix.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..426ab5d --- /dev/null +++ b/chapters/appendix.tex @@ -0,0 +1,476 @@ +\phantomsection +\addcontentsline{toc}{part}{Appendix} +\phantomsection +\addchap{Language sample and maps} +%%% + +\section*{Taxon abbreviations (families)} +%%% +\begin{flushleft} +AB-AD=Abkhaz-Adyghe, AUA=Austroasiatic, AUN=Austronesian, C-SUD=Central Sudanic, CHAD=Chadic, CHAP=Chapacura-Wanham, CHU-K=Chukotko-Kamchatkan, CUSH=Cushitic, DRAV=Dravidian, ESK-A=Eskimo-Aleut, GUNW=Gunwingguan, HM-MI=Hmong-Mien, IE=Indo-European, IROQ=Iroquoian, KARTV=Kartvelian, KOIS=Koisan, KOM=Kombio, K-KRO=Kadugli-Krongo, MONG=Mongolic, MUSK=Muskogean, NA-DA=Nakh-Daghestanian, NA-DE=Na-Dene, NIG-C=Niger-Congo, NIL=Nilotic, S-BOU=South Bougainville, SE-RA=Lower Sepic-Ramu, SEM=Semitic, SIN-T=Sino-Tibetan, SONG=Songhai, TAI-K=Thai-Kadai, TANG=Tangkic, TNG=Trans New Guinea, TUNG=Tungusic, TURK=Turkic, U-AZT=Uto-Aztecan, URAL=Uralic, YEN=Yeniseian, YUK=Yukaghir +\end{flushleft} + +\section*{Taxon abbreviations (branches and subbranches)} +%%% +\begin{flushleft} +5N=Five Nations, AAT=Avar-Andi-Tsezic, ABKH=Abkhaz, ALBA=Albanian, ALT=Altay, ARAM=Aramaic, ARAP=Arapesh, ARME=Armenian, ATHA=Athabaskan, ATLA=Atlantic, BALT=Baltic, BANT=Bantoid, BE-CO=Benue-Congo, BRIT=Brittonic, BULG=Bulgar, BURM=Burmic, CELT=Celtic, CH-IN=Chechen-Ingush, CHIN=Chinese, CHU=Chukotkan, CIRC=Circassian, COM=Common, DARG=Dargwa, ENE=Enets, ENIN=Enindhilyagwa, ESKI=Eskimo, DAGH=Daghestanian, DAG=Dagur, FINN=Finnic, FOR=Formosan, GAE=Gaelic, GEOR=Georgian, GER=Germanic, GREE=Greek, HAUS=Hausa, HELL=Hellenic, HMON=Hmongic, HUNG=Hungarian, I-ARY=Indo-Aryan, I-IRA=Indo-Iranian, IRAN=Iranian, IT-W=Italo-Western, KAMCH=Kamchatkan, KARL=Karluk, KHAN=Khanty, KHOE=Khoekhoe, KIPCH=Kipchak, KIRA=Kiranti, KORAL=Koryak-Alutor, KRON=Krongo, L-BUR=Lolo-Burmese, L-SEP-Lower Sepik, LEZG=Lezgic, LEND=Lendu, M-KH=Mon-Khmer, MADA=Madang, MAL-P=Malayo-Polynesian, MANCH=Manchu, MAND=Mande, MANS=Mansi, MOGH=Moghol, MONGO=Mongolian, MONGU=Monguor, MORD=Mordvin, NASI=Nasioi, NOU=Nanay-Orok-Ulcha, NENE=Nenets, NGAN=Nganasan, OCE=Oceanic, OR-UD=Oroch-Udege, OROM=Oromo, PERM=Permic, REMB=Rembargic, ROM=Romance, S-WEL=South Wellesley, SAAM=Saamic, SAMO=Samoyedic, SAY=Sayan, SELK=Selkup, SIN=Sinitic, SLAV=Slavic, SUND=Sundic, TSO=Tsouic, VIET=Vietic, W-MP=Western Malayo-Polynesian, YEN=Yenisey, YI-KA=Yimas-Karawari, YOR=Yoruboid, YUP=Yupik +\end{flushleft} + +\section*{Geographic (sample) abbreviations} +%%% +\begin{flushleft} +EU=\isi{Europe}, NA=\isi{North Asia}, NE=North Eurasia, W=World +\end{flushleft} + +\is{juxtaposition|(} +\is{incorporation|(} +\is{construct state|(} +\is{anti\hyp{}construct state|(} +\is{attributive nominalization|(} +\is{attributive article|(} +\is{anti\hyp{}construct state agreement|(} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +\is{appositional head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +\is{modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement|(} +\is{linker|(} + +\section*{Type abbreviations} +%%% +\begin{flushleft} +ACAgr=Anti\hyp{}construct state agreement, AConstr=Anti\hyp{}construct state, AHDAgr=Appositional head\hyp{}driven agreement, Constr=Construct state, DConstr=Double\hyp{}construct state, HDAgr=Head\hyp{}driven agreement, Inc=Adjective incorporation, Juxt=Juxtaposition, Link=Linker, MHPAgr=Modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement, Nmlz=Attributive nominalization +\end{flushleft} + +\begin{sidewaystable} +\resizebox{.9\textwidth}{!}{ +\begin{tabular}{llllcccclp{5.5cm}}\label{sample8} +\\%LATEX does not compile without this empty line +\lsptoprule +\multicolumn{4}{c}{Genealogical affiliation}&\multicolumn{4}{c}{Geographic sampling}&Noun phrase type(s)&\\\cmidrule(lr){1-4}\cmidrule(lr){5-8}%\cmidrule(lr){9-9} +%\hline%\midrule +Family&\multicolumn{2}{l}{(Sub-)Branch}&Language &EU&NA&NE&W &\#1/\#2(\#3)[\#4]&Reference\\ +\midrule +\multicolumn{3}{l}{ (Pidgin and creoles) } & \textsc{ Berbice Dutch Creole } & – & – & – & X & Juxt & \citealt{kouwenberg1994}\il{Berbice Dutch Creole}\\ +{ AB-AD } & ABKH & & \textsc{ Abaza } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{lomtatidze-etal1989}\il{Abaza}\\ +{ AB-AD } & ABKH & & \textsc{ Abkhaz } & X & – & X & X & HDAgr & \citealt{chirikba2003} \il{Abkhaz}\\ +{ AB-AD } & CIRC & & \textsc{ Adyghe (Abzakh) } & X & – & – & – & Inc & \citealt{paris1989}\il{Adyghe!Abzakh}\\ +{ AB-AD } & CIRC & & \textsc{ Karbardian } & X & – & X & – & Inc & \citealt{colarusso2006}\il{Karbardian}\\ +\multicolumn{3}{l}{ AINU (isolate) } & \textsc{ Ainu } & – & X & X & X & Juxt & \citealt{refsing1986}\il{Ainu}\\ +{ AUA } & M-KH & VIET & \textsc{ Vietnamese } & – & – & – & X & Juxt & \citealt{nguyen1987}\il{Vietnamese}\\ +{ AUN } & FOR & TSO & \textsc{ Tsou } & – & – & – & X & AConstr & \citealt{szakos1994}\il{Tsou}\\ +{ AUN } & MAL-P & OCE & \textsc{ Saliba } & – & – & – & X & MHPAgr & \citealt{mosel1994}\il{Saliba}\\ +{ AUN } & MAL-P & OCE & \textsc{ Takia } & – & – & – & X & AConstr & \citealt{ross1998}\il{Takia}\\ +{ AUN } & WEMP & M-PH & \textsc{ Tagalog } & – & – & – & X & Linker & \citealt{schachter1987}\il{Tagalog}\\ +{ AUN } & WEMP & SUND & \textsc{ Minangkabau } & – & – & – & – & Juxt & \citealt{gil2005}\il{Minangkabau}\\ +\multicolumn{3}{l}{ BASQUE (isolate) } & \textsc{ Basque } & X & – & X & X & Juxt & \citealt{hualde-etal2003}\il{Basque}\\ +{ C-SUD } & E & LEND & \textsc{ Ngiti } & – & – & – & X & HDAgr/Juxt & \citealt{kutsch-lojenga1994}\il{Ngiti}\\ +\multicolumn{3}{l}{ CARIBAN } & \textsc{ Hixkaryana } & – & – & – & X & n.a. & \citealt{derbyshire1979}\il{Hixkaryana}\\ +{ CHAD } & W & HAUS & \textsc{ Hausa } & – & – & – & X & ACAgr/HDAgr & \citealt{wolff1993}\il{Hausa}\\ +{ CHAP } & & & \textsc{ Wari' } & – & – & – & X & MHPAgr & \citealt{everett-etal1997}\il{Wari'}\\ +{ CHU-K } & CHU & & \textsc{ Chukchi } & – & X & X & X & Inc/HDAgr & \citealt{skorik1960}\il{Chukchi}\\ +{ CHU-K } & CHU & KORAL & \textsc{ Alutor } & – & X & – & – & Inc/HDAgr & \citealt{nagayama2003}\il{Alutor}\\ +{ CHU-K } & CHU & KORAL & \textsc{ Koryak } & – & X & X & – & Inc & \citealt{zukova1997}\il{Koryak}\\ +{ CHU-K } & KAMCH & W & \textsc{ Itelmen } & – & X & X & – & ACAgr & \citealt{georg-etal1999}\il{Itelmen}\\ +{ CUSH } & E & OROM & \textsc{ Oromo (Boraana) } & – & – & – & X & HDAgr & \citealt{stroomer1995}\il{Oromo!Boraana}\\ +{ DRAV } & S & & \textsc{ Tamil } & – & – & – & X & Juxt & \citealt{asher1982}\il{Tamil}\\ +{ ESK-A } & ESKI & YUP & \textsc{ Yupik (Siberian) } & – & X & X & – & Inc & \citealt{de-reuse1994}\il{Central Siberian Yupik}\\ +{ ESK-A } & ESKI & & \textsc{ Western Greenlandic } & – & – & – & X & HDAgr & \citealt{fortescue1984}\il{Western Greenlandic}\\ +{ GUNW } & REMB & & \textsc{ Ngalakan } & – & – & – & X & HDAgr/Juxt & \citealt{merlan1983}\il{Ngalakan}\\ +{ HM-MI } & HMON & & \textsc{ Hmong Njua } & – & – & – & X & Juxt & \citealt{harriehausen1990}\il{Hmong Njua}\\ +{ IE } & ALBA & & \textsc{ Albanian } & X & – & X & X & HDAgr/Nmlz+HDAgr & \citealt{demiraj1998}\il{Albanian}\\ +{ IE } & ALBA & & \textsc{ Arvanitika } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr/Nmlz+HDAgr & \citealt{sasse1991}\il{Arvanitika}\\ +{ IE } & ARME & & \textsc{ Armenian (Eastern) } & X & – & X & – & HDAgr/Juxt & \citealt{ajello1998}\il{Eastern Armenian}\\ +\lspbottomrule +\end{tabular} +} +%\end{footnotesize} +\end{sidewaystable} + +\begin{sidewaystable} +\resizebox{.9\textwidth}{!}{ +\begin{tabular}{llllcccclp{5.5cm}}\label{sample1} +\\%LATEX does not compile without this empty line +\lsptoprule +\multicolumn{4}{c}{Genealogical affiliation}&\multicolumn{4}{c}{Geographic sampling}&Noun phrase type(s)&\\\cmidrule(lr){1-4}\cmidrule(lr){5-8}%\cmidrule(lr){9-9} +%\hline%\midrule +Family&\multicolumn{2}{l}{(Sub-)Branch}&Language &EU&NA&NE&W &\#1/\#2(\#3)[\#4]&Reference\\ +\midrule +{ IE } & BALT & E & \textsc{ Latvian } & X & – & X & – & ACAgr/HDAgr & \citealt{nau1996}\il{Latvian}\\ +{ IE } & BALT & E & \textsc{ Lithuanian } & X & – & – & – & ACAgr/HDAgr & \citealt{press2005}\il{Lithuanian}\\ +{ IE } & CELT & BRIT & \textsc{ Breton } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & +\citealt{ternes1992}\il{Breton}\\ +{ IE } & CELT & BRIT & \textsc{ Cornish } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{thomas1992b}\il{Cornish}\\ +{ IE } & CELT & BRIT & \textsc{ Welsh } & X & – & X & – & HDAgr & \citealt{thomas1992a}\il{Welsh}\\ +{ IE } & CELT & GAE & \textsc{ Gaelic (Scots) } & X & – & X & – & HDAgr & \citealt{macauley1992}\il{Scots Gaelic}\\ +{ IE } & CELT & GAE & \textsc{ Irish } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{odochartaigh1992}\il{Irish}\\ +{ IE } & CELT & GAE & \textsc{ Manx } & X & – & X & – & HDAgr/Juxt & \citealt{phillips2004}\il{Manx}\\ +{ IE } & GER & N & \textsc{ Danish } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr[Nmlz] & personal knowledge\il{Danish}\\ +{ IE } & GER & N & \textsc{ Danish (W-Jutlandic) } & – & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{lund1932}\il{Danish!W-Jutlandic}\\ +{ IE } & GER & N & \textsc{ Faroese } & X & – & – & – & ACAgr+HDAgr/HDAgr[Nmlz] & \citealt{lockwood1955}\il{Faroese}\\ +{ IE } & GER & N & \textsc{ Icelandic } & X & – & X & – & HDAgr[Nmlz] & \citealt{kress1982}\il{Icelandic}\\ +{ IE } & GER & N & \textsc{ Norwegian } & X & – & – & – & ACAgr+HDAgr/HDAgr[Nmlz] & personal knowledge\il{Norwegian}\\ +{ IE } & GER & N & \textsc{ Swedish } & X & – & X & – & ACAgr+HDAgr/HDAgr[Nmlz] & personal knowledge \il{Swedish}\\ +{ IE } & GER & N & \textsc{ Swedish (Västerbotten) } & X & – & X & – & Inc/HDAgr & \citealt{astrom1893}\il{Swedish!Västerbotten}\\ +{ IE } & GER & W & \textsc{ Dutch } & X & – & – & – & ACAgr[Nmlz] & \citealt{donaldson1997}\il{Dutch}\\ +{ IE } & GER & W & \textsc{ English } & X & – & X & X & Inc[Nmlz] & personal knowledge\il{English}\\ +{ IE } & GER & W & \textsc{ Frisian (West) } & X & – & – & – & ACAgr & \citealt{tiersma1985}\il{Western Frisian}\\ +{ IE } & GER & W & \textsc{ German } & X & – & X & – & ACAgr[Nmlz] & personal knowledge\il{German}\\ +{ IE } & GER & W & \textsc{ German (Alemannic) } & X & – & – & – & ACAgr & \citealt{reese2006}\il{Alemannic}\\ +{ IE } & GER & W & \textsc{ German (Low) } & X & – & – & – & ACAgr & \citealt{matras-etal2003}\il{Lower German}\\ +{ IE } & GER & W & \textsc{ Luxembourgeois } & X & – & – & – & ACAgr & \citealt{schanen-etal2006}\il{Luxembourgeois}\\ +{ IE } & GER & W & \textsc{ Yiddish (East) } & X & – & – & – & ACAgr(Nmlz+HDAgr) & \citealt{katz1987}\il{Yiddish!Eastern}\\ +{ IE } & HELL & GREE & \textsc{ Greek } & X & – & X & X & HDAgr(Nmlz+HDAgr) & \citealt{ruge1986}\il{Greek}\\ +{ IE } & I-IRA & I-ARY & \textsc{ Palula } & – & X & X & – & HDAgr[Juxt] & \citealt{liljegren2016a}\il{Palula}\\ +{ IE } & I-IRA & I-ARY & \textsc{ Parya } & – & X & X & – & ACAgr/Juxt & \citealt{oranskaja2001}\il{Parya}\\ +{ IE } & I-IRA & I-ARY & \textsc{ Romani (Burgenland) } & X & – & X & – & HDAgr(Nmlz+HDAgr) & \citealt{halwachs-etal2002}\il{Romani!Burgenland}\\ +{ IE } & I-IRA & I-ARY & \textsc{ Romani (Doplenjska) } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{cech2006}\il{Romani!Doplenjska}\\ +{ IE } & I-IRA & I-ARY & \textsc{ Romani (Lithuanian) } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{tenser2005}\il{Romani!Lithuanian}\\ +{ IE } & I-IRA & I-ARY & \textsc{ Romani (Sepečides) } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{cech-etal2003}\il{Romani!Sepečides}\\ +\lspbottomrule +\end{tabular} +} +%\end{footnotesize} +\end{sidewaystable} +\begin{sidewaystable} +\resizebox{.9\textwidth}{!}{ + \begin{tabular}{llllcccclp{5.5cm}}\label{sample2} + \\%LATEX does not compile without this empty line + \lsptoprule + \multicolumn{4}{c}{Genealogical affiliation}&\multicolumn{4}{c}{Geographic sampling}&Noun phrase type(s)&\\\cmidrule(lr){1-4}\cmidrule(lr){5-8}%\cmidrule(lr){9-9} + %\hline%\midrule + Family&\multicolumn{2}{l}{(Sub-)Branch}&Language &EU&NA&NE&W &\#1/\#2(\#3)[\#4]&Reference\\ + \midrule +{ IE } & I-IRA & I-ARY & \textsc{ Romani (Sinte) } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{holzinger1995}\il{Romani!Sinte}\\ +{ IE } & I-IRA & IRAN & \textsc{ Kurdish (Northern)} & X & – & – & – & Constr & \citealt{aygen2007}\il{Northern Kurdish}\\ +{ IE } & I-IRA & IRAN & \textsc{ Ossetic } & X & – & X & – & Juxt(Constr) & \citealt{abaev1964}\il{Ossetic}\\ +{ IE } & I-IRA & IRAN & \textsc{ Persian } & – & – & – & X & Constr & \citealt{mahootian1997}\il{Persian}\\ +{ IE } & I-IRA & IRAN & \textsc{ Rushani } & – & X & – & – & AConstr(Constr) & \citealt{payne1989}\il{Rushani}\\ +{ IE } & I-IRA & IRAN & \textsc{ Shughni } & – & X & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{payne1989}\il{Shughni}\\ +{ IE } & I-IRA & IRAN & \textsc{ Tajik } & – & X & X & – & Constr & \citealt{ido2005}\il{Tajik}\\ +{ IE } & I-IRA & IRAN & \textsc{ Talysh (Northern) } & X & – & X & – & AConstr & \citealt{schulze2000}\il{Northern Talysh}\\ +{ IE } & I-IRA & IRAN & \textsc{ Tati } & X & – & – & – & Constr & \citealt{dzidalaev2000}\il{Tati}\\ +{ IE } & I-IRA & IRAN & \textsc{ Yazghulami } & – & X & X & – & HDAgr & \citealt{payne1989}\il{Yazghulami}\\ +{ IE } & ROM & E & \textsc{ Romanian } & X & – & X & – & HDAgr(Nmlz+HDAgr) & \citealt{beyer-etal1987}\il{Romanian}\\ +{ IE } & ROM & IT-W & \textsc{ French } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{harris1997}\il{French}\\ +{ IE } & ROM & IT-W & \textsc{ Galician } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{perez-bouza1996}\il{Galician}\\ +{ IE } & ROM & IT-W & \textsc{ Italian } & X & – & X & X & HDAgr & \citealt{maiden-etal2000}\il{Italian}\\ +{ IE } & ROM & IT-W & \textsc{ Portuguese } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{gartner1998}\il{Portuguese}\\ +{ IE } & ROM & IT-W & \textsc{ Romansch } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{haiman1997}\il{Romansch}\\ +{ IE } & ROM & IT-W & \textsc{ Spanish (Castilian) } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{torrego1998}\il{Castilian}\\ +{ IE } & ROM & IT-W & \textsc{ Spanish (Catalan) } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{hualde1992}\il{Catalan}\\ +{ IE } & ROM & S & \textsc{ Corsican } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{giacomo-marcellesi1997}\il{Corsican}\\ +{ IE } & ROM & S & \textsc{ Sardinian } & X & – & X & – & HDAgr & \citealt{jones1997}\il{Sardinian}\\ +{ IE } & SLAV & E & \textsc{ Belorussian } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{mayo1993}\il{Belorussian}\\ +{ IE } & SLAV & E & \textsc{ Russian } & X & – & X & X & ACAgr & personal knowledge\il{Russian}\\ +{ IE } & SLAV & E & \textsc{ Ukrainian } & X & – & X & – & HDAgr & \citealt{shevelov1993}\il{Ukrainian}\\ +{ IE } & SLAV & S & \textsc{ Bulgarian } & X & – & X & – & HDAgr & personal knowledge\il{Bulgarian}\\ +{ IE } & SLAV & S & \textsc{ Macedonian } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{friedman2002}\il{Macedonian}\\ +{ IE } & SLAV & S & \textsc{ Serbo-Croatian } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr(ACAgr) & \citealt{kordic1997}\il{Serbo-Croatian}\\ +{ IE } & SLAV & S & \textsc{ Slovenian } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr(ACAgr)[Nmlz+HDAgr] & \citealt{priestly1993}\il{Slovenian}\\ +{ IE } & SLAV & W & \textsc{ Czech } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{janda-etal2000}\il{Czech}\\ +{ IE } & SLAV & W & \textsc{ Kashubian } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{stone1993b}\il{Kashubian}\\ +{ IE } & SLAV & W & \textsc{ Polish } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{feldstein-etal2002}\il{Polish}\\ +\lspbottomrule +\end{tabular} +} +%\end{footnotesize} +\end{sidewaystable} + +\begin{sidewaystable} +\resizebox{.9\textwidth}{!}{ + \begin{tabular}{llllcccclp{5.5cm}}\label{sample3} + \\%LATEX does not compile without this empty line + \lsptoprule + \multicolumn{4}{c}{Genealogical affiliation}&\multicolumn{4}{c}{Geographic sampling}&Noun phrase type(s)&\\\cmidrule(lr){1-4}\cmidrule(lr){5-8}%\cmidrule(lr){9-9} + %\hline%\midrule + Family&\multicolumn{2}{l}{(Sub-)Branch}&Language &EU&NA&NE&W &\#1/\#2(\#3)[\#4]&Reference\\ + \midrule + +{ IE } & SLAV & W & \textsc{ Slovak } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{short1993b}\il{Slovak}\\ +{ IE } & SLAV & W & \textsc{ Sorbian (Lower) } & X & – & X & – & HDAgr & \citealt{stone1993a}\il{Lower Sorbian}\\ +{ IE } & SLAV & W & \textsc{ Sorbian (Upper) } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{schaarschmidt2004}\il{Upper Sorbian}\\ +{ IROQ } & N & 5N & \textsc{ Cayuga } & – & – & – & X & Inc & \citealt{mithun-etal1982}\il{Cayuga}\\ +\multicolumn{3}{l}{ JAPANESE (isolate) } & \textsc{ Japanese } & – & X & X & X & AConstr/Juxt & \citealt{backhouse1984}\il{Japanese}\\ +{ K-KRO } & KRON & & \textsc{ Krongo } & – & – & – & X & ACAgr & \citealt{reh1985}\il{Krongo}\\ +{ KARTV } & GEOR & & \textsc{ Georgian } & X & – & X & X & HDAgr/Juxt(AHDAgr) & \citealt{cherchi1999}\il{Georgian}\\ +{ KARTV } & SVAN & & \textsc{ Svan } & X & – & X & – & HDAgr[Juxt] & \citealt{schmidt1991}\il{Svan}\\ +{ KARTV } & ZAN & & \textsc{ Laz } & X & – & X & – & Juxt(HDAgr) & \citealt{holisky1991}\il{Laz}\\ +{ KARTV } & ZAN & & \textsc{ Mingrelian } & X & – & – & – & Juxt(HDAgr) & \citealt{harris1991b}\il{Mingrelian}\\ +{ KOIS } & C & KHOE & \textsc{ Nama } & – & – & – & X & Juxt & \citealt{hagman1977}\il{Nama}\\ +{ KOM } & ARAP & & \textsc{ Arapesh (Bukiyip) } & – & – & – & X & Juxt & \citealt{conrad1991}\il{Arapesh!Bukiyip}\\ +\multicolumn{3}{l}{ KOREAN (isolate) } & \textsc{ Korean } & – & X & X & X & AConstr & \citealt{martin-etal1969}\il{Korean}\\ +\multicolumn{3}{l}{ MAPUDUNGUN (isolate) } & \textsc{ Mapudungun } & – & – & – & X & ACAgr/Juxt & \citealt{zuniga2000}\il{Mapudungun}\\ +{ MONG } & DAG & & \textsc{ Dagur } & – & X & X & – & Juxt & \citealt{tsumagari2003}\il{Dagur}\\ +{ MONG } & MOGH & & \textsc{ Moghol } & – & X & – & X & Juxt & \citealt{weiers2003}\il{Moghol}\\ +{ MONG } & MONGO & & \textsc{ Buryat } & – & X & – & – & Juxt & \citealt{skribnik2003}\il{Buryat}\\ +{ MONG } & MONGO & & \textsc{ Kalmyk } & – & X & – & – & Juxt & \citealt{blasing2003}\il{Kalmyk}\\ +{ MONG } & MONGO & & \textsc{ Khalkha } & – & X & X & X & Juxt & \citealt{svantesson2003}\il{Khalkha}\\ +{ MONG } & MONGO & & \textsc{ Mongol (Khamnigan) } & – & X & – & – & Juxt & \citealt{janhunen2005}\il{Mongol!Khamnigan}\\ +{ MONG } & MONGO & & \textsc{ Oyrat } & – & – & – & – & Juxt & \citealt{birtalan2003}\il{Oyrat}\\ +{ MONG } & MONGU & & \textsc{ Mangghuer } & – & – & – & – & Juxt & \citealt{slater2003}\il{Mangghuer}\\ +{ MUSK } & E & & \textsc{ Koasati } & – & – & – & X & Nmlz & \citealt{kimball1991}\il{Koasati}\\ +{ NA-DA } & DAGH & AAT & \textsc{ Akhvakh } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{magomedbekova2000}\il{Akhvakh}\\ +{ NA-DA } & DAGH & AAT & \textsc{ Andi } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{saidova2000}\il{Andi}\\ +{ NA-DA } & DAGH & AAT & \textsc{ Avar } & X & – & – & X & HDAgr(Juxt) & \citealt{alekseev-etal1997}\il{Avar}\\ +{ NA-DA } & DAGH & AAT & \textsc{ Bagvalal } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{magomedova2000a}\il{Bagvalal}\\ +{ NA-DA } & DAGH & AAT & \textsc{ Bezhta } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{KibrikEtAl2004}\il{Bezhta}\\ +{ NA-DA } & DAGH & AAT & \textsc{ Botlikh } & – & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{azaev2000}\il{Botlikh}\\ +{ NA-DA } & DAGH & AAT & \textsc{ Chamalal } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{magomedova2004}\il{Chamalal}\\ +{ NA-DA } & DAGH & AAT & \textsc{ Godoberi } & X & – & X & – & HDAgr & \citealt{saidova2004}\il{Godoberi}\\ +{ NA-DA } & DAGH & AAT & \textsc{ Hinuq } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{isakov-etal2004}\il{Hinuq}\\ +\lspbottomrule +\end{tabular} +} +%\end{footnotesize} +\end{sidewaystable} + +\begin{sidewaystable} +\resizebox{.9\textwidth}{!}{ + \begin{tabular}{llllcccclp{5.5cm}}\label{sample4} + \\%LATEX does not compile without this empty line + \lsptoprule + \multicolumn{4}{c}{Genealogical affiliation}&\multicolumn{4}{c}{Geographic sampling}&Noun phrase type(s)&\\\cmidrule(lr){1-4}\cmidrule(lr){5-8}%\cmidrule(lr){9-9} + %\hline%\midrule + Family&\multicolumn{2}{l}{(Sub-)Branch}&Language &EU&NA&NE&W &\#1/\#2(\#3)[\#4]&Reference\\ + \midrule + +{ NA-DA } & DAGH & AAT & \textsc{ Hunzib } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{van-den-berg1995}\il{Hunzib}\\ +{ NA-DA } & DAGH & AAT & \textsc{ Karata } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{magomedbekova1971}\il{Karata}\\ +{ NA-DA } & DAGH & AAT & \textsc{ Tindi } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{magomedova2000b}\il{Tindi}\\ +{ NA-DA } & DAGH & AAT & \textsc{ Tsez } & X & – & X & – & ACAgr/Juxt(Nmlz) & \citealt{alekseev-etal2004}\il{Tsez}\\ +{ NA-DA } & DAGH & DARG & \textsc{ Dargwa } & X & – & X & – & ACAgr(Juxt) & \citealt{isaev2004}\il{Dargwa}\\ +{ NA-DA } & DAGH & LAK & \textsc{ Lak } & X & – & X & X & HDAgr(ACAgr) & \citealt{abdullaev2000}\il{Lak}\\ +{ NA-DA } & DAGH & LEZG & \textsc{ Agul } & X & – & – & – & Juxt & \citealt{sauman1941}\il{Agul}\\ +{ NA-DA } & DAGH & LEZG & \textsc{ Archi } & X & – & X & – & HDAgr & \citealt{kibrik1994a}\il{Archi}\\ +{ NA-DA } & DAGH & LEZG & \textsc{ Budukh } & X & – & – & – & Juxt & \citealt{alekseev1994b}\il{Budukh}\\ +{ NA-DA } & DAGH & LEZG & \textsc{ Khinalug } & X & – & – & – & Juxt & \citealt{deseriev1959}\il{Khinalug}\\ +{ NA-DA } & DAGH & LEZG & \textsc{ Kryz } & X & – & – & – & Juxt & \citealt{saadiev1994}\il{Kryz}\\ +{ NA-DA } & DAGH & LEZG & \textsc{ Lezgian } & X & – & X & X & Juxt & \citealt{haspelmath1993}\il{Lezgian}\\ +{ NA-DA } & DAGH & LEZG & \textsc{ Rutul } & X & – & X & – & AConstr & \citealt{alekseev1994a}\il{Rutul}\\ +{ NA-DA } & DAGH & LEZG & \textsc{ Tabasaran } & X & – & X & – & HDAgr/Juxt & \citealt{kurbanov1986}\il{Tabasaran}\\ +{ NA-DA } & DAGH & LEZG & \textsc{ Tsakhur } & X & – & X & – & ACAgr/Juxt & \citealt{schulze1997}\il{Tsakhur}\\ +{ NA-DA } & DAGH & LEZG & \textsc{ Udi } & X & – & – & – & Juxt & \citealt{schulze-furhoff1994}\il{Udi}\\ +{ NA-DA } & NAGH & BATS & \textsc{ Bats } & X & – & X & – & HDAgr & \citealt{holisky-etal1994}\il{Bats}\\ +{ NA-DA } & NAGH & CH-IN & \textsc{ Chechen } & X & – & X & X & HDAgr & \citealt{nichols1994a}\il{Chechen}\\ +{ NA-DA } & NAGH & CH-IN & \textsc{ Ingush } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{nichols1994b}\il{Ingush}\\ +{ NA-DE } & ATHA & & \textsc{ Sarcee } & – & – & – & X & Inc & \citealt{cook1984}\il{Sarcee}\\ +{ NIG-C } & ATLA & N & \textsc{ Fula (Gombe) } & – & – & – & X & HDAgr & \citealt{arnott1970}\il{Fula!Gombe}\\ +{ NIG-C } & ATLA & S & \textsc{ Kisi } & – & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{tucker1995}\il{Kisi}\\ +{ NIG-C } & BE-CO & BANT & \textsc{ Babungo } & – & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{schaub1985}\il{Babungo}\\ +{ NIG-C } & BE-CO & BANT & \textsc{ Sesotho } & – & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{guma1971}\il{Sesotho}\\ +{ NIG-C } & BE-CO & BANT & \textsc{ Swahili } & – & – & – & X & HDAgr & \citealt{gromova-etal1995}\il{Swahili}\\ +{ NIG-C } & BE-CO & YOR & \textsc{ Yoruba } & – & – & – & X & Juxt & \citealt{bamgbose1966}\il{Yoruba}\\ +{ NIG-C } & MAND & W & \textsc{ Bambara } & – & – & – & X & Juxt & \citealt{brauner1974}\il{Bambara}\\ +{ NIL } & S & & \textsc{ Endo } & – & – & – & X & ACAgr+Nmlz & \citealt{zwarts2003}\il{Endo}\\ +{ NIL } & W & LWO & \textsc{ Lango } & – & – & – & X & Nmlz & \citealt{noonan1992}\il{Lango}\\ +\lspbottomrule +\end{tabular} +} +%\end{footnotesize} +\end{sidewaystable} + +\begin{sidewaystable} +\resizebox{.9\textwidth}{!}{ + \begin{tabular}{llllcccclp{5.5cm}}\label{sample5} + \\%LATEX does not compile without this empty line + \lsptoprule + \multicolumn{4}{c}{Genealogical affiliation}&\multicolumn{4}{c}{Geographic sampling}&Noun phrase type(s)&\\\cmidrule(lr){1-4}\cmidrule(lr){5-8}%\cmidrule(lr){9-9} + %\hline%\midrule + Family&\multicolumn{2}{l}{(Sub-)Branch}&Language &EU&NA&NE&W &\#1/\#2(\#3)[\#4]&Reference\\ + \midrule +\multicolumn{3}{l}{ NIVKH (isolate) } & \textsc{ Nivkh } & – & X & X & X & HDAgr & \citealt{gruzdeva1998}\il{Nivkh}\\ +{ S-BOU } & NASI & & \textsc{ Nasioi } & – & – & – & X & ACAgr/Juxt & \citealt{rausch1912}\il{Nasioi}\\ +{ SE-RA } & L-SEP & YI-KA & \textsc{ Yimas } & – & – & – & X & HDAgr & \citealt{foley1991}\il{Yimas}\\ +{ SEM } & C & ARAM & \textsc{ Neo-Aramaic } & X & – & X & – & HDAgr & \citealt{krotkoff1982}\il{Neo-Aramaic}\\ +{ SEM } & W & C & \textsc{ Arabic (Cypriot) } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{borg1985}\il{Cypriot Arabic}\\ +{ SEM } & W & C & \textsc{ Arabic (Egyptian) } & – & – & – & X & HDAgr & \citealt{gary-etal1982}\il{Egyptian Arabic}\\ +{ SEM } & W & C & \textsc{ Maltese } & X & – & X & – & HDAgr & \citealt{borg-etal1996}\il{Maltese}\\ +{ SEM } & W & S & \textsc{ Amharic } & – & – & – & X & Juxt(ACAgr) & \citealt{leslau1995}\il{Amharic}\\ +{ SIN-T } & KIRA & E & \textsc{ Yakkha } & – & – & – & – & Nmlz[Juxt] & \citealt{schackow2015a}\il{Yakkha}\\ +{ SIN-T } & L-BUR & BURM & \textsc{ Burmese } & – & – & – & X & Juxt/Nmlz & \citealt{wheatley1987}\il{Burmese}\\ +{ SIN-T } & L-BUR & LOLO & \textsc{ Lahu } & – & – & – & – & Nmlz & \citealt{matisoff1973}\il{Lahu}\\ +{ SIN-T } & SIN & CHIN & \textsc{ Dungan } & – & X & X & – & Juxt[Nmlz] & \citealt{kalimov1968}\il{Dungan}\\ +{ SIN-T } & SIN & CHIN & \textsc{ Mandarin } & – & – & – & X & Nmlz(Juxt) & \citealt{li-etal1981}\il{Mandarin Chinese}\\ +{ SONG } & S & & \textsc{ Koyra Chiini } & – & – & – & X & AConstr & \citealt{heath1998}\il{Koyra Chiini}\\ +{ TAI-K } & TAI & & \textsc{ Nung } & – & – & – & – & Juxt(Nmlz) & \citealt{saul-etal1980}\il{Nung}\\ +{ TAI-K } & TAI & & \textsc{ Thai } & – & – & – & X & Juxt & \citealt{hudak1987}\il{Thai}\\ +{ TANG } & S & S-WEL & \textsc{ Kayardild } & – & – & – & X & HDAgr & \citealt{evans1995}\il{Kayardild}\\ +\multicolumn{3}{l}{ TIWI (isolate) } & \textsc{ Tiwi } & – & – & – & X & HDAgr & \citealt{osborne1974}\il{Tiwi}\\ +{ TNG } & MADA & – & \textsc{ Mauwake } & – & – & – & X & Juxt & \citealt{berghall2016a}\il{Mauwake}\\ +{ TUNG } & AMUR & NOU & \textsc{ Nanay } & – & X & – & – & Juxt & \citealt{avrorin1968}\il{Nanay}\\ +{ TUNG } & AMUR & NOU & \textsc{ Orok } & – & X & X & – & HDAgr & \citealt{petrova1967}\il{Orok}\\ +{ TUNG } & AMUR & NOU & \textsc{ Ulcha } & – & – & X & – & Juxt[Nmlz] & \citealt{sunik1985}\il{Ulcha}\\ +{ TUNG } & AMUR & OR-UD & \textsc{ Oroch } & – & X & X & – & Juxt(MHPAgr) & \citealt{avrorin-etal1967}\il{Oroch}\\ +{ TUNG } & AMUR & OR-UD & \textsc{ Udege } & – & X & X & X & HDAgr/MHPAgr & \citealt{nikolaeva-etal2001}\il{Udege}\\ +{ TUNG } & MANCH & & \textsc{ Manchu } & – & X & X & – & Juxt & \citealt{avrorin2000}\il{Manchu}\\ +{ TUNG } & N & & \textsc{ Even } & – & X & X & X & HDAgr(MHPAgr) & \citealt{malchukov1995}\il{Even}\\ +{ TUNG } & N & & \textsc{ Evenki } & – & X & X & – & HDAgr/Juxt/Nmlz(MHPAgr) & \citealt{nedjalkov1997}\il{Evenki}\\ +{ TUNG } & N & & \textsc{ Negidal } & – & X & X & – & Juxt & \citealt{nedalkov2001}\il{Negidal}\\ +{ TUNG } & N & & \textsc{ Solon } & – & X & – & – & Juxt & \citealt{cincius1997}\il{Solon}\\ +{ TURK } & BULG & & \textsc{ Chuvash } & X & – & X & X & Juxt(Nmlz) & \citealt{clark1998a}\il{Chuvash}\\ +{ TURK } & COM & ALT & \textsc{ Altay (Southern) } & – & X & X & – & Juxt & \citealt{baskakov1997b}\il{Altay!Southern}\\ +\lspbottomrule +\end{tabular} +} +%\end{footnotesize} +\end{sidewaystable} + +\begin{sidewaystable} +\resizebox{.9\textwidth}{!}{ + \begin{tabular}{llllcccclp{5.5cm}}\label{sample6} + \\%LATEX does not compile without this empty line + \lsptoprule + \multicolumn{4}{c}{Genealogical affiliation}&\multicolumn{4}{c}{Geographic sampling}&Noun phrase type(s)&\\\cmidrule(lr){1-4}\cmidrule(lr){5-8}%\cmidrule(lr){9-9} + %\hline%\midrule + Family&\multicolumn{2}{l}{(Sub-)Branch}&Language &EU&NA&NE&W &\#1/\#2(\#3)[\#4]&Reference\\ + \midrule +{ TURK } & COM & ALT & \textsc{ Kirghiz } & – & X & – & – & Juxt & \citealt{kara2003}\il{Kirghiz}\\ +{ TURK } & COM & KARL & \textsc{ Uygur } & – & X & – & – & Juxt[Nmlz] & \citealt{nadzip1971}\il{Uygur}\\ +{ TURK } & COM & KARL & \textsc{ Uzbek } & – & X & X & – & Juxt[Nmlz] & \citealt{boeschoten1998}\il{Uzbek}\\ +{ TURK } & COM & KIPCH & \textsc{ Bashkir } & – & X & – & – & Juxt & \citealt{poppe1964}\il{Bashkir}\\ +{ TURK } & COM & KIPCH & \textsc{ Karachay-Balkar } & X & – & – & – & Juxt & \citealt{seegmiller1996}\il{Karachay-Balkar}\\ +{ TURK } & COM & KIPCH & \textsc{ Karaim } & X & – & – & – & Juxt & \citealt{kocaoglu2006}\il{Karaim}\\ +{ TURK } & COM & KIPCH & \textsc{ Karakalpak } & – & X & – & – & Juxt & \citealt{baskakov2001}\il{Karakalpak}\\ +{ TURK } & COM & KIPCH & \textsc{ Kazakh } & – & X & X & – & Juxt & \citealt{kara2002}\il{Kazakh}\\ +{ TURK } & COM & KIPCH & \textsc{ Kumyk } & X & – & – & – & Juxt & \citealt{kadyradziev2000}\il{Kumyk}\\ +{ TURK } & COM & KIPCH & \textsc{ Nogay } & X & – & – & – & Juxt & \citealt{baskakov1940}\il{Nogay}\\ +{ TURK } & COM & KIPCH & \textsc{ Tatar } & X & – & – & – & Juxt & \citealt{poppe1963}\il{Tatar}\\ +{ TURK } & COM & LENA & \textsc{ Dolgan } & – & X & – & – & Juxt & \citealt{ubratova1985}\il{Dolgan}\\ +{ TURK } & COM & LENA & \textsc{ Sakha } & – & X & X & – & Juxt & \citealt{krueger1962}\il{Sakha}\\ +{ TURK } & COM & OGUZ & \textsc{ Azerbaijani } & – & X & – & – & Juxt & \citealt{budagova1982}\il{Azerbaijani}\\ +{ TURK } & COM & OGUZ & \textsc{ Gagauz } & X & – & – & – & Juxt & \citealt{pokrovskaja1997}\il{Gagauz}\\ +{ TURK } & COM & OGUZ & \textsc{ Turkish } & X & – & X & X & Juxt[Nmlz] & \citealt{kornfilt1997}\il{Turkish}\\ +{ TURK } & COM & OGUZ & \textsc{ Turkmen } & – & X & – & – & Juxt & \citealt{clark1998b}\il{Turkmen}\\ +{ TURK } & COM & SAY & \textsc{ Tuvan } & – & X & X & – & Juxt & \citealt{anderson-etal1999}\il{Tuvan}\\ +{ TURK } & COM & YEN & \textsc{ Khakaz } & – & X & X & – & Juxt & \citealt{anderson1998}\il{Khakaz}\\%?? +{ TURK } & COM & YEN & \textsc{ Shor } & – & X & – & – & Juxt & \citealt{donidze1997}\il{Shor}\\ +{ U-AZT } & N & & \textsc{ Hopi (Toreva) } & – & – & – & X & DConstr & \citealt{whorf1946}\il{Hopi!Toreva}\\ +{ U-AZT } & S & & \textsc{ Pipil } & – & – & – & X & HDAgr & \citealt{campbell-l1985}\il{Pipil}\\ +{ URAL } & FINN & & \textsc{ Estonian } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{viitso1998}\il{Estonian}\\ +{ URAL } & FINN & & \textsc{ Finnish } & X & – & X & X & HDAgr & \citealt{buchholz2004}\il{Finnish}\\ +{ URAL } & FINN & & \textsc{ Ingrian } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{laanest1997}\il{Ingrian}\\ +{ URAL } & FINN & & \textsc{ Karelian } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{zajkov1999}\il{Karelian}\\ +{ URAL } & FINN & & \textsc{ Livonian } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{moseley2002}\il{Livonian}\\ +{ URAL } & FINN & & \textsc{ Vepsian } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{sajceva1981}\il{Vepsian}\\ +{ URAL } & FINN & & \textsc{ Votian } & X & – & – & – & HDAgr & \citealt{nikolaeva1997}\il{Votian}\\ +{ URAL } & HUNG & & \textsc{ Hungarian } & X & – & X & X & Juxt & \citealt{kenesei-etal1998}\il{Hungarian}\\ +\lspbottomrule +\end{tabular} +} +%\end{footnotesize} +\end{sidewaystable} + +\begin{sidewaystable} +\resizebox{.9\textwidth}{!}{ + \begin{tabular}{llllcccclp{5.5cm}}\label{sample7} + \\%LATEX does not compile without this empty line + \lsptoprule + \multicolumn{4}{c}{Genealogical affiliation}&\multicolumn{4}{c}{Geographic sampling}&Noun phrase type(s)&\\\cmidrule(lr){1-4}\cmidrule(lr){5-8}%\cmidrule(lr){9-9} + %\hline%\midrule + Family&\multicolumn{2}{l}{(Sub-)Branch}&Language &EU&NA&NE&W &\#1/\#2(\#3)[\#4]&Reference\\ + \midrule +{ URAL } & KHANT & & \textsc{ Khanty (Eastern) } & – & X & X & – & Juxt & \citealt{nikolaeva1999}\il{Eastern Khanty}\\ +{ URAL } & KHANT & & \textsc{ Khanty (Northern) } & – & X & X & – & Juxt & \citealt{nikolaeva1999}\il{Northern Khanty}\\ +{ URAL } & MANS & & \textsc{ Mansi (Eastern) } & – & X & X & – & Juxt & \citealt{riese2001}\il{Eastern Mansi}\\ +{ URAL } & MANS & & \textsc{ Mansi (Northern) } & – & X & X & – & Juxt & \citealt{riese2001}\il{Northern Mansi}\\ +{ URAL } & MARI & & \textsc{ Mari (Eastern) } & X & – & X & – & Juxt[Nmlz+AHDAgr] & \citealt{alhoniemi1993}\il{Eastern Mari}\\ +{ URAL } & MARI & & \textsc{ Mari (Western) } & X & – & – & – & Juxt[Nmlz+AHDAgr] & \citealt{alhoniemi1993}\il{Western Mari}\\ +{ URAL } & MORD & & \textsc{ Mordvin (Erzya) } & X & – & X & – & Juxt & \citealt{zavodova1964}\il{Erzya Mordvin}\\ +{ URAL } & MORD & & \textsc{ Mordvin (Moksha) } & X & – & – & – & Juxt & \citealt{zavodova1964}\il{Moksha Mordvin}\\ +{ URAL } & PERM & & \textsc{ Komi-Permyak } & X & – & – & – & Juxt(Nmlz+AHDAgr) & \citealt{lytkin1966b}\il{Komi-Permyak}\\ +{ URAL } & PERM & & \textsc{ Komi-Zyrian } & X & – & – & – & Juxt(Nmlz+AHDAgr) & \citealt{kokkonen1984}\il{Komi-Zyrian}\\ +{ URAL } & PERM & & \textsc{ Udmurt } & X & – & X & – & Juxt(Nmlz+AHDAgr)[AHDAgr] & \citealt{winkler2001}\il{Udmurt}\\ +{ URAL } & SAAM & E & \textsc{ Saami (Inari) } & – & – & – & – & AConstr/Juxt & \citealt{olthuis2000}\il{Inari Saami}\\ +{ URAL } & SAAM & E & \textsc{ Saami (Kildin) } & X & – & – & – & AConstr/Juxt[HDrAgr] & personal knowledge\il{Kildin Saami}\\ +{ URAL } & SAAM & E & \textsc{ Saami (Skolt) } & – & – & – & – & AConstr/Juxt & \citealt{feist2015a}\il{Skolt Saami}\\ +{ URAL } & SAAM & E & \textsc{ Saami (Ter) } & – & – & – & – & AConstr/Juxt & personal knowledge\il{Ter Saami}\\ +{ URAL } & SAAM & W & \textsc{ Saami (Lule) } & – & – & – & – & AConstr/Juxt & \citealt{spiik1989}\il{Lule Saami}\\ +{ URAL } & SAAM & W & \textsc{ Saami (Northern) } & X & – & X & X & AConstr/Juxt[DConstr/HDAgr] & personal knowledge\il{Northern Saami}\\ +{ URAL } & SAAM & W & \textsc{ Saami (Pite) } & – & – & – & – & AConstr/Juxt & \citealt{wilbur2014a}\il{Pite Saami}\\ +{ URAL } & SAAM & W & \textsc{ Saami (Southern) } & X & – & – & – & AConstr/Juxt & \citealt{bergsland1994}\il{Southern Saami}\\ +{ URAL } & SAAM & W & \textsc{ Saami (Ume) } & – & – & – & – & AConstr/Juxt & personal knowledge\il{Ume Saami}\\ +{ URAL } & SAMO & ENE & \textsc{ Enets (Forest) } & – & X & X & – & Juxt & \citealt{siegl2013a}\il{Forest Enets}\\ +{ URAL } & SAMO & ENE & \textsc{ Enets (Tundra) } & – & – & – & – & Juxt & \citealt{sorokina2010a}\il{Forest Enets}\\ +{ URAL } & SAMO & NENE & \textsc{ Nenets (Tundra) } & – & X & X & X & Juxt[HDAgr] & \citealt{nikolaeva2014a}\il{Tundra Nenets}\\ +{ URAL } & SAMO & NGAN & \textsc{ Nganasan } & – & X & X & – & HDAgr & \citealt{wagner-nagy2002a}\il{Nganasan}\\ +{ URAL } & SAMO & SELK & \textsc{ Selkup (Central)} & – & X & X & – & Juxt & \citealt{helimski1998b}\il{Central Selkup}\\ +{ URAL } & SAMO & SELK & \textsc{ Selkup (Northern)} & – & X & X & – & Juxt & \citealt{helimski1998b}\il{Northern Selkup}\\ +{ URAL } & SAMO & SELK & \textsc{ Selkup (Southern)} & – & X & X & – & Juxt & \citealt{helimski1998b}\il{Southern Selkup}\\ +{ YEN } & N & & \textsc{ Ket } & – & X & X & X & Juxt(HDAgr)[Nmlz] & \citealt{vajda2004}\il{Ket}\\ +{ YUK } & & & \textsc{ Yukaghir (Kolyma) } & – & X & – & – & AConstr/Inc & \citealt{maslova2003b}\il{Kolyma Yukaghir}\\ +{ YUK } & & & \textsc{ Yukaghir (Tundra) } & – & X & X & X & AConstr/Inc & \citealt{maslova2003a}\il{Tundra Yukaghir}\\ +\lspbottomrule +\end{tabular} +} +\end{sidewaystable} + +\is{juxtaposition|)} +\is{incorporation|)} +\is{construct state|)} +\is{anti\hyp{}construct state|)} +\is{attributive nominalization|)} +\is{attributive article|)} +\is{anti\hyp{}construct state agreement|)} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} +\is{appositional head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} +\is{modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement|)} +\is{linker|)} + +\newpage +~ +\newpage +\begin{sidewaysfigure} + \caption[Adjective attribution marking, World]{Adjective attribution marking in the world's languages; (unbalanced) sample of 71 languages} +\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/WorldMap.pdf} +\label{WorldMap} +\end{sidewaysfigure} + +\newpage +\begin{sidewaysfigure} + + \caption[Adjective attribution marking, World, main types]{Adjective attribution marking in the world's languages; (unbalanced) sample of 71 languages coded for main morpho-syntactic types} + +\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/WorldMapTyp.pdf} +\label{WorldMapTyp} +\end{sidewaysfigure} + +\newpage +\begin{sidewaysfigure} + \caption[Adjective attribution marking, North Eurasia]{Adjective attribution marking in the languages of North Eurasia; 90 languages representing all taxa of the area} +\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/NEMap.pdf} +\label{NEMap} +\end{sidewaysfigure} + +\newpage +\begin{sidewaysfigure} + \caption[Adjective attribution marking, North Eurasia, main types]{Adjective attribution marking in the languages of North Eurasia; 90 languages representing all taxa of the area coded for main morpho-syntactic types} +\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/NEMapTyp.pdf} +\label{NEMapTyp} +\end{sidewaysfigure} + +\newpage +\begin{sidewaysfigure} +\caption[Adjective attribution marking, North Asia]{Adjective attribution marking in the languages of \isi{North Asia}; 58 languages} +\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/NAMap.pdf} +\label{NAMap} +\end{sidewaysfigure} + +\newpage +\begin{sidewaysfigure} + \caption[Adjective attribution marking, North Asia, main types]{Adjective attribution marking in the languages of \isi{North Asia}; 58 languages coded for main morpho-syntactic types} +\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/NAMapTyp.pdf} +\label{NAMapTyp} +\end{sidewaysfigure} + +\newpage +\begin{sidewaysfigure} +\caption[Adjective attribution marking, Europe]{Adjective attribution marking in the languages of \isi{Europe}; 123 languages} +\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/EUMap.pdf} +\label{EUMap} +\end{sidewaysfigure} + +\newpage +\begin{sidewaysfigure} +\caption[Adjective attribution marking, Europe, main types]{Adjective attribution marking in the languages of \isi{Europe}; 123 languages coded for main morpho-syntactic types} +\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/EUMapTyp.pdf} +\label{EUMapTyp} +\end{sidewaysfigure} diff --git a/chapters/chap-areal-typ.tex b/chapters/chap-areal-typ.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a0b0bb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/chapters/chap-areal-typ.tex @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ + +\chapter{Areal typology in the Circum-Baltic area}\label{circumbaltic} +%%% +\il{Germanic languages|(}\il{Baltic languages|(}\il{Slavic languages|(}\il{Finnic languages|(}\il{Saamic languages|(} +\is{Circum-Baltic area|(} +\is{buffer zone|(} +The Circum-Baltic area can be defined geographically as the drainage area of the Baltic Sea. The languages belonging to this area are mostly from the Germanic, Baltic and Slavic branches of Indo-European\il{Indo-European languages} as well as from the Finnic and Saamic branches of Uralic.\il{Uralic languages} Several authors have tried to establish a Circum-Baltic linguistic area (\isi{Sprachbund}) based on shared linguistic features across member languages of this area (for instance \citealt{koptjevskaja-tamm2006}). + +\citet{riesler2006a} described areality in the morpho-syntax of noun phrase structure in the Circum-Baltic languages. It is conspicuous that both the languages of the two Uralic\il{Uralic languages} branches of the area and the languages of the three contacting Indo-European\il{Indo-European languages} branches have innovated adjective attribution marking devices which deviate from the prototypes of their respective families. + +Saamic innovated anti\hyp{}construct state marking and Finnic \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement}. The prototype of adjective attribution marking in Uralic,\il{Uralic languages} however, is \isi{juxtaposition}. Except in Saamic and Finnic, juxtaposition occurs in all Uralic\il{Uralic languages} languages as the default adjective attribution marking device (see \S\ref{uralic synchr}) and is also reconstructed for Proto\hyp{}Uralic\il{Proto\hyp{}Uralic} (\citealt[66, 81]{decsy1990}; \citealt[32]{janhunen1981}). + +Head\hyp{}driven agreement\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement} is the prototype of adjective attribution marking in Indo-European\il{Indo-European languages} and is also the type reconstructed for Proto\hyp{}Indo-European\il{Proto\hyp{}Indo-European} \citep{decsy1991,watkins1998}. In Germanic, Baltic and Slavic, however, a secondary type evolved from \isi{attributive nominalization}. Consequently, several modern languages of these branches exhibit anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking as a default or secondary device. + +\largerpage +All five Circum-Baltic branches (Germanic, Baltic, Slavic, Finnic, Saamic) of the “buffer zone” have thus undergone change and innovated adjective attribution marking devices which deviate from the prototypes of their respective families: +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item \textbf{Finnic:} +\subitem Juxtaposition ≠ \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement}\is{juxtaposition} +\item \textbf{Saamic:} +\subitem Juxtaposition ≠ Anti\hyp{}construct state +\item \textbf{Germanic, Baltic, Slavic:} +\subitem Head\hyp{}driven agreement ≠ Anti\hyp{}construct state agreement +\end{itemize} +%%% + +The developments in Saamic and in the three Indo-European\il{Indo-European languages} branches can even be connected to each other in structural terms: the innovative anti\hyp{}construct state (agreement) marking in these languages evolved from an attributive apposition construction marked by means of attributive nominalizers.\is{attributive nominalization} The principal \isi{grammaticalization} paths are thus similar: +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\upshape [}\textsubscript{\rm NP} {\upshape [}\textsubscript{\rm NP'} \textsubscript{\rm A}big \textsubscript{\rm HEAD}Ø{\rm -\textsc{nmlz}}{\upshape ]} \textsubscript{\rm N}house{\upshape ]} $\Rightarrow$ {\upshape [}\textsubscript{\rm NP} \textsubscript{\rm A}big{\rm -\textsc{attr}} \textsubscript{\rm N}house{\upshape ]} +\end{exe} +%%% + +\is{grammaticalization!grammaticalization area|(} +\il{Proto\hyp{}Germanic|(}\il{Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic|(}\il{Proto\hyp{}Finnic|(}\il{Proto\hyp{}Saamic|(} +Therefore, \citet[271]{riesler2006a} described the result of this areal innovation as a “grammaticalization area” \citep{heine-etal2005}, i.e., a linguistic area of geographically neighboring languages in which similar processes of grammatical changes took place as the result of language contact. According to \citet{heine-etal2005}, a \textit{model language} must affect at least two different \textit{replica languages} in a grammaticalization area \citep[cf. also the concept of “shared grammaticalization” by][]{robbeetsEtAl2013a}. In the case described here, a pre-proto-stage of either Germanic or Baltic\slash{}Slavic could probably be the “model” since \isi{attributive nominalization} by means of cognate markers evolved in several other branches of Indo-European.\il{Indo-European languages} But even Uralic\il{Uralic languages} influence should be considered. Possible model and replica languages of the area are thus: +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item \begin{center}Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic <~\textbf{Pre-Proto\hyp{}Germanic} > Proto\hyp{}Saamic\end{center} +\item \begin{center}Proto\hyp{}Germanic <~\textbf{Pre-Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic} > Proto\hyp{}Saamic\end{center} +\item \begin{center}Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic <~\textbf{Pre-Proto\hyp{}Saamic} > Proto\hyp{}Germanic\end{center} +\end{itemize} +\il{Proto\hyp{}Germanic|)}\il{Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic|)}\il{Proto\hyp{}Finnic|)}\il{Proto\hyp{}Saamic|)} +%%% + +Given the high age and the cognate constructions and formatives in other Indo-European\il{Indo-European languages} branches (mostly Iranian)\il{Iranian languages} and considering other attested Baltic contact influence on Saamic,\footnote{See, for instance, \citet{riesler2009} for lexical borrowings.} it seems most plausible to locate the core of the grammaticalization area in the Baltic\slash{}Slavic groups of Indo-European.\il{Indo-European languages} Saamic and Germanic have probably borrowed the model of \isi{attributive nominalization} but realized the construction with their own inherited morpho-syntactic means. +\is{grammaticalization!grammaticalization area|)} + +Nonetheless the vast geographic spread of cognate constructions among several Indo-European,\il{Indo-European languages} Uralic,\il{Uralic languages} Turkic\il{Turkic languages} and even Tungusic\il{Tungusic languages} branches makes it also possible to assume a source outside both Indo-European\il{Indo-European languages} and Uralic\il{Uralic languages} and a development preceding the proto-stages of these language families. +\is{buffer zone|)} +\is{Circum-Baltic area|)} +\il{Germanic languages|)}\il{Baltic languages|)}\il{Slavic languages|)}\il{Finnic languages|)}\il{Saamic languages|)} diff --git a/chapters/chap-areal.tex b/chapters/chap-areal.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3d020eb --- /dev/null +++ b/chapters/chap-areal.tex @@ -0,0 +1,215 @@ + +\chapter[Areal uniformity and diversity]{Areal uniformity and diversity in northern Eurasia}\label{areality} +%%% +In the previous chapter, the prototypical and the known minor noun phrase types occurring in the languages of northern Eurasia were characterized and illustrated with examples. This survey thus provides an overall picture of the degree of typological uniformity or divergence with regard to adjective attribution marking within both the whole area and each genealogical unit. + +\section{Attested attribution marking devices} +%%% +Altogether 13 (simple and combined) types of adjective attribution marking devices are attested in the languages of northern Eurasia: +%%% +\begin{enumerate} +\item Anti\hyp{}construct state\\as in \ili{Kildin Saami}\is{anti\hyp{}construct state} +\item Anti\hyp{}construct state + \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} (“double agreement”)\\as in \ili{Swedish}\is{anti\hyp{}construct state} +\item Anti\hyp{}construct state + \isi{construct state} (“double\hyp{}construct state”)\\as in \ili{Northern Saami}\is{anti\hyp{}construct state} +\item Anti\hyp{}construct state agreement\\as in \ili{Russian}\is{anti\hyp{}construct state agreement} +\item Appositional head\hyp{}driven agreement\\as in \ili{Georgian}\is{appositional head\hyp{}driven agreement} +\item Attributive article\\as in \ili{Yiddish}\is{attributive article} +\item Attributive article + \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} (“double agreement”)\\as in \ili{Albanian}\is{attributive article} +\item Attributive nominalization\\as in \ili{Udmurt}\is{attributive nominalization} +\item Construct state\\as in \ili{Northern Kurdish}\is{attributive nominalization}\is{construct state} +\item Incorporation\\as in \ili{Chukchi}\is{incorporation} +\item Juxtaposition\\as in \ili{Komi-Zyrian}\is{juxtaposition} +\item Head\hyp{}driven agreement\\as in \ili{Finnish}\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement} +\item Modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement\\as in \ili{Oroch}\is{modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement} +\end{enumerate} +%%% + +Only one type attested in the world-wide sample (see the Appendix) does not occur in the northern Eurasian area: the floating construct state marker (\textit{linker}) found, for instance, in \ili{Tagalog} (Austronesian). \is{linker} + +The Indo-European\il{Indo-European languages} family has the largest absolute number of attested adjective attribution marking devices (nine). It is followed by Nakh\hyp{}Daghestanian\il{Nakh-Daghestanian languages} and Uralic\il{Uralic languages} (five each) and Kartvelian\il{Kartvelian languages} and Tungusic\il{Tungusic languages} (four each). The Mongolic\il{Mongolic languages} family has the lowest possible number with only one attested device, just as with Kamchatkan\il{Kamchatkan languages} and the isolates Ainu,\il{Ainu} Basque,\il{Basque} Korean\il{Korean} and Nivkh.\il{Nivkh} + +The most rare types are: (1) \isi{modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement}, which is attested only as a secondary device in a few \ili{Tungusic languages}, and (2) the combined construct device (i.e., “double\hyp{}construct state”), which is attested only marginally in one single language, \ili{Northern Saami} (Uralic). Attributive nominalization\is{attributive nominalization} combined with \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} is also very rare. This type occurs as the primary device only in the \ili{Albanian languages} (Indo-European), but it is also attested as a secondary or tertiary device in a few other languages. Head-marking construct state is also relatively uncommon in the northern Eurasian area as it is attested only in \ili{Iranian languages} (Indo-European). + +The most common type is \isi{juxtaposition}, followed by \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement}. + +\section{Prototypes of attribution marking devices} +%%% +Several language families of northern Eurasia exhibit clear prototypes of adjective attribution marking devices: all Mongolic\il{Mongolic languages} and Turkic\il{Turkic languages} languages have \isi{juxtaposition} as the default device, as is the case for the languages of most branches of Uralic\il{Uralic languages} as well. Head\hyp{}driven agreement occurs as another prototype in many branches of the Indo-European\il{Indo-European languages} family. Even though the attested deviation from the prototype is much higher in Indo-European\il{Indo-European languages} than in Mongolic,\il{Mongolic languages} Turkic\il{Turkic languages} and Uralic,\il{Uralic languages} \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} marking can be shown to occur prototypically in most Indo-European\il{Indo-European languages} taxa. + +For the Abkhaz-Adyghe,\il{Abkhaz-Adyghe languages} Chukotko-Kamchatkan,\il{Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages} Kartvelian,\il{Kartvelian languages} Nakh\hyp{}Daghestanian\il{Nakh-Daghestanian languages} and Tungusic\il{Tungusic languages} families, synchronic prototypes are not very easy to find because a predominant type does not occur inside these families. The other language families of northern Eurasia are either isolates (Nivkh,\il{Nivkh} Ainu,\il{Ainu} Japanese, Korean,\il{Korean} Basque)\il{Basque} or they exhibit rather shallow genealogical diversity (Yukaghir,\il{Yukaghir languages} Ye\-ni\-sei\-an\il{Yeniseian languages}). Together with a few other families, predominantly spoken outside the investigated area (Eskimo-Aleut,\il{Eskimo-Aleut languages} Sino-Tibetan,\il{Sino-Tibetan languages} Semitic),\il{Semitic languages} these families are excluded from generalizations about prototypes. + +Larger language families representing a strikingly high diversity in regard to the attested absolute number of adjective attribution marking devices are Indo-European,\il{Indo-European languages} Nakh\hyp{}Daghestanian,\il{Nakh-Daghestanian languages} Uralic\il{Uralic languages} and Tungusic.\il{Tungusic languages} A strikingly high degree of uniformity is found in Mongolic\il{Mongolic languages} and Turkic.\il{Turkic languages} + +\section[Diachronic implications]{Diachronic implications of uniformity and diversity inside and across taxa} +%%% +%Measuring +Looking at the degree of diversity (or uniformity) from a synchronic point of view may help identify diachronic processes. A very high degree of diversity inside a given taxon as compared to its proto-stage is likely to manifest pervasive linguistic changes and the innovation of new types. Similarly, the synchronic attestation of a high degree of uniformity inside a given taxon indicates the inheritance of original types without significant innovations. + +A taxon is defined as a group of related languages which go back to a common reconstructed (or documented) language, i.e., a subbranch of a language family or, ultimately, the proto-form of a whole language family. The East Saamic\il{West Saamic languages} languages, for instance, form a group of sister languages which derived from Proto\hyp{}East-Saamic.\il{Proto\hyp{}East Saamic} Proto\hyp{}East-Saamic\il{Proto\hyp{}East Saamic} is derived together with its Saamic\il{Saamic languages} sister languages from a more distant proto-stage, i.e., Proto\hyp{}Saamic\il{Proto\hyp{}Saamic}, which again is derived together with its Uralic\il{Uralic languages} sister languages from Proto\hyp{}Uralic.\il{Proto\hyp{}Uralic} Since the proto-stages of languages are normally reconstructed as single languages, it can be assumed that most of them had only one single type of adjective attribution marking (similar to the prevailing number of languages spoken today, cf.~the sample in the Appendix). Daughter languages which descend from a proto-language will either inherit the original adjective attribution marking devices, innovate secondary (or tertiary, etc.) devices or replace the original devices with borrowed new ones. The Proto\hyp{}Saamic\il{Proto\hyp{}Saamic} daughter language of Proto\hyp{}Uralic,\il{Proto\hyp{}Uralic} for instance, has replaced the original Uralic\il{Uralic languages} \isi{juxtaposition} with anti\hyp{}construct state marking (see \S\ref{saamic diachr}). The \ili{Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic} daughter languages of Proto\hyp{}Indo-European\il{Proto\hyp{}Indo-European} inherited the original Indo-European\il{Indo-European languages} \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} marking but innovated a secondary type, i.e., anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking (see \S\ref{slavic diachr}). All modern Mongolic\il{Mongolic languages} languages, by contrast, exhibit juxtaposition uniformly and have obviously inherited this device from their proto-languages (Proto\hyp{}Dagur,\il{Proto\hyp{}Dagur} Proto\hyp{}Moghol,\il{Proto\hyp{}Moghol} \ili{Proto\hyp{}Mongolic}, etc.) which in turn must have inherited juxtaposition from Proto\hyp{}Mongolic.\il{Proto\hyp{}Mongolic} A comparison of synchronically attested diversity inside and across taxa might thus have diachronic implications. + +%The simple calculations in Table~\ref{diversity} illustrate the degree of diversity in the investigated families of northern Eurasia. Column 1 lists all families, branches and subbranches in alphabetical order. Isolates and taxa with only one member language are not included in the table, and neither are taxa which are not spoken predominantly in northern Eurasia, with only two exceptions: the Iranian\il{Iranian languages} and Indo-Aryan\il{Indo-Aryan languages} subbranches within the Indo-European\il{Indo-European languages} family. Since the highest possible diversity is of interest here, the number of all attested devices (including secondary and tertiary types restricted to special noun phrase types) is counted. +% +%The second column in Table~\ref{diversity} (“Languages”) gives the number of coded languages from each taxon. The third column (“Types”) gives the absolute number of attested types. The next two columns 4 and 5 present ratio figures. The first of them (“Ratio (tax.)”) results from dividing the number of attested types in the higher branch by the number of types attested for the respective taxon:\medskip +% +%$\text{Diversity Ratio}_{\text{taxon}} = \frac{\text{Types}_{\text{family}}}{\text{Types}_{\text{taxon}}}$.\medskip +% +%\noindent For instance, West Saamic\il{West Saamic languages} has a ratio of $1.00$ because it exhibits all four types attested in the whole Saamic\il{Saamic languages} branch. The Saamic\il{Saamic languages} branch as such has a ratio of $1.25$ because four types are found in Saamic\il{Saamic languages} compared to five types attested for the whole Uralic\il{Uralic languages} family. Similarly, South Slavic\il{South Slavic languages} also has a ratio of $1.00$ because it exhibits all three types attested in Slavic.\il{Slavic languages} But the Slavic\il{Slavic languages} branch as such has a higher ratio of $3.00$ (meaning a lesser degree of diversity) because only three types are attested in this branch out of nine types for the whole Indo-European\il{Indo-European languages} family. +% +%\newpage +%The last ratio figures (“Ratio (lgs.)”) result from dividing the overall number of languages by the number of attested types in the given taxon:\medskip +% +%$\text{Diversity Ratio}_{\text{languages}} = \frac{\text{Languages}_{\text{taxon}}}{\text{Types}_{\text{taxon}}}$.\medskip +% +%\noindent For instance, five \ili{West Saamic languages} are coded for four different types, resulting in a ratio of $1.25$. For the whole Saamic\il{Saamic languages} branch altogether nine languages are coded for four types, resulting in a somewhat higher ratio figure of $2.25$. South Slavic\il{South Slavic languages} has the ratio of $1.33$ because the four \ili{South Slavic languages} are coded for three types; Slavic,\il{Slavic languages} however, has $4.33$ because 13 \ili{Slavic languages} are coded for only three different types. +% +%The absolute number of types shows directly which families or branches inside families exhibit more types than other comparable taxa. The first ratio in column 4 (against the number of types in the higher branch) indicates where the more diverse or the more uniform branches are located inside a primary taxon (i.e., inside a family or a higher branch of a family). These ratio figures can be used for a comparison of languages inside families or between comparable taxa across families. East Saamic\il{East Saamic languages} (Uralic) with a ratio of $1.33$, for instance, seems less diverse as South Slavic\il{South Slavic languages} (Indo-European) with $1.00$. This is true even though the proto-stages of both taxa have a comparable time depth (approximately 1000 AD), both taxa have four members and they both exhibit three attested types of adjective attribution marking devices. However, the number of three attested types in each of the two branches is checked against the overall number of types attested in the respective higher branches: four types are attested in the whole Saamic branch,\il{Saamic languages} only three types are attested in Slavic.\il{Slavic languages} In a similar way is the whole Saamic\il{Saamic languages} branch, with a ratio of $1.25$, more diverse compared to the whole Uralic family,\il{Uralic languages} (exhibiting almost all types attested for the whole family) than Slavic languages within Indo-European\il{Indo-European languages} with a ratio of $3.00$ (exhibiting only one third of the generally attested types in the whole family). +% +%The second ratio in column 5 (against the number of coded languages) relativizes the first two figures. It seems much more likely that a higher number of coded languages results in a higher number of detected devices. The second ratio can thus serve to test the degree of diversity (in column 3 and 4). +% +%The simple calculations presented in Table \ref{diversity} can perhaps illustrate the degree of diversity, at least in those cases where the two ratio figures (against the number of coded types and against the number of coded languages inside taxa) and the degree of diversity compared to the whole sample coincide to a certain degree. The significance values in column 6 (“Diversity”) are labeled impressionistically as \textit{very low, low, mid-low, mid-high, high}. A hyphen marks those cases where a significance value cannot be found because the taxon in question has too few members (less than four). %Note that a value \textit{very high} is not found. %BRIEFLY EXPLAIN WHY THIS IS SO? +% However, this classification does not mark diversity in absolute terms. It marks only the deviation from the average value of the whole sample. The Turkic\il{Turkic languages} family, for instance, can be shown to have a very low diversity and several of its branches clearly have a low diversity level as well. For the Mongolic\il{Mongolic languages} family, a very low value has been calculated. Whereas a low value has even been calculated for the whole Nakh\hyp{}Daghestanian\il{Nakh-Daghestanian languages} family, the Daghestanian\il{Daghestanian languages} branch as well as two of its subbranches have a relatively high diversity value. The same is true for Uralic,\il{Uralic languages} which has a low diversity value as a family and in several of its branches. One Uralic branch, Saamic,\il{Saamic languages} has a high value. Tungusic\il{Tungusic languages} has a middle diversity value but two of its branches are clearly more highly diverse. For Indo-European,\il{Indo-European languages} a significance value has not been found, although inside Indo-European, high values are calculated for Indo-Iranian\il{Indo-Iranian languages} and Germanic.\il{Germanic languages} + +Thus, the general picture partly coincides with what is known about areal distribution and spread of other linguistic features \citep[cf., e.g.,][]{nichols1992}: less diversity (higher numbers) is found in the inner parts of \isi{North Asia} (Mongolic,\il{Mongolic languages} Turkic),\il{Turkic languages} whereas languages in the northern Eurasian periphery, especially in south\hyp{}easternmost Europe (\isi{Caucasus}) but also in north-easternmost Europe (Circum-Baltic)\is{Circum-Baltic area} and in north-easternmost Asia (Pacific Rim),\is{Pacific Rim area} exhibit a higher degree of diversity (lower numbers) with respect to the morpho-syntax of adjective attribution. + +%Even though the figures in Table~\ref{diversity} summarize exclusively synchronic findings and the applied calculations are rather impressionistic, it stands to reason that they reflect historical developments (i.e., language changes) in certain parts of the area. Note that the underlying sample is not balanced and thus perhaps not easily applicable for true statistical analyses. + +However, this is an exploratory study; detailed statistical investigations are left for future research. So far it can only be assumed that the massive innovations in several neighboring taxa or in larger geographic sub-areas attested synchronically may point to contact-induced changes in areal hotbeds of innovation. In Part~IV (Diachrony), some light will be shed on diachronic variation and on the evolution of highly diverse adjective attribution marking inside language families of northern Eurasia. + + +%\newcommand{\divvaltabheader}{& \textit{Family} & Languages & Types & \parbox{1cm}{Ratio (tax.)} +% & \parbox{1cm}{Ratio (lgs.)} +% & \parbox{2.2cm}{\centering Diversity +% \newline value}\\} +% +%\begin{table} +%\small +%\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{Xrrrrrc} +%\lsptoprule +%\divvaltabheader +%\midrule +%\multicolumn{2}{r}{\textit{Abkhaz-Adyghe}} &\textit{4}&\textit{2} &–&\textit{2.00} &low \il{Abkhaz-Adyghe languages}\\ +%\midrule +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Abkhaz} &2 &1 &2.00 &2.00 &– \il{Abkhaz languages}\\ +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Circassian} &2 &1 &2.00 &2.00 &– \il{Circassian languages}\\ +%\midrule +%\multicolumn{2}{r}{\textit{Chukotko-Kamchatkan}}&\textit{4}&\textit{3} &–&\textit{1.33} &?? \il{Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages}\\ +%\midrule +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Chukchi} &1 &2 &1.50 &0.50 &– \il{Chukchi languages}\\ +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Kamchatkan} &1 &1 &3.00 &1.00 &– \il{Kamchatkan languages}\\ +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Koryak-Alutor} &2 &2 &1.50 &1.00 &– \il{Koryak-Alutor languages}\\ +%\midrule +%\multicolumn{2}{r}{\textit{Indo-European}} &\textit{65}&\textit{9} &–&\textit{7.22} &low \il{Indo-European languages}\\ +%\midrule +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Albanian} &2 &2 &4.50 &1.00 &– \il{Albanian languages}\\ +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Armenian} &1 &2 &4.50 &0.50 &– \il{Armenian languages}\\ +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Baltic} &2 &2 &4.50 &1.00 &– \il{Baltic languages}\\ +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Celtic} &6 &2 &4.50 &3.00 &low \il{Celtic languages}\\ +%&Brittonic &3 &1 &2.00 &3.00 &– \il{Brittonic languages}\\ +%&Gaelic &3 &2 &1.00 &1.50 &– \il{Gaelic languages}\\ +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Germanic} &14 &5 &1.80 &2.80 &high \il{Germanic languages}\\ +%&N-Germanic &6 &4 &1.25 &1.50 &mid \il{North Germanic languages}\\ +%&W-Germanic &8 &3 &1.66 &2.66 &mid \il{West Germanic languages}\\ +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Hellenic} &1 &2 &4.50 &0.50 &– \il{Hellenic languages}\\ +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Indo-Iranian} &14 &7 &1.28 &2.00 &high \il{Indo-Iranian languages}\\ +%&Indo-Aryan &6 &3 &2.33 &2.00 &mid \il{Indo-Aryan languages}\\ +%&Iranian &8 &6 &1.66 &1.33 &high \il{Iranian languages}\\ +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Romance} &10 &2 &4.50 &5.00 &low \il{Romance languages}\\ +%&E-Romance &1 &2 &1.00 &0.50 &– \il{East Romance languages}\\ +%&Italo-W-Romance &7 &1 &2.00 &7.00 &low \il{Italo-West Romance languages}\\ +%&S-Romance &2 &1 &2.00 &2.00 &– \il{South Romance languages}\\ +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Slavic} &13 &3 &3.00 &4.33 &low \il{Slavic languages}\\ +%&E-Slavic &3 &2 &1.50 &1.50 &– \il{East Slavic languages}\\ +%&S-Slavic &4 &3 &1.00 &1.33 &mid \il{South Slavic languages}\\ +%&W-Slavic &6 &1 &3.00 &6.00 &very low \il{West Slavic languages}\\ +%\lspbottomrule +%\end{tabularx} +%\caption[Number and ratio of attested types per genealogical unit]{Number and ratio of attested types per genealogical unit: absolute number of types (column 3), ratio against the generally attested number of types in the respective higher branch or family (column 4, higher numbers mean less diversity), ratio against the number of coded languages (column 5, higher numbers mean less diversity) and a diversity value (column 6, only for taxa with more than three languages).} +%\label{diversity} +%\end{table} +% +% +%\begin{table} +%\small +%\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{Xrrrrrc} +%\lsptoprule +%\divvaltabheader +%\midrule +%\multicolumn{2}{r}{\textit{Kartvelian}} &\textit{4} &\textit{3} &– &\textit{1.33} &mid \il{Kartvelian languages}\\ +%\midrule +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Georgian} &2 &3 &1.00 &0.66 &– \il{Georgian languages}\\ +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Svan} &1 &2 &1.50 &0.50 &– \il{Svan languages}\\ +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Zan} &2 &2 &1.50 &1.00 &– \il{Zan languages}\\ +%\midrule +%\multicolumn{2}{r}{\textit{Mongolic}} &\textit{6}&\textit{1} &–&\textit{6.00} &very low \il{Mongolic languages}\\ +%\midrule +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Dagur} &1 &1 &1.00 &1.00 &– \il{Dagur languages}\\ +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Moghol} &1 &1 &1.00 &1.00 &– \il{Moghol languages}\\ +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Mongolian} &5 &1 &1.00 &5.00 &very low \il{Mongolian languages}\\ +%\midrule +%\multicolumn{2}{r}{\textit{Nakh-Daghestanian}} &\textit{28}&\textit{5} &–&\textit{5.60} &low \il{Nakh-Daghestanian languages}\\ +%\midrule +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Daghestanian} &25 &5 &1.00 &5.00 &mid \il{Daghestanian languages}\\ +%&Avar-Andi-Tsezic &13 &4 &1.25 &3.25 &mid \il{Avar-Andi-Tsezic languages}\\ +%&Dargwa &1 &2 &2.50 &0.50 &– \il{Dargwa languages}\\ +%&Lak &1 &2 &2.50 &0.50 &– \il{Lak languages}\\ +%&Lezgic &10 &4 &1.25 &2.25 &mid \il{Lezgic languages}\\ +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Nakh} &3 &3 &1.66 &1.00 &– \il{Nakh languages}\\ +%&Bats &1 &2 &1.50 &0.50 &– \il{Bats languages}\\ +%&Chechen-Ingush &2 &2 &1.50 &1.00 &– \il{Chechen-Ingush languages}\\ +%\midrule +%\multicolumn{2}{r}{\textit{Tungusic}} &\textit{10}&\textit{4} &–&\textit{2.25} &mid \il{Tungusic languages}\\ +%\midrule +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Amur Tungusic} &5 &4 &1.00 &1.25 &high \il{Amur Tungusic languages}\\ +%&Nanay-Ulcha-Orok &3 &3 &1.33 &1.00 &– \il{Nanay-Ulcha-Orok languages}\\ +%&Oroch-Udege &2 &3 &1.33 &0.66 &– \il{Oroch-Udege languages}\\ +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Manchu} &1 &1 &4.00 &1.00 &– \il{Manchu languages}\\ +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{N-Tungusic} &4 &4 &1.00 &1.00 &high \il{North Tungusic languages}\\ +%\midrule +%\multicolumn{2}{r}{\textit{Turkic}} &\itshape 22&\textit{2} &–&\textit{11.00} &very low \il{Turkic languages}\\ +%\midrule +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Bulgar} &1 &2 &1.00 &0.50 &– \il{Bulgar Turkic languages}\\ +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Common Turkic} &21 &2 &1.00 &10.50 &low \il{Common Turkic languages}\\ +%&Altay &2 &1 &2.00 &2.00 &– \il{Altay Turkic languages}\\ +%&Karluk &2 &2 &1.00 &1.00 &– \il{Karluk languages}\\ +%&Kipchak &8 &1 &2.00 &8.00 &very low \il{Kipchak languages}\\ +%&Lena &2 &1 &2.00 &2.00 &– \il{Lena Turkic languages}\\ +%&Oguz &4 &2 &1.00 &2.00 &low \il{Oguz languages}\\ +%&Yenisey &2 &1 &2.00 &2.00 &– \il{Yenisey Turkic languages}\\ +%\lspbottomrule +%\end{tabularx} +%\label{diversity2} +%\end{table} +% +% +%\begin{table}[t] +%\small +%\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{Xrrrrrc} +%\lsptoprule +%\divvaltabheader +%\midrule +%\multicolumn{2}{r}{\textit{Uralic}} &\textit{37}&\textit{5} &– &\textit{7.40} &?? \il{Uralic languages}\\%??low +%\midrule +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Finnic} &7 &1 &5.00 &7.00 &low \il{Finnic languages}\\ +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Hungarian} &1 &1 &5.00 &1.00 &– \il{Hungarian}\\ +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Khanty} &2 &1 &5.00 &2.00 &– \il{Khanty languages}\\ +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Mansi} &2 &1 &5.00 &2.00 &– \il{Mansi languages}\\ +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Mari} &2 &2 &2.50 &1.00 &– \il{Mari languages}\\ +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Mordvin} &2 &1 &5.00 &2.00 &– \il{Mordvin languages}\\ +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Permic} &3 &3 &1.66 &1.00 &– \il{Permic languages}\\ +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Saamic} &9 &4 &1.25 &2.25 &high \il{Saamic languages}\\ +%&E-Saamic &4 &3 &1.33 &1.33 &high \il{East Saamic languages}\\ +%&W-Saamic &5 &4 &1.00 &1.25 &high \il{West Saamic languages}\\ +%\multicolumn{2}{l}{Samoyedic} &7 &2 &2.50 &3.50 &?? \il{Samoyedic languages}\\%??low +%&Enets &2 &1 &2.00 &2.00 &– \il{Enets languages}\\ +%&Nenets &1 &2 &1.00 &0.50 &– \il{Nenets languages}\\ +%&Nganasan &1 &1 &2.00 &1.00 &– \il{Nganasan}\\ +%&Selkup &3 &1 &2.00 &3.00 &– \il{Selkup languages}\\ +%\midrule +%\multicolumn{2}{r}{\textit{Yukaghir}} &\textit{2}&\textit{2} &– &\textit{1.00} &– \il{Yukaghir languages}\\ +%\lspbottomrule +% +%\end{tabularx} +%\vspace{7.55cm} +%\label{diversity3} +%\end{table} +%\clearpage diff --git a/chapters/chap-evolution-nea.tex b/chapters/chap-evolution-nea.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c459d18 --- /dev/null +++ b/chapters/chap-evolution-nea.tex @@ -0,0 +1,1549 @@ +%??Section 11.1.2.1 on the evolution of anti-construct state agreement marking in Baltic and Slavic striked me as highly speculative; it does not include a single example from real texts from the earlier stages of Baltic or Slavic! The same observation pertains to the following section on Germanic. In my view, this largely invalidates the whole discussion. In particular, the empirical justification for the following claim on p. 248: “The three most important results of this study are ... (3) the diachronic attestation of contrastive-focus constructions with phrasally embedded adjectival modifiers as a common source of innovative adjective attribution marking devices in the northern Eurasian languages” — is not provided. %??By the way, on the history of “long” versus “short” adjectives in Russian, see works by Karin Larsen (2005, 2006, 2007). + +\is{grammaticalization|(} +\chapter[The evolution of attribution marking]{The evolution of attribution marking in northern Eurasian languages} +%%% +Attribution marking devices were typologized in Part~II (Typology) and their geographic distribution across the genealogical entities of northern Eurasia was presented in Part~III (Synchrony). The present, diachronic part focuses on linguistic changes which led to the emergence of the attested synchronic diversity within the northern Eurasian area. + +\largerpage[-1] +Not all attested changes are investigated in equal depth in each genealogical unit. Special focus lies on the grammaticalization of attributive markers from attributive nominalizers in the Saamic \il{Saamic languages} and Finnic\il{Finnic languages} branches of Uralic as well as in the Baltic,\il{Baltic languages} Slavic\il{Slavic languages} and Germanic\il{Germanic languages} branches of Indo-European. Different types of adjective attribution marking have been grammaticalized from attributive nominalizers\is{attributive nominalization} in different languages of the area and during different periods of time. Up to now, these diachronic patterns have not been systematically investigated from a cross-linguistic perspective. + +The parallel evolution of attributive nominalizers and other adjective attribution marking devices is interesting not only from a general typological perspective. The linguistic interference zone between Uralic and Indo-European in northeastern Europe exhibits a relatively high degree of diversity from a synchronic point of view (see Chapter~\ref{areality}). Consequently, it appears that the synchronically and diachronically attested developments have to be described in areal linguistic terms and provide further evidence for establishing a Northern European \textit{Sprachbund}.\is{Sprachbund} + +\is{attributive nominalization|(} +\section[Attributive nominalizers]{The emergence of attributive nominalizers} +%%% +Attributive nominalization as a special subtype of dependent\hyp{}marking attributive state (see \S\ref{attr nmlz}) is not synchronically attested as a default licenser of the attributive connection of adjectives in any language of northern Eurasia. However, in several languages of the area, attributive constructions with nominalizers constitute a special type of noun phrases characterized earlier as attributive apposition. A typical example is \ili{Udmurt} (Uralic) where an adjectival attribute equipped with an article is marked for contrastive focus (see \S\ref{udmurt synchr}). + +The only two Northern Eurasian languages exhibiting attributive nominalization as a default attribution marking device synchronically are \ili{Albanian} proper and \ili{Arvanitika} from the Albanian\il{Albanian languages} branch (Indo-European). The marker, however, is used only in a circumfixed\is{position!circumfixed} construction together with the inherited \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement}. + +Attributive nominalizers are also documented in historical stages of several Indo-European branches, such as Baltic,\il{Baltic languages} Slavic\il{Slavic languages} and Germanic.\il{Germanic languages} But even here, these markers are not the default devices. Instead, attributive articles compete with other attributive markers and are restricted to emphatically marked noun phrases. In several of these \ili{Indo-European languages}, however, the articles have evolved into new default types of attribution marking. A prototypical example of attribution marking originating from an attributive article is anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking in \ili{Russian} (see \S\ref{russian synchr}). In other languages, the former attributive article is still traceable as a secondary type of attribution marking, as in the modern \ili{Baltic languages}. Here, the attributive article also evolved into an anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marker but it is still restricted to a semantically defined subset of noun phrases (see \S\ref{baltic synchr}). + +\is{attributive article|(} +\ia{Himmelmann, Nikolaus|(} +The synchrony and diachrony of attributive articles have also been dealt with in a cross-linguistic investigation of grammaticalized adnominal D(eictic) elements by \citet{himmelmann1997}. Himmelmann assumes that attributive articles (“linking articles” in his terminology) originally occurred in appositional nominal expressions. These “linking constructions” are characterized as complex noun phrases in which the attribute occurs as a syntactically independent nominal expression. The “linking article” (i.e., \textit{attributive article} in terms of the present typology) serves as a nominalizer and licenses the attribute as a syntagma of its own \citep[188]{himmelmann1997}. +\is{attributive article|)} + +The diachronic data from several Indo-European,\il{Indo-European languages} Uralic\il{Uralic languages} and \ili{Turkic languages} presented in the following sections support Himmelmann's conclusions about a common source of attributive marking originating from pronouns or other deictic elements used as attributive nominalizers. +\ia{Himmelmann, Nikolaus|)} + +\il{Uralic languages|(} +\il{Turkic languages|(} +\is{juxtaposition|(} +\subsection{Attributive nominalizers in Uralic and Turkic} +\label{uralic-turkic diachr} +%%% +Juxtaposition has been the prototype of adjective attributive marking in all Turkic and most Uralic languages and go likely back to the proto-stages of these families (cf.~\citealt[80–81]{decsy1990} for Uralic and \citealt[75–76]{decsy1998} for Turkic). However, as the result of a secondary development in some branches of Uralic and Turkic, an attributive nominalizer grammaticalized. Synchronically, it occurs as minor attribution marking device in specially marked noun phrase types in several languages of these two families.%sagt {decsy1998} eigentlich richtig etwas zu Kongruenz? + +In the Saamic\il{Saamic languages} and Finnic\il{Finnic languages} branches of Uralic, juxtaposition has been replaced completely by new adjective attribution marking devices. In \ili{Proto\hyp{}Saamic} the prototypical attributive connector of adjectives was probably anti\hyp{}construct state marking. A comparison of synchronic evidence across modern Saamic languages makes this reconstruction very likely \citep{riesler2006b}. However, the modern \ili{Saamic languages} show a strong tendency to abandon the anti\hyp{}construct state marker and re-introduce the morphologically unmarked adjective attribution marking device juxtaposition. In \ili{Proto\hyp{}Finnic}, the original Uralic type has also been lost and has now been replaced by \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} marking of attributive adjectives. In \S\ref{Finnic diachr} and \ref{saamic diachr}, the emergence of agreement in Finnic and anti\hyp{}construct state marking in Saamic will be explored and described as a possible result of the grammaticalization of attributive nominalizers. +\is{juxtaposition|)} + +\il{Udmurt|(} +Since the emergence of attributive nominalizers in Udmurt (and other modern Uralic languages) probably reflects structurally similar stages of development as those assumed for \ili{Proto\hyp{}Saamic} and \ili{Proto\hyp{}Finnic}, the Udmurt case will be described in depth in the following sections. + +\subsubsection{The contrastive focus marker in Udmurt} +\label{udmurt diachr} +%%% +Synchronic data from Udmurt illustrates the emergence of an attributive article and might even indicate how this attribution marker has been generalized as an anti\hyp{}construct state marker. + +The use of the 3\textsuperscript{rd} person possessive suffix as a contrastive focus marker in Udmurt was exemplified in \S\ref{udmurt synchr} on the synchrony of attribution marking in Permic.\il{Permic languages} In the following sections, the etymological source and the evolution of this contrastive focus construction will be illustrated with the help of further examples. + +As in several other Uralic languages, the possessive suffix 3\textsuperscript{rd} person singular in Udmurt is often used as a definite-like marker. Grammatical descriptions of Udmurt use different terms to define the function of this formative, for example as “determinative” \citep{kelmakov-etal1999}, “contrastive-deictic” \citep{alatyrev1970}, “anaphorical-emphasizing” \citep{kiekbaev1965}, or simply “definite” \citep{winkler2001}. The suffix is characterized in the following as “quasi-definite” since Udmurt (like most other Uralic languages) has no morphologized feature \textsc{species}. The use of the marker is obviously determined by the referential status of the noun phrase, but it does not occur obligatorily in definite noun phrases. Since the rules for definiteness marking are not the subject of the present investigation, the formative in definite-like constructions will simply be referred to as \textit{determinative suffix}, which is also consistent with some of the grammatical descriptions mentioned above (e.g., \citealt{kelmakov-etal1999}).\is{species marking!definite} + +Besides its function as a possessive marker, the 3\textsuperscript{rd} person singular possessive suffix occurs not only in quasi-definite noun phrases but is even used as an (attributive) nominalizer and as a marker of contrastive focus on adjectives. From a synchronic point of view, the functions of \textsc{poss:3sg} in the different non-possessive uses are probably better analyzed as belonging to different grammatical categories. Consequently, different glosses (such as \textsc{poss, def, nmlz, contr}) should be applied. However, in order to illustrate the similar historical source of the synchronically differentiated grammatical meanings one and the same gloss (i.e., \textsc{poss:3sg}) is used in the following examples. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\upshape Possessive and non-possessive functions of (historical) \textsc{poss:3sg}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Possessive marking} +\label{udmurt possmarking} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll gurt\textbf{-ėz}\\ + house-\textsc{poss:3sg}\\ +\glt ‘her/his/its house’ +\ex +\gll gurt-jos-a\textbf{-z}\\ + house-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{ill}-\textsc{poss:3sg}\\ +\glt ‘into her/his/its houses’ +\end{xlist} +\ex {\upshape “Determinative” marking} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll gurt\textbf{-ėz}\\ + house-\textsc{poss:3sg}\\ +\glt ‘this house’ +\ex +\gll gurt-jos-a\textbf{-z}\\ + house-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{ill}-\textsc{poss:3sg}\\ +\glt ‘into these houses’ +\end{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Attributive nominalization} +\label{udmurt diachr nomzr} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Demonstrative}\\ +\label{udmurt diachr dem-nomzr} +\gll ta\textbf{-iz} / so\textbf{-iz}\\ + \textsc{dem:prox}-\textsc{poss:3sg} {} \textsc{dem:dist}-\textsc{poss:3sg}\\ +\glt ‘this one over here’ / ‘that one over there’ +%%% + +\newpage +\ex {\upshape Possessor noun phrase}\\ +\label{udmurt diachr gen-nomzr} +\gll Ivan-len\textbf{-ėz}\\ + Ivan-\textsc{gen}-\textsc{poss:3sg}\\ +\glt ‘the one of Ivan (Ivan's)’ +\ex {\upshape Adjective}\\ +\label{udmurt diachr adj-nomzr} +\gll badǯ́ym\textbf{-ėz}\\ + big-\textsc{poss:3sg}\\ +\glt ‘the big one’ +\end{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Contrastive focus marking} +\label{udmurt diachr contr} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll badǯ́ym\textbf{-ėz} gurt\\ + big-\textsc{poss:3sg} house\\ +\glt ‘a/the \textsc{big} house’ +\ex +\gll badǯ́ym-jos-a\textbf{-z} gurt-jos-y\\ + big-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{ill}-\textsc{poss:3sg} house-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{ill}\\ +\glt ‘into (the) \textsc{big} houses’ +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +The use of the suffix \textit{-ėz} as marker of contrastive focus is obviously connected to its other non-possessive functions. The order of examples (\ref{udmurt possmarking}–\ref{udmurt diachr contr}) probably reflects the functional expansion of the original possessive marker to a “determinative” marker on noun phrases and a contrastive focus marker on adjectives. The clue for understanding this development is the use of the suffix \textit{-ėz} as an attributive nominalizer in \isi{headless noun phrase}s, as shown in (\ref{udmurt diachr nomzr}). Here, the determinative suffix is used as a true attributive nominalizer to mark a demonstrative (\ref{udmurt diachr dem-nomzr}), a possessor noun\is{adnominal modifier!possessor noun} (\ref{udmurt diachr gen-nomzr}) or an adjective (\ref{udmurt diachr adj-nomzr}) as modifiers by projecting a full (headless) noun phrase. Note however that headless adjectives, demonstratives,\is{adnominal modifier!demonstrative} and noun possessors (in genitive)\is{adnominal modifier!possessor noun} are not obligatorily marked by means of attributive nominalization in Udmurt. The marker is used in order to emphasize the property denoted by the attribute and to contrast it to other properties of the same set. + +The emphasizing function of the determinative suffix, finally, is the link to its use as contrastive focus marker on adjectives. It seems clear that these contrastive focus constructions originate from appositional constructions of nouns with emphasized headless attributes, illustrated in (\ref{udmurt apposition}).\is{headless noun phrase}\footnote{The zero-morpheme (equipped with the nominalizer Ø-\textsc{nmlz}) in (\ref{udmurt apposition}) is only presented for a better illustration of the empty head position to which the (nominalized) adjective moves in this appositional noun phrase.} + + +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\ob}\textsubscript{\upshape NP} {\ob}\textsubscript{\upshape NP'} \textsubscript{\upshape A}big \textsubscript{\upshape HEAD}Ø-\textsc{\upshape nmlz}{\cb} \textsubscript{\upshape N}house{\cb} +\label{udmurt apposition} +\end{exe} +%%% + +The agreement patterns in noun phrases with attributes in contrastive focus provide the best evidence for this assumption. In their default use, attributive adjectives (as well as other modifiers) do not show agreement with the head noun. However, when the attribute is marked for contrastive focus (by means of the attributive nominalizer \textsc{attr} $\Leftarrow$ \textsc{poss:3sg}), case and number marking spread to the adjective, like in the minimally contrastive examples in (\ref{udmurt examples}). +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\upshape Juxtaposition\is{juxtaposition} versus anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking (i.e., in contrastive focus) \citep{kelmakov-etal1999,winkler2001}} +\label{udmurt examples} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Adjective attribute} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll badǯ́ym / badǯ́ym\textbf{-ėz} gurt\\ + big {} big-\textsc{attr} house\\ +\glt ‘big house’ : ‘\textsc{big} house’ +\ex +\gll badǯ́ym / badǯ́ym\textbf{-jos-a-z} gurt-jos-y\\ + big {} big-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{ill}-\textsc{attr} house-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{ill}\\ +\glt ‘to (the) big houses’ : ‘to (the) \textsc{big} houses’ +\end{xlist} +%%% +\ex {\upshape Possessor noun attribute}\is{adnominal modifier!possessor noun}\footnote{Note that the cross-referencing possessive agreement marker does not occur with a genitive construction in contrastive focus \citep[81]{kelmakov-etal1999}.} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll Ivan-len / Ivan-len\textbf{-ėz} gurt-ėz\\ + Ivan-\textsc{gen} {} Ivan-\textsc{gen}-\textsc{attr} house-\textsc{poss:3sg}\\ +\glt ‘Ivan's house’ : ‘\textsc{Ivan's} house’ +\ex +\gll Ivan-len / Ivan\textbf{-jos-a-z-len} gurt-jos-a-z\\ + Ivan-\textsc{gen} {} Ivan-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{ill}-\textsc{attr}-\textsc{gen} house-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{ill}-\textsc{poss:3sg}\\ +\glt ‘to Ivan's houses’ : ‘to \textsc{Ivan's} houses’ +\end{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Demonstrative attribute} +\label{udmurt det dem} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll so / so\textbf{-iz} gurt\\ + \textsc{dem:dist} {} \textsc{dem:dist}-\textsc{attr} house\\ +\glt ‘that house’ : ‘\textsc{that} house’ +\ex +\gll ta / ta\textbf{-os-a-z} gurt-jos-y\\ + \textsc{dem:prox} {} \textsc{dem:prox}-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{ill}-\textsc{attr} house-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{ill}\\ +\glt ‘to these houses’ : ‘to \textsc{these} houses’ +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%POSS als Kongruenzkategorie +%%% + +\newpage %longdistance +Following the intuition of the authors of grammatical descriptions of Udmurt, however, one could also analyze these constructions as true noun phrases with a syntactic structure as in (\ref{udmurt notapposition}) (as opposed to \ref{udmurt apposition}) where the original nominalizer of the attribute in the \isi{headless noun phrase} became a dependent\hyp{}marking attributive construct device linking the attribute in contrastive focus to the semantic head ‘house’ in the noun phrase. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex[?]{ +{\ob}\textsubscript{\upshape NP} \textsubscript{\upshape A}big-\textsc{\upshape contr} \textsubscript{\upshape HEAD}house{\cb} +} +\label{udmurt notapposition} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Even if head\hyp{}driven number and case agreement is involved in attribution marking of adjectives in contrastive focus, Udmurt is better analyzed as a language exhibiting an attributive appositional construction rather than an anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking. The agreement and anti\hyp{}construct state marking formatives are not fused and agreement marking occurs only indirectly as the result of the nominalization of the appositional headless adjective.\is{headless noun phrase} +\il{Udmurt|)} + +\subsubsection[Possessive suffixes as attributive nominalizers]{Possessive suffixes as attributive nominalizers in other Uralic and in Turkic languages} +%%% +Non-possessive uses of 3\textsuperscript{rd} person singular possessive suffixes similar to Udmurt are well attested in several Uralic and Turkic languages.\footnote{In several languages, even 2\textsuperscript{rd} person singular possessive occurs in the same function.} In descriptions of these languages, the marker is often characterized as “emphatic-definite” or simply “definite” (cf.~\citealt[148]{tauli1966}; \citealt{kunnap2004}). But obviously this is greatly oversimplified. It is especially unclear what it would mean to mark an adjectival modifier as “definite”.\is{species marking!definite} + +Besides in Udmurt, the use of the (historical) 3\textsuperscript{rd} person singular possessive suffix as a marker of contrastive focus is similarly regular (though less systematically described) in the other \ili{Permic languages} (cf.~\citealt[67]{serebrennikov1963}).%Verweis ist nicht so gut + +\il{Mari languages|(} +In the Mari languages, which belong to the Volgaic\il{Volgaic languages} branch of Uralic, the possessive suffix is also commonly used as a determinative suffix for nouns (cf.~\citealt[75–76]{alhoniemi1993}). The regular use of the formative to derive a certain set of “determinative” or contrastive focused demonstratives and quantifiers in Mari (\ref{mari example}, similar to the \ili{Udmurt} example (\ref{udmurt det dem}) on page~\pageref{udmurt det dem}) gives at least some evidence that the Mari languages have (or had) an attributive nominalizer in contrastive focus constructions as well.\footnote{The homophonous focus \isi{clitic} \textit{=že} in Eastern Mari (\textit{təi=že kuze ilaš tüŋalat?} ‘And how are \textsc{you} going to live?’ \citealt[80]{alhoniemi1993}) is most likely not cognate with the 3\textsuperscript{rd} person singular possessive suffix but borrowed from the formally and functionally similar marker focus marker in \ili{Russian}.}%anhand der deklinationsformen zeigen, dass es poss ist und nicht =že, z.B. weil kasus danach folgt +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex \langinfo{Eastern Mari}{Uralic}{\citealt{alhoniemi1993}} +\label{mari example} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\upshape “Short” demonstratives (i.e., unmarked)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex tide {\upshape ‘this’ /} tudo {\upshape ‘that’ (82)} +\end{xlist} +%%% +\ex {\upshape “Long” demonstratives (i.e., in contrastive focus)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex tide\textbf{-že} {\upshape ‘this one’ /} tudo\textbf{-že} {\upshape ‘that one’ (82)}%Ist S. 82 (und 80) oben richtig? +\end{xlist} +%%% +\ex {\upshape Quantifiers in contrastive focus}\\ +\gll Tə̂nar\textbf{-žə̂}-m mə̂j nalam, Tə̂nar\textbf{-žə̂}-m tə̂j.\\ + so.much-\textsc{poss:3sg}-\textsc{acc} I take, so.much-\textsc{poss:3sg}-\textsc{acc} you\\ +\glt ‘So much I will take, so much you.’ (76) +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +\il{Chuvash|(} +A similar use of the (historical) 3\textsuperscript{rd} person singular possessive suffix as a marker of contrastive focus in the Turkic language Chuvash has been shown in \S\ref{chuvash synchr}. Interestingly, the Turkic language Chuvash and the Uralic languages Eastern\il{Eastern Mari} and \ili{Western Mari} and \ili{Udmurt} are among the core members of the \isi{Volga-Kama area}.\footnote{Other core members of the Volga-Kama \isi{Sprachbund} area are the Turkic languages \ili{Tatar} and \ili{Bashkir}. The Uralic languages Mordvin\il{Mordvin languages} and \ili{Komi-Permyak} are considered peripheral members \citep{helimski2005}.} The languages of this linguistic area show linguistic convergence on several levels of their grammars. In all Uralic and Turkic languages of that area, at least the “emphatic-definite” use of the 3\textsuperscript{rd} person singular possessive suffix is attested. Thus, it cannot be ruled out that the evolving attributive nominalizer in Chuvash, \ili{Udmurt} and the Mari languages has been borrowed in either direction.\is{species marking!definite}%ÿsker erwähnen? +\il{Mari languages|)} + +\il{Tungusic languages|(} +The phenomenon might even reflect a much older and more widespread feature of a larger subarea of northern Eurasia including at least Tungusic. As demonstrated in the synchronic \S\ref{tungusic synchr} on Tungusic, similar constructions with the 3\textsuperscript{rd} person singular possessive suffix also seem to regularly occur in this family. Even in other languages of the area, examples of the use of the 3\textsuperscript{rd} person singular possessive suffix as an attributive nominalizer (though not on adjectives) are attested. Example (\ref{mongolian nmlz}) illustrates the use of the 3\textsuperscript{rd} person singular possessive suffix as an attributive nominalizer of pronouns in Khalkha Mongolian. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\upshape Attributive nominalization in \langinfo{Khalkha}{Mongolic}{\citealt[6]{pavlov1985}}} +\label{mongolian nmlz} +\begin{xlist} +\ex olan {\upshape ‘much’}~– olan\textbf{-ki} {\upshape ‘what is in majority; the largest part’} +\ex numaj {\upshape ‘much’}~– numajj\textbf{-i} {\upshape ‘what is in majority; the largest part’} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Not also that the (historical) 3\textsuperscript{rd} person singular possessive suffix occurs in practically all Turkic languages in lexicalized local and temporal attributes. (\ref{chuvash examples}) are examples from Chuvash. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\upshape Attributive nominalization in \langinfo{Chuvash}{Turkic}{\citealt[67–68]{benzing1963}}} +\label{chuvash examples} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll śul-χi\\ + year-\textsc{loc:poss:3sg}\\ +\glt ‘yearly, annual’ (originally ‘what is in a year’) +\ex +\gll yal-t-i\\ + village-\textsc{loc-poss:3sg}\\ +\glt ‘local’ (originally ‘what is in a village’) +\ex +\gll kil-t-i\\ + home-\textsc{loc-poss:3sg}\\ +\glt ‘domestic’ (originally ‘what is in the home’) +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +It remains unclear whether the evolution of attributive nominalization and contrastive focus marking of attributive adjectives occurs independently in certain branches or areal groupings across Indo-European, Uralic, Turkic and Tungusic or goes back to a general northern Eurasian areal tendency. +\il{Tungusic languages|)} +\il{Chuvash|)} +\il{Uralic languages|)} +\il{Turkic languages|)} + +\il{Indo-European languages|(} +\subsection{Attributive nominalizers in Indo-European} +\label{ie diachr} +%%% + +\is{species marking!definite|(} +\il{Baltic languages|(} +\il{Slavic languages|(} +\subsubsection[Baltic and Slavic]{Attributive articles and the emergence of anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking in Baltic and Slavic} +\label{slavic diachr} +%%% +%The choice of one of these markers versus the other is normally connected to the definiteness or indefiniteness of the noun phrase in the Old Slavic languages. +%In \ili{Old Bulgarian} attested definite noun phrases in which the adjective is marked with the short-suffix +%restrictions determined by semantic of the noun, referential status of the whole NP, but most clearly by the semantic of the adjective: So bilden Beziehungsadjective generell selten Langformen, die Possessivadjective im besonderen +%kommen ausschließlich in der Kurzform vor +%Another exception are nominalized adjectives in \isi{headless noun phrase}s which occur most often in the long form. (Mendoza) +%It is thus questionable whether or not the original function... really was marking of definiteness +%%Def marker: regular expression of anaphoric definiteness of a noun phrase; has no further functions + +\ili{Russian} is the only Slavic language exhibiting anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking as the default and only type of attributive connection of adjectives (\textit{xorošij} \textsc{attr:nom.m.sg} ‘good’ versus \textit{xoroš} \textsc{pred:nom.m.sg}, see also \S\ref{russian synchr}). The Russian construction where attributive adjectives are obligatorily equipped with special anti\hyp{}construct state agreement suffixes resembles a construction in the closely related Baltic languages. In the latter, however, the occurrence of anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking is usually described as being restricted to definite noun phrases. The competition between complex attributive agreement and “pure” agreement marking was already characteristic of \ili{Old Baltic languages} (cf.~\ili{Lithuanian} \textit{geràsis} versus \textit{g{\~e}ras}, \ili{Latvian} \textit{labais} versus \textit{labs} ‘good’) and \ili{Old Slavic languages} (cf.~\ili{Old Bulgarian} \textit{dobrъjь} versus \textit{dobrъ} ‘good’). Old Slavic and \ili{Old Baltic languages} are thus similar to modern \ili{Lithuanian} and modern \ili{Latvian} in exhibiting two types of adjective attribution marking suffixes in different functions. + +In the Slavic and Indo-European linguistic traditions, adjectives equipped with anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking are normally referred to as “long-form adjectives” (contrasted to “short-form adjectives”). Other commonly used terms for the anti\hyp{}construct state agreement markers are “pronominal, complex” or “compound” agreement suffixes. Analogically, the two inflectional paradigms of long- versus short-form adjectives equipped with number, gender, and case agreement values are normally labeled in a similar way as “long-form, pronominal, complex, or compound” versus “short-form” adjective declension. Obviously, these terms describe the form or the origin of the formative rather than its function and are rather useless for a typological comparison. + +Similar to the modern Baltic languages, the markers are sometimes also labeled “definite” agreement suffixes in Old Slavic.\il{Old Slavic languages} As will be shown below, the notion of “definiteness” does not exactly cover the functionality of the marker in Old Slavic either. + +The corresponding attributive constructions in modern Slavic and Baltic languages have already been dealt with in the synchronic part of this investigation (especially \S\S\ref{slavic synchr}, \ref{baltic synchr}). In the present chapter, the origin and development of anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking in Baltic and Slavic along two possible grammaticalization paths (see \S\ref{2paths} below) will be discussed. It will be argued that these constructions have arisen from attributive articles which originally marked contrastive focus of the attribute rather than from nominal relative constructions. Before dealing with the syntactic evolution of the attributive constructions in Slavic and Baltic, the etymology of the formative (which is similar for both scenarios) will be sketched in the following short section. + +\subsubsection{Etymology of the formative} +Whereas the “pure” agreement declension (of the so-called short-forms) of adjectives continues the \ili{Proto\hyp{}Indo\hyp{}European} default type of adjective attribution marking, the anti\hyp{}construct (long-form) agreement suffixes, as in \ili{Lithuanian} \textit{geràs-is žmõgus}, \ili{Latvian} \textit{laba-is cilvēks}, or \ili{Old Bulgarian} \textit{dobrъ-jь človekъ} ‘the good person’, arose as a result of a phonological merger between the short-form agreement suffixes of the adjective and a pronominal stem reconstructed as \ili{Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic} \textit{*-jĭ/jь-}. + +This pronominal part of the long-form agreement suffix likely goes back to a pronominal stem reconstructed as \ili{Proto\hyp{}Indo-European} \textit{*i̭o-} \citep[61]{wissemann1958}. The anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marker in Baltic\slash{}Slavic could thus be cognate with relative markers in other Indo-European languages, such as Old Indo-Aryan\il{Old Indo-Aryan languages} \textit{yá-h}, Old Iranian\il{Old Iranian languages} \textit{yō}, or \ili{Ancient Greek} \textit{hós} \citep[53]{heinrichs1954}. + +An alternative etymology has been suggested by Mikkola (\citeyear[52]{mikkola1950}; %besserer verweis notwendig? + see also \citealt[102]{leskien1871}; \citealt[164–165]{leskien1919}; \citealt[19ff.]{wijk1935}). Mikkola believes that \ili{Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic} \textit{*-jь-} was an anaphoric marker which goes back to the 3\textsuperscript{rd} person singular pronoun (cf.~\ili{Lithuanian} \textit{jìs}, \textit{jõ} \textsc{3sg:gen} or \ili{Old Bulgarian} \textit{jь}, \textit{jego} \textsc{3sg:gen}). The phonological merger of Indo-European \textit{*is} \textsc{3sg.m} with \textit{\textit{*i̭os}} \textsc{m} ‘which’ in Baltic\slash{}Slavic \citep[21 Footnote 8]{schmidt1959} makes this explanation possible from the point of view of sound correspondence. + +The terminus post quem of the innovative attribution marking in Baltic and Slavic can be determined relatively easily. Different phonological and morphological developments of the long-form agreement suffixes in Baltic and Slavic imply that the phonological merger of adjective and the formative \textit{*-jь-} took place independently in Old Slavic\il{Old Slavic languages} and Old Baltic\il{Old Baltic languages} \citep[64–65]{koch1992}. + +It is not certain whether the Baltic and Slavic branches of Indo-European go back to a common proto-form or \ili{Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic} have to be reconstructed as independent Indo-European daughter languages. If the latter case proves to be right, the rise of anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking could be parallel, but due to contact in \ili{Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic} (as stated, for example, by \citealt[77]{pohl1980}). Since the reconstruction of proto-languages is not an aim of this investigation and since the developments in Baltic and Slavic are similar from a chronological, functional and (Indo-European) etymological point of view, discussing the rise of anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking in Baltic and Slavic together in the same section makes perfect sense. + +\subsubsection{Evolution of the construction} +It is commonly assumed that the function of the long-form suffix on the adjective in Old Baltic\il{Old Baltic languages} and Old Slavic\il{Old Slavic languages} was to mark the noun phrase as definite. This opinion is repeated by practically all authors of comparative grammars and reference books of the Baltic\slash{}Slavic languages as well as in works dealing specifically with adjectives and noun phrase syntax of these languages (cf.~\citealt[211]{mendoza2004} with references). + +However, definite nouns are not obligatorily modified by long-form adjectives in Old Slavic.\il{Old Slavic languages} Furthermore, nominalized (headless) adjectives\is{headless noun phrase} are normally equipped with long-form suffixes, regardless of the referential status of the noun phrase as definite or indefinite. The analysis of the long-form adjective suffix as definite marker might thus not be as straightforward as it appears in the reference books. + +\citet[214–215]{mendoza2004} connects the original distribution of long- versus short-forms to contrastive focus marking, i.e., the restrictive versus non\hyp{}restrictive semantics of the attribute, instead of the referential status of the modified noun. A similar argument is made by \citet{tolstoj1957}, who sees the main function of the long-form adjectives likewise in setting a certain property of a referent apart from properties of the rest of similar referents. + +The later re-interpretation of such “restrictive” (i.e., contrastive focus) expressions as definite and even the generalization of the original restrictive adjective marker to a marker of anaphoric reference of the modified noun seems functionally plausible. There is no indication, however, that the long-form agreement suffixes morphologized to true definite markers in the \ili{Old Slavic languages}. Even in the modern stages of the South Slavic languages \ili{Slovenian} and \ili{Serbo-Croatian}, where remnants of the two different adjective inflections still occur, the so-called definite (long-form) declension of adjectives is semantically restricted to certain adjectival subclasses (see \S\ref{s-slavic synchr}). + +Furthermore, in \ili{Bulgarian} and \ili{Macedonian}, which are the only modern Slavic languages exhibiting a fully morphologized category \textsc{species}, the corresponding definite marking does not originate from the long-form adjectives. This is true despite the fact that the long-form agreement marking in \ili{Old Bulgarian} (i.e., the ancestor language of Modern \ili{Bulgarian} and Modern \ili{Macedonian}) is attested to have almost grammaticalized as a marker of anaphoric reference of the noun phrase. + +Note also that even the morphological status of the so-called definite adjectives in the modern Baltic languages has been doubted. It has sometimes been argued that the long-form adjective in \ili{Lithuanian} might convey emphasis rather than definiteness, at least in certain expressions (cf.~\citealt[181–182]{kramsky1972}). + +Even though the suffixes marking long-form agreement in Old Baltic\il{Old Baltic languages} and Old Slavic\il{Old Slavic languages} show some functional extension to markers of anaphoric reference or even definiteness of the noun phrase, this development is secondary. The original function of the long-form agreement suffixes was to mark an adjectival attribute in an emphatic or contrastive focus construction. Consequently, the suffix \textit{*-jь-} in \ili{Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic} has to be analyzed as an attribution marker on the adjective rather than as a marker of definiteness of the modified noun. +\is{species marking!definite|)} + +Leaving aside the question about the further development of the anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marker \textit{*-jь-} in different Baltic and Slavic languages, two opposing theories about its original function and the assumed functional developments of the anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marker in Baltic and Slavic will be discussed in the following sections: +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item \textbf{Scenario 1:} The formative \textsc{attr} arose from a relative pronoun, hence:\\ +\textsc{dem $\Rightarrow$ rel $\Rightarrow$ attr} +\item \textbf{Scenario 2:} The formative \textsc{attr} arose from an attributive article, hence:\\ +\textsc{dem $\Rightarrow$ nmlz $\Rightarrow$ attr} +\label{2paths} +\end{itemize} +%%% + +\subsubsection{Scenario 1: Nominal relative constructions in \ili{Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic}} +According to the first theory, the attributive marker in Baltic and Slavic originates from a relative pronoun. This theory seems to be widely accepted since Delbrück's and Brugmann's statements on the question (cf.~\citealt[432–433]{delbruck1893}; \citealt[331, 344]{brugmann-etal1916}). Their argumentation has been taken up and augmented with new data by \citet{schmidt1959}, \citet{koch1992,koch1999} and others. Koch argues that a reflex of the \ili{Proto\hyp{}Indo-European} relative pronoun \textit{*(h)i̭o-} is attested as an attributive marker of adjectival, possessive,\is{adnominal modifier!possessor noun} and adverbial modifiers\is{adnominal modifier!adverbial phrase} of nouns in \ili{Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic}. He describes the constructions in which these attributes occur as “nominal relative constructions” \citep[470, passim]{koch1999}. + +The most substantial part in Koch's argumentation seems to be the similar use of cognate relative pronouns as polyfunctional markers in relative constructions as attested in Old Iranian\il{Old Iranian languages} and \ili{Old Indo-Aryan languages}. +%%% +\il{Old Persian|(} +\begin{exe} +\ex {\upshape Ezafe in \langinfo{Old Persian}{Indo-European}{\citealt{meillet1931}, here cited after \citealt[4]{samvelian2007b}}} +\label{ez oldpersian} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\ob}kāra {\ob}\textbf{hya} manā{\upshape ]]} +\glt ‘my army’ (lit. ‘army which is mine’) +%%% +\ex {\ob}kāsaka {\ob}\textbf{hya} kapautaka{\upshape ]]} +\glt ‘the blue stone’ (lit. ‘stone which is blue’) +\ex vivānam jatā utā avam {\ob}kāram {\ob}\textbf{hya} dārayavahaus xšāyaθiyhyā{\upshape ]]} +\glt ‘Beat Vivâna and his army which declares itself as a proponent of the king Darius.’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Koch's (\citeyear[53, passim]{koch1992}) main arguments for the old age of the relative function of \textit{*(h)i̭o-} in \ili{Proto\hyp{}Indo-European} are found in attested cognate markers. In several Indo-European languages, the historical \textit{*(h)i̭o-} pronoun marks similar relative constructions as in the Old Persian examples (\ref{ez oldpersian}). However, Koch does not disprove the assumption that the relative function of the pronoun derives from the deictic-anaphorical marking by means of a demonstrative. In fact, the Old Persian examples (\ref{ez oldpersian}) clearly show verb-less relative constructions linked to the head noun with an attributive article. +%According to Benveniste %GET CITE FROM Koch1992p57 (cf.~even \citet[PAGE]{lehmann1984}) are not originate leitet sich der idg. Relativsatz nicht aus satzartigen Vorgängern ab sondern aus verblosen Nominalsyntagmen% +%%%%%two relative pronouns reconstructed for the Indo-European proto-language: \textit{*(h)i̭o-} and \textit{*k\textsuperscript{ṷ}i-/*k\textsuperscript{ṷ}o-} +%%The relative function of the second pronoun \textit{*k\textsuperscript{ṷ}i-/*k\textsuperscript{ṷ}o-} clearly derives from its indefinite or interrogative meaning (KOCH, cf.~German \textit{welch-} English \textit{which} \textsc{interrog, rel}). +\il{Old Persian|)} + +Furthermore, it is not certain whether the old pronoun (or article) \textit{*(h)i̭o-} was inherited into \ili{Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic}. The pronominal stem is attested in Baltic or Slavic only as the base of some derived connectors \citep[56]{heinrichs1954}. Even though the etymological pronoun seems to be preserved in the stem of the \ili{Old Bulgarian} relative marker \textit{jь-že}, the function of this marker is clearly yielded by the emphatic particle \textit{-že} \citep[56]{heinrichs1954}. %besseres Zitat? + The old relative pronoun seems to be completely lost in Old Baltic\il{Old Baltic languages} where different relative markers occur (as in \ili{Lithuanian} \textit{ku\~rs} $\Leftarrow$ \textit{kurìs}, \ili{Latvian} \textit{kuŕš} noted by \citealt[15]{schmidt1959}). + +\citet[468, 470]{koch1999} dates the original relative construction back to an early \ili{Pre-Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic} age. According to him, the relative pronoun did not agree in case with the head noun in the inherited Indo-European relative construction (\ref{koch rel}). Such morpho-syntactic behavior would in fact be expected from a true relative pronoun. But according to Koch's reconstruction (\ref{koch nomzr}), case agreement between a head noun and a relative pronoun was already present in \ili{Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic}. Finally, the long-form agreement inflection arose independently as a result of the phonological merger of the adjective and the original pronoun in Old Baltic\il{Old Baltic languages} and Old Slavic\il{Old Slavic languages} (\ref{koch attr}). Most crucial in this reconstruction is the fact that the assumed original relative pronoun has obviously never marked a true relative clause construction in \ili{Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic}. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{koch rel} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Nominal relative constructions in Pre-Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic \citep[468]{koch1999}}\footnote{The example is glossed in accordance to Koch; a translation is missing in the source.}\\ +\glll *dråugås gīvås jås {\upshape /} *dråugåm gīvås jås\\ + friend:\textsc{nom} good:\textsc{nom} \textsc{rel:nom} / friend:\textsc{acc} good:\textsc{nom} \textsc{rel:nom}\\ + N\textsubscript{nom} A\textsubscript{nom} \textsc{rel}\textsubscript{nom} { } N\textsubscript{acc} A\textsubscript{nom} \textsc{rel}\textsubscript{nom}\\ +%%% +\ex {\upshape \ili{Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic} attributive article}\\ +\label{koch nomzr} +\glll *dråugås gīvås-jås {\upshape /} *dråugåm gīvåm-jåm\\ + friend:\textsc{nom} good-\textsc{nmlz:nom} / friend:\textsc{acc} good-\textsc{nmlz:acc}\\ + N\textsubscript{nom} A\textsubscript{nom}-\textsc{nmlz}\textsubscript{nom} { } N\textsubscript{acc} A\textsubscript{acc}-\textsc{nmlz}\textsubscript{acc}\\ +%%% +\ex {\upshape Old Baltic/Old Slavic anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking}\\ +\label{koch attr} +\glll *dråugås gīvå-jås {\upshape /} *dråugåm gīvå-jåm\\ + friend:\textsc{nom} good-\textsc{attr:nom} / friend:\textsc{acc} good-\textsc{attr:nom}\\ + N\textsubscript{nom} A-\textsc{attr}\textsubscript{nom} { } N\textsubscript{acc} A-\textsc{attr}\textsubscript{acc}\\ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +This assumed development presupposes the transition of original “nominal relative constructions” in \ili{Pre-Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic} (step 1) to a construction with an attributive article (\textsc{nmlz}) in \ili{Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic} as an intermediate step (2). The anti\hyp{}construct (“long-form”, i.e., \textsc{attr}) agreement marking arose as a last step (3) in Old Baltic\il{Old Baltic languages} and Old Slavic.\il{Old Slavic languages} + +\largerpage +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item Stage 1 [\textsubscript{NP} \textsubscript{HEAD}N {\ob}\textsubscript{ATTRIBUTE(CLAUSE)} A\textsubscript{[+agr]} \textsc{rel}\textsubscript{[-agr]}{\upshape ]]} +\item Stage 2 [\textsubscript{NP} \textsubscript{HEAD}N {\ob}\textsubscript{ATTRIBUTE(NP')} A\textsubscript{[+agr]}-\textsc{nmlz}\textsubscript{[+agr]}{\upshape ]]}\item Stage 3 [\textsubscript{NP} \textsubscript{HEAD}N \textsubscript{ATTRIBUTE(A)}A-\textsc{attr}\textsubscript{[+agr]}{\cb} +\end{itemize} +%%% + +Koch's reconstruction provides no conclusive arguments for the existence of “nominal relative constructions” marked with a relative pronoun \textit{*(h)i̭o-} in \ili{Pre-Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic}. Theoretically, the attributive nominalization construction (step 2) could be much older and be the primary one in Indo-European. The corresponding “nominal relative constructions” in Indo-Aryan\il{Indo-Aryan languages} and Iranian\il{Iranian languages} might just as well originate from attributive nominalization constructions. The Indo-European relative pronoun \textit{*(h)i̭o-} would than go back to a deictic pronoun, probably \textit{*i-} ($\Rightarrow$ \ili{Latin}, \ili{Gothic} \textit{is} \textsc{dem}) which was used as attributive article as early as in \ili{Proto\hyp{}Indo-European}. + +%also The question of constituent order is left open in Koch's reconstruction. In the examples (\ref{koch rel}–\ref{koch nomzr}) the attribute is marked by a postponed pronoun and follows the noun. In the Old Iranian and Old Indo-Aryan languages, in which the assumed cognate relative pronoun is attested, +%the attribute also follows the noun but the relative marker occurs between the constituents. +%\begin{exe} +%\ex \textsc{Old Persian} Samvelian +%\ex \textsc{Modern Persian} +%\end{exe} +%Already in Old Slavic and Old Baltic the adjective predominantly preceded the noun. aber nachgestellte adjective belegt besonders in emphatischem ausdruck noch heute. The constituent order change from Indo-European NA to Baltic\slash{}Slavic AN unproblematisch + +\subsubsection{Scenario 2: Attributive nominalizing constructions in \ili{Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic}} +According to the second idea about the emergence of the long-form adjectives in Baltic\slash{}Slavic, the attributive marker was originally an article. One opponent of the “relative” theory is van Wijk, who believes +%%% +\begin{quote} +[\dots] dass wir fürs Slavische vollständig auskommen ohne die Annahme relativer Pronominalformen vom idg. Stamme \textit{i̭e/i̭o-}, und dass dasselbe für das Baltische gilt.\footnote{[\dots] that there is no need whatsoever in the case of Slavic to assume the existence of relative pronominal forms going back to the Indo-European stem \textit{i̭e/i̭o-} and that the same is true for Baltic.} \citep[28]{wijk1935} +\end{quote} +%%% + +%\citet{otrebski1968} sieht in -j- der pronominalen Flexionsformen die Fortsetzung einer “hervorhebenden Partikel” +Leaving open whether an attributive article or a relative pronoun constitutes the ultimate origin of the anti\hyp{}construct state agreement in \ili{Pre-Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic}, Koch's reconstruction would in fact be compatible with Wijk's “article theory”. The attribute nominalizing construction with the pronominal marker \textit{*-jь-} as attributive article in \ili{Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic} is clearly reflected in step 2 of Koch's reconstruction (\ref{koch nomzr}). The final step 3 in which the attributive nominalizer becomes an anti\hyp{}construct state marker is completely similar to the development assumed by \citet{wijk1935}. + +The most plausible functional explanation of the grammaticalization of the pronominal marker \textit{*-jь-} into an attributive article is formulated by Wissemann (\citeyear{wissemann1958}). He argues that the original function of the anti\hyp{}construct (“long-form”) agreement suffixes was that of a “Gelenkspartikel”\is{attributive article} \citep[76]{wissemann1958}, i.e., an \textit{attributive article} or \textit{attributive nominalizer} in terms of the present study. Wissemann also shows that the function as anaphoric (“quasi-definite”) noun phrase marker is secondary.\is{species marking!definite} + +Another argument in favor of the attributive nominalizing function of the \ili{Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic} attributive article \textit{*-jь-} can be found in its polyfunctional use with different types of attributes. Besides marking the attributive connection of (emphasized) adjectives and participles, the article also served to mark some non-adjectival (and originally non-agreeing) attributes, such as adverbial phrases\is{adnominal modifier!adverbial phrase} and noun phrases marked with genitive.\is{adnominal modifier!possessor noun} + +\citet[467–468]{koch1999} gives a list of lexicalized attributive expressions in which \textit{*-jь-} occurs as an attributive marker. These examples of frozen nominalizations present evidence of the original attributive nominalizing function of the \ili{Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic} article. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Attribution of adverbial phrases} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\upshape \ili{Old Bulgarian}}\\ + utrějь {\upshape ‘tomorrow- (attr.)’ $\leftarrow$} (j)utrě {\upshape ‘morning’} +\ex {\upshape \ili{Old Bulgarian}}\\ + vьnějь {\upshape ‘outside (attr.)’ $\leftarrow$} vьně {\upshape ‘(on the) outside’}\\ + bezumajь {\upshape ‘ignorant’ $\leftarrow$} bez uma {\upshape ‘without mind’} +\ex {\upshape \ili{Old Bulgarian}}\\ + nabožijo̜jь {\upshape ‘pleasing to God (attr.)’ $\leftarrow$} na božijo̜ {\upshape ‘pleasing to God’} +\end{xlist} +%%% +\ex {\upshape Attribution of noun phrases in genitive (attested only in Baltic)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\upshape \ili{Lithuanian}}\\ + di\~evojis {\upshape ‘god-like (attr.)’ $\leftarrow$} di\~evo {\upshape \textsc{gen.sg} $\leftarrow$} di\~evas {\upshape \textsc{nom.sg} ‘God’} +\ex {\upshape \ili{Lithuanian}}\\ + pači\~u̜jis {\upshape ‘belonging to (attr.)’ $\leftarrow$} pači\~u̜ {\upshape \textsc{gen.pl} $\leftarrow$} pàts {\upshape \textsc{nom.pl} ‘self’} +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Koch's examples provide the best arguments for the opposite assumption that attributive nominalizing constructions are the source of that marker. This is against his own suggestion that in Baltic\slash{}Slavic anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking originates from nominal relative constructions, in other words: +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item \textbf{Scenario 2:} \textsc{dem $\Rightarrow$ nmlz $\Rightarrow$ attr} +\end{itemize} +%%% + +\is{species marking!definite|(} +\il{Germanic languages|(} +\subsubsection[Germanic]{Attributive nominalizers and the emergence of anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking in Germanic} +\label{germanic diachr} +%%% +As in the Baltic\slash{}Slavic languages, the emergence of attributive nominalizers in Germanic is functionally connected to the rise of definiteness marking. In Modern Baltic and some South Slavic languages, the occurrence of anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking is restricted to (semantically) definite noun phrases. This functional devision between “true” \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} and anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking was already characteristic of all Old Baltic\il{Old Baltic languages} and \ili{Old Slavic languages}. + +As in the \ili{Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic} languages, a secondary inflectional paradigm of adjectives was innovated in \ili{Proto\hyp{}Germanic}. This so-called weak adjective declension has often been described as the first definite marking device in Germanic (e.g., by \citealt{heinrichs1954} and \citealt[170]{ringe2006}) because its use was restricted to (semantically) definite noun phrases. Semantic definiteness, however, was never marked obligatorily in any of the \ili{Old Germanic languages}. Even though demonstrative pronouns were sometimes used in semantically definite phrases, definite markers had not yet been grammaticalized in Old Germanic varieties. Examples from Old Germanic text sources show that the use of both demonstratives and “weak adjectives” in definite phrases was optional (cf.~\citealt{philippi1997}; \citealt{heinrichs1954}). +\il{Baltic languages|)} +\il{Slavic languages|)} + +Only the modern Germanic languages exhibit true definite markers and thus a grammaticalized feature \textsc{species}. But the so-called definite articles of modern Germanic languages originate from etymological sources which were different from the older anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking suffixes. Following \citet[267–268]{riesler2006a}, the rise of the Germanic “weak” adjective declension is here explained as a result of attributive nominalization. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\upshape “Strong” and “weak” agreement in Proto\hyp{}Germanic \citep[169]{ringe2006}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Head\hyp{}driven (“strong”) agreement}\\ +\gll *k\textsuperscript{w}ik\textsuperscript{w}a-\\ + quick:\textsc{m.sg.nom-}\\ +%%% +\ex {\upshape Anti\hyp{}construct state (“weak”) agreement}\\ +\gll *k\textsuperscript{w}ik\textsuperscript{w}a\textbf{-n-}\\ + quick:\textsc{m.sg.nom}\textbf{\textsc{-nmlz-}}\\ +\glt ‘quick’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +The \ili{Pre-Proto\hyp{}Germanic} formative marking “weak” agreement is sometimes described as an “individualizing” or “nominalizing” suffix of nominals (i.e., adjectives and, perhaps, nouns as well). These functions are reflected in (nick-) names, such as \ili{Ancient Greek} \textit{ágáthōn} ‘the Good’ ($\leftarrow$ \textit{ágáthós} ‘good’) or \ili{Latin} \textit{Catō} ‘the Shrewd’ ($\leftarrow$ \textit{catus} ‘shrewd’) which are also derived from nouns equipped with the cognate suffix \textit{*-n-} \citep[170]{ringe2006}.\footnote{Names such as Latin \textit{Marcus Catō, Ovidius Nasō} are interpreted as ‘Marcus the cunning’ and ‘Ovidius the nose’ \citep[6–7]{nocentini1996}.} + +Some scholars have reconstructed a pronominal stem extension \textit{*-en-/-on-} as the origin of the suffix (for example \citealt[52]{mikkola1950} and \citealt[67]{heinrichs1954}). Others express their doubt about the pronominal origin of this marker (for example \citealt[21 Footnote 6]{schmidt1959}). But even without a definitely reconstructed etymology of the formative, the construction clearly shows similarities with the attributive nominalization of adjectives in \ili{Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic}. It thus seems relatively safe to follow Mikkola (\citeyear{mikkola1950}) and Heinrichs ({\citeyear{heinrichs1954}) in assuming that the weak adjective declension in Germanic goes back to a construction with an attributive nominalizer. + +\citet[170]{ringe2006} finds it “reasonable to hypothesize that the \textit{n-}stem suffix of the weak adjective paradigm was originally a definite article”. But this hypothesis must be rejected because the marker was never obligatory in definite contexts. Similar to Baltic\il{Baltic languages} and Slavic,\il{Slavic languages} it seems much more plausible to assume that the article was never a true definiteness marker. It can rather be assumed that the clue for understanding the origin of the “weak” adjective declension in Germanic is the nominalizing function of the \textit{article},\is{attributive article} which originally marked an (emphatically-contrasted) adjective as an appositional attribute.\is{contrastive focus} +\is{species marking!definite|)} + +The rise of anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking of attributive adjectives in Germanic thus followed a similar grammaticalization path as in Baltic\il{Baltic languages} and Slavic.\il{Slavic languages}\footnote{The zero-morpheme (equipped with the nominalizer Ø-\textsc{nmlz}) in (\ref{germanic gram1}) and following examples is only presented for a better illustration of the empty head position to which the (nominalized) adjective moves in the appositional noun phrase.} +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +{\upshape Grammaticalization of anti\hyp{}construct state agreement in Germanic} +\label{germanic gram1} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\label{germanic1} + {\upshape Stage 1} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Agreement marking (default)}\\ +{\ob}\textsubscript{\upshape NP} \textsubscript{\upshape A}big{\rm -\textsc{agr}} \textsubscript{\upshape N}house{\cb} +%%% +\ex {\upshape Attributive apposition (emphatic)}\\ +\label{germanic art1} +{\ob}\textsubscript{\upshape NP} {\ob}\textsubscript{\upshape NP'} \textsubscript{\upshape A}big \textsubscript{\upshape HEAD}{\rm Ø-\textsc{nmlz}}{\cb} \textsubscript{\upshape N}house{\upshape ]]} +\end{xlist} +%%% +\ex +\label{germanic2} + {\upshape Stage 2} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Agreement marking (default)}\\ +{\ob}\textsubscript{\upshape NP} \textsubscript{\upshape A}big{\rm -\textsc{agr}} \textsubscript{\upshape N}house{\cb} +%%% +\ex {\upshape Agreement marking (emphatic)}\\ +\label{germanic ACAgr} +{\ob}\textsubscript{\upshape NP} \textsubscript{\upshape A}big{\rm -\textsc{agr:contr}} \textsubscript{\upshape N}house{\cb} +\end{xlist} +%%% +\ex +\label{germanic3} + {\upshape Stage 3} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Agreement marking (default)}\\ +{\ob}\textsubscript{\upshape NP} \textsubscript{\upshape A}big{\rm -\textsc{agr:attr}} \textsubscript{\upshape N}house{\cb} +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +During Stage 1 (\ref{germanic1}), the attributive nominalizer (i.e., the pronominal stem extension \textit{*-en-/-on-}) competed with the default adjective attribution marking device (i.e., the inherited Indo-European \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement}) but was restricted only to emphatic attributive appositional constructions. This stage can be dated back to \ili{Proto\hyp{}Germanic} at the latest. In all \ili{Old Germanic languages}, the original attributive appositional construction is reanalyzed\is{re-analysis} as a true noun phrase in which the former attributive nominalizer marks an adjective in contrastive focus. The secondary attribution marking device still competed with the default adjective attribution marking device (\ref{germanic2}, i.e., \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} during Stage 2). The competition between the two different adjective attribution marking devices was dissolved during Stage 3 (\ref{germanic3}). This stage is reflected by the modern \ili{West Germanic languages} where only one type of adjective attribution marking occurs. Due to the fact that agreement inflection of adjectives in modern \ili{West Germanic languages} (except in \ili{English}) only marks attributive but not predicative adjectives,\is{predicative marking} this adjective attribution marking device has been characterized as anti\hyp{}construct state agreement (see \S\ref{w-germanic synchr}). + +\is{species marking!definite|(} +\subsection{Definite noun phrases in Germanic} +%%% +In the previous section, it was shown that the grammaticalization of the feature \textsc{species} (definiteness) in Germanic is a relatively recent phenomenon which is not directly connected to the rise of attributive nominalization and anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking (so-called “weak” or “definite” agreement). Even though anti\hyp{}construct state agreement usually occurred in semantically definite noun phrases, true definite markers evolved much later. + +The etymological source of the definite markers were local-deictic (demonstrative) pronouns: \ili{Proto\hyp{}Germanic} \textit{*sa, *sō, *þat}, in North Germanic additionally also \textit{en, enn, et} \citep[15]{heinrichs1954}. Interestingly, the evolving definite markers from the first set of \ili{Proto\hyp{}Germanic} demonstratives were also first used as attribution markers of adjectives \citep{gamillscheg1937, nocentini1996}. Later, the use of the articles was extended from appositional (nominalized) adjectives to whole noun phrases \citep[63]{philippi1997}. If the grammaticalization path illustrated in (\ref{germanic gram1}) is extended with one more stage, the evolution of definiteness marking in Germanic can be included as well. Note that the additional developments in the grammaticalization path (\ref{germanic gram2}) are also partly connected to adjective attribution. + +\newpage +%%% +\begin{exe} +\il{West Germanic languages} +\ex {\upshape Grammaticalization of definiteness marking in West Germanic} +\label{germanic gram2} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Stage 3} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Agreement marking (default)}\\ +{\ob}\textsubscript{\upshape NP} \textsubscript{\upshape A}big{\rm -\textsc{agr:attr}} \textsubscript{\upshape N}house{\cb} +%%% +\ex {\upshape Attributive apposition (emphatic)}\\ +\label{germanic art2} +{\ob}\textsubscript{\upshape NP} {\ob}\textsubscript{\upshape NP'} \textsubscript{\upshape ART}the \textsubscript{\upshape A}big{\rm -\textsc{agr:attr}} \textsubscript{\upshape HEAD}{\rm Ø}{\cb} \textsubscript{\upshape N}house{\cb} +\end{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Stage 4} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Definiteness marking}\\ +\label{germanic def} +{\ob}\textsubscript{\upshape NP} \textsubscript{\upshape DEF}the \textsubscript{\upshape A}big{\rm -\textsc{agr:attr}} \textsubscript{\upshape N}house{\cb} +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Note that an attributive apposition construction for marking emphasis occurs twice in the illustrated grammaticalization path (\ref{germanic gram2}). In Stage 1 (\ref{germanic art1}), the attributive nominalizer is the pronominal stem extension \textit{*-en-/-on-} which becomes the anti-construct state agreement marker in the following stage (\ref{germanic ACAgr}). The second attributive nominalizer in Stage 3 (\ref{germanic art2}) is the demonstrative pronoun, which becomes the definite marker in the following stage (\ref{germanic def}). These two attributive nominalizers have different etymological sources and attach to different positions inside the noun phrase but they are functional equivalents. + +Stage 4 in example \REF{germanic gram2} did not fully affect North Germanic.\il{North Germanic languages} Instead, the \ili{Old North Germanic languages} (Old East\il{Old East Norse} and \ili{Old West Norse}) grammaticalized definite markers from the demonstratives \textit{en, enn, et} \citep[15]{heinrichs1954}. These markers are the complete morpho-syntactic opposites of West Germanic:\il{West Germanic languages} Unlike the West Germanic preposed and free form definite marker, all modern North Germanic\il{North Germanic languages} standard languages exhibit a postposed definite noun inflection. The different morpho-syntactic realization of the general Germanic tendency towards grammaticalization of definiteness is best explained as contact-induced change due to Saamic\il{Saamic languages} influence in North Germanic \citep{kusmenko2008}. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\upshape Grammaticalization of definiteness marking in Germanic} +\label{germanic gram3} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Stage 4} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Definiteness marking (West Germanic)}\\ +{\ob}\textsubscript{\upshape NP} \textsubscript{\upshape DEF}the \textsubscript{\upshape A}big{\rm -\textsc{agr:attr}} \textsubscript{\upshape N}house{\cb} +%%% +\ex {\upshape Definiteness marking (North Germanic)}\\ +\label{ngermanic def} +{\ob}\textsubscript{\upshape NP} \textsubscript{\upshape ATTR:AGR}the\textsubscript{\upshape agr:attr} \textsubscript{\upshape A}big{\rm -\textsc{agr:attr}} \textsubscript{\upshape N}house{\rm -\textsc{def}}{\cb} +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Note that in North Germanic Stage 4 (\ref{ngermanic def}) the former preposed nominalizer (article) did not grammaticalize into a true definite marker like in West Germanic but into an anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marker. The noun phrase structure is thus different from Stage 3 (\ref{germanic art2}) because the attributive apposition of a the nominalized headless adjective\is{headless noun phrase} is lost and the semantic head of the overall noun phrase is syntactically reunited with its adjectival modifier. + +Synchronic data from different North Germanic\il{North Germanic languages} varieties reflect intermediate stages in the evolution of definite noun phrase structure. This cross-linguistic variation is most likely the result of competing grammaticalization of a preposed article and a postposed definite inflection \citep{dahl2003}. + +Like all modern \ili{West Germanic languages},\footnote{In English, the noun phrase structure is similar in theory, with the exception of adjectives in headless noun phrases which are obligatorily nominalized: \textit{the good \textbf{one}}; see also \S\ref{w-germanic synchr}.} the Western Jutlandic\il{Danish!W-Jutlandic} dialect of Danish exhibits phrasal definite marking by means of a phonologically free and preposed definite article. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\il{Danish!W-Jutlandic} +\ex {\upshape W-Jutlandic}\footnote{The examples are constructed according to \citet{lund1932}, cf.~also \citet[121–122]{delsing1993} and \citet{dahl2003}.} +\begin{xlist} +\ex de korn {\upshape [\textsc{def} corn]} +\ex de god (et) {\upshape [\textsc{def} good:\textsc{agr} (\textsc{nmlz:agr})]} +\ex de god korn {\upshape [\textsc{def} good:\textsc{agr} corn]} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +In several of the northernmost North Germanic\il{North Germanic languages} varieties, definiteness is also marked phrasally but by means of a phonologically bound and postposed formative. Consequently, the phrasal definite marker attaches as suffix to definite nouns and definite headless adjectives\is{headless noun phrase} alike. Note also that adjectives are incorporated into (or compounded with) the head noun. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\il{Swedish!Västerbotten} +\ex {\upshape Västerbotten Swedish}\footnote{The examples are constructed according to \citet{astrom1893}, cf.~also \citet[122–123]{delsing1993} and \citet{dahl2003}.} +\begin{xlist} +\ex korn-e {\upshape [corn-\textsc{def}]} +\ex god-e {\upshape [good-\textsc{def}]} +\ex god-korn-e {\upshape [good-corn-\textsc{def}]} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +\il{Swedish|(} +In the North Germanic languages \ili{Norwegian},\footnote{New- and Dano-Norwegian\il{Norwegian!New-Norwegian}\il{Norwegian!Dano-Norwegian}} Swedish, and \ili{Faroese}, the definite marker is an inflectional suffix as in the Västerbotten dialect of Swedish,\il{Swedish!Västerbotten} i.e., phonologically bound and postposed. The formative is, however, exclusively a noun marker and does not show up on adjectives in definite \isi{headless noun phrase}s. The latter are not overtly marked as definite but show circum-positioned definite agreement marking by means of a preposed attributive article and definite agreement inflection. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\il{Swedish} +\ex {\upshape Swedish (personal knowledge)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex[]{ + korn-et {\upshape [corn-\textsc{def}]} + } +\ex[]{ + det god-a korn-et {\upshape [\textsc{nmlz:agr} good-\textsc{agr} corn-\textsc{def}]} + } +\ex[]{ + det god-a {\upshape [\textsc{nmlz:agr} good-\textsc{agr}]} + } +\ex[*]{ + det korn-et {\upshape [\textsc{def} corn-\textsc{def}]} + } +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +\il{Danish|(} +\il{Icelandic|(} +In Danish (\ref{danish examples}) and (colloquial) Icelandic (\ref{icelandic examples}), the definite marker has two allomorphs: an inflectional noun suffix similar to Swedish (i.e., a phonologically bound and postposed) and a definite article similar to the \ili{West Germanic languages} (i.e., phonologically free and preposed). Interestingly, the allomorphy of the definite marker in Danish and Icelandic is triggered by the part-of-speech membership of the host: whereas the bound allomorph selects for nouns, the free form selects for adjectives. +\il{Swedish|)} +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\upshape Danish (personal knowledge)} +\label{danish examples} +\begin{xlist} +\ex[]{ + korn-et {\upshape [corn-\textsc{def}]} + } +\ex[]{ + det god-e korn {\upshape [\textsc{def} good-\textsc{agr} corn]} + } +\ex[]{ + det god-e {\upshape [\textsc{def} good-\textsc{agr}]} + } +\ex[*]{ + det god-e korn-et {\upshape [\textsc{def} good-\textsc{agr} corn-\textsc{def}]} + } +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +\begin{table}[b] +\begin{tabular}{lccc} +\lsptoprule + &\textsc{utr} &\textsc{n} &\textsc{pl}\\ +\midrule +\textsc{def} &-en [den] &-et [det] &-{Ø} [de]\\ +\lspbottomrule +\end{tabular} +\caption[Paradigm of \textsc{def} in Danish]{Paradigm of the definite marker in Danish (personal knowledge). Note that the choice whether the suffix or the free from constitute the base morpheme or the allomorph seems arbitrary.} +\label{danish defallomorph} +\end{table} +\il{Danish|)} +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\upshape Icelandic (personal knowledge)} +\label{icelandic examples} +\begin{xlist} +\ex[]{ + korn-ið {\upshape [corn-\textsc{def}]} + } +\ex[]{ + hið goð-a {\upshape [\textsc{def} good-\textsc{agr}]} + } +\ex[]{ + hið goð-a korn {\upshape [\textsc{def} good-\textsc{agr} corn]} + } +\ex[*]{ + hið goð-a korn-ið {\upshape [\textsc{def} good-\textsc{agr} corn-\textsc{def}]} + } +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Icelandic|)} + +\il{North Germanic languages|(} +\is{buffer zone|(} +\subsection{“Double definiteness” and a “buffer zone” in North Germanic} +\label{buffer} +%%% +The geographic distribution of different morpho-syntactic types of definiteness marking across North Germanic reveals interesting areal patterns. The occurrence of adjective incorporation coincides with the area of the missing preposed article. Both features are characteristic of the northeastern periphery of North Germanic (\citealt{delsing1996b}, cf.~also \citealt{riesler2001a,riesler2002a}). The structural connection between adjective incorporation and the missing preposed article is obvious: the construction with the compounded (incorporated) adjective in definite noun phrases replaces the corresponding construction with the preposed article in those dialects where a preposed article has not (yet) been developed from the former demonstrative. The northeastern North Germanic data thus reflects an early Stage 3 in the illustrated grammaticalization path (\ref{germanic3}). + +The northeastern North Germanic dialect area constitutes the innovation center of the grammaticalization of a (suffixed) inflectional category \textsc{species} (definiteness). The southwestern North Germanic dialects, located geographically at the very opposite periphery, exhibit a structurally reversed picture of northeastern North Germanic which is in its direction of evolution almost identical to the situation in West Germanic.\il{West Germanic languages} + +Dahl describes the phrasal definite markers in southwestern and northeastern North Germanic dialects as the result of structurally and geographically opposed processes of grammatical changes. +%%% +\begin{quote} +[T]he variation we can see in the attributive constructions is the result of the competition between them about the same territory. \citep[147]{dahl2003} +\end{quote} +%%% +The “competition” between northeastern and southwestern grammaticalization tendencies in Germanic is not restricted to definite marking. Several grammatical categories which developed as the result of common Germanic (or even Indo-European) tendencies, have grammaticalized into non-fusional (analytic) constructions in West Germanic\il{West Germanic languages} but into concatenate (synthetic) constructions in North Germanic. Language contact with neighboring \ili{Uralic languages} would offer the most plausible explanation for the structurally differentiated developments inside the Germanic branch. Consequently, Kusmenko (\citeyear{kusmenko2008}) proposed a model for explaining the morphological fusion of definiteness and other North Germanic innovative categories as the result of interference features during the language shift of the assimilated Saami of Mediaeval Scandinavia. + +A direct connection between language contact and the rise of adjective incorporation and the missing preposed adjective article in northeastern North Germanic varieties was also suggested by \citet{riesler2001a,riesler2002a}. But even if this idea cannot be proven correct, the historical connection between missing preposed adjective articles, adjective incorporation and the morpho-syntactic type of definiteness marking (i.e., morphologically fused and postposed) in the northeastern North Germanic dialect area is obvious. Saamic\il{Saamic languages} influence (causing the morphological fusion of postposed definiteness marking) would thus at least be an indirect trigger of these areal grammaticalization phenomena in North Germanic which can be described as a “buffer zone” \citep{stilo2005}.\footnote{Stilo created the term for a similar language area between competing grammaticalization tendencies due to contact induced-changes in the Southern Caucasus.\is{Caucasus} The parallel between Stilo's “buffer zone” and Dahl's (\citeyear{dahl2003}) “competing” morpho-syntactic types in North Germanic languages was first mentioned to the author by Tania Kuteva (p.c.).\ia{Kuteva, Tania} But neither Dahl nor Kuteva drew contact linguistic implications in the North Germanic case. The idea about the North Germanic “buffer zone” as an indirect result of contact-induced changes was first mentioned by \citet{riesler2006a}.} + +%summerizing sentence on the cyclic nature of grammaticalization in Germanic (and Baltic)? +\begin{table}[t] +\newcommand{\noarrow}[1]{\multicolumn{1}{p{1.8cm}}{#1}} +\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{ +\begin{tabular}{c@{\,$\Rightarrow$\,}c@{\,$\Rightarrow$\,}c@{\,$\Rightarrow$\,}c@{\,$\Rightarrow$\,}cl} +\lsptoprule +\noarrow{}&\noarrow{Proto-\newline Germanic}&\noarrow{Old \newline Germanic}&\noarrow{Modern \newline Germanic}\\ +\midrule +\textsc{dem1}&\textsc{art1}&\textsc{attr}&\textsc{agr}& Ø &English, (W-Jutlandic)\\ +\textsc{dem1}&\textsc{art1}&\textsc{attr}&\noarrow{\hspace*{3mm}\textsc{agr}}&\noarrow{}&W+N-Germanic\\ +\noarrow{}\\ +\noarrow{}&\noarrow{}&\textsc{dem2}&\textsc{art2}&\textsc{def1}&W(+N)-Germanic\\ +\noarrow{}&\noarrow{}&\textsc{dem2}&\noarrow{\hspace*{2.3mm}\textsc{art2}}& \noarrow{} &N-Germanic\\ +\noarrow{}&\noarrow{}&\noarrow{\hspace*{2.2mm}\textsc{dem2}}&\noarrow{} & \noarrow{} &Västerbotten Swedish\\ +\noarrow{}\\ +\noarrow{}&\noarrow{}&\textsc{dem3}&\noarrow{\hspace*{2mm}\textsc{def2}}&\noarrow{} &N-Germanic\\ +\lspbottomrule +\end{tabular} +} + +\caption[Article grammaticalization cycle in Germanic]{Article grammaticalization cycle in Germanic languages (adapted from \citealt[272]{riesler2006a}).} +\end{table} + +\is{species marking!definite|)} +\il{North Germanic languages|)} +\il{Germanic languages|)} +\il{Indo-European languages|)} +\is{buffer zone|)} + +\subsection[Attributive nominalization and anti\hyp{}construct state]{Attributive nominalization and the grammaticalization of anti\hyp{}construct state (agreement) marking} +%%% +The previous sections described how anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking arose in the Baltic,\il{Baltic languages} Slavic\il{Slavic languages} and Germanic\il{Germanic languages} branches of Indo-European. Structurally similar developments were also described for \ili{Udmurt} from the Permic branch of Uralic, in \ili{Chuvash} and other so-called \ili{Uralo-Altaic languages} in \S\ref{uralic-turkic diachr}. + +The emergence of attributive nominalizers such as secondary attribution markers seem to reflect a general tendency in several branches of the \il{Indo-European languages}Indo-European, \il{Uralic languages}Uralic and \il{Turkic languages}Turkic language families. The etymological source of the attributive nominalizer in all of these languages is either a local deictic determiner or the 3\textsuperscript{rd} person possessive marker with “determinative” functions. + +\il{Lezgic languages|(} +Synchronic data from several languages of the Lezgic (Daghestanian) branch of Nakh-Daghestanian (see \S\ref{lezgian synchr}) seem to reflect a similar grammaticalization path from deictics to attributive nominalizers. Most Lezgic languages sampled for the present study have \isi{juxtaposition} as the default adjective attribution marking device. Attributive nominalization also occurs in most languages of this branch but is restricted to \isi{headless noun phrase}s. The attributive nominalizer is a stem augment \textit{-tV- / -dV-} which could be connected historically to the deictic pronouns occurring with similar shapes in these languages. In \ili{Budukh}, the cognate suffix \textit{-ti} is not used as an attributive nominalizer but to emphasize “a high degree of quality”, cf.~\textit{godak} ‘short’ : \textit{godak-ti} ‘very short’ \citep[267]{alekseev1994b}. In \ili{Rutul}, the cognate marker \textit{-d} is used as an anti\hyp{}construct state marker on attributive adjectives as the default \citep[224]{alekseev1994a}. A different but nevertheless related function of the cognate marker is attested in \ili{Archi} where the suffix \textit{-t̄u} derives adjectives from nouns, adverbs and postpositions \citep[318]{kibrik1994b}. + +\ia{Himmelmann, Nikolaus|(} +The data from Lezgic deserves further investigation, but it suggests a pattern where the dependent\hyp{}marking attributive state evolves from attributive nominalization. It is also obvious that the attributive nominalizers in Uralic\il{Uralic languages} and Turkic\il{Turkic languages} have evolved along a similar grammaticalization path as the one described for several Indo-European\il{Indo-European languages} (and other) languages by \citet{himmelmann1997}. However, important differences between Himmelman's “linking articles”\is{attributive article} and the attributive nominalizers described here are (1) the origin of the Uralic and Turkic nominalizers from person-deictic rather than from local-deictic markers and (2) the inflectional use of the markers in Uralic and Turkic as compared to their original adnominal use in Indo-European. +\il{Lezgic languages|)} + +\is{species marking!definite|(} +The data from Uralic\il{Uralic languages} and Turkic\il{Turkic languages} is especially interesting, since it contradicts Himmelmann's (\citeyear[220–221]{himmelmann1997}) assumption that a functional convergence between attributive nominalizers with a person-deictic or a local-deictic etymological source is unlikely to occur. Of central importance to Himmelmann's analyses is the “anamnestic” use of the deictic markers from which the articles are grammaticalized. According to Himmelmann, the use of “D[eictic] elements” in order to refer to properties the speaker believes to be well-known for her/his interlocutor is the most relevant precondition for their further grammaticalization into articles and definite markers. Whereas the anamnestic use is inherent in (local-deictic) demonstratives, the same is not true for (person-deictic) possessive markers. The further grammaticalization of demonstratives into functional determinative elements (like articles and definiteness markers in several \ili{Indo-European languages}) is accompanied by a functional extension of an original “anamnestic” to an associative-anaphoric use of the markers. This is in contrast to the further grammaticalization of possessive markers into functional determinative elements (like attributive articles and quasi-definiteness markers in certain \ili{Uralic languages}) which is accompanied by a functional extension from an original associative-anaphoric to “anamnestic” use. +%%% +\begin{quote} +D\hyp{}Elemente breiten sich von pragmatisch\hyp{}definiten Kontexten auf semantisch\hyp{}definite aus, während Possessivpronomina sich umgekehrt von einem semantisch\hyp{}definiten Kontext auf einen bzw. mehrere pragmatisch\hyp{}definite Kontexte ausdehnen.\footnote{D\hyp{}Elements extend from pragmatically definite contexts to semantically definite contexts, whereas possessive pronouns extend in the opposite direction, from one semantically definite context to one or more pragmatically definite contexts.} \citep[221]{himmelmann1997} +\end{quote} +%%% + +Himmelmann's thesis regarding the opposite functional extension of person-deictics might still be valid and compatible with the Uralic and Turkic data. In those Uralic\il{Uralic languages} and \ili{Turkic languages} with attested attributive nominalization, the definite function of the possessive marker is also always present. It can therefore be assumed that the definite (or quasi-definite) use of the marker obligatorily occurs as an intermediate step during the grammaticalization of possessive markers to attributive nominalizers. +\ia{Himmelmann, Nikolaus|)} +\is{species marking!definite|)} +%%% +\il{Uralic languages} +\il{Turkic languages} +\begin{itemize} +\item \textbf{Person-deictic source} (Uralic, Turkic)\\ + \textsc{poss $\Rightarrow$ def $\Rightarrow$ nmlz} +\end{itemize} +%%% + +In the Indo-European languages with attributive articles such an intermediate step is probably not necessary. +\il{Indo-European languages} +\begin{itemize} +\item \textbf{Local-deictic source} (Indo-European)\\ + \textsc{dem ($\Rightarrow$ def) $\Rightarrow$ nmlz} +\end{itemize} +%%% + +In fact, in the West Germanic\il{West Germanic languages} and \ili{South Slavic languages}, definite markers evolve from attributive nominalizers but not vice versa.\is{species marking!definite} +%%% +\il{West Germanic languages} +\il{South Slavic languages} +\begin{itemize} +\item \textbf{Local-deictic source (West Germanic, South Slavic)}\\ + \textsc{dem $\Rightarrow$ nmlz ($\Rightarrow$ def)} +\end{itemize} +%%% + +This observation will be taken up again. If the tentative observation on the languages with “grammaticalized person-deictic elements” (i.e., possessive markers as attributive nominalizers) proves right it would imply the following implicational universal: +%%% +\begin{exe} +\label{universal} +\ex {\upshape \textbf{Implicational universal}}\\ + \textit{Possessive markers develop into attributive nominalizers only in languages in which similar possessive markers are already used as markers of (quasi-) definiteness.} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Whereas the etymology and the evolution of attribution markers in Indo\hyp{}European has been described (more or less systematically) by different authors, much less has been written about the emergence of attribution markers in different Uralic and Turkic languages. The emergence of anti\hyp{}construct state marking in Saamic, which has not been described at all, appears to be especially interesting in this respect. +\is{attributive nominalization|)} + +\il{Saamic languages|(} +\section[Anti\hyp{}construct state in Saamic]{The emergence of anti\hyp{}construct state marking in Saamic} +\label{saamic diachr} +%%% +In \S\ref{udmurt diachr}, it was shown that the contrastive focus marker in \ili{Udmurt} most likely evolved from an attributive article. \citet{riesler2006b} suggested the idea that a similar construction was the ultimate source of anti\hyp{}construct state marking in the languages of the relatively closely related Saamic branch of Uralic. Since this theory about the rise of attribution marking in Saamic is based on a controversial idea, it calls for a relatively detailed discussion which will be presented in the following sections. + +In \S\ref{saami synchr}, it was shown that adjectives in all Saamic languages are normally marked morpho-syntactically by means of differentiated attributive and predicative state markers. Even though the system of attributive and \isi{predicative marking} is highly irregular in the Saamic languages, it can be shown that the attributive forms of adjectives are prototypically marked with a suffix (\ili{Northern Saami}) \textit{-s}. This suffix constitutes a prototypical example of an anti\hyp{}construct state marker, i.e., a dependent\hyp{}marking attributive morpheme. + +The origin of anti\hyp{}construct state marking in Saamic is controversial. The suffix \textit{-s} is definitely not inherited from \ili{Proto\hyp{}Uralic}. It is probably not borrowed from any of the known current or historical contact languages of Saamic either. Considering this as well as the fact that Saamic is a rare instance among the Northern-Eurasian languages in exhibiting anti\hyp{}construct state marking on adjectives, relatively little attention has been paid to explaining its origin. + +\subsection{State of research} +%%% +The different proposed theories which explain the origin of the anti\hyp{}construct state marker on adjectives in Saamic can be subsumed as follows: +%%% +\begin{enumerate} +\item Grammatical borrowing from Indo-European +\item Functional extension of an adjective-derivational marker +\item Grammaticalization from an attributive nominalizer\is{attributive nominalization} +\end{enumerate} +%%% + +The idea about a grammaticalization from an attributive nominalizer presented by \citet{nielsen1933} and \citet{atanyi1943} is the only contribution to the subject spelled out in certain detail. Interestingly enough, the idea has been rejected as “hardly convincing” (my translation) in a one-sentence-statement in Korhonen's (\citeyear{korhonen-m1981}) historical grammar of Saami. Korhonen's judgement that the origin of the attributive suffix in Saamic is still unclear \citep[246]{korhonen-m1981} seems to reflect the state of research up to today. Neither of the three hypotheses mentioned above has been discussed seriously in Saami or Uralic historical linguistics.\footnote{An exception is a short article by \citet{sarv-m2001} who presents the different ideas but does not come to conclusive results.} All proposed hypothesis will be evaluated in the following. + +\subsubsection{Grammatical borrowing from Indo-European} +%%% +Trond Trosterud\ia{Trosterud Trond} (p.c.) has suggested that the attributive suffix in Saamic origins from an ending typical of \ili{Proto\hyp{}Germanic} loan adjectives in Saami. The Saamic suffix \textit{-s} would then reflex the (pre-rhotacism) form of the \ili{Proto\hyp{}Germanic} case suffix \textit{-R} for masculine nominative singular which was adopted into \ili{Proto\hyp{}Saamic} together with loan adjectives. According to this hypothesis (which is not discussed in any publication so far) the adjective ending \mbox{\textit{-s}} occurred originally on Germanic loan adjectives but was later generalized and used with inherited adjectives as well. In fact, a considerable number of Germanic\il{Germanic languages} loan adjectives with the corresponding ending \textit{-s} <~\ili{Proto\hyp{}North Germanic} \textit{-R} \textsc{m.nom.sg} are attested in Saamic, for instance: +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item \ili{Northern Saami} \textit{smáves} ‘small’ $\Leftarrow$ \ili{Proto\hyp{}Saamic} \textit{*smāv̀e̮} <~\ili{Proto\hyp{}North Germanic}; cf.~\ili{Old Norse} \textit{smalr} \textsc{m} (or a more recent North Germanic\il{North Germanic languages} borrowing; cf.~\ili{Swedish} \textit{sm\aa}; \citealt[263]{sammallahti1998b}) +\item \ili{Lule Saami} \textit{riukas} ‘far-reaching’ <~\ili{Proto\hyp{}North Germanic}, cf.~\ili{Old Norse} \textit{drùgr}, \ili{Norwegian} \textit{drjug} \citep[267]{qvigstad1893} +\item \ili{Lule Saami} \textit{lines} ‘soft, yielding, mild’ <~\ili{Proto\hyp{}North Germanic}, cf.~\ili{Old Norse} \textit{linr}, \ili{Norwegian} \textit{lin} \citep[218]{qvigstad1893} +\item \ili{Northern Saami} \textit{luov\.{o}s $\sim$ luovus} ‘loose, not tied’ $\Leftarrow$ \ili{Proto\hyp{}Saamic} \textit{*luovōs $\sim$ *luove̮s} <~\ili{Proto\hyp{}North Germanic} \textit{*lauss} \textsc{m} (where the suffix \textit{-R} is assimilated into /s/) \citep[264]{sammallahti1998b} +\item \ili{Northern Saami} \textit{suohtas} ‘fun, nice’ $\Leftarrow$ \ili{Proto\hyp{}Saamic} \textit{*suohte̮s} <~\ili{Proto\hyp{}Germanic} \textit{*swōtu-} \citep[264]{sammallahti1998b}, cf.~\ili{Old Norse} \textit{*søtr} \textsc{m} +\item \ili{Northern Saami} \textit{viiddis} ‘wide, extensive’ $\Leftarrow$ \ili{Proto\hyp{}Saamic} \textit{*vij{\dh}ēs} <~\ili{Proto\hyp{}North Germanic} \citep[148–149]{lehtiranta1989}, cf.~\ili{Old Norse} \textit{v\'i{\dh}r} \textsc{m}. +\end{itemize} +%%% + +The sound change of \ili{Proto\hyp{}Germanic} \textit{*-z} $\Rightarrow$ \ili{Proto\hyp{}North Germanic} \textit{-R} ($\Rightarrow$ \ili{Common North Germanic} \textit{-r}) took place around 500 AD. The hypothesis of the loan origin of the Saamic attributive suffix presupposes that the corresponding suffix in Germanic\il{Germanic languages} had a sound value [-z] (or ?[-s]). The exact sound value of \textit{-R}, however, is not at all certain. What is commonly accepted is that the sound was phonologically distinguished from /r/ \citep{skold1954}. + +From the point of view of its etymology, the adjective ending \textit{-s} is identical to the ending \textit{-s} of some borrowed \ili{Proto\hyp{}Germanic} nouns, such as \ili{Proto\hyp{}Saamic} \textit{*vālās}, cf.~\ili{Northern Saami} \textit{fàlis} ‘whale’ <~\ili{Proto\hyp{}North Germanic}, cf.~\ili{Old Norse} \textit{hvalr}, cf.~\ili{Norwegian} \textit{hval} (\citealt[144]{qvigstad1893}; \citealt[144–145]{lehtiranta1989}) or \ili{Proto\hyp{}Saamic} \textit{*kāllēs}, cf.~\ili{Northern Saami} \textit{gállis} ‘old man’ <~\ili{Proto\hyp{}Germanic} \textit{*karilaz} \textsc{m} \citep[44–45]{lehtiranta1989}. The ending \textit{-s} in disyllabic nominals is thus an indicator that the word in question might belong to the layer of \ili{Proto\hyp{}North Germanic} borrowings in Saamic. + +\is{predicative marking|(} +In many instances of Germanic loan adjectives the ending \textit{-s}, however, marks only the predicative and not the attributive form, consider (from the list above): +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item \ili{Northern Saami} \textit{smávva} [small.\textsc{attr}] $\leftarrow$ \textit{smáves} ‘small’ +\item \ili{Lule Saami} \textit{riuka} [far-reaching.\textsc{attr}] $\leftarrow$ \textit{riukas} ‘far-reaching’ +\item \ili{Lule Saami} \textit{littna} [soft.\textsc{attr}] $\leftarrow$ \textit{lines} ‘soft’ +\end{itemize} +%%% + +Other loan adjectives have identical forms with the ending \textit{-s} in both predicative and attributive function: +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item \ili{Northern Saami} \textit{luov\.{o}s $\sim$ luovus} ‘loose' +\item \ili{Northern Saami} \textit{suohtas} ‘fun, nice' +\item \ili{Northern Saami} \textit{viiddis} ‘wide, extensive' +\end {itemize} +%%% + +It is unclear whether the Germanic\il{Germanic languages} loan adjectives ending in \textit{-s} regularly occurred in both attributive and predicative positions already in \ili{Proto\hyp{}Saamic}, or the ending \textit{-s} expanded from predicative to attributive forms, or vice versa. + +The relatively regular occurrence of the ending \textit{-s} in the predicative forms suggests that the corresponding Germanic\il{Germanic languages} loan adjectives also ending in \textit{-s} were originally used to denote predicates rather than attributes. This seems reasonable from the point of view of the morpho-semantics of the borrowed Germanic\il{Germanic languages} adjectives as well. The ending \textit{-R} ($\Leftarrow$ \textit{*-z}) marks masculine nominals only in the so-called strong declension and thus more likely occurred on predicative adjectives which normally denote temporary properties. Attributive adjectives in Germanic,\il{Germanic languages} by contrast, could be marked either by means of \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} (“strong declension”) or anti\hyp{}construct state agreement (“weak declension”) depending on the semantic or referential status of the attribute. An adjective denoting a permanent property was normally marked with the anti\hyp{}construct state agreement suffix (see \S\ref{germanic diachr}). + +Consequently, the Saamic ending \textit{-s} could have been borrowed exclusively from “strong” adjectives in masculine nominative singular, the only form which had the ending \textit{-R} ($\Leftarrow$ \textit{*-z}) in \ili{Proto\hyp{}North Germanic}. It is thus doubtful that just the borrowed forms with \textit{-s} have been generalized as attributive forms by bilingual speakers in the assumed Saamic-Germanic language contact situation.\footnote{There is no doubt that language contact between speakers of Proto\hyp{}Saamic and Proto\hyp{}North Germanic took place; cf.~\citealt{kusmenko2008}. It is, however, rather irrelevant to the case described here which contact scenario has to be assumed: borrowing proper or shift-induced interference in the Saamic L2 of original Germanic speakers.} It should thus be assumed that the Germanic loan etymology of certain adjectives in Saamic does not provide a clue for the origin of the attributive suffix. + +Another problem in the hypothesis of the Germanic origin of the Saamic adjective ending \textit{-s} might be the class of inherited Saamic adjectives which also have the ending \textit{-s} when used predicatively. Consider the following examples: +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item \ili{Northern Saami} \textit{báhkas} ‘hot’ $\leftarrow$ \textit{báhkka} [hot.\textsc{attr}] $\Leftarrow$ \ili{Proto\hyp{}Saamic} \textit{*pāh\-ke̮s} $\Leftarrow$ \ili{Pre-Proto\hyp{}Saamic} \textit{*pakka-} 'hot; cold’; cf.~Finnish \textit{pakkanen} ‘frost’ \citep[230]{sammallahti1998b} +\item \ili{Northern Saami} \textit{garas} ‘hard’ $\leftarrow$ \textit{garra} [hard.\textsc{attr}] $\Leftarrow$ \ili{Proto\hyp{}Saamic} \textit{*ke̮\`re̮-} $\Leftarrow$ \ili{Pre-Proto\hyp{}Saamic} \textit{*kiri-}; cf.~Finnish \textit{kireä} ‘tight, tense’ \citep[242]{sammallahti1998b} +\item \ili{Northern Saami} \textit{o{\dj}as} ‘new’ $\leftarrow$ \textit{o{\dj}{\dj}a} [new.\textsc{attr}] $\Leftarrow$ \ili{Proto\hyp{}Saamic} \textit{*o\`{\dh}e̮-}\\ \citep[258]{sammallahti1998b}. +\end{itemize} +%%% + +Since the most typical \ili{Proto\hyp{}Saamic} root can be reconstructed as an open disyllabic,\footnote{Cf.~the list of reconstructed Proto\hyp{}Saamic lexemes in \citet{lehtiranta1989}.} the ending \textit{-s} of these predicative adjectives could not have belonged to the root originally. The ending-less attributive forms in the examples above would then reflect the original adjective roots, characterized as disyllabics with an open second syllable. According to the \ili{Proto\hyp{}Saamic} morpho-phonological rules, the stem consonant center exhibits the strong grade before an open second syllable, unlike the predicative forms which have a closed second syllable ending in \textit{-s} and show the weak grade of the consonant center. + +The same morpho-phonological rule applies to loan adjectives with ending-less attributive forms (like ‘small’ in \ili{Northern Saami}: \textit{smávva} [small:\textsc{attr}] $\leftarrow$ \textit{smáves}). If one adopts the idea of \textit{-s} originally being a Germanic\il{Germanic languages} case suffix, the attributive forms of the loan adjectives in Saamic can only be derived from the strong-declension forms of Germanic\il{Germanic languages} predicative adjectives and not from attributive adjectives. + +In the case of the inherited Saamic adjectives, however, it is usually assumed that the predicative ending \textit{-s} is derivational (see also the following paragraph). This assumption presupposes the ending-less (attributive) adjective being the base form from which the predicative form is derived by means of the derivational ending \textit{-s}. %But this would likewise fit the morpho-phonological rules with weak consonant stem grades in the attributive forms. +\is{predicative marking|)} + +\subsubsection{Functional extension of an adjective-derivational marker} +According to \citet[96]{bergsland1946}, the origin of the attributive suffix \textit{-s} in Saamic is identical with that of the synchronically homophonous adjective derivational suffix \textit{-s} originating from a lative case marker. Cognate formatives deriving adjectives from nouns occur in other \ili{Uralic languages}, like \ili{Hungarian} \textit{erős} ‘powerful, strong’ ($\leftarrow$ \textit{erő} ‘power, strength’), \textit{kékes} ‘bluish’ ($\leftarrow$ \textit{kék} ‘blue’). + +The development of local case expressions to adjectives is semantically plausible and could in principle be adopted for Saamic. Probably, the local case suffix was first used as adverbalizer of nominal stems and became a true adjectivizer at a later stage, hence:\is{adjective derivation} +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item \textsc{lative case} $\Rightarrow$ \textsc{adverbalizer} $\Rightarrow$ \textsc{adjectivizer} +\end{itemize} +%%% + +The intermediate stage in the assumed development from a local case expression to an adjective is reflected in place adverbs like \ili{Northern Saami} \textit{guhkás} ‘(going) far’ $\Leftarrow$ \ili{Proto\hyp{}Saamic} \textit{*kuhkā-se̮} \citep[246]{sammallahti1998b} and probably also in other adverbal derivations, like the collective numbers on \textit{-s}, cf.~\ili{Northern Saami} \textit{golmmas} ‘a group of three’ $\leftarrow$ \textit{golbma} ‘three’. + +\is{predicative marking|(} +Since predicative adjectives are not subject of this investigation, the the observation is sufficient that both the assumed (inherited) locative derivation and the assumed suffix borrowing are possible scenarios which do not necessarily exclude each other. As a result of these developments, a lexically defined subclass of adjectives with predicative forms on \textit{-s} arose in \ili{Common Saamic} (or earlier). The marker of this class of adjectives, the ending \textit{-s}, is either: +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item borrowed from <~\ili{Proto\hyp{}North Germanic} \textit{-R} \textsc{m.nom.sg} +\item derived (historically) from $\Leftarrow$ \textsc{lative case}, %gib die Etymologie vom LATIVE +\item the result of merger of both developments. +\end{itemize} +%%% + +The adjective class characterized by predicative forms on \textit{-s} (which has more or less regular ending-less attributive forms) is clearly identifiable in all modern Saamic languages. + +Bergsland's (\citeyear[96]{bergsland1946}) suggestion that the similar ending \textit{-s} in the attributive forms of certain adjectives goes back to the Uralic lative case suffix as well is relevant to the present investigation. Deduced from his statement that the attributive suffix \textit{-s} is “originally a Finno-Volgaic lative suffix”, \citet[71]{sammallahti1998b} agrees with Bergsland's explanation. Also \citet{judakin1997} argues in this direction. + +The adjective ending \textit{-s}, which is the basis for Bergsland's and Sammallahti's argumentation, marks the predicative form of some adjectives and the attributive form of others. There are only a few adjectives which have the ending \textit{-s} in both predicative and attributive forms. Neither Bergsland\ia{Bergsland, Knut} nor Sammallahti\ia{Sammallahti, Pekka} discusses the question as to whether the assumed lative derivation originally occurred: a) on predicative adjectives, b) on attributive adjectives, or c) on both forms simultaneously. + +A cross-comparison of cognate forms of attributive and predicative adjectives in different Saamic languages suggests that adjectives with similar predicative and attributive forms with \textit{-s} form a minor class which very likely arose as the result of a secondary development. + +Cross-comparison can also provide evidence for separate etymologies of two homophonous predicative and attributive endings \textit{-s}. The locative derivational suffix can only be the source of this suffix \textit{-s} which is homophonous on predicative and attributive adjectives in modern West Saamic languages. The original attributive adjective suffix, however, should be reconstructed as a (phonetically palatalized) suffix *[-sVʲ\textsubscript{[+front]}] preceding a front vowel. In the easternmost \ili{Kola Saami languages}, the attributive suffix \textit{-s'} has a palatalized coda and is clearly distinct from the non-palatalized \textit{-s} on predicative adjectives, as well as from the (cognate) lative adverbalizer \textit{-s}. +%%% +\il{Kildin Saami} +\il{Northern Saami} +\begin{exe} +\settowidth\jamwidth{(Northern Saami)} +\ex +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Adjective stem ‘long (pred.)’}\\ + \textit{guhkki} \jambox{ {\upshape Northern Saami} } + \textit{kuhk'} \jambox{ {\upshape Kildin Saami} } +%%% +\ex {\upshape Adverb ‘(going) far’}\\ + {\upshape (adverbalizer suffix (non-palatalized) $\Leftarrow$ \textit{*-s})}\\ + \textit{guhkás} \jambox{ {\upshape Northern Saami} } + \textit{kugkas} \jambox{ {\upshape Kildin Saami} } +%%% +\ex {\upshape Attributive form ‘long (attr.)’}\\ + {\upshape (attributive suffix (palatalized) $\Leftarrow$ \textit{*-s'})}\\ + \textit{guhkes} \jambox{ {\upshape Northern Saami} } + \textit{kugk'es'} \jambox{ {\upshape Kildin Saami} } +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\is{predicative marking|)} + +\is{attributive nominalization|(} +\subsubsection{Grammaticalization from an attributive nominalizer} +%%% +A different hypothesis about the origin of the attributive forms in Saamic has been proposed by Joszéf Budenz (\citeyear{budenz1870}; according to \citealt{atanyi1943}) who believed that the suffix \textit{-s} represents the original possessive suffix 3\textsuperscript{rd} person singular. Budenz does not give any evidence specifically for Saami. He simply assumes that the determinative function of the possessive suffix, a similar use of which he observed in different Uralic\il{Uralic languages} and \ili{Turkic languages} (see \S\ref{uralic-turkic diachr}), caused the development in Saami. Budenz's idea was taken up specifically for Saamic by István Atányi (\citeyear{atanyi1942}, reprinted in \citealt{atanyi1943}). Atányi also refers to Nielsen (\citeyear{nielsen1933}, reprinted in \citealt{nielsen1945b}), who had a similar idea (probably independently of Budenz, whom he does not refer to). + +This hypothesis on the origin of the attributive forms in Saamic perfectly accounts for the different phonological shapes of the (historical) adjectivizer\is{adjective derivation} \mbox{\textit{*-s}} and the attributive suffix \textit{-s} ($\Rightarrow$ E-Saamic \textit{-s'}). According to this theory, recently taken up again by \citet{riesler2006b}, the attributive suffix \textit{-s/-s'} reflects an old 3\textsuperscript{rd} person singular possessive suffix which was used as an attributive article on contrastive-emphasized adjectives. + +The reconstructed \ili{Proto\hyp{}Saamic} forms of the possessive marker \textit{*-sē} \citep[73]{sammallahti1998b} versus the adjectivizer\is{adjective derivation} \textit{*-se̮} are consistent with the synchronic findings. The different phonological form of the two suffixes (/-s\textsuperscript{j}/ versus /-s/) in the \ili{Kola Saami languages} and the phonological merger of both suffixes (non-palatalized /-s/) in the western Saamic languages can be accounted for by a regular sound law: in the \ili{Kola Saami languages} the apocope of etymologically front vowels (\textit{*i, *e}) is reflected by the palatalization of the consonant preceding the lost vowel. Apocope of non-front vowels (like \textit{*-se̮}) did not affect the quality of the consonant. This sound law does not apply to the western Saamic languages which do not exhibit (phonological) palatalization, and consequently consonants preceding etymologically front and back vowels are non-palatalized. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\settowidth\jamwidth{(Northern Saami)} +\ex +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\upshape ‘guest’ (not possessed)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex[*]{kuasse \jambox{ {\upshape \ili{Proto\hyp{}Saamic}} }} +\ex[]{kuss' \jambox{ {\upshape \ili{Kildin Saami}} }} +\ex[]{guossi \jambox{ {\upshape \ili{Northern Saami}} }} +\end{xlist} +%%% +\ex {\upshape ‘her/his/its guest’ (marked with \textsc{poss:3sg} suffix)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex[*]{kuasse-sē \jambox{ {\upshape \ili{Proto\hyp{}Saamic}} }} +\ex[]{kuss'es' \jambox{ {\upshape \ili{Kildin Saami}} }} +\ex[]{guossis \jambox{ {\upshape \ili{Northern Saami}} }} +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Beside the overall irregularity in the attributive marking in all Saamic languages (see \S\ref{saami synchr}), the different morpho-phonological behavior of the nominal stems which \textsc{poss:3sg} and \textsc{attr} attach to appears to be an argument against this reconstruction. +%%% +\il{Kildin Saami} +\il{Northern Saami} +\begin{exe} +\settowidth\jamwidth{(Northern Saami)} +\ex {\upshape Strong (\textsc{str}) and weak (\textsc{wk}) consonant grade in adjectives and nouns} +\begin{xlist} +\parbox{8.2cm}{ +\ex +\glll kugk'{\upshape (\textsc{wk})}-es' suhk{\upshape (\textsc{str})} \\ + \textit{guhke}(\textsc{wk})\textit{-s} \textit{suohkku}(\textsc{str}) \\ + long-\textsc{attr} stocking\\ +\glt ‘the long stocking’ +} +\parbox{3cm}{\upshape Kildin Saami\\Northern Saami\\~\\} +\\ +\parbox{8.2cm}{ +\ex +\glll suhk{\upshape (\textsc{str})}-es' lī kuhk'{\upshape (\textsc{str})} \\ + \textit{suohkku}(\textsc{str})\textit{-s} \textit{lea} \textit{guhkki}(\textsc{str})\\ + stocking-\textsc{poss:3sg} is long.\textsc{pred.}\\ +\glt ‘her stocking is long’ +} +\parbox{3cm}{\upshape Kildin Saami\\Northern Saami\\~\\} +\\ +\parbox{8.2cm}{ +\ex +\glll kugk'{\upshape (\textsc{wk})}-es' sugk{\upshape (\textsc{wk})}-es't \\ + \textit{guhke}(\textsc{wk})\textit{-s} \textit{suohku}(\textsc{wk})\textit{-s} \\ + long-\textsc{attr} stocking-\textsc{loc.sg}\\ +\glt ‘in the long stocking’ +} +\parbox{3cm}{\upshape Kildin Saami\\Northern Saami\\~\\} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +A noun marked for possession is in the strong consonant grade. An adjective marked for attribution is always in the weak grade. In the example above, the strong grade of the consonant (orthographically represented as \textit{hk} in Kildin Saami and \textit{hkk} in \ili{Northern Saami}) occurs in the nominative case of the bare or possessive marked noun (\textit{suhk/suohkku, suhkes'/suohkkus}) as well as in the predicative form\is{predicative marking} of the adjective (\textit{kuhk'/kuhkki}). The attributive form of the adjective (\textit{kugk'/guhkes}) and the noun stem hosting the locative suffix (\textit{sugkes't/suohkus}) are in the strong grade. + +Historically, consonant gradation was a purely phonological process where the strong consonant grade always occurred before the open final syllable of a disyllabic word. The stem consonant was phonetically shortened when the final open syllable was closed due to inflectional processes. Consonant gradation was later morphologized due to phonological attrition and the loss of certain inflectional suffixes. + +From a synchronic point of view, the consonant gradation rules account for the weak consonant grade in the attributive form of the adjective but not for the strong grade in the noun with possessive marking. The \ili{Northern Saami} words \textit{suohkku} ‘stocking’ and \textit{guhkki} ‘long (pred.)’ have open second syllables hence strong consonant stems (here a consonant cluster, the first part of which is a geminate /\=CC/). The second syllable in both forms is closed: \textit{suohkkus} /suoh:.ku-s/ marked with the possessive suffix and \textit{guhkis} /kuh.ki-s/ marked with the attributive suffix. However, the consonant stem of the noun \textit{suohkkus} remains strong (/\=CC/) even before the syllable closing suffix, whereas the geminate part of the cluster is shortened (/CC/) in the adjective \textit{guhkis}. + +It is important to note that the possessive suffix is reconstructed as \ili{Proto\hyp{}Saamic} \textit{*-sē} \citep[73]{sammallahti1998b} and thus originally had a different syllable structure. The formative obviously did not close the second syllable in \ili{Proto\hyp{}Saamic}, as in **/kuh:.ke.-sē/ and **/suoh:.ku.-sē/.\footnote{Note that these invented examples in simplified transcriptions serve the purpose of illustration (and are hence marked with **). The stem of the adjective ‘long’ is reconstructed as Proto\hyp{}Saamic \textit{*ku\`{h}kē} \citep[246]{sammallahti1998b}. The noun ‘stocking’ is a loan word (cf.~\ili{Swedish} (dialectal) \textit{sokk}, \ili{Finnish} \textit{sukka}) and might not be reconstructable for Proto\hyp{}Saamic.} From a diachronic point of view, the consonant gradation rules would thus account for the strong consonant grade in the noun marked with a possessive suffix but not for the weak grade in the attributive adjective. + +\largerpage +Two possible explanations could explain the different consonant grades in the noun and the adjective marked by means of \textit{-s} $\Leftarrow$ \textit{*-sē}. +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item Following Nielsen (\citeyear{nielsen1945b}), the possessive marker in its function as attributive nominalizer was originally attached to a genitive (i.e., weak stem) form of the adjective. The weak consonant stem was thus triggered by the genitive suffix, reconstructed as \ili{Pre-Proto\hyp{}Saamic} \textit{*-n} $\Rightarrow$ \ili{Proto\hyp{}Saamic} \mbox{*-Ø} \citep[65]{sammallahti1998b} and preceding the attributive marker. The date of the morphologization of stem gradation would not be relevant for this explanation. +\item The other possible explanation presupposes a relatively late date for the morphologization of stem gradation, i.e., not earlier than the apocope of the possessive marker's final vowel (\textit{-s $\Leftarrow$ *-sē}). If the possessive marker was not a true suffix but a phonological word on its own by the time stem gradation was morphologized in Saamic, the marker would have remained outside the phonological domains of its host word and would not have been able to trigger stem gradation on the latter. +\end{itemize} +%%% + +Since genitive (or “possessor case”) marking on attributive adjectives is attested in other northern Eurasian languages, as in both Yukaghir\il{Yukaghir languages} (see \S\ref{yukagir synchr}) and in \ili{Lezgic languages} (see \S\ref{lezgian synchr}), Nielsen's assumption that the 3\textsuperscript{rd} singular possessive marker was originally attached to an attributive form of adjectives (or other nominals) in genitive is possible in principal. + +Yet there is no evidence that genitive attribution marking on adjectives ever occurred regularly in Saamic or even in other \ili{Uralic languages}.\footnote{The defective agreement paradigm\is{agreement marking!defective agreement paradigm} of pronouns (and even sometimes adjectives) with the genitive singular form in all cases except nominative singular can scarcely be connected to Nielsen's idea. As an anti\hyp{}construct state marker, the “genitive” should occur through the whole paradigm including in nominative singular.} Furthermore, the functional side of the assumed development, in which an adjective marked by two attributive markers (genitive+attributive nominalizer) simultaneously, would also need some further clarification. + +The second hypothesis, that the possessive marker never triggered stem gradation, could also account for the weak consonant grade in adjectives (remember that the weak grade seemed to contradict the stem gradation rules from a historical point of view). In certain aspects, the possessive marker behaves like a free pronoun rather than like an affix: the possessive marker shows pronominal agreement (and hosts the agreement suffixes which co-reference the number of the possessor) but the marker itself is hosted by an inflected noun (marked for number and case of the possessed). Note also that the possessive inflection is morpho-syntactically different from case and number inflection in the closely related \ili{Finnic languages}. Only the latter features trigger noun phrase internal agreement. + +Only the 3\textsuperscript{rd} person singular possessive marker was used as an attributive nominalizer. Since this marker was hosted by uninflected adjectives, it is reasonable to assume that at one point the nominalizing possessive marker behaved differently from true possessive markers. The attributive nominalizer might thus have become a true phonologically bound formative earlier than the homophonous possessive marker. As a result of the apocope of the suffix-final vowel, the second syllable in the attributive form was closed: +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{closed example} +\gll **/kuh:.ke.-sē/ $\Rightarrow$ **/kuh.ke-s/\\ + long-\textsc{poss:3sg} {} long-\textsc{attr}\\ +\end{exe} +%%% + +Subsequently, the stem gradation rules were applied regularly and yielded the short consonant grade of the adjective stem equipped with the affixal attributive marker (\ref{closed example}). The noun equipped with the possessive marker, however, kept its open second syllable even after the apocope (\ref{open example}). The non-affixal possessive suffix~– as a phonological word of its own~– remained outside the phonological domain of stem gradation. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{open example} +\gll **/suoh:.ku.=sē/ $\Rightarrow$ **/suoh:.ku.=s/\\ + stocking=\textsc{poss:3sg} {} stocking=\textsc{poss:3sg}\\ +\end{exe} +\is{attributive nominalization|)} + +\subsection{The origin of anti\hyp{}construct state in Saamic} +%%% +Synchronic data from related \ili{Uralic languages} provide good evidence in favor of the assumed grammaticalization path from possessive to anti\hyp{}construct state marking in Saami. +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item \textsc{possessive} (\textsc{3sg}) $\Rightarrow$ \textsc{attributive nominalization} $\Rightarrow$ \textsc{anti}-\textsc{construct} +\end{itemize} +%%% + +The first step of this development, i.e., the use of the possessive marker as an attributive article, is attested in the Permic languages \ili{Komi-Zyrian} and \ili{Udmurt}. Note also that the possessive marker in \ili{Udmurt} shows different morphological behavior depending on its function as a true possessive or as an attributive article. For more detail see the respective sections on the synchrony (\S\ref{udmurt synchr}) and diachrony (\S\ref{udmurt diachr}) of attribution marking in \ili{Udmurt}. + +The \ili{Permic languages} are closely related to Saamic, and theoretically, the rise of attributive marking in these two branches of Uralic could go back to a common \ili{Proto\hyp{}Uralic} construction. However, true evidence to prove such a common development at a relatively early time is missing. Quite the contrary, it could be objected that the innovation of a new type of attribution marking is currently under way in the \ili{Permic languages} whereas the innovation in Saamic took place 2000 years ago and is obviously losing ground today in favor of the re-introduced type \isi{juxtaposition}. + +But the comparison with the related \ili{Permic languages} makes sense from a purely typological perspective. Assuming that the possessive marker already had a “determinative” function in \ili{Proto\hyp{}Uralic} (as stated, for instance, by \citealt[32]{janhunen1981}; \citealt[66, 81]{decsy1990}; \citealt{kunnap2004}) and that this function is still present in most of the modern Uralic languages, the existence of an attributive nominalizer in Permic indisputably proves that the proposed origin of the attribution marker in Saamic is functionally plausible \citep{riesler2006b}.\is{attributive nominalization} + +Furthermore, the nominalizing function of the (person-deictic) marker of possession is attested not only in several \ili{Uralic languages} but also in \ili{Turkic languages}. And, finally, a typologically similar grammaticalization path of a (local-deictic) demonstrative to an attributive article is also attested in \ili{Indo-European languages} of the area. + +In all mentioned Turkic, Uralic and Indo-European languages where the development of attributive nominalizers is attested, this innovative type of attribution marking originally co-occurred with another, inherited type. The use of contrastive pairs of attributes marked with or without the anti\hyp{}construct state marker in modern Saamic languages provides good evidence for a similar development in earlier stages of Saami.\is{attributive nominalization} + +Several grammatical descriptions of \ili{Northern Saami} give examples of such contrastive pairs of attributes with different meanings. Nielsen describes the difference between forms with and forms without an attributive suffix as a difference in “modality” of the attributive relation \citep[203]{nielsen1945b}. Most examples, however, do not display true adjectives but rather attributive forms of present participles. If the property denoted by the participle is stressed or emphasized as belonging permanently to the referent of the modified noun, the participles are often equipped with the attributive suffix. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\il{Northern Saami} +\ex +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Northern Saami \citep[204]{nielsen1945b}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll juhhki olmmoš\\ + drinking person\\ +\glt ‘drinking person’ +%%% +\ex +\gll juhkke\textbf{-s} olmmoš\\ + drinking-\textsc{attr} person\\ +\glt ‘alcoholic (i.e., a person addicted to drinking)’ +\end{xlist} + +\newpage + +%%% +\ex {\upshape Northern Saami \citep[282]{bartens1989}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll šaddi soahki / soahki lea šaddi\\ + growing birch {} birch is growing\\ +\glt ‘growing birch’ / ‘(a/the) birch is growing’ +%%% +\ex +\gll goa{\dj}i duohkin lea šaddi\textbf{-s} soahki\\ + hut behind is growing-\textsc{attr} birch\\ +\glt ‘There is a fast growing birch behind the hut.’ +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +%Reading people +\end{exe} +%%% + +Besides participles, there are even contrastive pairs of attributive adjectives or nouns which distinguish temporal versus permanent (or otherwise emphasized) properties. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\il{Northern Saami} +\ex +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Northern Saami \citep[48]{bergsland1976}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll arve-dálki\\ + rain-weather\\ +\glt ‘rain-weather’ +%% +\ex +\gll arvve\textbf{-s} dálki\\ + rain-\textsc{attr} weather\\ +\glt ‘wet weather (i.e., weather full of rain)’ +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +It must be emphasized that these adjectives equipped with the attributive suffix are additionally marked as denoting permanent or “definite” properties. This is exactly consistent with the reconstructed meaning of the so-called weak adjective forms in \ili{Proto\hyp{}Germanic} or the so-called long adjective forms in \ili{Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic} (see \S\ref{slavic diachr}). The functions of the regular and productive contrastive focus constructions in \ili{Chuvash} and \ili{Udmurt} (which are often described as “emphatic” or “definite” as well, see \S\S\ref{chuvash synchr}, \ref{udmurt synchr}) also show a perfect parallel to Saamic.\is{species marking!definite} + +It is thus most likely that the Saamic anti\hyp{}construct state marker originates from a construction in which the possessive marker 3\textsuperscript{rd} person singular was used as attributive nominalizer in appositional noun phrases similar to the contrastive focus construction attested in Modern \ili{Udmurt} and in several other Uralic and non-Uralic languages of northern Eurasia.\is{attributive nominalization} + +\largerpage +Whereas the unmarked noun phrase type in \ili{Proto\hyp{}Saamic} was characterized by \isi{juxtaposition}, the attributive article was used to mark a construction with an adjective in contrastive focus. The emphatic construction later became generalized as the default marker of the attributive connection.\footnote{The zero-morpheme (equipped with the nominalizer Ø-\textsc{nmlz}) in (\ref{saami gram}) and following examples is only presented for a better illustration of the empty head position to which the (nominalized) adjective moves in the appositional noun phrase.} +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\upshape Grammaticalization of anti\hyp{}construct state marking in Saamic} +\label{saami gram} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Stage 1: \ili{Pre-Proto\hyp{}Saamic}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Juxtaposition}\\ + {\ob}\textsubscript{\upshape NP} \textsubscript{\upshape A}long \textsubscript{\upshape N}stocking{\cb} +\end{xlist} +%%% +\ex {\upshape Stage 2a: \ili{Proto\hyp{}Saamic}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Juxtaposition (default)}\\ + {\ob}\textsubscript{\upshape NP} \textsubscript{\upshape A}long \textsubscript{\upshape N}stocking{\cb} +%%% +\ex {\upshape Attributive apposition (emphatic)}\\ + {\ob}\textsubscript{\upshape NP} {\ob}\textsubscript{\upshape NP'} \textsubscript{\upshape A}long \textsubscript{\upshape HEAD}{\rm Ø-\textsc{nmlz}}{\cb} \textsubscript{\upshape N}stocking{\cb} +\end{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Stage 3: modern Saamic languages} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Anti\hyp{}construct state marking}\\ + {\ob}\textsubscript{\upshape NP} \textsubscript{\upshape A}long{\rm -\textsc{attr}} \textsubscript{\upshape N}stocking{\cb} +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +The irregularities in the use of attributive forms within and across the modern Saamic languages are the result of recent developments. Originally, the attributive form was generated regularly and productively. A cross-comparison of adjectives in different Saamic languages clearly shows that adjectives with deleted \textit{-s/-s'} in one Saamic language exhibit the suffix in another language. Consider, for example, \ili{Northern Saami} \textit{uhca} but \ili{Lule Saami} \textit{ucces} ‘small’ or \ili{Northern Saami} \textit{seakka} but \ili{Kildin Saami} \textit{sie{\ng}{\ng}kes'} ‘thin’ (for more examples see \citealt{riesler2006b}). + +\is{predicative marking|(} +It is most likely that neither the predicative forms (ending in \textit{-d} or \textit{-s}) nor the attributive form (ending in \textit{-s/-s'}) reflect inherited stems in Saami. Both are complex forms which are derived from either nominal or verbal stems by means of different suffixes. The predicative forms with \textit{-s} evolved from derivations by means of an old lative case suffix. Germanic\il{Germanic languages} loan adjectives with the homophonous (Germanic) ending \textit{-s} ($\Leftarrow$ \ili{Proto\hyp{}Germanic} \textit{-R}) where integrated into the class of these predicative “lative-derivations”. The attributive suffix \textit{-s/-s'}, on the other hand, originates from the possessive marker 3\textsuperscript{rd} person singular which was originally used as an attributive nominalizer (i.e., attributive article) in contrastive focus constructions. The suffix was later generalized as the default attributive state marker.\is{attributive nominalization} + + +\largerpage +The merger of predicative and attributive forms of some adjectives observed in modern Saamic languages does not contradict the proposed reconstruction of the original attributive marking. It does, however, reflect another diachronic path of adjective attribution marking: namely the collapsing of an originally regular and productive construction and the innovation of a new type. Interestingly, this secondary development in modern stages of Saamic will most likely result in the renewed introduction of \isi{juxtaposition}, i.e., the original Uralic\il{Uralic languages} prototype of adjective attribution marking. +\il{Saamic languages|)} +\is{predicative marking|)} + +\il{Finnic languages|(} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +\section[Agreement in Finnic]{The emergence of agreement in Finnic} +\label{Finnic diachr} +%%% +The languages of the Finnic branch spoken in the northwestern periphery of Uralic are exceptional within this family because they all exhibit head\hyp{}driven agreement as the default type of attribution marking of adjectives. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\upshape Finnish (personal knowledge)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll iso talo\\ + big house\\ +\glt ‘big house’ +\ex +\gll iso-t talo-t\\ + big-\textsc{pl} house-\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘big houses’ +\ex +\gll iso-i-ssa talo-i-ssa\\ + big-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{iness} house-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{iness}\\ +\glt ‘in big houses’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +%Note, however, that not all morphological features assign their values to the attributive adjective in Finnish. Whereas number (\ref{fin num}) and case marking (\ref{fin case}) is assigned to the adjective, possessive marking (\ref{fin poss}) is not. +%\footnote{\citet[212]{mark1979} mentions also the missing agreement category \textsc{possessive} in Finnish (as in the other Finnic languages) Finnish \textit{sininen kukka-ni} [blue flower-\textsc{poss:1sg}] ‘my blue flower'. believes that the possessive declension of nouns is younger than the agreement of adjectives} +There is no doubt that agreement marking replaced \isi{juxtaposition} at a certain point during the linguistic development from \ili{Proto\hyp{}Uralic} to \ili{Proto\hyp{}Finnic}. + +In several \ili{Uralic languages}, irregular agreement of pronominal modifiers and even some adjectives and adjective-like modifiers are attested (cf.~examples in \citealt{honti1997} and \citealt[288–295]{stolz2015a}). This might indicate a connection to the fully developed agreement marking of adjectives in Finnic. It is, however, unclear whether the incomplete and irregular agreement phenomena in Saamic\il{Saamic languages} and other closely related \ili{Uralic languages} reflect a stage of development at which agreement marking was more widespread~– in at least the Finnic and Saamic branches~– or agreement marking is due to a more recent innovation which became completely enforced only in the Finnic branch. + + +The rise of agreement marking on attributive adjectives, pronouns,\is{adnominal modifier!pronoun} and numerals\is{adnominal modifier!numeral} in Finnic is usually regarded as a result of language contact with \ili{Indo-European languages} from the Germanic\il{Germanic languages} and/or Baltic\il{Baltic languages} groups (cf.~\citealt[25]{tauli1955}; \citealt{hajdu1996}; see also \citealt[288–295]{stolz2015a}). Indeed, the high amount of Germanic and Baltic loanwords in Finnic languages indicates intimate contacts between speakers of Uralic and Indo-European languages in that area. However, in order to prove the hypothesis that agreement marking arose as a result of influence from Indo-European languages one has to reconstruct concrete mechanisms behind this profound contact-induced language change. The idea that agreement marking is a borrowed model might not be as straightforward as it appears. Even though many \ili{Uralic languages} under strong \ili{Russian} influence seem to have borrowed many more grammatical features than Finnic did under Germanic and Baltic influence, none of these languages shows any trace of borrowed Russian agreement marking. + +\is{juxtaposition|(} +\il{Hungarian|(} +In a short article, \citet{mark1979} presents a contact-independent explanation of the innovative head\hyp{}driven agreement marking in Finnic. His explanation is based on the observation that nominalized adjectives in apposition to nouns in Hungarian (as well as in other \ili{Uralic languages}) show agreement triggered by the semantic head of the elliptic noun phrase. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\upshape Hungarian \citep[209]{mark1979}} +\label{hung ap} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Juxtaposition (no agreement marking)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex \textit{őreg postást} {\upshape [A N\textsubscript{\upshape nom.sg}] ‘the old postman’} +\ex \textit{őreg postások} {\upshape [A N\textsubscript{\upshape nom.pl}] ‘the old postmen’} +\end{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Apposition (agreement marking)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex \textit{postást, őreg\textbf{et}} {\upshape [[N\textsubscript{\upshape nom.sg}] [A\textsubscript{nom.sg}]] ‘a postman, an old one’} +\ex \textit{postások, őreg\textbf{ek}} {\upshape [[N\textsubscript{nom.sg}] [A\textsubscript{nom.sg}]] ‘postmen, old ones’} +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Similar ideas about a possible contact-independent origin of head\hyp{}driven agreement in Finnic have also been put forward, for example by \citet{ravila1941} and \citet{papp1962}. In theory, the rise of agreement marking as a result of generalization of an originally emphasized adjective in apposition seems plausible. Language contact with agreement-marking languages could still have been a catalyst. + +\largerpage[2] +In \ili{Hungarian}, the attributive appositions described by Márk are post\hyp{}positioned while attributive adjectives in \ili{Finnish} still precede the noun. A comparison to attributive apposition by means of nominalization in \ili{Udmurt} seems more promising. In \S\ref{udmurt synchr} on the synchrony of attributive marking in Udmurt, it has been demonstrated how case and number agreement marking occurs in the contrastive focus construction with attributive adjectives and pronouns. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\upshape Udmurt \citep{winkler2001}} +\label{udmurt ap} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Juxtaposition (no agreement marking)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex \textit{badǯ́ym gurt} {\upshape [A N\textsubscript{nom:sg}] ‘big house’} +\ex \textit{badǯ́ym gurtjos} {\upshape [A N\textsubscript{nom:pl}] ‘big houses’} +\ex \textit{badǯ́ym gurtjosy} {\upshape [A N\textsubscript{pl:ill}] ‘to (the) big houses’} +\end{xlist} +%%% +\ex {\upshape Attributive apposition (agreement marking)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex \textit{badǯ́ym\textbf{ėz} gurt} {\upshape [[A\textsubscript{contr}] [N]] ‘\textsc{big} house’} +\ex \textit{badǯ́ym\textbf{josyz} gurtjos} {\upshape [[A\textsubscript{contr:pl}] [N\textsubscript{pl}]] ‘\textsc{big} houses’} +\ex \textit{badǯ́ym\textbf{josaz} gurtjosy} {\upshape [[A\textsubscript{contr:pl:ill}] [N\textsubscript{pl:ill}]] ‘to \textsc{big} houses’} +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +In both Hungarian and \ili{Udmurt} examples (\ref{hung ap}) and (\ref{udmurt ap}), the agreement morphology is syntactically spread from the (semantic) head noun to the adjectival modifier only in appositional noun phrases (with the modifier in contrastive focus). In Udmurt, there is an additional morpheme available, i.e., the attributive nominalizer \textit{-(ė)z} ($\Leftarrow$ \textsc{poss:3sg}). In the Hungarian example, the emphasized construction is only marked by the duplicated number and case agreement (in combination with changed constituent order).\is{attributive nominalization} +\il{Hungarian|)} +\is{juxtaposition|)} + +\il{Permic languages|(} +Attributive apposition in contrastive focus constructions is without a doubt innovative in \ili{Udmurt}. Since all members of the Permic group show similar constructions, the development could be dated back to \ili{Proto\hyp{}Permic} and would thus have a time depth comparable to the innovation of head\hyp{}driven agreement in Finnic. Since head\hyp{}driven agreement is also involved in \ili{Udmurt} anti\hyp{}construct state marking (namely as a “relict” of the appositional structure in which the attribute in contrastive focus originally occurred), the Permic and Finnic innovations could be structural parallels. Modern Finnic languages, however, do not provide any evidence that an attributive nominalizer was ever used as a marker of appositional attribution. The agreement markings thus seems to be the primary innovation assumedly caused by contact with “agreeing” \ili{Indo-European languages}. Regardless of contact influence being involved or not, the innovative head\hyp{}driven agreement marking in Finnic could still have been used in an appositional construction originally. Note also that in Udmurt, number agreement sometimes (irregularly) occurs even in constructions without the contrastive focus marker. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\upshape Head\hyp{}driven plural agreement in Udmurt \citep{winkler2001}}\\ +\gll badǯ́ym-jos gurt-jos\\ + big-\textsc{pl} house-\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘\textsc{big} houses’ +\end{exe} +%%% + +Note even that a similar innovation of head\hyp{}driven agreement in contrastive focus constructions is attested not only for Permic languages but also occurs irregularly in other Uralic branches (cf.~\citealt[136–138, 142]{honti1997} for Mari\il{Mari languages} and Nenets;\il{Nenets languages} see also \S\ref{N-Samoyedic-synchr}). In the North Samoyedic language \ili{Nganasan}, head\hyp{}driven agreement has been grammaticalized as the default type. + +\largerpage +To conclude these tentative considerations, it cannot be ruled out that the rise of head\hyp{}driven agreement marking in Finnic and anti\hyp{}construct state agreement in \ili{Udmurt} are both results of original attributive apposition constructions. However, this idea remains highly speculative for Finnic, unless one can find evidence for the occurrence of an attributive nominalizer such as the marker in Modern \ili{Udmurt} or in \ili{Proto\hyp{}Saamic}.\is{attributive nominalization} + +Whereas anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking in \ili{Udmurt} (and other Permic languages) only substitutes for the default marker in contrastive focused constructions, Finnic and \ili{Saamic languages} as well as \ili{Nganasan} have completely lost Uralic\il{Uralic languages} \isi{juxtaposition} as the default adjective attribution marking device and innovated completely new morpho-syntactic devices. It must also be noted that the Finnic and Saamic innovations took place in two closely related and geographically adjacent branches of Uralic. Moreover, the developments are of similar age. And finally, non-related but geographically adjacent languages (Baltic,\il{Baltic languages} Germanic,\il{Germanic languages} Slavic\il{Slavic languages}) show structurally similar developments. +\il{Permic languages|)} +\il{Finnic languages|)} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\section{Other attested scenarios of grammaticalization} +%%% +The previous sections dealt with the rise of adjective attribution marking devices in a few branches of Indo-European,\il{Indo-European languages} Uralic\il{Uralic languages} and Turkic.\il{Turkic languages} However, the synchronic data from the synchronic survey in Part~III (Synchrony) present evidence of several more diachronic scenarios. Only a few of them will be sketched in the following sections. + +\is{attributive article|(} +\is{species marking!definite|(} +\subsection[Articles, definiteness and adjective attribution]{Articles, definiteness and the evolution of adjective attribution marking in Indo-European} +%%% + +\largerpage +The rise of attributive articles and their (partial or complete) further development to definite markers in Baltic,\il{Baltic languages} Slavic\il{Slavic languages} and Germanic,\il{Germanic languages} as described above, took place on functionally and chronologically parallel paths in various other \ili{Indo-European languages} of Europe. This has been observed by several scholars (cf.~\citealt{brugmann-etal1916}; \citealt{gamillscheg1937}; \citealt{heinrichs1954} and, more recently, \citealt{nocentini1996}; \citealt{philippi1997}; \citealt{himmelmann1997}). It is not clear whether these parallel developments across western-Indo-European branches can be explained in terms of areal typology, i.e., as the result of linguistic contacts, or whether they are inherited from a common ancestor language. Independent developments, though theoretically possible, seem rather unlikely given the close genealogical and areal connection between the languages in question. + +\largerpage +In those western branches of the Indo-European family where definite markers have evolved, cognate formatives are also usually attested as adjective attribution markers. The attributive article in \ili{Romanian}, for instance (see \S\ref{romanian synchr}), is also attested in \ili{Latin} and other \ili{Romance languages}, cf.~\ili{Latin} \textit{Cato ille maior, Babylon illa magna}.\footnote{Cf.~the secondary attributive articles in Germanic languages in similar constructions: \ili{English} \textit{Philip the Fair}, \ili{German} \textit{Friedrich der Große} which is also cognate (and homophonous) with the definite marker. The Germanic constructions have been dealt with in more detail in \S\ref{attr nmlz}.} The suffixed definite marker in \ili{Romanian} evolved from this attributive article (\citealt{gamillscheg1937}; \citealt[5]{nocentini1996}). Note also that the attributive article in Romance is polyfunctional and can mark adjectival, genitival and prepositional attributes as well as relative clauses. + +In the two \ili{Albanian languages} (see \S\ref{albanian synchr}), the attributive article \textit{i} \textsc{nom}, \textit{e/të} \textsc{acc} and \textit{të} \textsc{obl} and the definite suffix \textit{-i} \textsc{nom}, \textit{-in/-në} \textsc{acc} and \textit{it} \textsc{obl} most likely have the same etymological source, i.e., Indo-European *\textit{-to} (cf.~\citealt[165]{himmelmann1997} and the references mentioned there), which is also the etymological source of the definite marker \textit{to} and the homophonous attributive article in Ancient Greek (see \S\ref{greek synchr} for the corresponding constructions in Modern \ili{Greek}). + +\is{attributive nominalization|(} +Indo-European *\textit{-to} is the etymological source of secondary attributive articles in \ili{Slavic languages} as well. The use of this marker in attributive apposition constructions is already well-attested in \ili{Old East Slavic} documents. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\upshape Attributive nominalization in Old E-Slavic (Indo-European)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll [\dots] sъ usmъ galiiei-sk\textbf{-ymъ}\\ + { } with Jesus:\textsc{com} Galilee-\textsc{adjz}-\textsc{nmlz:instr}\\ +\glt ‘[\dots] with Jesus the Galilean’ \citep[Matthew 26, cit.][214]{mendoza2004} +\ex +\gll vъ sarefto̜ sidonъ-sk\textbf{-o̜jo̜}\\ + to Sarepta:\textsc{prepos} Sidonia-\textsc{adjz}-\textsc{nmlz:acc}\\ +\glt ‘to Sarepta in Sidonia’ \citep[Luke 4, cit.][214]{mendoza2004} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +%does it show the attributive marker *-to, or the marker *-jis?? +In \ili{Bulgarian}, the former attributive nominalizer grammaticalized into a true definite marker. In an analogous manner (but much later in time), reflexes of the \ili{Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic} pronoun \textit{*tъ} \textsc{m} developed into definite suffixes in northern Russian dialects\il{Russian!Northern} (cf.~\citealt +{leinonen2006a}).\footnote{Whereas \ili{Komi-Zyrian} (Uralic) influence triggered the suffixation of these anaphoric markers in northern Russian dialects \citep +{leinonen2006a}, a typologically similar grammaticalization process due to Turkic\ili{Turkic languages} influence is behind the chronologically much older suffixation of definite marking in Bulgarian \citep[114–122]{kusmenko2008}.} + +\ia{Dahl, Östen|(} +Dahl (\citeyear[149–152]{dahl2003}; see also \citealt[122–123]{dahl2015a}) shows that in some languages definite noun phrases with attributive adjectives (or other adnominal modifiers) show special behavior. He compares the “displaced”\footnote{The term “displaced” is not used by Dahl but adopted from \citet[114–116]{melcuk2006}.} definite marking with “long form” adjectives in the \ili{Baltic languages} with, among others, the demonstrative \textit{ille} linking postponed adjectives to proper nouns in \ili{Latin} constructions like \textit{Babylon illa magna} \citep[150]{dahl2003}. But due to its function and syntactic behavior the attributive article in Romance\il{Romance languages} can clearly be distinguished from definite markers \citep[329]{gamillscheg1937}. As it was demonstrated for the \ili{Baltic languages} (see \S\ref{anti-constr agr}), the so-called “long form” inflection (i.e., anti\hyp{}construct state agreement inflection) of adjectives is not a true definiteness marker. + +\il{Amharic|(} +Dahl also gives examples of languages in which “displaced” definiteness markers (or “quasi-definiteness markers”) evolved from other sources than local\hyp{}deictic pronouns, as in Amharic where an attributive nominalizer grammaticalized from a (person-deictic) possessive marker in contrastive focus construction. +\ia{Dahl, Östen|)} +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex \langinfo{Amharic}{Afro-Asiatic}{\citealt{hudson1997}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Default construction} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll təlləq bet\\ + big house\\ +\glt ‘(a) big house’ +%%% +\ex +\label{amharic ambiguous} +\gll təlləq bet\textbf{-u}\\ + big house-\textsc{poss:3sg}\\ +\glt (1) ‘his big house’ (if the owner has only one house, which is big); (2) ‘the big house’ +%%% +\ex +\gll təlləq bet-e\\ + big house-\textsc{poss:1sg}\\ +\glt ‘my big house’ +\end{xlist} +%%% +\ex {\upshape Contrastive focus construction} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll təlləq\textbf{-u} bet\\ + big-\textsc{?def} house\\ +\glt ‘(a/the) \textsc{big} house’ +%%% +\ex +\label{amharic nonambiguous} +\gll təlləq\textbf{-u} bet\textbf{-u}\\ + big-\textsc{?def} house-\textsc{poss:3sg}\\ +\glt ‘his \textsc{big} house’ (if the owner has more than one house but the expression is referring to the big one) +%%% +\ex +\gll təlləq\textbf{-u} bet-e\\ + big-\textsc{?def} house-\textsc{poss:1sg}\\ +\glt ‘my \textsc{big} house’ +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Note that the suffix \textit{-u} [\textsc{m}] used for emphasizing the adjective in Amharic is homophonous with the definite noun marker and with the 3\textsuperscript{rd} singular possessive marker. Note that the possessive and the definite suffixes of nouns (or noun phrases) are mutually exclusive \citep[463]{hudson1997}. Hence, the examples in (\ref{amharic ambiguous}) are ambiguous; they could have a possessive or a definite reading. The “emphasizing” adjective suffix \textit{-u} [\textsc{m}], however, does not co-occur with the definite suffix. Therefore, the reading of the examples in (\ref{amharic nonambiguous}) is not ambiguous. + +Consequently, the suffix \textit{-u} [\textsc{m}] in Amharic should be analyzed as an adjective attribution marker rather than as a “detached” marker of definiteness. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex \langinfo{Amharic}{Afro-Asiatic}{\citealt{hudson1997}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\upshape Attributive nominalization (contrastive focus)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll təlləq\textbf{-u} bet\\ + big-\textsc{attr} house(\textsc{m})\\ +\glt ‘(a/the) \textsc{big} house’ +%%% +\ex +\gll qonjo\textbf{-wa} dəmmät\\ + pretty-\textsc{attr:f} cat(\textsc{f})\\ +\glt ‘(a/the) beautiful cat’ +\end{xlist} +%%% +\ex {\upshape Attributive nominalization (\isi{headless noun phrase})} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll təlləq\textbf{-u}\\ + big-\textsc{attr:m}\\ +\glt ‘(a/the) big one’ +%%% +\ex +\gll qonjo-wa\\ + pretty-\textsc{attr:f}\\ +\glt ‘(a/the) pretty one’ +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Contrastive focus marking on adjectives in Amharic is thus very similar to the marking found in \ili{Udmurt}. In both languages, attributive apposition is marked by means of attributive nominalization. The respective formatives in both languages originate from (person-deictic) possessor markers. + +Consistently, data from northern Eurasian languages and Amharic do not provide evidence for the existence of “displaced” definiteness markers. From a diachronic perspective, however, there is much evidence for a functional overlapping between attributive nominalization and definiteness marking. In all \ili{Indo-European languages} dealt with so far, adjective attribution is the primary function. The former local-deictic marker in these languages always grammaticalizes into an attributive nominalizer first. The further development into true markers of definiteness comes only after this stage. +\il{Amharic|)} +\is{attributive article|)} +\is{species marking!definite|)} +\is{attributive nominalization|)} + +\il{Iranian languages|(} +\subsection[Head-marking attributive construct state]{The emergence of head-marking attributive construct state in Iranian} +\label{iranian diachr} +%%% +As shown in \S\ref{iranian synchr}, several Iranian languages of the northern Eurasian area exhibit a head-marking attributive construct state device as a licenser of adjective attribution. The Iranian construct state marker (aka \textit{Ezafe}) originates from the Old Iranian\il{Old Iranian languages} relative particle \textit{-hya}, which has undergone a process of grammaticalization, to end up as a part of nominal morphology in the modern Iranian languages \citep{haider-etal1984,samvelian2007b}. Since the \ili{Old Persian} relative particle \textit{-hya} itself originates from a demonstrative, the emergence of construct state marking in Iranian and anti\hyp{}construct state marking in other \ili{Indo-European languages} follow a similar path. Originally, \textit{-hya} was a grammatical word marking the phrase or clause on its right as a syntactic modifier of the noun on its left \citep{haider-etal1984}. Syntactically, the marker was an attributive article hosted by the attribute. In Baltic\il{Baltic languages} and Slavic,\il{Slavic languages} the article developed further into an anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marker (see \S\ref{slavic diachr}). In Iranian, however, the article attached phonologically to the head noun. According to \citet[3]{samvelian2007} this conflict between opposite directions of phonological and syntactic alignments was later resolved by the \isi{re-analysis} of the article as a head-marking inflectional affix. As the result of this grammaticalization, syntactic and phonological attachments were alined to each other. +\il{Iranian languages|)} + +\is{juxtaposition|(} +\subsection[Innovation of juxtaposition]{Innovation of juxtaposition} +%%% +Two scenarios are attested where juxtaposition has been innovated: either by loss of agreement marking or by loss of anti\hyp{}construct state marking. + +\subsubsection{Loss of agreement marking} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +\il{Common Kartvelian|(} +Head\hyp{}driven agreement (in number and case) of adjectival modifiers following the head noun can be reconstructed for Common Kartvelian. In \ili{Old Georgian}, this pattern is more or less preserved. In modern \ili{Kartvelian languages}, however, the unmarked constituent order of adjectival modifiers and head is noun-final, although the opposite order is possible as well \citep[56]{harris1991a}. As shown in \S\ref{kartvelian synchr} of Part~III (Synchrony), the agreement features of Common Kartvelian are more or less preserved only in the marked (but inherited) head-initial noun phrase type. In the head-final noun phrase type, on the other hand, modern \ili{Kartvelian languages} display a strong tendency to lose head\hyp{}driven agreement. Preposed attributive adjectives in \ili{Mingrelian} and \ili{Laz} are juxtaposed to the head noun as a rule. In Modern \ili{Georgian} and \ili{Svan}, the agreement paradigm of preposed attributive adjectives shows a high degree of syncretism (cf.~\citealt[56]{harris1991a}; \citealt[56–60, passim]{tuite1998}). +\il{Common Kartvelian|)} + +Two other non-related languages of the \isi{Southern Caucasus}, Armenian and \ili{Ossetic} have lost noun phrase internal agreement too \citep[272–281]{stolz2015a}.\footnote{The innovation of juxtaposition in the Eastern Armenian standard language is not complete, though. There is a small class of adjectives which are marked by means of head-driven agreement, see\S\ref{armenian-synch}.} According to \citet[109]{johanson2002a}, Turkic contact influence is the explanation for the loss of agreement in Armenian. + +Interestingly, the loss of adjective agreement marking in Armenian and Kartvelian is connected to the shift of the default constituent order. Note, however, that juxtaposition can also be innovated without constituent order shift, as in \ili{English} where the change is a result of the complete loss of the agreement inflection during the course of time from Middle\il{Middle English} to Modern \ili{English}. +\is{juxtaposition|)} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\subsubsection{Loss of anti\hyp{}construct state marking} +\ili{Saamic languages} present another evidence of a language change in which \isi{juxtaposition} replaces an original morpho-syntactic device. The original anti\hyp{}construct state marking, which is itself innovative in \ili{Proto\hyp{}Saamic} (see \S\ref{saamic diachr}) is in dissolution in modern Saamic languages as the result of the merger of attributive and predicative adjective forms which were originally distinguished from one another.\is{predicative marking} + +%??Germanic, Slavic + +\begin{figure} +\parbox[b]{0.5\textwidth}{ +\begin{center}Indo-European\\ +\medskip +\begin{tabular}{| m{1.4cm} || m{.9cm} | m{1.1cm} | m{.7cm} |} +\cline{1-1} +\textsc{mod}\textsubscript{NP}\\ +\cline{1-1} +\textsc{attr}\textsubscript{AdP}\\ +\hline + & \textsc{nmlz} & \textsc{contr} & \textsc{def}\\ +\hline +\textsc{attr}\textsubscript{A}\\ +\cline{1-1} +\textsc{attr}\textsubscript{N}\\ +\cline{1-1} +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +} +\parbox[b]{0.5\textwidth}{ +\begin{center}Uralic\\ +\medskip +\begin{tabular}{| m{1.4cm} || m{.9cm} | m{1.1cm} | m{.7cm} |} +\cline{1-1} +\\ +\cline{1-1} +\\ +\hline + & \textsc{nmlz} & \textsc{contr} & \textsc{def}\\ +\hline +\textsc{attr}\textsubscript{A}\\ +\cline{1-1} +\\ +\cline{1-1} +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +} + +\parbox[b]{0.5\textwidth}{ +\begin{center}Turkic\\ +\medskip +\begin{tabular}{| m{1.4cm} || m{.9cm} | m{1.1cm} | m{.7cm} |} +\cline{1-1} +\\ +\cline{1-1} +\\ +\hline + & \textsc{nmlz} & \textsc{contr} & \textsc{def}\\ +\hline +\\ +\cline{1-1} +\\ +\cline{1-1} +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +} +\parbox[b]{0.5\textwidth}{ +\begin{center}Tungusic\\ +\medskip +\begin{tabular}{| m{1.4cm} || m{.9cm} | m{1.1cm} | m{.7cm} |} +\cline{1-1} +\\ +\cline{1-1} +\\ +\hline + & \textsc{nmlz} & \textsc{contr} & \\ +\hline +\textsc{attr}\textsubscript{A}\\ +\cline{1-1} +\\ +\cline{1-1} +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +} +\caption[Functional map of cognate devices]{Functional map of markers cognate with the Old Iranian\il{Old Iranian languages} “relative particle” \textit{-hya} (across Indo-European languages) and the possessive suffixes 3\textsuperscript{rd} person singular (across Uralic,\il{Uralic languages} Turkic\il{Turkic languages} and \ili{Tungusic languages})} +\label{ie-ural funcmap} +\end{figure} + +\section{Diachronic polyfunctionality} +%%% +\is{species marking!definite|(} +In Chapter~\ref{polyfunctionality}, a few examples of polyfunctional adjective attribution marking devices were presented. It was shown, however, that the polyfunctionality parameter is less relevant to northern Eurasian languages because most languages of the area exhibit highly differentiated attribution marking devices. Polyfunctionality might, however, indicate a historical dimension if additional semantics of attribution marking devices is taken into consideration and if the languages of a whole taxon are compared to each other. For instance, construct state marking of adjectives and other modifiers, as attested especially in Indo-European\il{Indo-European languages} varieties (but also in Turkic\il{Turkic languages} and Uralic),\il{Uralic languages} seems to be inherently tied to the evolution of \isi{attributive nominalization}, contrastive focus and even definiteness marking in several languages. Figure~\ref{ie-ural funcmap} shows functional maps similar to the one in Figures \ref{multi abcd} and \ref{lahu funcmap} in Chapter~\ref{polyfunctionality} but with scope over cognate markers in whole language families. + +The polyfunctionality of the \ili{Persian} Ezafe \textit{-(y)e} was described in Chapter~\ref{polyfunctionality}. This construct state marker licenses nominal (\textsc{attr}\textsubscript{N}), adjectival (\textsc{attr}\textsubscript{A}) and adpositional (\textsc{attr}\textsubscript{AdP}) attributes as well as modification\is{modification marking!} within an adposition phrase (\textsc{mod}\textsubscript{NP}). The cognate formative in the closely related Iranian language \ili{Northern Kurdish} is even connected to definiteness marking (\textsc{def}) (\citealt{schroder2002}; cf.~also Table~\ref{ez kirmanji paradigm} on page~\pageref{ez kirmanji paradigm}). In Old Iranian\il{Old Iranian languages}, Old Baltic\il{Old Baltic languages} and \ili{Old Slavic languages}, a cognate marker was used as an attributive nominalizer (\textsc{nmlz}, or as a “relative particle” marking non-verbal attributes; see \S\ref{iranian diachr} and \ref{slavic diachr}). The further grammaticalization of this marker into an anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marker in Baltic and Slavic is connected to contrastive focus marking (\textsc{contr}). + +The marker described in the functional map for Uralic is the possessive suffix 3\textsuperscript{rd} person singular, which is used as a quasi-definite marker (\textsc{def}) in a variety of modern \ili{Uralic languages}. In \ili{Udmurt} the original possessive suffix is regularly used as a nominalizer (\textsc{nmlz}) and has grammaticalized into a marker of contrastive focus of adjectives (\textsc{contr}) (see \S\ref{udmurt diachr}). In Saamic,\il{Saamic languages} finally, the cognate marker has grammaticalized into an anti\hyp{}construct state marker (\textsc{attr}\textsubscript{A}). + +Turkic\il{Turkic languages} is similar to Uralic\il{Uralic languages} but without evidence for the grammaticalization of the possessive suffix 3\textsuperscript{rd} person singular to a true adjective attribution marker. In Tungusic,\il{Tungusic languages} finally, there is no evidence for definiteness marking but the possessive suffix 3\textsuperscript{rd} person singular is used as \isi{dependent\hyp{}driven agreement} marker in \il{Even} (\textsc{attr}\textsubscript{A}). + +These diachronic functional maps demonstrate general synchronic paths of attribution marking devices and give the impression that nominalization and appositional attribution play an important role in the further development of the respective markers as attribution marking devices.\is{attributive nominalization} +\is{grammaticalization|)} +\is{species marking!definite|)} diff --git a/chapters/chap-interface.tex b/chapters/chap-interface.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..da39824 --- /dev/null +++ b/chapters/chap-interface.tex @@ -0,0 +1,236 @@ + +\chapter{The syntax-morphology interface} +\label{syntax-morphology-interface} +%%% + +\section{Morpho-syntax} +%%% +An inventory of grammatical features relevant to morphology and its interfaces with semantics and syntax has recently been systematized and presented in a volume edited by \citet{kibort-etal2010}, specifically in the chapter by \citet{kibort2010a}. Kibort and Corbett's typology of morpho-syntactic features, which is grounded in other work, for instance by \citet{aronoff1994,corbett1987,carstairs-mccarthy2000a,corbett2006,corbett-etal2006,bickel-etal2007,kibort2008a}, will be evaluated in the following sections. It will be shown that true morpho-syntactic features (i.e., features not interfacing with semantics) relevant to noun phrase structure are missing but have to be added to such an inventory. + +Note that “morpho-syntax” (or “morphosyntax”) is sometimes inaccurately used for any type of syntactic construction in which morphological processes take place. It is also commonly used as a homonym for “grammar” or “morphology and/or syntax”, thus subsuming all kinds of morphological and syntactic structure of a language. For the present study, however the scopes of syntactic and morphological processes are differentiated from each other. Consequently morpho-syntax is here understood as the interface between syntax and morphology, i.e., syntactic structure assigning morphology on one or more of its constituents. +%%% +\paragraph*{Morphological features} +Strictly morphological features have exclusively inherent values, i.e., the assignment of these values is not sensitive to syntax. Morphological features include values which are either fixed, i.e., supplied on the lexical level, or selected from a range of values. The selection of these values is based only on formal criteria. A prototypical example of a purely morphological feature is inflection class. +%%% +\paragraph*{Morphosemantic features} +Morphosemantic features also only have inherent values whose assignment is not sensitive to syntax. The values of morphosemantic features are selected from a range of values. However, unlike purely morphological features, the selection is based on semantic criteria. A prototypical example of the assignment of a morphosemantic feature is definiteness marking.\is{species marking!definite} +%%% +\paragraph*{Morpho-syntactic features} +Morpho-syntactic features are sensitive to syntax because either agreement or government is involved in the assignment of their values. In the case of agreement, however, a morpho-syntactic feature belongs per definition both to morpho-syntax~– due to the feature's contextual assignment to the agreement target~– and simultaneously to pure morphology (or morphosemantics)~– due to the feature's status inherent in the agreement trigger. + +\il{Albanian|(}\il{Bulgarian|(}\il{Romanian|(} +The difference between morpho-syntactic and purely morphological (or morphosemantic) features can be illustrated by definiteness marking\is{species marking!definite} in Albanian, Bulgarian and Romanian. The definite markers in these three Balkan\il{Balkan languages} languages are bound morphemes in postposition (\ref{definfl alb}, \ref{definfl rum}, \ref{definfl bg}). The syntactic behavior of the definite marker in all three languages is also similar: in noun phrases with modifying adjectives, the marker attaches enclitically\is{clitic} to the first constituent. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\langinfo{Albanian}{Indo-European}{\citealt{buchholz-etal1987}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\label{definfl alb} +\gll djal=i\\ + boy(\textsc{m})=\textsc{def:m.sg}\\ +\glt ‘the boy’ +\ex +\label{encl alb a} +\gll djal=i i mire\\ + boy(\textsc{m})=\textsc{def:m.sg} \textsc{attr:def.m.sg} good.\textsc{m.sg}\\ +\glt ‘the good boy’ +\ex +\label{encl alb b} +\gll i mir=i djalë\\ + \textsc{attr:def.m.sg} good=\textsc{def:m.sg} boy(\textsc{m})\\ +\glt ‘the \textsc{good} boy’ +\end{xlist} +\ex +\langinfo{Romanian}{}{\citealt{beyer-etal1987}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\label{definfl rum} +\gll băiat=ul\\ + boy(\textsc{m})=\textsc{def.m.sg}\\ +\glt ‘the boy’ +\ex +\label{encl rum a} +\gll băiat=ul bun\\ + boy(\textsc{m})=\textsc{def.m.sg} good.\textsc{m.sg}\\ +\glt ‘the good boy’ +\ex +\label{encl rum b} +\gll bun=ul băiat\\ + good=\textsc{def.m.sg} boy(\textsc{m})\\ +\glt ‘the \textsc{good} boy’ +\end{xlist} +\ex +\langinfo{Bulgarian}{}{personal knowledge} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\label{definfl bg} +\gll momče=to\\ + boy(\textsc{n})=\textsc{def.n.sg}\\ +\glt ‘the boy’ +\ex +\label{encl bg} +\gll dobro=to momče\\ + good=\textsc{def.m.sg} boy(\textsc{n})\\ +\glt ‘the good boy’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +The feature \textsc{species},\is{species marking}\footnote{Typical values of \textsc{species} are, for instance, \textsc{definite, indefinite} or \textsc{specific}. The use of the term \textsc{species} (from Latin\il{Latin} ‘appearance, form’) is borrowed from Swedish\il{Swedish} and Finnish\il{Finnish} grammatical terminology, \citep[cf., e.g.,][]{holm-etal1970,itkonen-t1980a}. It will be used throughout this investigation instead of the commonly known “definiteness” because it seems terminologically odd to have a feature \textsc{definiteness} exhibiting a value with the similar label \textsc{definite}.} however, does not belong to morpho-syntax in all of these three languages. Even though the definite marker shows the same syntactic behavior (i.e., attaching in second-position), the morphological feature \textsc{species} is sensitive to syntax only in Albanian. Whereas definiteness is a purely morpho-semantic feature not involved in any syntactic triggering in Bulgarian and Romanian, in Albanian a second marker of definiteness occurs on the adjective. This marker is required by syntax through the mechanism of agreement. Hence, definiteness is morpho-syntactic only in Albanian. In Bulgarian and Romanian definiteness is purely morphological. +\il{Albanian|)}\il{Bulgarian|)}\il{Romanian|)} + +\section{Morpho-syntactic features} +\label{crit eval} +%%% +As shown in the previous section, \textsc{morpho-syntactic marking} can basically be defined as ‘morphological marking relevant to syntax’. According to \citet{kibort2010a}, the syntactic relevance of a certain morphological marker is determined by the involvement of this marker in either agreement or government. Kibort's view of morpho-syntax, however, is based on definitions of agreement and government which imply obligatory interfacing of the respective grammatical features with all three components: morphology, syntax and semantics. Hence, the most accurate term would be ‘morpho-semantico-syntactic’ features” (\citealt{kibort2008a}; \citealt[cf.~also]{kibort2010a}). + +Both agreement and government require a syntactic constituent as the trigger and another constituent as the target of morpho-syntactic marking. Kibort's terms \textsc{trigger} and \textsc{target} are used in the case of agreement marking, whereas \textsc{governor} and \textsc{governee} are the respective labels in the cases of government. Consequently, Kibort's \textsc{government} covers only morpho-syntactic marking assigned by triggers (governors) which are constituents~– like a head noun marked for certain gender and number values triggering gender and number \textsc{agreement} on the modifier. + +\il{Persian|(} +\is{predicative marking|(} +Instances of morphological marking triggered not by constituents but by the syntactic structure as such seem to fall outside the range of Kibort's typology of morpho-syntactic features. A prototypical example of morpho-syntactic marking without a trigger inside the noun phrase is attributive state marking in Persian. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\langinfo{Persian}{}{\citealt{mahootian1997}} +\label{persian state} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +{\rm “Construct state” (i.e., attributive state)}\\ +\gll xâne-ye bozorg\\ + house-\textsc{construct} big\\ +\glt ‘big house’ +\ex +{\rm “Absolute state” (i.e., predicative state)}\\ +\gll in xâne bozorg ast\\ + \textsc{dem} house(\textsc{absolute}) big is\\ +\glt ‘the house is big’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +In Persian, a nominal head is obligatorily inflected in the construct state if an adjective is present in the noun phrase. The trigger of the head-marking attributive suffix \textit{-ye} in Persian is the syntactic structure alone. Since no other value than [+construct] is assigned, semantics cannot be involved. It could be argued that semantics is relevant to the choice of whether to use the adjective as attribute or as predicate and that the attributive inflection on the head noun is inherent (i.e., morpho-semantically assigned). Semantics (or pragmatics) is of course relevant to the speaker's decision to utter a noun phrase instead of a predication. Semantics is, however, irrelevant to the argumentation about the syntactic structure requiring certain morphological marking: once the speaker has made her or his decision, it is the syntactic structure alone which is involved in the assignment of the relevant morphological marking. Consequently, attributive construct state in Persian is an example of true morpho-syntactic marking. +%NOTE ON THE PERSIAN QUOTE: This is generally true, but there are cases where contextual semantics will be the only determiner as mentioned on page 39 in Parsafar (2016)*: “ Since some nouns can have either a nominal or an attributive function, there are a few cases where semantic ambiguity arises particularly when the nominal following the head is the name of certain occupations and is followed another noun or a possessive pronoun: (97) a. /baradar-e doctor-am/ Brother-E physician-my i) ‘my brother, the doctor’ ii) ‘ my doctor’s brother’ Cf. /doktor-e baradaram / ‘my brother’s doctor’ “*Parsafar, Parviz. 1996. Spatial Prepositions in Modern Persian. Yale University dissertation. +\is{predicative marking|)} + +\il{Bulgarian|(} +Morpho-syntactic attributive construct state marking similar to the Persian construct state marking occurs in many other languages. In Bulgarian, for instance, some nouns require a special inflection after numerals.\is{adnominal modifier!numeral} +%%% + +\newpage + +\begin{exe} +\ex +\langinfo{Bulgarian}{}{personal knowledge}\\ +\label{bg state} +\gll dva stol-a\\ + two chair{\textsc{(m)-construct}}\\ +\glt ‘two chairs’ +\end{exe} +%%% + +Unlike attributive \isi{construct state} marking in Persian, which occurs obligatorily in noun phrases with different types of modifiers (adjectives, nouns, and some others), attributive construct state marking in Bulgarian is restricted with regard to both dependent and head. Thus, it occurs only in noun phrases in which the modifier is a numeral\is{adnominal modifier!numeral} higher than ‘one’ and in which the head noun belongs to the class of non-human masculines. In the Bulgarian grammatical tradition this inflectional marking is called the “counting form”.\footnote{Bulgarian \textit{brojna forma}} The marker originates historically from the genitive singular inflection of masculines. The diachrony, however, does not affect the analysis of this marker as belonging to the morpho-syntactic feature \textsc{state} from a synchronic-typological point of view. Even though attributive construct state marking in Bulgarian is much more restricted than in Persian, it clearly belongs to the same type of syntactically assigned inflection on the head noun. + +\ia{Mel'čuk, Igor|(} +The term \textsc{state} here is adapted from \citet[114–116]{melcuk2006} who defines it as an inflectional category of nouns heading a noun phrase. According to Mel'čuk, the function of morphological state marking is licensing the syntactic relationship between the phrase constituents. In the case of head-marking state, as in Persian and Bulgarian (\ref{persian state}, \ref{bg state}), the head noun is inflected and shows the morphological value [+construct] if it is the governing member in the present syntactic relation (i.e., the noun phrase). +\il{Persian|)}\il{Bulgarian|)} + +\il{Kildin Saami|(} +Even though \textsc{state} in Mel'čuk's (and others') terms is usually associated with head-marking constructions of the Persian type (cf.~example \ref{persian state}), a similar morpho-syntactic mechanism applies to dependent\hyp{}marking construct states in other languages. This is true, for example, for Kildin Saami because the dependent noun phrase of a postposition is obligatorily inflected in the genitive case. +\ia{Mel'čuk, Igor|)} +%%% + +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{state ap kildin} +\langinfo{Kildin Saami}{Uralic}{personal knowledge}\\ +\gll tuel' al'n\\ + chair\textbackslash\textsc{gen} on\\ +\glt ‘on the chair’ +\end{exe} +%%% + +It could be argued that the genitive inflection of ‘chair’ in example (\ref{state ap kildin}) is a morphological value of the feature \textsc{case} assigned to the dependent noun phrase by the mechanism of \textsc{government}. But since genitive is the obligatory and only possible marker of the dependent noun in postposition phrases in Kildin Saami, there is no motivation for assuming that any case value is marked here. There is no semantic connection to a genitive case which marks a possessor noun in Kildin Saami either.\footnote{This is true from a synchronic point of view. Historically, the origin of the genitive marking in adposition phrases is easily accounted for and goes back to possessor marking in noun phrases with relational head nouns. But again, the diachrony of a certain marker is not relevant to its synchronic-typological categorization.} Since this modification\is{modification marking} marker is assigned by the syntax of the specific construction alone, and since the only function of this marker is licensing the given syntactic relation (i.e., an adposition phrase), a more appropriate gloss in this construction could in principle be \textsc{construct}. However, since there is no formal difference between the possessive genitive from the genitive assigned by postpositions there are no good arguments to dissociate them into two different morpho-syntactic categories. + +Several languages also exhibit dependent\hyp{}marking construct state in noun phra\-ses. The matching value is usually glossed as \textsc{attributive}. In Kildin Saami, for example, members of one (lexically defined) subclass of adjectives are obligatorily inflected for attributive state if they are used as modifiers in a noun phrase. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\langinfo{Kildin Saami}{Uralic}{personal knowledge} +\label{state np kildin} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +{\rm Attributive adjective (cf.~“attributive state”)}\\ +\gll vīl'k-es' puaz\\ + white-\textsc{attr} reindeer\\ +\glt ‘white reindeer’ +%%% +\ex +{\rm Predicative adjective (cf.~“predicative state”)}\is{predicative marking}\\ +\gll puaz lī vīll'k-e\\ + reindeer is white-\textsc{pred}\\ +\glt ‘the reindeer is white’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +The assignment of attributive inflection on (adjectival) modifiers of nouns as well as the assignment of genitive inflection on (nominal) modifiers of adpositions thus follow a similar syntactic mechanism in Kildin Saami: a certain syntactic relationship (i.e., dependency inside an adposition phrase or a noun phrase, respectively) is licensed by marking the dependent phrase constituent with the feature \textsc{state}. + +\il{Russian|(} +Finally, the feature \textsc{state} may not only be dependent\hyp{}marked, as in Kildin Saami, but can even interfere with other features. Whereas attributive state marking is invariable in Kildin Saami, in other languages it shows interference with semantic values assigned through the mechanism of agreement. The agreement inflection of attributive adjectives in Russian, for instance, marks the syntactically governed feature \textsc{state} simultaneously with the morpho-syntactically governed features \textsc{number/gender/case}. +\il{Kildin Saami|)} +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\langinfo{Russian}{Indo-European}{personal knowledge} +\label{state np russian} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +{\rm Attributive adjective inflection (cf.~“attributive state”)}\\ +\gll belyj olen'\\ + white:\textsc{attr:m.sg} deer\\ +\glt ‘the white (rein)deer’ +\ex +{\rm Predicative adjective inflection (cf.~“predicative state”)}\footnote{Note that in Russian the use of the so-called “short adjective” (\textit{bel}) in predicative constructions is highly marked stilistically because it implies a temporary property, which is rather unexpected for the color of a reindeer. Using the “long adjective” even in predicative constructions (\textit{olen' belyj}) is the default. However, the example, which is not ungrammatical, is used here for better comparison to Kildin Saami. On attributive and predicative adjectives in Russian, see in more detail \S\ref{anti-constr agr} and \S\ref{russian synchr}.} +\is{predicative marking}\\ +\gll olen' bel\\ + deer white:\textsc{pred:m.sg}\\ +\glt ‘the (rein)deer is white’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Russian|)} + +\ia{Kibort, Anna|(} +\section{An ontology of morpho-syntactic features} +%%% +Besides introducing very basic notions connected to noun phrase structure and adjectival modification, the syntax-morphology interface has been discussed in the theoretical sections above. In particular, Kibort's (\citeyear{kibort2010a}) inventory of grammatical features relevant to morphology and its interfaces with semantics and syntax have been critically evaluated. True morpho-syntactic features (i.e., features not interfacing with semantics) are not yet included in her inventory of grammatical features. The argumentation in the present chapter aims at establishing a new feature \textsc{state}, which according to Kibort's own definitions must be regarded as a true morpho-syntactic feature and which should definitely be added to Kibort's list. + +Figure~\ref{features figure} shows the morpho-syntactic features relevant to the present inventory of noun phrase types. Note that only the rightmost feature (6) in that figure can be characterized as being of true \textsc{morpho-syntactic} nature. The group of features under (5) must be characterized as \textsc{morpho-semantico-syntactic} because the syntactic assignment of these features on the agreement target requires their semantically based assignment on the agreement trigger as well. The group of features under (2–4) are \textsc{morpho-semantic} features. Group (1) features are purely \textsc{morphological}. Note also that the feature \textsc{case} shows up in several leaves because it can be assigned both in morpho-syntax (through agreement on adjectives) or in morphology (through the assignment of either grammatical or semantic cases on head nouns). +%%% + +\begin{figure} +\resizebox{.9\textwidth}{!}{ +\centerline{ +\begin{tikzpicture}[baseline] +\tikzset{level 1+/.style={level distance=5\baselineskip}} +\tikzset{frontier/.style={distance from root=24\baselineskip}} +\Tree +[.\pbox{5cm}{Morphological\\marking} +[.\pbox{5cm}{Inherently\\assigned} [.\pbox{5cm}{Fixed (lexi-\\cally supplied)} [.\pbox{5cm}{Based on\\formal\\criteria} [.\pbox{5cm}{e.g.\\\textsc{inflection}\\\textsc{class}} {1} ] ] +[.\pbox{5cm}{Based on\\semantic\\criteria} [.\pbox{5cm}{e.g.\\\textsc{gender},\\\textsc{number}} {2} ] ] ] +[.\pbox{5cm}{Selected} [.\pbox{5cm}{Based on\\formal\\criteria} [.\pbox{5cm}{e.g.\\\textsc{case} (gram-\\matical)} {3} ] ] +[.\pbox{5cm}{Based on\\semantic\\criteria} [.\pbox{5cm}{e.g.\\\textsc{species},\\\textsc{case} (se-\\mantic)} {4} ] ] ] ] +[.\pbox{5cm}{Contextually\\assigned} [.\pbox{5cm}{Determined\\through} [.\pbox{5cm}{(Syntactic)\\Agreement} [.\pbox{5cm}{e.g.\\\textsc{gender},\\\textsc{number},\\\textsc{case},\\\textsc{species}} {5} ] ] ] +[.\pbox{5cm}{Determined\\through} [.\pbox{5cm}{(Syntactic)\\Government} [.\pbox{5cm}{e.g.\\\textsc{state}} {6} ] ] ] ] ] +\end{tikzpicture} +} +\caption[Ontology of morpho-syntactic features]{An ontology of morpho-syntactic features relevant to the present inventory of noun phrase types (adapted from \citealt[74,77–78,81–82]{kibort2010a}; \citealt{kibort2008a} and extended with the feature \textsc{state}) +} +\label{features figure} +} +\end{figure} + +\ia{Kibort, Anna|)} +%%% +In the following Part~II (Typology) of this book, dependent\hyp{}marking \textsc{state} will be dealt with in more detail since this type occurs in several languages of the geographical area under investigation. diff --git a/chapters/chap-intro.tex b/chapters/chap-intro.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a306e57 --- /dev/null +++ b/chapters/chap-intro.tex @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ + +\chapter{Introduction} +%%% +\subsection*{Aim} +%%% +The aim of this investigation is to typologize adjective attribution marking devices in the languages of northern Eurasia. Agreement and construct state marking are commonly known morphological devices for the licensing of adjectival modifiers; an example of a purely syntactic device is \isi{juxtaposition}. + +The main parts of this book include an ontological classification of all attested devices in the geographic area of investigation and a survey of adjective attribution marking devices occurring across the northern Eurasian language families. Finally, several attested scenarios for the evolution of adjective attribution marking devices in languages of northern Eurasia are discussed. + +\subsection*{Question} +%%% +The most central questions dealt with in this investigation regard the formal licensing of the syntactic relation between a head noun and its adjectival dependent inside a noun phrase: +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item What syntactic, morphological or other adjective attribution marking devices are available in languages? +\item How can these devices be systematically described and typologized? +\item How is the occurrence of the different types distributed geographically? +\item How does attribution marking arise and diffuse across languages? +\end{itemize} +%%% + +\subsection*{Method} +%%% +The present study is the result of empirical research based on data from grammatical descriptions on the investigated languages. It follows a data-driven, bottom-up and framework-neutral approach (\citealt[cf.][]{haspelmath2010} and also the method of “Autotypology”\is{AUTOTYP} following \citealt{bickel-etal2002} and \citealt{bickel2007}). + +The method of sampling and mapping of data is inspired by the \textsc{AUTOTYP}\footnote{Cf.~\url{http://www.autotyp.uzh.ch} (Accessed 2016-07-19)}\is{AUTOTYP} and \textsc{\isi{EUROTYP}}\footnote{Cf.~\url{http://www.degruyter.com/view/serial/16329} (Accessed 2016-07-19)} research programs as well as the \textsc{WALS} project \citep{walsOnline2013}.\is{WALS} The approach presented here is closer to \textsc{\isi{EUROTYP}} than to \textsc{WALS}\is{WALS} or \textsc{AUTOTYP}\is{AUTOTYP} in coding as many different taxa from the geographic area of investigation as possible. + +\subsection*{Content} +%%% +The book is divided into four main parts. In Part~I (Preliminaries), a few basic comparative concepts relevant to a framework-neutral description of a noun phrase and its constituents are introduced. This part also discusses the syntax-morphology interface in noun-phrase structure which is of central importance for the present study. + +Part~II (Typology) presents a general ontology of adjective attribution marking devices based on data from northern Eurasian and other languages. + +In Part~III (Synchrony), a synchronic-typological survey of noun phrase structure with attributive adjectives in northern Eurasia is presented and exemplified with data from all taxa of the area. + +Part~IV (Diachrony) is devoted to the evolution of adjective attribution marking devices. It describes several different paths of evolving and abolishing adjective attribution marking devices in northern Eurasian languages. + +The book's last Part~V (Conclusions) summarizes my findings. In addition, there is an appendix, containing maps and the sample of languages used for my study, as well as indexes with references to names, languages and subjects. diff --git a/chapters/chap-lg-nea.tex b/chapters/chap-lg-nea.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1312519 --- /dev/null +++ b/chapters/chap-lg-nea.tex @@ -0,0 +1,3995 @@ + +\chapter[The languages of northern Eurasia]{Adjective attribution marking in the languages of northern Eurasia} +%%% + +The following chapter contains an overall survey of adjective attribution marking devices which occur in the languages of northern Eurasia. For each genealogical unit, both the prototypical and the known minor noun phrase type(s) will be characterized and illustrated with examples. A complete list of adjective attribution marking devices in over 200 single languages considered for the present survey is found in a table starting on page~\pageref{sample1} in the Appendix. The geographic spread of the different noun phrase types is shown on several maps starting on page~\pageref{WorldMap} in the Appendix. + +\il{Eskimo-Aleut languages|(} +\il{Eskimo languages|(} +\il{Yupik languages|(} +\il{Central Siberian Yupik|(} +\section{Eskimo-Aleut (Central Siberian Yupik)} +%%% +Whereas most languages of the Eskimo-Aleut family are spoken on islands in the Bering Strait or on the \isi{North America}n continent, a few varieties of the Yupik subbranch of Eskimo can be localized to north-easternmost \isi{Siberia}. But only one of these languages, Central Siberian Yupik, is still spoken \citep[224]{salminen2007}. + +In Central Siberian Yupik, only one adjective attribution marking device is attested: +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item incorporation. +\end{itemize} +%%% + +\paragraph*{Adjective incorporation in Central Siberian Yupik} +Items that correspond to property-denoting words in other languages (“adjectives”) are phonologically bound nominal roots in Central Siberian Yupik. Adjectival modification is thus expressed by means of polysynthetic morphology and can be characterized as adjective incorporation according to the ontology presented in Part~II (Typology). +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Central Siberian Yupik \citep{de-reuse1994}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll qawaagpag\textbf{-rukutaagh-\underline{gh}llag}-Ø\\ + legendary\_big\_bird-huge.\textsc{noun}-big.\textsc{noun}-\textsc{abs}\\ +\glt ‘huge big (legendary large) bird’ (54) +\ex +\gll mangteghagh\textbf{-\underline{gh}llag}-lgu-uq\\ + house-big.\textsc{noun}-have.\textsc{noun}-\textsc{ind}(3s)\\ +\glt ‘He has a big house.’ (55) +\ex +\gll mangteghagh\textbf{-\underline{gh}rugllag}-ngllagh-yug-nghit°e-unga\\ + house-big.\textsc{noun}-make.\textsc{noun}-want\_to.\textsc{verb}-\textsc{neg}-\textsc{ind(1s)}\\ +\glt ‘I did not want to make a big house.’ (56) +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +\il{Yupik languages|)} +\il{Central Siberian Yupik|)} +\il{Eskimo languages|)} +\il{Eskimo-Aleut languages|)} + +\il{Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages|(} +\section{Chukotko-Kamchatkan} +Although \citet{salminen2007} describes Chukotkan and Kamchatkan as two independent families, most scholars today agree that they are two branches of one family \citep[see also the comparative dictionary by][]{fortescue2005a}. + +\il{Chukotkan languages|(} +\subsection{Chukotkan} +%%% +The Chukotkan branch (aka Chukchi-Koryak)\il{Chukchi-Koryak|see{Chukotkan languages}} of Chukotko-Kamchatkan consists of two sub-branches. The first branch, Chukchi, is represented by only one language, Chukchi proper. The second branch, Koryak-Alutor,\il{Koryak-Alutor languages} is represented by the two languages Alutor\il{Alutor} and Koryak\il{Koryak} proper. A third branch, Kerek,\il{Kerek languages} is probably extinct \citep[253]{salminen2007} and consequently not considered here. + +Constituent order inside the noun phrase of Chukotkan languages is strictly head-final. Adjective attribution marking is also similar in all Chukotkan languages. Two types are attested: +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item incorporation +\item head\hyp{}driven agreement.\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement} +\end{itemize} +%%% + +\il{Chukchi languages|(} +\subsubsection{Chukchi} +%%% +\paragraph*{Adjective incorporation in Chukchi} +The use of the bound adjective morpheme in the polysynthetic structure (similar to Yupik)\il{Yupik languages} is illustrated in the following examples.\footnote{The vowel -ə- in these and the following examples is epenthetic.} +%%% + +\newpage +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Chukchi \citep{skorik1960}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{elg-}ə-qoranə\\ + white-ə-deer:\textsc{abs.sg}\\ +\glt ‘white reindeer’ +\ex +\gll \textbf{elg-}ə-qorat\\ + white-ə-deer:\textsc{abs.pl}\\ +\glt ‘white reindeer (pl.)’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Chukchi languages|)} + +\il{Koryak-Alutor languages|(} +\subsubsection{Koryak} +%%% +\paragraph*{Adjective incorporation in Alutor} +Similar to Chukchi,\il{Chukchi} adjective incorporation is the default adjective attribution marking device in Alutor. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Alutor \citep{nagayama2003}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{meŋ-}ə-rara-ŋa\\ + big-ə-house-\textsc{abs.sg}\\ +\glt ‘big house’ +\ex +\gll \textbf{meŋ-}ə-rara-wwi\\ + big-ə-house-\textsc{abs.pl}\\ +\glt ‘big houses’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Koryak-Alutor languages|)} + +\il{Chukchi|(}\il{Alutor|(} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +\paragraph*{Head\hyp{}driven agreement in Chukchi and Alutor} +Whereas adjective incorporation is the default and unmarked type of adjective attribution marking in Alutor and Chukchi, several descriptions of the Chukotkan languages mention that adjectives can also occur in an unbound form (for Alutor, see \citealt{nagayama2003}; for Chukchi, see \citealt[103–104, 421–429]{skorik1960} and \citealt[251]{comrie1981}). As unbound morphemes, adjectives take the stative marker \textit{n-} as well as agreement markers for person, number and case. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{chukchi alutor free adj} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Chukchi \citep{skorik1960}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{n-ilg-ə-qin-Ø} qoranə\\ + \textsc{stat}-white-ə-\textsc{3sg} deer:\textsc{abs.sg}\\ +\glt ‘white reindeer’ +\ex +\gll \textbf{n-ilg-ə-qine-t} qorat\\ + \textsc{stat}-white-ə-3-\textsc{pl} deer:\textsc{abs.pl}\\ +\glt ‘white reindeer (pl.)’ +\end{xlist} + +\newpage +\ex {\rm Alutor \citep{nagayama2003}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{n-ə-meŋ-ə-qin} rara-ŋa\\ + \textsc{stat}-ə-big-ə-\textsc{abs:3sg} house-\textsc{abs.sg}\\ +\glt ‘big house’ +\ex +\gll \textbf{n-ə-meŋ-ə-laŋ} rara-wwi\\ + \textsc{stat}-ə-big-ə-\textsc{abs:3pl} house-\textsc{abs.pl}\\ +\glt ‘big houses’ +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +The number/person/case-agreement suffixes of adjectives as well as the suffixes which mark possessive inflection of nouns belong to one and the same paradigm. Consequently, one could also interpret the Alutor and Chukchi data as another instance of \isi{modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement} (as in \ili{Oroch}, described in \S\ref{ModheadAgr}). If so, the examples in \REF{chukchi alutor free adj} should be translated literally as ‘reindeer's whiteness’, ‘house's bigness’. An analysis avoiding syntactic dependency reversal between noun and adjective \citep[cf.][]{malchukov2000}, however, is preferred here for two reasons: the first reason is the constituent order inside the noun phrase. The assumed head shift to a modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement construction would violate the otherwise strictly head-final constituent order rule in Alutor and Chukchi. + +The other reason arguing against syntactic head shift between noun and adjective is that in order to use non-incorporating constructions as in the examples in \REF{chukchi alutor free adj}, the adjective is first transformed into a \isi{stative verb} by means of a verbalizing prefix (\textit{-n}, glossed as \textsc{stat} in example \ref{chukchi alutor free adj}). + +The verbalizer together with the agreement affix is sometimes glossed as an adjectivizing\is{adjective derivation} circumfix (\textsc{adjz>-\dots--eat-\textsc{ipfv-fut-<1sg} good-\textsc{attr:ins} meat-\textsc{ins} \textsc{rel} \textsc{1sg-dat} \textsc{1sg}-keep-\textsc{ipfv-3sg-prtc}\\ +\glt ‘Now I will eat the good meat which I kept for you.’ +\z + +\il{Itelmen|)} +\il{Kamchatkan languages|)} +\il{Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages|)} + +\il{Nivkh|(} +\section{Nivkh} +%%% +Nivkh (aka Gilyak)\il{Gilyak|see {Nivkh}} is an isolated language spoken in the far east of the Eurasian continent on Sakhalin Island in easternmost Russia \citep[222–223]{salminen2007}. + +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +The only type of adjective attribution marking attested in Nivkh is: +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item head\hyp{}driven agreement. +\end{itemize} +%%% + +\paragraph*{Head\hyp{}driven agreement in Nivkh} +Property words in Nivkh are verbal roots. As modifiers in noun phrases these adjectival verbs occur to the left of the head noun in a construction which is sometimes described as a polysynthetic structure (cf.~\citealt[16]{gruzdeva1998}; \citealt[80]{jakobson1971}, quoted by \citealt[138]{rijkhoff2002}). The reason for analyzing adjectives in Nivkh as being incorporated into the modified noun is the phonological boundedness of the constituents evidenced by regular alternations in the initial segments of the noun stem \citep[16]{gruzdeva1998}. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Nivkh \citep[16]{gruzdeva1998}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex tu ‘lake’ +\ex +\gll pily-du\\ + be\_big-lake\\ +\glt ‘big lake’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +In her sketch grammar of Nivkh, however, \citet{gruzdeva1998} writes adjectival words consistently as morphologically unbound words.\footnote{For instance \textit{čuz pitɣy-Ø} [new book-\textsc{nom}] (19), \textit{kyla n'iɣvn̦} [high man] (33), \textit{pila eri} [big river] (38).} + +Interestingly, the phonological stem alternation rules also apply to the plural inflection of nouns and their adjectival attributes by means of reduplication.\is{reduplication} The reduplicated stem of the participle \textit{t'osk̦} in \REF{nivkh redup} ‘destroyed’ is therefore realized as \textit{-zosk̦}. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{nivkh redup} +{\rm Nivkh (Ekaterina Gruzdeva, p.c.)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll tuin \textbf{t'osq-mu} hum-d'\\ + here break.\textsc{ptcp}-boat be-\textsc{ind}\\ +\glt ‘there is a destroyed boat here’ +\ex +\label{nivkh unaltered} +\gll tuin \textbf{t'osq\textasciitilde zosk̦-mu-ɣu} hum-d'[-ɣu]\\ + here break.\textsc{ptcp}\textasciitilde \textsc{pl}-boat-\textsc{pl} be-\textsc{ind}[-\textsc{pl}]\\ +\glt ‘there are destroyed boats here’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Note that number agreement of the attributive forms of adjectives by means of reduplication is archaic in Nivkh. According to Ekaterina Gruzdeva (p.c.),\ia{Gruzdeva, Ekaterina} attributive adjectives practically never reduplicate\is{reduplication} any more. Examples of reduplicating adjectives are, however, included in the older grammar by Panfilov (\citeyear{panfilov1965}). +\il{Nivkh|)} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\newpage +\il{Ainu|(} +\section{Ainu} +%%% +Ainu is an isolate spoken on Hokkaido Island in northern Japan. +%"isolate" is questionable, cf. Jeju + +\is{juxtaposition|(} +The only type of adjective attribution marking attested in Ainu is: +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item juxtaposition. +\end{itemize} +%%% + +\paragraph*{Juxtaposition in Ainu} +\label{ainu synchr} +Ainu does not exhibit any morphological differences between adjectives and verbs \citep[27]{refsing1986}. Words expressing states (\ref{ainu state}) or properties (\ref{aini qual}) in Ainu are best described as \isi{stative verb}s. They form a subclass of intransitive verbs and are only semantically distinguished from verbs denoting an action \citep[141–142]{refsing1986}. As modifiers of a noun, these property words are juxtaposed to the left. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\il{Ainu!Shizunai} +\ex {\rm Ainu (Shizunai) \citep{refsing1986}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm “State adjective”}\\ +\label{ainu state} +\gll \textbf{mokor} cep\\ + sleep fish\\ +\glt ‘a sleeping fish’ (141) +\ex {\rm “Quality adjective”}\\ +\label{aini qual} +\gll \textbf{pirka} cep\\ + be\_good fish\\ +\glt ‘a fine fish’ (142) +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Ainu|)} +\is{juxtaposition|)} + +\is{juxtaposition|(} +\il{Japanese|(} +\section{Japanese} +%%% +%"isolate" is incorrect, cf. Ryukyuan languages etc. +The noun phrase structure in Japanese, an isolated language, is strictly head-final. Two types of adjective attribution marking devices are attested: +\begin{itemize} +%%% +\item juxtaposition +\item anti\hyp{}construct state marking. +\end{itemize} +%%% + +\paragraph*{Juxtaposition in Japanese} +Two distinct lexical classes of words describe the state that an entity is in. Verbal adjectives belong to the first class. These adjectives are distinguished from \isi{stative verb}s by the adjectivizer\is{adjective derivation} suffix \textit{-i}. Used as predicates, the adjectivized verbs marked with \textit{-i} follow the noun but do not require any copula. Attributive adjectives, on the other hand, are juxtaposed to the left of the modified noun. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Verbal adjectives in Japanese \citep[170]{backhouse1984}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Adjective predication}\\ +\gll kono rombun=wa \textbf{naga-i}\\ + this article-\textsc{top} long-\textsc{adjz}\\ +\glt ‘This article is long.’ +\ex {\rm Adjective attribution}\\ +\gll \textbf{naga-i} rombun\\ + long-\textsc{adjz} article\\ +\glt ‘long article’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Since the adjectivizer\is{adjective derivation} suffix \textit{-i} simply marks \isi{stative verb} roots as (attributive and predicative) adjectives, it is not considered an attribution marking device. Hence, the class of verbal adjectives in Japanese is merely attributed by juxtaposition. Constituent order is crucial for differentiating attributive from predicative adjectives.\is{predicative marking}\footnote{Note that the description if the suffix \textit{-i} as an adjectivizer is simplified here. There is also overlap with \textsc{\isi{tense} marking}, cf.~\textit{rombun-wa naga-i} [\textsc{prs}] ‘the article is long’ versus \textit{rombun-wa naga‑kat-ta} [\textsc{pst}] ‘the article was long’.} +\is{juxtaposition|)} + +\paragraph*{Anti\hyp{}construct state in Japanese} +Unlike “verbal adjectives”, which were described in the previous section, the few members of the second adjectival sub-class, i.e., “nominal adjectives” require a special attributive form marked by the invariable attributive suffix \textit{-na}. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Japanese \citep[72–81]{pustet1989}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Attribution: verbal adjective}\\ +\gll \textbf{waka-i} hito\\ + young-\textsc{adjz} person\\ +\glt ‘a young person’ +\ex {\rm Attribution: nominal adjective}\\ +\gll \textbf{kirei-na} hito\\ + beautiful-\textsc{attr} person\\ +\glt ‘a beautiful person’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Note that the word class boundary between nominal adjectives and nouns in Japanese is not always clear because some words take either the noun attribution marker \textit{-no} (\ref{japan na}) or the adjective attribution marker \textit{-na} (\ref{japan no}) when modifying a noun. The arbitrary behavior of attribution marking of nouns and nominal adjectives in Japanese indicates the continuous nature of these two word classes in this language \citep[79–80]{pustet1989}. +%%% + +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Japanese \citep[72–81]{pustet1989}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Noun attribution}\\ +\label{japan na} +\gll \textbf{wazuka-na} okane\\ + little-\textsc{attr} money\\ +\glt ‘little money’ +\ex {\rm Adjective attribution}\\ +\label{japan no} +\gll \textbf{wazuka-no} okane\\ + little-\textsc{attr} money\\ +\glt ‘little money’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Japanese|)} + +\il{Korean|(} +\section{Korean} +%%% +Korean is an isolated language spoken on the Korean peninsula in northeastern Asia.\is{Northeast Asia} The only type of adjective attribution marking attested in Korean is: +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item anti\hyp{}construct state marking. +\end{itemize} +%%% + +Note, however, that Korean does not have a distinct class of adjectives but adjectival notions are expressed by verbs. + +\paragraph*{Anti\hyp{}construct state in Korean} +The constituent order in the noun phrase of Korean is strictly head-final. Modifying “property words” are verbs equipped with a special attributive suffix \textit{-(u)n} \citep{martin-etal1969}. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Korean \citep[61]{chang1996}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll i \textbf{ppalka-n} chayk\\ + this be\_red-\textsc{attr} book\\ +\ex +\gll i \textbf{ppalka-n} chayk i\\ + this be\_red-\textsc{attr} book \textsc{subj}\\ +\glt ‘this red book’ +\end{xlist} +\ex +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll ce \textbf{khu-n} namwu\\ + that be\_big-\textsc{attr} tree\\ +\ex +\gll ce \textbf{khu-n} namwu lul\\ + that be\_big-\textsc{attr} tree \textsc{obj}\\ +\glt ‘that big tree’ +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Korean|)} + +\il{Sino-Tibetan languages|(} +\il{Dungan|(} +\section{Sino-Tibetan (Dungan)} +\label{sinotibetan synchr} +%%% +The Sino-Tibetan language family is represented in northern Eurasia only by one language, Dungan (aka Dunganese),\il{Dunganese|see{Dungan}} which is a Gansu\il{Gansu languages} variety of Chinese spoken in the Kyrgyz Republic in \isi{Inner Asia} (cf.~\citealt[85]{yuo2003}; \citealt{kalimov1968}). + +\is{juxtaposition|(} +Two types of adjective attribution marking are attested in Dungan: +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item juxtaposition +\item attributive nominalization.\is{attributive nominalization} +\end{itemize} +%%% + +\paragraph*{Juxtaposition in Dungan} +Adjective attribution marking in the unmarked noun phrase in Dungan is characterized by juxtaposition. Hereby, the adjective either precedes or follows the noun. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Dungan \citep[480]{kalimov1968}} +\label{dungan juxtap} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{da} fonzy\\ + big house\\ +\ex +\gll fonzy \textbf{da}\\ + house big\\ +\glt ‘big house’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} + +\is{attributive nominalization|(} +\paragraph*{Attributive nominalization in Dungan} +A second noun phrase type with the adjectival modifier marked by a suffix \textit{-di\textsuperscript{1}} occurs in Dungan as well. Whereas juxtaposition constitutes the general and unmarked type of adjective attribution marking, the attributive suffix \textit{-di\textsuperscript{1}} seems to be much more restricted and occurs for example in connection with a comparative (\ref{dungan compattr}) or negated attribute (\ref{dungan negattr}). +\is{juxtaposition|)} +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Dungan} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Negated attribute \citep[80]{zevachina2001}}\\ +\label{dungan negattr} +\gll gubuə\textsuperscript{3} bu\textsuperscript{1} \textbf{da\textsuperscript{3}-di\textsuperscript{1}} gun\textsuperscript{1}fu\textsuperscript{1}\\ + went \textsc{neg} big-\textsc{attr} time\\ +\glt ‘Not much (lit. ‘not big’) time passed.’ +%%% +\ex {\rm Comparative attribute \citep[480]{kalimov1968}}\\ +\label{dungan compattr} +\gll \textbf{da-ščer-di} fonzy\\ + bigger-\textsc{compar}-\textsc{attr} house\\ +\glt ‘a somewhat bigr (i.e., different) house’\footnote{Note that the quoted transcriptions of the two authors differ from each other.} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% +The marker \textit{-di\textsuperscript{1}} is clearly cognate with the functionally similar nominalizer \textit{-de} in Mandarin Chinese\il{Mandarin Chinese} (cf.~example \ref{multi mand} in Chapter~\ref{polyfunctionality}). In Dungan, however, \textit{-di\textsuperscript{1}} is sometimes also described as a marker of predicative\is{predicative marking} adjectives, as in \REF{dungan emphpred}. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Attributive nominalization in Dungan \citep[82]{zevachina2001}}\\ +\label{dungan emphpred} +\gll ž̨y\textsuperscript{3}gə\textsuperscript{1} mə\textsuperscript{1}mə\textsuperscript{2} \textbf{gan\textsuperscript{1}-di\textsuperscript{1}}\\ + this bread stale-\textsc{attr}\\ +\glt ‘This bread is \textsc{stale} (i.e., different).’ +\end{exe} +%%% + +\citet[82]{zevachina2001} labels the function of the marker as an “emphasizing\hyp{}predicative”. But looking at her other examples it becomes obvious that \textit{-di\textsuperscript{1}} does not mark predicative adjectives but rather nominalized attributive adjectives. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Attributive nominalization in Dungan \citep[82]{zevachina2001}}\\ +\gll ž̨y\textsuperscript{3}gə\textsuperscript{1} fu\textsuperscript{1} bu\textsuperscript{1}cy\textsuperscript{1} \textbf{xun\textsuperscript{1}-di\textsuperscript{1}}, \textbf{zy\textsuperscript{2}-di\textsuperscript{1}}\\ + this book \textsc{neg} red-\textsc{attr} bordeaux-\textsc{attr}\\ +\glt ‘This book is not \textsc{red}, but \textsc{bordeaux}.’\\ + (lit. ‘This book is not a red one, but a bordeaux one.’) +\end{exe} +%%% + +The nominalizing function of the suffix is also described by \citet{kalimov1968}. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Attributive nominalization Dungan \citep[484]{kalimov1968}}\\ +\label{dungan nmlz} +\gll \textbf{ščin-di} gǔjdixyn\\ + new-\textsc{attr} expensive\\ +\glt ‘The new (one) is expensive.’ +\end{exe} +%%% + +Attributive marking with the suffix \textit{-di\textsuperscript{1}} in Dungan needs to be investigated in more detail, especially in connection to constituent order. The head-initial structure seems to be used in order to emphasize the property denoted by the adjective. + +However, according to the descriptions of Dungan taken into account here (i.e., \citealt{kalimov1968} and \citealt{zevachina2001}), the language exhibits two adjective attribution marking devices: \isi{juxtaposition} and attributive nominalization by means of the article \textit{-di\textsuperscript{1}}. While juxtaposition (with the order adjective-noun) seems to be the unmarked type, attributive nominalization is restricted to certain pragmatically marked constructions. +\is{attributive nominalization|)} +\il{Dungan|)} +\il{Sino-Tibetan languages|)} + +\il{Mongolic languages|(} +\section{Mongolic} +%Mongolic-nördliches China: Dagurisch, Mongorisch, Bao'an, Donxiang, Oirat +The Mongolic language family consists of five branches (cf.~\citealt[222]{salminen2007}). The core branch, Mongolian, includes the languages Kalmyk,\il{Kalmyk} Khalkha,\il{Khalkha} Khamnigan Mongol,\il{Khamnigan Mongol} and Oyrat\il{Oyrat} (aka Oirat).\il{Oirat|see{Oyrat}} Kalmyk is spoken in easternmost \isi{Europe} (in the Republic of Kalmykia of the Russian Federation). The other Mongolian languages are all spoken in \isi{Inner Asia}, along with Dagur\il{Dagur} which belongs to a satellite branch of the Mongolic family. Languages of the remaining three satellite branches of Mongolic are not considered here since they are all spoken outside the northern Eurasian area. + +\is{juxtaposition|(} +With regard to their principal noun phrase structure, all Mongolic languages of northern Eurasia exhibit the inherited \ili{Proto\hyp{}Mongolic} features, including strictly head-final constituent order and juxtaposition of attributive adjectives (“adjectival nouns”) as the only attribution marking device. + +Note, however, that adjectives in Mongolic languages do not differ formally from regular nouns but are distinguishable from the latter only by their syntactic behavior and specific derivational patterns (cf.~\citealt[10]{janhunen2003b} for Proto\hyp{}Mongolic\il{Proto\hyp{}Mongolic} and \citealt[161]{svantesson2003} for Khalkha).\il{Khalkha}\footnote{In the two Mongolic languages \ili{Moghol} (spoken in Afghanistan) and Mangghuer\il{Mangghuer} (spoken in China) there is a distinct class of adjectives (cf.~\citealt[252]{weiers2003} for Moghol and \citealt[311]{slater2003} for Mangghuer). However, these languages are not considered since they are spoken outside the northern Eurasian area.} + +The only type of adjective attribution marking attested in Mongolic languages of northern Eurasia is: +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item juxtaposition. +\end{itemize} +%%% + +\il{Mongolian languages|(} +\subsection{Mongolian} +%%% +\paragraph*{Juxtaposition in Khalkha}\hspace{0.4cm} +The only attested adjective attribution marking device in the languages of the Mongolian branch of Mongolic is juxtaposition, similar to the following example. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Khalkha \citep{svantesson2003}} +\label{khalkha juxt} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll sayin nom\\ + good book\\ +\glt ‘good book’ +\ex +\gll sayin nom-uud\\ + good book-\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘good books’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Mongolian languages|)} + +\il{Monguor languages|(} +\il{Moghol languages|(} +\il{Dagur languages|(} +\subsection{Monguor, Moghol, Dagur} +%%% +The only attested adjective attribution marking device in the languages of the Monguor, Moghol and Dagur branches of Mongolic is juxtaposition \citep{slater2003,weiers2003,tsumagari2003}, similar to example (\ref{khalkha juxt}) from Khalkha Mongolian. +\il{Monguor languages|)} +\il{Moghol languages|)} +\il{Dagur languages|)} +\il{Mongolic languages|)} +\is{juxtaposition|)} + +\il{Tungusic languages|(} +\section{Tungusic} +\label{tungusic synchr} +%%% +The Tungusic language family (aka Manchu-Tungus)\il{Manchu-Tungus languages|see{Tungusic languages}} comprises several single languages belonging to the three branches North Tungusic, Amur Tungusic and Manchu, all spoken in southern \isi{Siberia} (Russia), northern Mongolia and northern China. + +The constituent order inside the noun phrase in all Tungusic languages is relatively strictly head-final. In several Tungusic languages, attributive adjectives (“adjectival nouns”) are simply juxtaposed with the modified noun. This type is also mentioned as being prototypical of adjective attribution marking devices in Tungusic languages (e.g., \citealt{sunik1968a}; \citealt[133]{kormusin2005}). However, several other types occur as well. The following adjective attribution marking devices are attested in Tungusic: +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item juxtaposition\is{juxtaposition} +\item head\hyp{}driven agreement\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement} +\item attributive nominalization\is{attributive nominalization} +\item modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement.\is{modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement} +\end{itemize} +%%% + +\il{North Tungusic languages|(} +\subsection{North Tungusic} +%%% +Languages belonging to the northern branch of Tungusic are Even (aka Lamut), Evenki (aka Oroqen in China), Negidal and Solon (aka Ewenke in China). + +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +The major North Tungusic languages, Even and Evenki, deviate from the Tungusic prototype and exhibit head\hyp{}driven agreement as their general type (\citealt[11]{malchukov1995}; \citealt[18]{bulatova-etal1999}). Attributive nominalization and modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement occur in these two languages as well, even though these devices are restricted to specially marked noun phrase types. + +\il{Even|(} +\paragraph*{Head\hyp{}driven agreement in Even} +According to \citet[20]{malchukov1995}, the occurrence of head\hyp{}driven agreement marking of adjectives in Even is determined by discourse-pragmatic factors: attributes in the rhematic (focus) position always agree with their heads, whereas agreement is optional in non-focus positions \citep[31–32]{malchukov1995}.\footnote{According to \citet[31]{malchukov1995}, regular head\hyp{}driven agreement occurs as the default type of adjective attribution marking only in literary Even and hence in prescriptive grammars. This does not reflect, however, the actual language use.} +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{even raising} +{\rm “Attribute raising agreement” in Even \citep[30–31]{malchukov1995}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\label{even juxt} +{\rm Juxtaposition}\is{juxtaposition}\\ +{\rm (A N-\textsc{number}-\textsc{case})}\\ +\gll \textbf{Eŋi} beji-l-bu emu-re-m.\\ + strong man-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{acc} bring-\textsc{nonfut}-\textsc{1sg}\\ + +\ex +\label{even numagr} +{\rm Incomplete head\hyp{}driven agreement}\\ +{\rm (A-\textsc{number} N-\textsc{number}-\textsc{case})}\\ +\gll \textbf{Eŋi-l} beji-l-bu emu-re-m.\\ + strong-\textsc{pl} man-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{acc} bring-\textsc{nonfut}-\textsc{1sg}\\ + +\ex +\label{even agr} +{\rm Complete head\hyp{}driven agreement}\\ +{\rm (A-\textsc{number}-\textsc{case} N-\textsc{number}-\textsc{case})}\\ +\gll \textbf{Eŋi-l-bu} beji-l-bu emu-re-m.\\ + strong-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{acc} man-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{acc} bring-\textsc{nonfut}-\textsc{1sg}\\ +\glt ‘I have brought back only strong men.’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +\citet[30–31]{malchukov1995} describes the attributive agreement patterns in Even in a hierarchical way: the adjective modifier can agree in all morphological features of the head-noun (\ref{even agr}) or just in number (\ref{even numagr}). Juxtaposition is also possible but restricted to adjectives in non-focus position (\ref{even juxt}). +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\is{attributive nominalization|(} +\paragraph*{Attributive nominalization in Even (I)} +The “attribute raising agreement” illustrated in the previous section (\S\ref{even raising}) can be extended with a fourth step, specifically with adjective attributes marked by the “restrictive” (i.e., \isi{contrastive focus}) marker \textit{=takan/=teken} (here glossed as a nominalizer). +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +{\rm Even \citep[32]{malchukov1995}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex[]{ +\gll \textbf{Eŋi-l-bu=tken} beji-l-bu emu-re-m.\\ + strong-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{acc}=\textsc{nmlz} man-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{acc} bring-\textsc{nonfut}-\textsc{1sg}\\ + } +%%% +\ex[*]{ +\gll \textbf{Eŋi=tken} beji-l-bu emu-re-m.\\ + strong=\textsc{nmlz} man-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{acc} bring-\textsc{nonfut}-\textsc{1sg}\\ +\glt ‘I have brought back only strong men.’ +} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Attributes marked as “restrictive” obligatorily agree with the head noun \citep[32]{malchukov1995}. Noun phrases marked by means of \textit{=takan / =teken} thus resemble the attributive nominalization type, i.e., the attribute is marked as a syntactically complex constituent (i.e., as an embedded complement to the head noun) by means of nominalization. + +\paragraph*{Attributive nominalization in Even (II)} +A second attributive nominalization strategy by means of the possessive suffix 3\textsuperscript{rd} person singular (in “determinative”\is{species marking!definite} function; here glossed as a nominalizer) is attested in an investigation of the non-possessive use of the possessive marker in different Turkic and Tungusic languages \citep{benzing1993b}. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +{\rm Even \citep[17–18 Footnote 58]{benzing1993b}}\\ +\gll hagdiŋata\textbf{-n} orolcemŋā\\ + oldest-\textsc{nmlz} reindeer\_herder\\ +\glt ‘the \textsc{oldest} reindeer herder’ +\end{exe} +%%% + +According to \citet[17–18 Footnote 58]{benzing1993b}, the “determinative”\is{species marking!definite} suffix \textit{-n} ($\Leftarrow$ \textsc{poss:3sg}) can be used as a marker of contrastive focus in Even. +\il{Even|)} +\is{attributive nominalization|)} + +\il{Evenki|(} +\is{modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement|(} +\paragraph*{Modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement in Evenki} +Evenki follows the general Tungusic rule of head-final constituent ordering inside the noun phrase. In constructions emphasizing the property denoted by the attributive adjectives, however, the unmarked adjective-noun order can be reversed. In these constructions, the adjective is obligatorily equipped with the possessive suffix 3\textsuperscript{rd} person (singular or plural). +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +{\rm Evenki \citep[18]{bulatova-etal1999}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{aja} bəjə\\ + good man\\ +\glt ‘good man’ + +\newpage +\ex +\label{evenki poss} +\gll bi: bəjə \textbf{aja-βa:-n} sa:-m\\ + \textsc{1sg} man good-\textsc{acc}-\textsc{poss:3sg} know-\textsc{1sg}\\ +\glt ‘I know the \textsc{good} man’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +According to \citet[18]{bulatova-etal1999}, the phrase final adjective ‘good’ marked with the possessive suffix is used as a true possessive noun in \REF{evenki poss} and they translate the example like this: ‘I know the man's goodness’. This construction, however, is similar to the modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement described for \ili{Oroch} (\ref{oroch modhead}) and Udege\il{Udege} (\citealt[485, passim]{nikolaeva-etal2001}).\footnote{Similar modifier\hyp{}headed constructions are found in Even where modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement is in fact attested, cf.~\textit{Asatkan \textbf{nood-do-n} haaram.} [girl beautiful-\textsc{acc}-\textsc{poss:3sg} I\_know] \citep[11]{malchukov1995}. But unlike similar modifier\hyp{}headed participles (in possessor agreement constructions) in Even \citep[31]{malchukov1995} and similar modifier\hyp{}headed adjectives in Oroch (\citealt{malchukov2000}, cf.~also example \ref{oroch modhead}) Malchukov translates this example as a true possessive construction with a nominal attribute: ‘I know the girl's beauty’ (but not: ‘I know the beautiful girl’).} +\il{Evenki|)} +\il{North Tungusic languages|)} +\is{modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement|)} + +\il{Amur Tungusic languages|(} +\subsection{Amur Tungusic} +%%% +The Amur (aka South)\il{South Tungusic|see{Amur Tungusic languages}} branch of Tungusic consists of five languages. According to \citet[223]{salminen2007}, however, it is better to assume two separate subbranches, one of them comprising Udege\il{Udege} and \ili{Oroch} and the other comprising Nanay\il{Nanay} (aka Hejen\il{Hejen|see{Nanay}} in China), \ili{Ulcha} and \ili{Orok} (aka Uilta).\il{Uilta|see{Orok}} + +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +\il{Oroch-Udege languages|(} +\subsubsection{Oroch-Udege} +%%% +\paragraph*{Head\hyp{}driven agreement in Udege} +Head\hyp{}driven agreement in Udege is restrict\-ed to the feature \textsc{number}. Morphologically plural head nouns obligatorily trigger plural marking on the attributive adjective. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +{\rm Udege \citep[468]{nikolaeva-etal2001}}\\ +\gll uligdig'a\textbf{-ŋku} moxo-ziga bi-si-ti\\ + beautiful\textsc{-pl} cup\textsc{-pl} be\textsc{-pst-3pl}\\ +\glt ‘There were beautiful cups.’ +\end{exe} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\il{Oroch|(} +\is{modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement|(} +\paragraph*{Modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement in Oroch} +Similar to Evenki\il{Evenki} from the northern branch of Tungusic, the Udege-Oroch languages from the Amur branch exhibit modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement. Oroch examples for this type of adjective attribution marking have already been discussed in \S\ref{ModheadAgr} but will be repeated here. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{oroch modhead} +{\rm Oroch (\citealt[207]{avrorin-etal1967}; \citealt[3]{malchukov2000})} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll nia \textbf{aja-ni}\\ + man good-\textsc{poss:3sg}\\ +\glt ‘a \textsc{good} man’ +\ex +\gll nia-sa \textbf{aja-ti}\\ + man-\textsc{pl} good-\textsc{poss:3pl}\\ +\glt ‘\textsc{good} men’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Whereas \isi{juxtaposition} is the default type of adjective attribution marking in Oroch, modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement occurs only in a special noun phra\-se type where the adjective is marked for contrastive focus. The special function marked by this construction is to focus on the property denoted by the adjective: ‘a man, a property of whom is “to be good”’ \citep[3]{malchukov2000}. This noun phrase type thus resembles the function of relative clause\is{adnominal modifier!relative clause} formation.\footnote{Note also that a similar construction is found in Even\il{Even} from the Northern Tungusic branch where it is only attested with participles: \textit{Beji-l-bu \textbf{hör-če-wut-ten} emu-re-m.} [man-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{acc} go-\textsc{pfct.ptcp}-\textsc{acc}-\textsc{poss:3pl} bring-\textsc{nonfut}-\textsc{1sg}] ‘I brought back the men who had left’ \citep[31]{malchukov1995}.} +\il{Oroch|)} +\il{Oroch-Udege languages|)} +\is{modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement|)} + +\il{Nanay-Ulcha-Orok languages|(} +\subsubsection{Nanay-Ulcha-Orok} +%%% +\il{Orok|(} +According to the few grammatical sketches available, the Tungusic languages of the Nanay-Ulcha-Orok branch exhibit \isi{juxtaposition} as the default device for adjective attribution marking, except Orok. + +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +\paragraph*{Head\hyp{}driven agreement in Orok} +Attributive adjectives in Orok (also known as Ulta)\il{Ulta|see{Orok}} show agreement in number but not in case (or other categories) with the modified noun. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +{\rm Orok \citep[55]{petrova1967}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textit{\textbf{dāi}} \textit{dalu(n)}\\ + big store\\ +\glt ‘big store (i.e., warehouse, storehouse)’ +\ex +\gll \textit{\textbf{dāi-l}} \textit{dalu-l}\\ + big-\textsc{pl} store-\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘big stores’ +\ex +\gll \textit{\textbf{dāi-l}} \textit{dalu-l-tai}\\ + big-\textsc{pl} store-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{loc}\\ +\glt ‘in big stores’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Orok|)} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\il{Ulcha|(} +\is{attributive nominalization|(} +\paragraph*{Attributive nominalization in Ulcha} +According to \citet[36, 52–53]{sunik1985}, adjectives do not “normally” agree with the modified noun in Ulcha. The language is thus characterized by simple \isi{juxtaposition} of attributive adjectives.\footnote{\citet[36]{sunik1985} mentions, however, that a few adjectives sometimes show agreement with the modified noun in case and number (according to the simple or the possessive declension (sic!), i.e., are equipped with a possessive suffix) if they are “derived into nouns”. Unfortunately, he does not provide examples.} + +Another adjective attribution marking device mentioned in Sunik's grammar is attributive nominalization by means of the suffix \textit{-d\.uma \textasciitilde-dumE} \citep{sunik1985}. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +{\rm Ulcha \citep[38]{sunik1985}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex \textit{n'ūči-dumE} {\rm ‘a/the little one (among other people)’} +\ex \textit{ulEn-dumE} {\rm ‘a/the good one (among other people)’} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Ulcha|)} +\il{Nanay-Ulcha-Orok languages|)} +\il{Amur Tungusic languages|)} +\is{attributive nominalization|)} + +\il{Manchu languages|(} +\subsection{Manchu} +The two Manchu languages \ili{Manchu} proper and \ili{Sibe} exhibit \isi{juxtaposition} as the default adjective attribution marking device, similarly to the languages from the Nanay-Ulcha-Orok\il{Nanay-Ulcha-Orok languages} branch. +\il{Manchu languages|)} +\il{Tungusic languages|)} + +\il{Yukaghir languages|(} +\section{Yukaghir} +\label{yukagir synchr} +%%% +Yukaghir (aka Yukagir)\il{Yukagir|see{Yukaghir languages}} is a small family consisting of the two individual languages Tundra Yukaghir\il{Tundra Yukaghir} and Kolyma Yukaghir\il{Kolyma Yukaghir} (aka Forest Yukaghir)\il{Forest Yukaghir|see{Kolyma Yukaghir}} (\citealt[223]{salminen2007}; \citealt[1–2]{maslova2003a}; \citealt[1]{maslova2003b}). + +Noun phrases show strictly head-final constituent order in both Yukaghir languages. True adjective attribution scarcely exists because modifying “property words” in noun phrases are best coded as relative clauses.\is{adnominal modifier!relative clause} +%Martin: But (77) from Korean and (79a) from Dungan are also rel. clauses\\Micha: but there is no special attr-marking here + +The following relevant attribution marking types are attested in Yukaghir languages: +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item incorporation +\item anti\hyp{}construct state marking + \subitem of “verbal adjectives” + \subitem of “nominal adjectives”. +\end{itemize} +%%% + +\il{Kolyma Yukaghir|(} +\is{juxtaposition|(} +\paragraph*{Juxtaposition in Kolyma Yukaghir} +There is no large class of lexical adjectives in Yukaghir. The only true adjectives in both Yukaghir languages belong to two semantic pairs: ‘small’ versus ’big’ and ‘old, ancient’ versus ‘new, fresh; (an)other’. The use of adjectives from the first pair is even restricted to a few lexicalized expressions \citep[70–71]{maslova2003b}. It is hard to categorize these adjectives according to their morpho-syntax. \citet[71]{maslova2003b} glosses the lexicalized expressions with the adjectives ‘small’ and ‘big’ as compounds, like in \textit{čom+parnā} [big+crow] ‘raven’. The adjective ‘new’, on the other hand can not only be used in such compounds but can even be marked additionally by the noun attribution suffix \textit{-d} or by the action nominal suffix \textit{-l} \citep[71]{maslova2003b}. +\is{juxtaposition|)} + +\paragraph*{Anti\hyp{}construct state in Kolyma Yukaghir} +With the exception of the very small closed class described in the previous section, there are no adjectives in Kolyma Yukaghir (\citealt[79–112]{krejnovic1982}; \citealt[66–69, 145–147]{maslova2003b}). All other words denoting qualities constitute a subclass of verbs. Used as attributes, these \isi{stative verb}s take the 3\textsuperscript{rd} person singular intransitive suffix \mbox{\textit{-j(e)}}.\footnote{Note that this morpheme takes different phonological shapes as the result of allomorphic alternations.} The inflected finite verbs, as in \REF{yuk attr}, are described as “special attributive forms” by \citet[66, passim]{maslova2003b}. Syntactically, they have to be analyzed as juxtaposed relative clauses.\is{adnominal modifier!relative clause} +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +{\rm Kolyma Yukaghir \citep{maslova2003b}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\label{yuk attr} +{\rm Attribution} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{kellugī-je} šoromo\\ + lazy-\textsc{attr:intr.3sg} person\\ +\glt ‘lazy man (lit. ‘man who is lazy’)’ (146) +\ex +\gll \textbf{kie-s'e} šoromo\\ + come-\textsc{attr:intr.3sg} person\\ +\glt ‘man who comes’ (67) +\end{xlist} + +\ex +\label{yuk pred} +{\rm Predication}\is{predicative marking} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll id'ī pen \textbf{omo-s'}\\ + here it good-\textsc{pred:intr.3sg}\\ +\glt ‘this is a nice place (lit. ‘here, it is good’)’ (68) +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +\largerpage %longdistance +Since verbs take different inflectional suffixes depending on their use as predicates or attributes (i.e., relative clauses, cf.~\ref{yuk attr}, \ref{yuk pred}) the suffix \textit{-j(e)} glossed as \textsc{attr:intr.3sg} can only be analyzed as an anti\hyp{}construct state marker, i.e., it constitutes a dependent\hyp{}marking attribution device which is not connected to noun phrase internal agreement. Even though the marker belongs to the verbal inflection paradigm it is a true licenser of the attributive relationship between a modifying verb phrase (relative clause)\is{adnominal modifier!relative clause} and a noun. + +Anti\hyp{}construct state marking in Kolyma Yukaghir does not, however, belong to the domain of true adjective attribution marking but is a relative clause\is{adnominal modifier!relative clause} marking strategy.\footnote{In order to use a verb as modifier inside a noun phrase, the verb can also be nominalized, for example by means of an action nominal marker: \textit{kel-u-l} [come-0-\textsc{nmlz} ‘(a situation of) coming’ \citep[147]{maslova2003b}, \textit{kel-u-l šoromo} [come-0-\textsc{nmlz} person] ‘(a/the) man who came (i.e., (a/the) already arrived man)’ \citep[67]{maslova2003b}. This derivational nominalization of verbs to nominals is not considered to constitute an adjective attribution marking device either.} +\il{Kolyma Yukaghir|)} + +\il{Tundra Yukaghir|(} +\paragraph*{Anti\hyp{}construct state in Tundra Yukaghir} +Tundra Yukaghir exhibits an anti\hyp{}construct state marking device of verbs using a relative clause\is{adnominal modifier!relative clause} marking strategy similar to Kolyma Yukaghir\il{Kolyma Yukaghir} \citep[49–50, passim]{maslova2003a}. In her short grammar, \citet{maslova2003a} mentions the occurrence of a second anti\hyp{}construct state marking device and gives the following example: +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +{\rm Tundra Yukaghir \citep[50]{maslova2003a}}\\ +\gll lugu-je(\textbf{-d}) apanalā\\ + very\_old-\textsc{attr:intr.3sg}-\textsc{attr} woman\\ +\glt ‘very old woman’ +\end{exe} +%%% + +The use of the marker \textit{-d} is not obligatory and is even restricted to head nouns with vowel-initial stems \citep[50]{maslova2003a}. + +Interestingly, the second attribution marking device in Tundra Yukaghir is polyfunctional and regularly serves the licensing of single nouns (\ref{yuk nounattr}) as well as complex noun phrases\is{adnominal modifier!noun} (\ref{yuk npattr}) as attributes. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +{\rm Tundra Yukaghir \citep{maslova2003a}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\label{yuk nounattr} +\gll iŋli\textbf{-d} igije\\ + breast-\textsc{attr} ropes\\ +\glt ‘breast ropes’ (49) + +\ex +\label{yuk npattr} +\gll tude kerewe\textbf{-d} ugurt'e\\ + \textsc{3sg} cow-\textsc{attr} legs\\ +\glt ‘the legs of his cow’\footnote{The regular use of the cognate attribution marker \textit{-d} (\textit{\textasciitilde-n}) with nouns and noun phrases as attributes is described for Kolyma Yukaghir as well. The use of the marker as a licenser of adjective attribution, however, seems to be restricted to one adjective, ‘new’ \citep[71]{maslova2003b}.} (44) +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Tundra Yukaghir|)} +\il{Yukaghir languages|)} + +\il{Yeniseian languages|(} +\il{Ket|(} +\section{Yeniseian} +\label{yeniseian synchr} +%%% +Three branches are posited for the Yeniseian family, but only the Ket language from the northern branch still exists today (\citealt{werner1997a}; \citealt[223]{salminen2007}). + +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +\is{juxtaposition|(} +The following adjective attribution marking devices are attested in Ket: +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item juxtaposition +\item head\hyp{}driven agreement +\item attributive nominalization.\is{attributive nominalization} +\end{itemize} +%%% + +\paragraph*{Juxtaposition and head\hyp{}driven agreement in Ket} +Attributive adjectives in Ket are normally juxtaposed to the left of the noun they modify \citep[38]{vajda2004}. Only a few simple adjective stems describing visible shapes or sizes may optionally take the plural suffix \textit{-ŋ}, as shown in \REF{ket agr}. The other morphological features assigned to the noun phrase, i.e., gender (or class) and case, are not sensitive to syntax in Ket. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{ket agr} +{\rm Ket \citep[38]{vajda2004}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{qà} quˀŋ\\ + big tent:\textsc{pl}\\ +\ex +\gll \textbf{qēŋ} quˀŋ\\ + big:\textsc{pl} tent:\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘big tents’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +\citet[38]{vajda2004} notes that the optional number agreement marking is “a stylistic device used to emphasize the visual impression created by the quality being described”. This emphasizing construction probably marks \isi{contrastive focus} of the adjective: ‘big tents’ versus ‘\textsc{big} tents’. +\is{juxtaposition|)} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\is{attributive nominalization|(} +\paragraph*{Attributive nominalization in Ket} +\citet[15, 84–85]{vajda2004} also mentions the nominalizing suffix \textsc{-s} which marks lexical and derived adjectives (\ref{ket adjn nmlz}), noun phrases\is{adnominal modifier!noun} (\ref{ket np nmlz}), and adposition phrases\is{adnominal modifier!adposition phrase} (\ref{ket ap nmlz}) as adnominal modifiers in \isi{headless noun phrase}s.\footnote{Note that the examples (\ref{ket np nmlz} and \ref{ket ap nmlz}) seem to represent phonological compounds. This is evidenced by the phonological reduction in syllable-mediate vowels. The non-nominalized phrases, according to \citet{vajda2005} are \textit{úgda ɔ́lin} ‘a long nose’ and \textit{qō-t-hɯtɯ-ɣa} ‘under the ice [ice-\textsc{gen}-under]’. It is not clear from the description, however, if incorporation is relevant to morpho-syntax as well. But this phenomenon deserves further attention since adjective incorporation is scarcely attested in the world's languages but occurs in a few other non-related branches of the northern Eurasia.} +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +{\rm Ket \citep{vajda2005}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\label{ket adjn nmlz} +{\rm Nominalized adjective} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll sîn\textbf{-s}\\ + old-\textsc{nmlz}\\ +\glt ‘the old one’ +\ex +\gll súl-tu\textbf{-s}\\ + blood-\textsc{deriv-nmlz}\\ +\glt ‘the bloody one’ +\end{xlist} +%%% +\ex +\label{ket np nmlz} +{\rm Nominalized noun phrase} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll úgd-ɔ́lin\textbf{-s}\\ + long-nose-\textsc{nmlz}\\ +\glt ‘the long-nosed one’ +\end{xlist} +%%% +\ex +\label{ket ap nmlz} +{\rm Nominalized adposition phrase} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll qó-t-{hɯtɯ-ɣa}\textbf{-s}\\ + ice-\textsc{gen}-under-\textsc{nmlz}\\ +\glt ‘the one under the ice’ +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Grammatical descriptions of Ket (\citealt{vajda2004}, cf.~also \citealt{krukova2007}) only give examples where these nominalized (headless) noun phrases\is{headless noun phrase} are used in apposition, as in the \isi{contrastive focus} construction (\ref{ket contrfoc}). +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{ket contrfoc} +{\rm Ket \citep{vajda2005}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +{\rm Adjective predication}\\ +\gll bū \textbf{sîn-du} / bū \textbf{sîn-dʌ}\\ + 3\textsc{sg} old-\textsc{m.cop} { } 3\textsc{sg} old-\textsc{f.cop}\\ +\glt ‘s/he is old’ +\ex +{\rm Contrastive focus construction}\\ +\gll bū \textbf{sîn-s}\\ + 3\textsc{sg} old-\textsc{nmlz}\\ +\glt ‘s/he is \textsc{old} (i.e., ‘an old one’)’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +The available data does not provide enough evidence for a detailed description and analyses of attributive nominalization by means of the suffix \textit{-s} as a regular attribution marking device in Ket. It it possible that these nominalizations cannot be used as true modifiers of nouns but are restricted to \isi{headless noun phrase}s and are used only in special \isi{contrastive focus} constructions. + +There is even evidence against the analysis of nominalization as attributive marking in Ket. Vajda's examples of nominalized adverbials suggest that this contrastive focus marking is used predominantly in copular constructions (as predicates). Since the otherwise regular predicative agreement marking\is{predicative marking} never occurs on these nominalizations \citep[15]{vajda2004} it could also be argued that the nominalizer \textit{-s} constitutes a strategy for secondary predication marking rather than attribution marking. + +Attributive nominalization in Ket definitely deserves more attention. The construction might constitute an example of the development of attributive nominalization independent of definiteness marking.\is{species marking!definite} +\il{Ket|)} +\il{Yeniseian languages|)} +\is{attributive nominalization|)} + +\il{Turkic languages|(} +\section{Turkic} +%%% +Languages from the Turkic language family are spoken across all of northern Eurasia, including northeastern and southeastern \isi{Europe}, and beyond. The family is divided into two major branches: Bulgar and Common Turkic. Whereas Bulgar Turkic\il{Bulgar Turkic languages} is represented only by one language, the Common Turkic\il{Common Turkic languages} branch can be further divided into nine groups. Seven of these groups have members spoken in northern Eurasia: Oguz,\il{Oguz languages} Karluk,\il{Karluk languages} Kipchak,\il{Kipchak languages} Altay Turkic,\il{Altay Turkic languages} Yenisey Turkic\il{Yenisey Turkic languages} (Khakas),\il{Khakas|see{Yenisey Turkic languages}} Sayan Turkic,\il{Sayan Turkic languages} and Lena Turkic\il{Lena Turkic languages} \citep[221]{salminen2007}. + +\is{juxtaposition|(} +All Turkic languages are characterized by strict head-finality in their noun phrase structure. The prototypical adjective attribution marking device in Turkic languages is juxtaposition. This type occurs as the unmarked construction in all Turkic languages. In some Turkic languages, however, an attributive nominalizer marks an attributive adjective in \isi{contrastive focus} constructions. This construction is systematically described (more or less) only for Chuvash\il{Chuvash} from the Bulgar Turkic branch. + +The following types of adjective attribution marking are attested: +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item juxtaposition +\item attributive nominalization.\is{attributive nominalization} +\end{itemize} +%%% + +\il{Bulgar Turkic languages|(} +\subsection{Bulgar Turkic} +The Bulgar (aka Oghur)\il{Oghur Turkic|see{Bulgar Turkic languages}} subbranch of the Turkic language family is represented only by a single language, Chuvash. + +\il{Chuvash|(} +\is{attributive nominalization|(} +\paragraph*{Juxtaposition and attributive nominalization in Chuvash} +\label{chuvash synchr} +Similar to all other Turkic languages, Chuvash exhibits juxtaposition as the default and general adjective attribution marking device (\ref{chuvash juxt}). Besides juxtaposition, an attributive nominalizer is used in \isi{contrastive focus} constructions (\ref{chuvash attr}). +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +{\rm Chuvash \citep{clark1998a}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\label{chuvash juxt} +{\rm Juxtaposition}\\ +\gll \textbf{χura} χut\\ + black paper\\ +\glt ‘black paper’ +%%% +\ex +\label{chuvash attr} +{\rm Attributive nominalization}\\ +\gll \textbf{χur-i} χut\\ + black-\textsc{attr} paper\\ +\glt ‘\textsc{black} paper (not of another color)’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +The attributive article \textit{-i} is similar to the possessive suffix 3\textsuperscript{rd} singular. As in other Turkic languages, this article is also obligatorily used in \isi{headless noun phrase}s marked as direct (accusative) objects in Chuvash. +%Contrastive focus, not definiteness (a black one / the black one +%Verschiedene Allomorphieregeln mit Poss3sg +\is{juxtaposition|)} +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{chuvash headless acc} +{\rm Attributive nominalization in Chuvash \citep[7]{benzing1993b}}\\ +\gll \textbf{χur-i-ne} / \textbf{χĕrl-i-ne} ildem\\ + black-\textsc{attr}-\textsc{acc} { } red-\textsc{attr}-\textsc{acc} I\_bought\\ +\glt (Which pen did you buy?) ‘I bought a/the black / red one.’ +\end{exe} +%%% + +Besides \textit{-i}, a second nominalizer \textit{-sker} is attested in Chuvash. Both formatives are used with similar classes of adjectival and other attributes. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +{\rm Attributive nominalization in Chuvash \citep{krueger1961}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +{\rm Article \#1 \textit{-i} ($\Leftarrow$ \textsc{poss:3sg})} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +{\rm Attributive adjective}\\ +\gll lajăχχ-i\\ + good-\textsc{attr}\\ +\glt ‘which is good / (a/the) good one’ + +\ex +{\rm Attributive participle}\\ +\gll vulan-i\\ + read.\textsc{prf}-\textsc{attr}\\ +\glt ‘which is read’ + +\ex +{\rm Attributive noun}\\ +\gll vărman-t-i\\ + forest-\textsc{loc}-\textsc{attr}\\ +\glt ‘which is in the forest’ +\end{xlist} + +\ex +{\rm Article \#2 \textit{-sker} (<~Mari\il{Mari languages} \textit{ÿsker})} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +{\rm Attributive adjective}\\ +\gll lajăχ-sker\\ + good-\textsc{attr}\\ +\glt ‘which is good / (a/the) good one’ + +\ex +{\rm Attributive participle}\\ +\gll vulană-sker\\ + read.\textsc{prf}-\textsc{attr}\\ +\glt ‘which is read’ + +\ex +{\rm Attributive noun}\\ +\gll vărman-ta-sker\\ + forest-\textsc{loc}-\textsc{attr}\\ +\glt ‘which is in the forest’ +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Chuvash|)} +\il{Bulgar Turkic languages|)} +\is{attributive nominalization|)} + +\il{Common Turkic languages|(} +\subsection{Common Turkic} +%%% +\il{Oguz languages|(} +\subsubsection{Oguz} +%%% +\is{juxtaposition|(} +\paragraph*{Juxtaposition in \ili{Azerbaijani}} +Similar to all other Turkic languages, attributive adjectives are simply juxtaposed to the modified noun in Azerbaijani. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\settowidth\jamwidth{[\textbf{high} mountain-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{loc}]} +\ex +\label{azerb juxt} +{\rm Azerbaijani \citep[59–60]{siraliev-etal1971}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex \textbf{uča} daɣ {\rm ‘high mountain’} \jambox{{\rm [\textbf{high} mountain(\textsc{nom})]}} +\ex \textbf{uča} daɣ-ɨn \jambox{{\rm [\textbf{high} mountain-\textsc{gen}]}} +\ex \textbf{uča} daɣ-da \jambox{{\rm [\textbf{high} mountain-\textsc{loc}]}} +\ex \textbf{uča} daɣ-lar \jambox{{\rm [\textbf{high} mountain-\textsc{pl}]}} +\ex \textbf{uča} daɣ-lar-da \jambox{{\rm [\textbf{high} mountain-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{loc}]}} +\ex \dots +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\is{juxtaposition|)} + +\is{attributive nominalization|(} +\paragraph*{Attributive nominalization in \ili{Turkish}} +\label{turkish synchr} +Similar to other Turkic languages, the attributive nominalization device is used obligatorily in \isi{headless noun phrase}s marked as direct (accusative) objects in Turkish. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{turkish headless acc} +{\rm Attributive nominalization in Turkish \citep[7]{benzing1993b}}\\ +\gll \textbf{kara-sını} / \textbf{kızıl-ını} aldım\\ + black-\textsc{attr:acc} { } red-\textsc{attr:acc} I\_bought\\ +\glt (Which pen did you buy?) ‘I bought a/the black / red one.’ +\end{exe} +\il{Oguz languages|)} + +\il{Karluk languages|(} +\subsubsection{Karluk} +%%% +The default and general adjective attribution marking device in the languages of the Karluk subbranch of Common Turkic is \isi{juxtaposition} and is similar to example (\ref{azerb juxt}) from Azerbaijani.\il{Azerbaijani} Besides juxtaposition, attributive nominalization is also attested. + +\paragraph*{Attributive nominalization in \ili{Uigur}} +The possessive suffix 3\textsuperscript{rd} person singular occurs as an attributive nominalizer in \isi{contrastive focus} constructions in Uigur. This construction is thus similar to example (\ref{chuvash attr}) from \ili{Chuvash} from the Bulgar branch of Turkic. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +{\rm Uigur \citep[17–18, Footnote 58]{benzing1993b}}\\ +\gll \textbf{uluy-ï} qatun\\ + biggest-\textsc{attr} woman\\ +\glt ‘the \textsc{first} wife’ +\end{exe} + +\paragraph*{Attributive nominalization in \ili{Uzbek}} +Similar to other Turkic languages, the article is also used obligatorily in \isi{headless noun phrase}s marked as direct (accusative) objects in Uzbek. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{uzbek headless acc} +{\rm Attributive nominalization in Uzbek \citep[371]{boeschoten1998}}\\ +\gll {(mėŋȧ qaysisi yarašadi,)} \textbf{qizilim-i}, \textbf{åqim-i}?\\ + { } red-\textsc{attr:acc} white-\textsc{attr:acc}\\ +\glt ‘(Which one suits me,) the red one, or the white one?’ +\end{exe} +\il{Karluk languages|)} +\is{attributive nominalization|)} + +\il{Kipchak languages|(} +\il{Altay Turkic languages|(} +\il{Yenisey Turkic languages|(} +\il{Sayan Turkic languages|(} +\il{Lena Turkic languages|(} +\subsubsection{Kipchak, Altay, Yenisey, Sayan, Lena} +%%% +The default and general adjective attribution marking device in the languages of the Kipchak, Altay, Yenisey (aka Khakas), Sayan and Lena subbranchs of Common Turkic is \textbf{\isi{juxtaposition}} and is similar to example (\ref{azerb juxt}) from Azerbaijani.\il{Azerbaijani} +\il{Kipchak languages|)} +\il{Altay Turkic languages|)} +\il{Yenisey Turkic languages|)} +\il{Sayan Turkic languages|)} +\il{Lena Turkic languages|)} +\il{Common Turkic languages|)} +\il{Turkic languages|)} + +\il{Nakh-Daghestanian languages|(} +\section{Nakh-Daghestanian} +%%% +Nakh-Daghestanian is a language family of the Caucasus\is{Caucasus}. It is named after its two main branches: Nakh\il{Nakh languages} and Daghestanian.\il{Daghestanian languages} Whereas Nakh comprises only a few single languages, the Daghestanian branch can be further divided into several subbranches \citep[220, 233]{salminen2007}. + +The predominant order of noun phrase constituent in Nakh-Daghestanian languages is adjective-noun. Regarding the morpho-syntactic licensing of adjective attribution, the Nakh-Daghestanian family is characterized by a relatively high diversity of noun phrase types. + +The following adjective attribution marking devices are attested: +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item juxtaposition\is{juxtaposition} +\item head\hyp{}driven agreement marking\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement} +\item anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking +\item anti\hyp{}construct state marking +\item attributive nominalization.\is{attributive nominalization} +\end{itemize} +%%% + +\il{Daghestanian languages|(} +\subsection{Daghestanian} +%%% +\il{Avar-Andi-Tsezic languages|(} +\subsubsection{Avar-Andi-Tsezic} +%%% +The Avar-Andi-Tsezic group of Daghestanian is named after three groups of closely related languages: Andi\il{Andi languages} (comprising the languages Akhvakh,\il{Akhvakh} Andi,\il{Andi} Bagvalal,\il{Bagvalal} Botlikh,\il{Botlikh} Chamalal,\il{Chamalal} Godoberi,\il{Godoberi} Karata\il{Karata} and Tindi),\il{Tindi} Tsezic\il{Tsezic languages} (comprising the languages Tsez\il{Tsez} (aka Dido),\il{Dido|see{Tsez}} \ili{Hinuq}, \ili{Khwarshi}, Inkhokvari,\il{Inkhokvari} Bezhta\il{Bezhta} (aka Kapucha)\il{Kapucha|see{Bezhta}} and \ili{Hunzib}. The single language \ili{Avar} forms the third group of Avar-Andi-Tsezic \citep[220, 233]{salminen2007}. + +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +The prototype of adjective attribution marking in the Avar-Andi-Tsezic languages seems to be head\hyp{}driven agreement, which occurs in all languages of this group. + +\il{Godoberi|(} +\paragraph*{Head\hyp{}driven agreement in Godoberi} +The unmarked constituent order in Godoberi is adjective-noun.\footnote{The reversed order marks \isi{contrastive focus} on the adjective: \textit{hac'a χ°aji} [white dog] ‘white dog’, \textit{χ°aji hac'a} [dog white] ‘that very dog (of several others) which is white’ \citep[149]{kazenin1996a}.} Adjectives agree with the head noun in the features \textsc{gender} (if a position for the class-marker is available) and \textsc{number}. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\settowidth\jamwidth{[\textsc{n.pl}]} +{\rm Godoberi \citep[25]{tatevosov1996a}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +{\rm Adjectives taking a gender class prefix} +\begin{xlist} +\ex \textbf{w-oχar} ima {\rm ‘old father’} \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{m}]}} +\ex \textbf{j-aχar} ila {\rm ‘old mother’} \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{f}]}} +\ex \textbf{b-aχar} hamaχi {\rm ‘old donkey’} \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{n}]}} +\ex \textbf{r-aχar} hamaχi-be {\rm ‘old donkeys’} \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{n.pl}]}} +\end{xlist} + +\ex +{\rm Adjectives taking a gender class suffix} +\begin{xlist} +\ex \textbf{q'arúma-w} ima {\rm ‘greedy father’} \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{m}]}} +\ex \textbf{q'aruma-j} ila {\rm ‘greedy mother’} \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{f}]}} +\ex \textbf{q'arúma-b} hamaχi {\rm ‘greedy donkey’} \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{n}]}} +\ex \textbf{q'arúma-r} hamaχi-be {\rm ‘greedy donkeys’} \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{n.pl}]}} +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Godoberi|)} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\il{Tsez|(} +\is{attributive nominalization|(} +\paragraph*{Attributive nominalization in Tsez} +In Tsez, two lexical classes of adjectives have to be distinguished. The members of the first class take gender agreement prefixes. The (few) members of the second class are simply juxtaposed to the modified noun \citep[126]{alekseev-etal2004}. + +There is an additional attributive marker: the attributive nominalizing suffix \textit{-ni} which marks attributive adjectives in \isi{headless noun phrase}s and also “restrictive” forms of the adjective. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +{\rm Tsez \citep{alekseev-etal2004}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +{\rm Nominalized headless adjective} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll igu\textbf{-n}-a:\\ + good-\textsc{attr}-\textsc{erg}\\ +\glt ‘a good one’ +\ex +\gll igu\textbf{-ni}-r\\ + good-\textsc{attr}-\textsc{dat}\\ +\glt ‘to a good one’ +\end{xlist} + +\ex +{\rm “Restrictive” attributive adjective} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\label{Tsez restr} +\gll (eyda) \textbf{eġe-ni} uži dey esiy yoɬ\\ + this little-\textsc{attr} boy \textsc{1:gen} brother:\textsc{nom} be:\textsc{prs}\\ +\glt ‘(this) little boy (and not one of the others) is my brother’ +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +The content of the “restrictive” (aka “definite”)\is{species marking!definite} form remains somewhat uncertain. The translation of (\ref{Tsez restr}) in the description of \citet[128]{alekseev-etal2004} clearly resembles \isi{contrastive focus} marking (‘the \textsc{little} boy’). +\il{Tsez|)} +\il{Avar-Andi-Tsezic languages|)} +\is{attributive nominalization|)} + +\il{Lak|(} +\subsubsection{Lak} +%%% +The Lak subbranch of Daghestanian is formed by one single language: Lak proper. + +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +\paragraph*{Head\hyp{}driven agreement in Lak} +Constituent order in Lak is adjective-noun. The language exhibits two adjective attribution marking devices. The unmarked and default attribution marking device is head\hyp{}driven agreement which characterizes adjectives derived by means of the adjectivizer\is{adjective derivation} \mbox{\textit{-ssa}}, as in \REF{lak hdragr}. These derived adjectives only agree in gender class. Other morpho-syntactic marking is not applied. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{lak hdragr} +{\rm Lak \citep[48]{zirkov1955}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{uč-ssa} adimina\\ + fat.\textsc{I}-\textsc{adjz} person(\textsc{I})\\ +\glt ‘fat man’ + +\ex +\gll \textbf{b-uč-ssa} nic\\ + \textsc{III}-fat-\textsc{adjz} bull\textsc{(III)}\\ +\glt ‘fat bull’ + +\ex +\gll \textbf{b-uč-ssa} nic-ru\\ + \textsc{III}-fat-\textsc{adjz} bull\textsc{(III)}-\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘fat bulls’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Note that the suffix \textit{-ssa} is a derivational formative rather than a marker of attribution since it occurs on adjectives in attributive and predicative position alike. Predicative adjectives\is{predicative marking} even show similar gender agreement inflection \citep[45–51]{zirkov1955}. +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\paragraph*{Anti\hyp{}construct state agreement in Lak} +While \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} marking, as in \REF{lak hdragr}, constitutes the basic and unmarked adjective attribution marking device in Lak, anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking is restricted to \isi{contrastive focus} constructions. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +{\rm Lak \citep[45]{zirkov1955}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{uč-ma} adimina\\ + fat.\textsc{I}-\textsc{attr:I} person\textsc{(I)}\\ +\glt ‘\textsc{fat} man’ +\ex +\gll \textbf{b-uč-mur} nic\\ + \textsc{III}-fat-\textsc{attr:III} bull\textsc{(III)}\\ +\glt ‘\textsc{fat} bull’ +\ex +\gll \textbf{buč-mi} nic-ru\\ + \textsc{III}-fat-\textsc{attr:pl} bull\textsc{(III)}-\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘\textsc{fat} bulls’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Note that the occurrence of the anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking suffixes \textit{-ma, -mur, -mi} is restricted to attributive adjectives. Unlike adjectives with the derivational formative \textit{-ssa} with \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} marking in number only, adjectives in \isi{contrastive focus} (occurring in the anti\hyp{}construct state agreement noun phrase type) show agreement in number as well \citep[45–51]{zirkov1955}. +\il{Lak|)} + +\il{Dargwa|(} +\subsubsection{Dargwa} +%%% +The Dargwa subbranch of Daghestanian has traditionally been described as consisting of one single language (i.e., Dargwa proper) with several sub-varieties \citep[233]{salminen2007}. According to \citet{korjakov2006a}, Dargwa varieties exhibit fairly diverse grammatical structures and can therefore be described as separate languages. + +\is{juxtaposition|(} +\paragraph*{Anti\hyp{}construct state agreement and juxtaposition in Dargwa} +In Dargwa, two adjective attribution marking devices occur. Whereas anti\hyp{}construct state (number) agreement marking (\ref{dargwa anti}) is the default type, juxtaposition (\ref{dargwa juxt}) is restricted to “poetic language” \citep[318]{isaev2004}. +\begin{exe} +\ex +{\rm Dargwa \citep[318]{isaev2004}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\label{dargwa anti} +{\rm Anti\hyp{}construct state agreement} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{aɢ-si} ɢali\\ + high-\textsc{attr:sg} house(\textsc{sg})\\ +\glt ‘lofty house’ +\ex +\gll \textbf{aɢ-ti} ɢulri\\ + high-\textsc{attr:pl} house:\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘lofty houses’ +\end{xlist} + +\ex +\label{dargwa juxt} +{\rm Juxtaposition} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{aɢ} dubura\\ + high mountain\\ +\glt ‘high mountain’ +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Dargwa|)} +\is{juxtaposition|)} + +\il{Lezgic languages|(} +\subsubsection{Lezgic} +\label{lezgian synchr} +%%% +The Lezgic subbranch of Daghestanian comprises the languages \ili{Agul}, \ili{Archi}, \ili{Badukh}, \ili{Kryz} (aka Kryts),\il{Kryts|see{Kryz}} \ili{Lezgian}, \ili{Rutul}, \ili{Tabasaran}, \ili{Tsakhur} and \ili{Udi}. + +\is{juxtaposition|(} +Adjective-noun is the basic constituent order in the noun phrase of all Lezgic languages. Regarding their adjective attribution marking, the Lezgic languages exhibit the highest degree of diversity. All types found in Nakh-Daghestanian are attested: juxtaposition, \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} marking, anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking, anti\hyp{}construct state marking and attributive nominalization. + +\il{Udi|(} +\paragraph*{Juxtaposition in Udi} +The default adjective attribution marking device in Udi is juxtaposition, like in the following (incomplete) paradigm. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\settowidth\jamwidth{[\textsc{gen}]} +\ex +{\rm Udi \citep[465]{schulze-furhoff1994}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex \textbf{kala} ĝara-Ø {\rm ‘the old son’} \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{abs}]}} +\ex \textbf{kala} ĝara-en \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{erg}]}} +\ex \textbf{kala} ĝara-i \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{gen}]}} +\ex \dots +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} + +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +\il{Tabasaran|(} +\paragraph*{Juxtaposition and head\hyp{}driven agreement in Tabasaran} +The default adjective attribution marking device in Tabasaran is juxtaposition, as in Udi.\il{Udi} Only a minor lexical subclass of two adjectives in this language deviate in this respect and show gender and number agreement. +\il{Udi|)} +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +{\rm Tabasaran \citep[50–51]{kurbanov1986}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{uččvu-r} adaš\\ + beautiful-\textsc{I} father\textsc{(I)}\\ +\glt ‘beautiful father’ + +\ex +\gll \textbf{uččvu-b} gjajvan\\ + beautiful-\textsc{II} horse\textsc{(II)}\\ +\glt ‘beautiful horse’ + +\ex +\gll \textbf{uččvu-dar} gjunšjir\\ + beautiful-\textsc{pl} horse:\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘beautiful horses’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Tabasaran|)} +\is{juxtaposition|)} + +\il{Archi|(} +\paragraph*{Head\hyp{}driven agreement in Archi} +Attributive adjectives in Archi show agreement in gender and number with the modified noun; see the complete agreement paradigm for the adjective ‘good’. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\settowidth\jamwidth{[\textsc{IV sg}]} +\ex +{\rm Archi \citep{kibrik1994a}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex hibàt̄u {\rm ‘good’} \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{I sg}]}} +\ex hibàt̄u-r \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{II sg}]}} +\ex hibàt̄u-b \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{III sg}]}} +\ex hibàt̄u-t \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{IV sg}]}} +\ex hibàt̄-ib \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{pl}]}} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Archi|)} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\il{Tsakhur|(} +\paragraph*{Anti\hyp{}construct state agreement in Tsakhur} +Adjectives in Tsakhur can be divided into three subclasses according to their choice of attribution marking devices. The first, minor lexical class of adjectives in Tsakhur is characterized by missing inflection. Adjectives belonging to this class are simply juxtaposed to the modified noun \citep[383]{talibov2004}. Members of the two other adjective classes exhibit anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +{\rm Tsakhur \citep[382]{talibov2004}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\label{tsakhur gen} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Gender class I–III}\\ +\gll \textbf{bat'raj-na} jis / dix̌ / balk\textsuperscript{h}an\\ + beautiful-\textsc{attr:I–III} girl(\textsc{I}) { } son(\textsc{II}) { } horse(\textsc{III})\\ +\glt ‘beautiful girl / son / horse’ +%%% +\ex {\rm Gender class IV}\\ +\gll \textbf{bat'raj-n} č'alag\\ + beautiful-\textsc{attr:IV} forest(\textsc{IV})\\ +\glt ‘beautiful forest’ +\end{xlist} +%%% +\ex +\label{tsakhur attrgen} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Gender class I}\\ +\gll \textbf{x̌\underline{a}rna} jis\\ + big:\textsc{attr:I–III} mother(\textsc{I})\\ +\glt ‘old mother (viz.~grandmother)’ +%%% +\ex {\rm Gender class IV}\\ +\gll \textbf{x̌adɨn} balag\\ + big:\textsc{attr:IV} sack(\textsc{IV})\\ +\glt ‘big sack’ +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Whereas anti\hyp{}construct agreement marking of adjectives from the first group (\ref{tsakhur gen}) is formally identical with genitive case marking of nouns, adjectives from the second group (\ref{tsakhur attrgen}) are equipped with a morphologically complex formative including the genitive suffix and a phonological stem alternation \citep[382]{talibov2004}. +%bei \citet{schulze1997} noch sehr interessante Sachen zum Genitiv-Attributive +\il{Tsakhur|)} + +\il{Udi|(} +\is{attributive nominalization|(} +\is{headless noun phrase|(} +\paragraph*{Nominalization in headless noun phrases in Udi} +The default adjective attribution marking device in Udi is \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement}. In headless noun phrases, however, attributive adjectives are obligatorily nominalized by means of the stem augment \textit{-o-} \textsc{abs} / \textit{-t'-} \textsc{obl}. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\settowidth\jamwidth{[\textsc{nmlz:obl}-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{erg}]} +\ex {\rm Udi \citep[466]{schulze-furhoff1994}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex kala-o {\rm ‘the big/old one’} \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{nmlz.abs}]}} +\ex kala-o-r \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{nmlz.abs}-\textsc{pl}]}} +\ex kala-t'-in \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{nmlz:obl}-\textsc{erg}]}} +\ex kala-t'-ĝ-on \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{nmlz:obl}-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{erg}]}} +\ex kala-t'-ay \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{nmlz:obl}-\textsc{gen}]}} +\ex \dots +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Udi|)} + +\il{Lezgian|(} +\paragraph*{Nominalization in headless noun phrases in Lezgian} +Attributive adjectives in headless noun phrases are nominalized in Lezgian as well. The nominalizing suffix exhibits different forms in the absolute singular case (\textit{-di}), in the oblique cases (\textit{-da}) and in plural (\textit{-bur}). +%%% +\begin{exe} +\settowidth\jamwidth{[\textsc{attr:pl}-\textsc{erg}]} +\ex {\rm Headless adjectives in Lezgian \citep[110]{haspelmath1993}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex q̃acu-di {\rm ‘green one’} \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{attr:sg}]}} +\ex q̃acu-da \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{attr:erg.sg}]}} +\ex q̃acu-da-n \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{attr}-\textsc{gen}]}} +\ex q̃acu-bur \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{attr:pl}]}} +\ex q̃acu-bur-u \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{attr:pl}-\textsc{erg}]}} +\ex \dots +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +\largerpage +Note, that the same attribution marker is also used for the nominalization of noun phrases. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\settowidth\jamwidth{[mother-\textsc{gen}-\textsc{attr}]} +\ex {\rm Nominalized noun phrases in Lezgian \citep[110]{haspelmath1993}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Pronoun} +\begin{xlist} +\ex zi {\rm ‘my’} \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{poss:1sg}]}} +\ex zi\textbf{-di} {\rm ‘mine’} \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{poss:1sg}-\textsc{attr}]}} +\end{xlist} +%%% +\ex {\rm Lexical noun} +\begin{xlist} +\ex dide.di-n {\rm ‘mother's’} \jambox{{\rm [mother-\textsc{gen}]}} +\ex dide.di-n\textbf{-di} {\rm ‘mother's’} \jambox{{\rm [mother-\textsc{gen}-\textsc{attr}]}} +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Even though adjectives without a lexical head in \ili{Udi} and Lezgian are nominalized there is no evidence that these nominalizations serve as attribution marking devices. +\il{Lezgian|)} +\is{attributive nominalization|)} +\is{headless noun phrase|)} + +\il{Rutul|(} +\paragraph*{Anti\hyp{}construct state in Rutul} +In Rutul, attributive and predicative\is{predicative marking} adjectives are differentiated by means of two different derivations. Whereas attributive adjectives take an anti\hyp{}construct suffix \textit{-d \textasciitilde-dɨ},\footnote{The allomorph \textit{-dɨ} occurs after consonants \citep[224]{alekseev1994a}.} predicative adjectives take a suffix \textit{-ɨ \textasciitilde-ɨ}\footnote{The allomorph \textit{-ɨ} occurs after dorsal consonants \citep[224]{alekseev1994a}.} or are not marked at all \citep[224]{alekseev1994a}. + +Attributive adjectives do not inflect other than by means of anti\hyp{}construct state marking. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Rutul \citep[237]{alekseev1994a}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{äkkà-d} dahàr\\ + big-\textsc{attr} stone\\ +\glt ‘big stone’ +\ex +\gll \textbf{äkkà-d} dahàr-bɨr\\ + big-\textsc{attr} stone-\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘big stones’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Note that the anti\hyp{}construct state marker \textit{-d \textasciitilde-dɨ} is identical to the genitive case of nouns and thus constitutes a polyfunctional marker \citep{alekseev1994a}. +\il{Rutul|)} +\il{Lezgic languages|)} +\il{Daghestanian languages|)} + +\il{Nakh languages|(} +\subsection{Nakh} +%%% +The Nakh branch of Nakh-Daghestanian comprises only three languages: \ili{Bats}, \ili{Ingush} and \ili{Chechen}. The latter two form a common subbranch \citep[220, 233]{salminen2007}. + +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +The noun phrase structure in all three languages is basically similar. Attributive adjectives precede the modified noun and show head\hyp{}driven agreement. Adjectives in \isi{headless noun phrase}s are additionally marked with an attributive nominalizer. + +\il{Chechen-Ingush languages|(} +\subsection{Chechen-Ingush} +\label{ingush synchr} +%%% +\il{Ingush|(} +\paragraph*{Head\hyp{}driven agreement in Ingush} +Attributive adjectives in Ingush agree in case with the modified noun. The adjective agreement paradigm, however, exhibits only a single case distinction of nominative versus oblique. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\settowidth\jamwidth{[\textsc{nom}]} +\ex {\rm Case agreement paradigm in Ingush \citep[99]{nichols1994b}} +\label{ingush agr} +\begin{xlist} +\ex \textbf{joqqa} jurt {\rm ‘big village’} \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{nom}]}} +\ex \textbf{joqqa-ča} jurt-a \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{gen}]}} +\ex \textbf{joqqa-ča} jurt-aa \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{dat}]}} +\ex \textbf{joqqa-ča} jurt-uo \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{erg}]}} +\ex \textbf{joqqa-ča} jurt-aca \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{ins}]}} +\ex \dots +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Some adjectives also show agreement in gender; but only very few adjectives additionally agree in number with the modified noun \citep[99]{nichols1994b}. +\il{Ingush|)} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\is{attributive nominalization|(} +\il{Chechen|(} +\is{headless noun phrase|(} +\paragraph*{Nominalization in headless noun phrases in Chechen} +Next to \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement}, Chechen (similar to the other Nakh languages) exhibits attributive nominalization as the regular adjective attribution marking device in headless noun phrases. The formative is a thematic stem extension merged with the case inflection. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Chechen \citep[29]{nichols1994a}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll leqa kert\\ + high fence\\ +\glt ‘high fence’ +\ex +\gll leqa\textbf{-nig}\\ + high-\textsc{attr:nom.sg}\\ +\glt ‘the high one’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Even though adjectives without a lexical head in Chechen are nominalized, there is no evidence that these nominalizations serve as attribution marking devices. +\il{Chechen|)} +\il{Chechen-Ingush languages|)} +\is{headless noun phrase|)} + +\il{Bats|(} +\subsection{Bats} +%%% +The noun phrase structure in Bats (aka Tsova-Tush\il{Tsova-Tush|see{Bats}} or Batsbi)\il{Batsbi|see{Bats}} is similar to the structure found in closely related \ili{Chechen} and \ili{Ingush}. Attributive adjectives show \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement}. Adjectives in \isi{headless noun phrase}s are additionally marked by means of nominalization \citep[172–172]{holisky-etal1994}. +\il{Bats|)} +\il{Nakh languages|)} +\il{Nakh-Daghestanian languages|)} +\is{attributive nominalization|)} + +\il{Abkhaz-Adyghe languages|(} +\section{Abkhaz-Adyghe} +%%% +The Abkhaz-Adyghe (aka Northwest Caucasian)\il{Northwest Caucasian|see{Abkhaz-Adyghe languages}} family consists of the two bran\-ches Abkhaz and Circassian,\il{Circassian languages} each of which comprises two languages. A third branch, Ubykh,\il{Ubykh languages} is now extinct \citep[220, 233]{salminen2007}. All languages are spoken in the northwestern \isi{Caucasus} region. + +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +Whereas the adjective-noun constituent order is similar in all Abkhaz-Adyghe languages, the adjective attribution marking devices +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item head\hyp{}driven agreement (Abkhaz) +\item incorporation (Circassian) +\end{itemize} +%%% +occurring in the two branches of this family diverge considerably. + +\il{Abkhaz languages} +\subsection{Abkhaz} +%%% +The Abkhaz branch of Abkhaz-Adyghe comprises the two very closely related varieties \ili{Abkhaz} proper and \ili{Abaza}. The constituent order inside the noun phrase of both languages is normally noun-adjective. Only adjectives denoting nationality deviate from this rule and precede the modified noun \citep[222]{comrie1981}. + +\il{Abkhaz|(} +\paragraph*{Head\hyp{}driven agreement in Abkhaz} +%WO = noun-adjective %aber nationality = A N %A N auch bei einigen anderen möglich +Abkhaz attributive adjectives show agreement in number.\footnote{Noun phrases with an attributive adjective following a non-inflected noun in Abkhaz have alternatively been analyzed as polysynthetic constructions (hence adjective incorporation), e.g., by \citet[123]{rijkhoff2002} and \citet{gil2005}.} Note, however, that a plural noun modified by an adjective may remain unmarked \citep[46]{hewitt1989a}. Even though the plural marker may attach only once at the right phrase edge, it is best analyzed as an agreement marker and not a \isi{clitic}. This is evidenced by the fact that the adjective may take the non-human pluralizer even if it modifies a human noun.\footnote{Note that in the closely related language Abaza, plural marking occurs twice but the non-human pluralizer constitutes the obligatory plural agreement marker on adjectives modifying nouns of any gender class \citep[100]{lomtatidze-etal1989}.} +%%% + +\newpage +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Abkhaz \citep{hewitt1989a}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll a-là(-k°à) \textbf{bzə̀ya-k°a}\\ + \textsc{def}-dog-\textsc{pl:nonhum} good-\textsc{pl:nonhum}\\ +\glt ‘the good dogs’ +%%% +\ex +\gll à-ʒġab(-ċ°a) \textbf{bzə̀ya-k°a} / \textbf{bzə̀ya-ċ°a}\\ + \textsc{def}-girl-\textsc{pl:hum} good-\textsc{pl:nonhum} {} good-\textsc{pl:hum}\\ +\glt ‘the good girls’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Abkhaz|)} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\il{Circassian languages|(} +\subsection{Circassian} +%%% +The Circassian (aka Adyghe\il{Adyghe (branch)|see{Circassian languages}}) branch of Abkhaz-Adyghe comprises the two languages \ili{Adyghe} and \ili{Karbardian}. Both languages exhibit similar noun phrase structures. The constituent order inside the noun phrase is normally noun\hyp{}adjective. Noun phrases with modifying adjectives in Adyghe and Karbardian are often described as single compound words \citep[222]{comrie1981}. + +\il{Karbardian|(} +\paragraph*{Adjective incorporation in Karbardian} +Attributive adjectives in Karbardian (aka Eastern Circassian\il{Eastern Circassian|see{Karbadian}}) occur in a polysynthetic structure to the right of the modified noun. Number and case inflection of the noun phrase is suffixed to the adjective. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Karbardian \citep[295]{colarusso1989}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll pṡaaṡa\textbf{-daax̂a}-r\\ + girl-beautiful-\textsc{abs}\\ +\glt ‘the beautiful girl’ +%%% +\ex +\gll pṡaaṡa\textbf{-daax̂a}-ha-r\\ + girl-beautiful-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{abs}\\ +\glt ‘the beautiful girls’ +%%% +\ex +\gll pṡaaṡa\textbf{-daax̂a-c'ək'°}-ər\\ + girl-beautiful-little-\textsc{abs}\\ +\glt ‘the small beautiful girl’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Karbardian|)} +\il{Circassian languages|)} +\il{Abkhaz-Adyghe languages|)} + +\il{Kartvelian languages|(} +\section{Kartvelian} +\label{kartvelian synchr} +%%% +Kartvelian is a language family comprising the four languages \ili{Georgian}, \ili{Svan}, \ili{Laz} and \ili{Mingrelian} (aka Megrelian\il{Megrelian|see{Mingrelian}} or Iverian).\il{Iverian|see{Mingrelian}} The latter two languages constitute the Zan\il{Zan languages} subbranch inside the family \citep[220]{salminen2007}. Kartvelian languages are all spoken in the southern \ili{Caucasus}, mainly in Georgia but also in adjacent countries. + +In the modern Kartvelian languages, the unmarked constituent order of adjectival modifiers and head is noun-final, although the opposite order is also possible \citep[56]{harris1991a}. + +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +\is{juxtaposition|(} +Three adjective attribution marking types are attested: +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item juxtaposition +\item head\hyp{}driven agreement +\item appositional head\hyp{}driven agreement. +\end{itemize} +%%% + +The inherited Common Kartvelian\il{Common Kartvelian} agreement marking, however, is more or less preserved only in the marked (but inherited) head-initial noun phrase type. In the head-final noun phrase type, on the other hand, the modern Kartvelian languages display a strong tendency to lose head\hyp{}driven agreement. Preposed attributive adjectives in \ili{Mingrelian} and \ili{Laz} are juxtaposed to the head noun as a rule. In Modern \ili{Georgian} and \ili{Svan}, the agreement paradigm of preposed attributive adjectives shows a high degree of syncretism. +\is{juxtaposition|)} + +\il{Georgian|(} +\subsection{Georgian} +\label{georgian synchr} +%%% +\paragraph*{Head\hyp{}driven agreement in Georgian} +The only agreement feature in Modern Georgian is \textsc{case}. Note, however, that the adjective agreement paradigm exhibits only three differentiated forms.\footnote{In the marked head-initial constituent order of noun and adjective, which is used in archaic style or for emphasis, case agreement is complete \citep[59]{tuite1998}.} +%%% +\begin{exe} +\settowidth\jamwidth{[\textsc{nom}]} +\ex {\rm Georgian \citep[236]{aronson1991}} +\label{georgian old} +\begin{xlist} +\ex \textbf{ʒvel-i} c'ign-i {\rm ‘old book’} \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{nom}]}} +\ex \textbf{ʒvel-ma} c'ign-ma \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{erg}]}} +\ex \textbf{ʒvel-Ø} c'ign-s \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{dat}]}} +\ex \textbf{ʒvel-i} c'ign-is \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{gen}]}} +\ex \textbf{ʒvel-i} c'ign-it \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{ins}]}} +\ex \textbf{ʒvel-Ø} c'ign-ad \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{adv}]}} +\ex \dots +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\is{juxtaposition|(} +\paragraph*{Juxtaposition in Georgian} +Whereas the so-called consonantal-stem adjectives like ‘old’ in \REF{georgian old} show \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement}, there is another lexical class of adjectives (characterized by a stem-final vowel, hence “vocalic-stem adjectives”), the members of which are simply juxtaposed to the modified noun. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\settowidth\jamwidth{[\textsc{nom}]} +\ex {\rm Georgian \citep[236]{aronson1991}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex \textbf{parto} gza {\rm ‘wide road’} \jambox{\rm [{\textsc{nom}]}} +\ex \textbf{parto} gza-m \jambox{\rm [{\textsc{erg}]}} +\ex \textbf{parto} gza-s \jambox{\rm [{\textsc{dat}]}} +\ex \textbf{parto} gz-is \jambox{\rm [{\textsc{gen}]}} +\ex \textbf{parto} gz-it \jambox{\rm [{\textsc{ins}]}} +\ex \textbf{parto} gz-ad \jambox{\rm [{\textsc{adv}]}} +\ex \dots +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\is{juxtaposition|)} + +\is{appositional head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +\paragraph*{Appositional head\hyp{}driven agreement in Georgian} +Appositional modification seems to occur as a secondary type of adjective attribution marking in Georgian. Attributive adjectives are normally preposed and show only limited agreement (\ref{georgian unmarked}). In postposition (marking emphasis), however, the adjective inflects for the full set of cases and numbers (\ref{georgian marked}). This construction thus resembles an independent (headless) noun phrase\is{headless noun phrase} in apposition to the semantic head \citep[652, 677]{testelec1998}. The construction probably marks \isi{contrastive focus} of the adjective. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Georgian \citep[652]{testelec1998}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\label{georgian unmarked} +\gll am or \textbf{lamaz} kal-s\\ + that:\textsc{obl} two nice:\textsc{obl} woman-\textsc{dat}\\ +\glt ‘to those two nice women’ +%%% +\ex +\label{georgian marked} +\gll kal-eb-s \textbf{lamaz-eb-s}\\ + woman-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{dat} nice-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{dat}\\ +\glt ‘to the \textsc{nice} women’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\is{appositional head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} +\il{Georgian|)} + +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +\il{Svan|(} +\subsection{Svan} +%%% +\paragraph*{Head\hyp{}driven agreement in Svan} +Attributive adjectives in Svan show limited agreement in case. The paradigm of the agreement marker exhibits only two members: one for nominative and one for the oblique cases. +%%% + +\newpage +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Svan \citep[18]{tuite1997}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{luwzer-e} ma:r-e\\ + diligent-\textsc{nom} man-\textsc{nom}\\ +\glt ‘a diligent man’ +%%% +\ex +\gll \textbf{luwzer-a} ma:re:m-i našdabw\\ + diligent-\textsc{obl} man-\textsc{gen} work\\ +\glt ‘(the work) of a diligent man’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +\citet[499]{schmidt1991}, however, describes the tendency in Svan to abolish agreement completely and use an uninflected variant of the attributive adjective in the oblique cases instead. +\il{Svan|)} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\is{juxtaposition|(} +\il{Zan languages|(} +\subsection{Zan} +%%% +Zan is a subbranch of Kartvelian formed by the two languages \ili{Mingrelian} and \ili{Laz}. The default type of adjective attribution marking in both languages is juxtaposition which occurs obligatorily in the unmarked head-final noun phrase. In the marked head-initial noun phrase, however, attributive adjectives normally agree in number and case with the head noun. + +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +\il{Mingrelian|(} +\paragraph*{Juxtaposition and head\hyp{}driven agreement in Mingrelian} +The two adjective attribution marking devices occurring in Zan languages are illustrated with Mingrelian examples. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Mingrelian \citep[361–364]{harris1991b}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Juxtaposition}\\ +\label{mingrelian juxt} +\gll \textbf{skvam} cira-en-k\\ + beautiful girl-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{nar}\\ +\glt ‘beautiful girl’%Bsp ist konstruiert +%%% +\ex {\rm Head\hyp{}driven agreement}\\ +\label{mingrelian agr} +\gll cira-en-k \textbf{skvam-en-k}\\ + girl-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{nar} beautiful-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{nar}\\ +\glt ‘\textsc{beautiful} girl’\footnote{Note that the case marking formative does not obligatorily occur on both constituents in the marked head-initial noun phrase in Mingrelian \citep[363–364]{harris1991b}.}%clitic +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Mingrelian|)} +\il{Zan languages|)} +\il{Kartvelian languages|)} +\is{juxtaposition|)} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\il{Semitic languages|(} +\section{Semitic} +%%% +Semitic languages are only marginally represented in northern Eurasia. The few languages considered here belong either to the Arabic\il{Arabic languages} subbranch of Central Semitic\il{Central Semitic languages} or to Northwest Semitic.\il{Northwest Semitic languages} + +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +Only one single type of adjective attribution marking is attested in these two branches: +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item head\hyp{}driven agreement. +\end{itemize} +%%% + +\il{Northwest Semitic languages|(} +\il{Neo-Aramaic|(} +\subsection{Northwest Semitic} +%%% +Neo-Aramaic (aka Modern Aramaic) is the only language of the northwestern branch of Semitic considered in the present survey. It is spoken in the Middle-East in north-western Iran, Iraq and south-eastern Turkey, but also in adjacent areas of the Caucasus\is{Caucasus} in Azerbaijan, and therefore falls into the geographic area of investigation. + +\paragraph*{Head\hyp{}driven agreement in Neo-Aramaic} +Constituent order inside the noun phrase of Neo-Aramaic is noun-adjective. Attributive adjectives agree with the modified noun in gender and number. +%%% +\il{Neo-Aramaic!Kurdistan} +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Neo-Aramaic (Kurdistan) \citep{krotkoff1982}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex ya:la \textbf{zu:ra} {\rm ‘small boy’} +\ex bra:ta \textbf{zurta} {\rm ‘small girl’} +\ex bnu:ne \textbf{zu:re} {\rm ‘small kids’} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Neo-Aramaic|)} +\il{Northwest Semitic languages|)} + +\il{Central Semitic languages|(} +\subsection{Central Semitic} +%%% +\il{Arabic languages|(} +\subsubsection{Arabic} +\ili{Cypriot Arabic} (aka Kormakiti)\il{Kormakiti|see{Cypriot Arabic}} and \ili{Maltese} are two Arabic languages of the Central Semitic branch spoken on the Mediterranean islands Cyprus and Malta, and thus belong to \isi{Europe} geographically. + +\il{Maltese|(} +\paragraph*{Head\hyp{}driven agreement in Maltese} +The basic and unmarked constituent order in Maltese is noun-adjective. A few adjectives, however, can precede the noun in an emphatic construction \citep[71]{borg-etal1996}. + +Adjectives show distinct forms for gender and number in accordance with the morphological features of the modified noun. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Maltese \citep[328]{aquilina1959}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll ra:jel \textbf{sabi:ħ}\\ + man beautiful:\textsc{m:sg}\\ +\glt ‘beautiful man’ +%%% +\ex +\gll mara \textbf{sabi:ħa}\\ + woman beautiful:\textsc{f:sg}\\ +\glt ‘beautiful woman’ +%%% +\ex +\gll nies \textbf{sbieħ}\\ + people beautiful:\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘beautiful people’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Optionally, the attributive adjective can additionally be marked for definiteness. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Maltese \citep[330]{aquilina1959}}\\ +\gll il-ktieb \textbf{(il-)qadi:m}\\ + \textsc{def}-book (\textsc{def-})old\\ +\glt ‘the old book’ +\end{exe} +%%% + +Even though the construction with a repeated definite marker resembles \isi{attributive nominalization}, it is best analyzed as agreement in the \textsc{definite}\is{species marking!definite} value of the feature \textsc{species} \citep[179]{himmelmann1997}. Himmelmann compares the construction in Maltese to Standard \ili{Arabic}, where similar definite (and indefinite) agreement occurs.\is{species marking!indefinite} +%CHECK CECA for interesting similarities between attr. and pred. adjectives +\il{Maltese|)} +\il{Arabic languages|)} +\il{Central Semitic languages|)} +\il{Semitic languages|)} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\il{Uralic languages|(} +\section{Uralic} +\label{uralic synchr} +%%% +The Uralic language family comprises the branches (roughly from West to East) Hungarian,\il{Hungarian} Saamic,\il{Saamic languages} Finnic,\il{Finnic languages} Permic,\il{Permic languages} Mari,\il{Mari languages} Mordvin,\il{Mordvin languages} Khanty,\il{Khanty languages} Mansi,\il{Mansi languages} and Samoyedic\il{Samoyedic languages} \citep[216–218]{salminen2007}. Except for most languages from the Samoyedic subbranch of the family, Uralic languages are all spoken in \isi{Europe}. Uralic is thus one of the major families on the European linguistic map. + +The constituent order inside the noun phrase is strictly adjective-initial in all Uralic languages. Similar to Mongolic,\il{Mongolic languages} Turkic\il{Turkic languages} and many other languages of \isi{North Asia}, the prototypical adjective attribution marking device in Uralic languages is \isi{juxtaposition}. This type occurs as the unmarked construction in most Uralic languages with the exception of the two western branches Saamic\il{Saamic languages} and Finnic\il{Finnic languages} as well as in \ili{Nganasan} from the Samoyedic\il{Samoyedic languages} branch, which have abandoned juxtaposition and developed new types. + +Secondary adjective attribution marking devices are also attested in languages of the Permic\il{Permic languages} and Mari\il{Mari languages} (and probably also other) branches of Uralic, even though juxtaposition is used in these languages as the default strategy for adjective attribution marking. + +The following five adjective attribution marking devices occur in Uralic: +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item juxtaposition\is{juxtaposition} +\item head\hyp{}driven agreement\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement} +\item anti\hyp{}construct state marking +\item appositional head\hyp{}driven agreement\is{appositional head\hyp{}driven agreement} +\item attributive nominalization.\is{attributive nominalization} +\end{itemize} +%%% + +\il{Samoyedic languages|(} +\subsection{Samoyedic} +%%% +The Samoyedic branch of Uralic can be divided into two subbranches: North Samoyedic and South Samoyedic.\il{South Samoyedic languages} + +\il{North Samoyedic languages|(} +\subsubsection{North Samoyedic} +\label{N-Samoyedic-synchr} +%%% +The North Samoyedic branch consists of Nenets\il{Nenets languages} (with the two closely related languages \ili{Forest Nenets}\footnote{Data from Forest Nenets could not be included here because there are no sufficient syntactic descriptions available.} and \ili{Tundra Nenets}), Enets\il{Enets languages} (with the two closely related languages \ili{Forest Enets} and \ili{Tundra Enets}) and \ili{Nganasan}. + +\il{Forest Enets|(} +\is{juxtaposition|(} +\paragraph*{Juxtaposition in Forest Enets} +In both Enets languages, attributive adjectives are juxtaposed to the modified noun by default. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Forest Enets \citep[71]{siegl2013a}} +\label{enets juxt} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{aga} to\\ + big lake(\textsc{nom:sg})\\ +\glt ‘a/the big lake’ +%%% +\ex +\gll \textbf{aga} to-ʔ\\ + big lake\textsc{-nom:pl}\\ +\glt ‘big lakes’ +%%% +\ex +\gll \textbf{aga} to-xiʔ\\ + big lake\textsc{-nom:du}\\ +\glt ‘two big lakes’ +%%%% +%\ex +%\gll \textbf{aga} to-xun\\ +% big lake\textsc{-loc:sg}\\ +%\glt ‘in a/the big lake’ +%%%% +%\ex +%\gll \textbf{aga} to-xin\\ +% big lake\textsc{-loc:pl}\\ +%\glt ‘in a/the big lakes’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Forest Enets|)} + +\il{Head-driven agreement|(} +\il{Tundra Nenets|(} +\paragraph*{Juxtaposition and head\hyp{}driven agreement in Tundra Nenets} +Attributive adjectives in Tundra Nenets are juxtaposed to the modified noun by default, similar to examples (\ref{enets juxt}) from Forest Enets\il{Forest Enets} and (\ref{hung juxt}) from \ili{Hungarian}. However, it has been noticed in descriptions of Tundra Nenets that optional head\hyp{}driven agreement is possible under certain pragmatic conditions (cf., e.g., \citealt[50, passim]{jalava2013a}; \citealt[151–152, passim]{nikolaeva2014a}; \citealt[544]{salminen1998a}). (\ref{t nenets agr}) is an example where number agreement indicates “some kind of definiteness or concreteness, as opposed to the generic interpretation of the plural NP” \citep[152]{nikolaeva2014a}. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Tundra Nenets \citep[152]{nikolaeva2014a}} +\label{t nenets agr} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Juxtaposition}\\ +\gll \textbf{ŋarka} yesʹa-q\\ + big metal\textsc{-pl}\\ +\glt ‘a large sum of money’ (lit. ‘big metals’) +%%% +\ex {\rm Head-driven agreement}\\ +\gll \textbf{ŋarka-q} yesʹa-q\\ + big\textsc{-pl} metal\textsc{-pl}\\ +\glt ‘BIG money’ (lit. ‘big metals’) +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Siegl's note that “under certain pragmatic functions, apparently definiteness, a kind of number agreement (though not in the dual) seems to be possible” \citep[177]{siegl2013a} indicates that \ili{Forest Enets} behaves similar to Tundra Nenets. However, neither Siegl's descriptive grammar or the other sparse descriptions of Forest Enets provide examples for attributive adjectives undergoing head\hyp{}driven agreement. +\is{juxtaposition|)} +\il{Tundra Nenets|)} + +\il{Nganasan|(} +\paragraph*{Head-driven agreement in Nganasan} +Among the Samoyedic languages, Nga\-na\-san is exceptional in exhibiting head\hyp{}driven agreement (in \textsc{number} and \textsc{case}) as the default type of adjective attribution marking. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Nganasan \citep[158]{wagner-nagy2002a}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{ńaаgə-ə} koru-ʔ\\ + good\textsc{-nom:sg} house\textsc{-nom.sg}\\ +\glt ‘(one) good house’ +%%% +\ex +\gll \textbf{ńaagə-gəj} koru-kəj\\ + good\textsc{-nom:du} house\textsc{-nom.du}\\ +\glt ‘(two) good houses’ +%%% +\ex +\gll \textbf{ńaаgə-əʔ} koru-ðәʔ\\ + good\textsc{nom:pl} house\textsc{-nom:pl}\\ +\glt ‘(several) good houses’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Whereas agreement is obligatory for all three number values, case agreement is defective.\is{agreement marking!defective agreement paradigm} Only in nominative, genitive and accusative, the corresponding case values are inherited from the head noun. If the noun phrase is marked for one of the other cases, the adjective is inflected in genitive (\citealt[511]{helimski1998a}; \citealt[157]{wagner-nagy2002a}). +\il{Nganasan|)} +\il{Head-driven agreement|)} +\il{North Samoyedic languages|)} + +\il{South Samoyedic languages|(} +\il{Selkup languages|(} +\subsubsection{South Samoyedic} +%%% +South Samoyedic has only one subbranch with living languages: Selkup. The second subbranch, Sayan\il{Sayan languages} (comprising the languages \ili{Kamas} and \ili{Mator}), is now extinct \citep[231]{salminen2007} and therefore not considered here. + +The Selkup branch consists of the three very closely related languages \ili{Northern Selkup}, \ili{Central Selkup} and \ili{Southern Selkup}. Attributive adjectives in the Selkup languages are juxtaposed to the modified noun by default, similar to examples (\ref{enets juxt}) from Forest Enets\il{Forest Enets} and (\ref{hung juxt}) from \ili{Hungarian}. +\il{Selkup languages|)} +\il{South Samoyedic languages|)} +\il{Samoyedic languages|)} + +\il{Hungarian|(} +\subsection{Hungarian} +%%% +The Hungarian branch of Uralic consists only of one language, i.e., Hungarian proper.\footnote{The outlying dialect Csángó Hungarian\il{Hungarian!Csángó} spoken in Romania is not considered as a distinct language here.} + +\is{juxtaposition|(} +\paragraph*{Juxtaposition in Hungarian} +In Hungarian, attributive adjectives are simply juxtaposed to the modified noun by default. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Hungarian \citep[41]{hall1938}} +\label{hung juxt} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll a \textbf{fekete} szem\\ + \textsc{def} black eye\\ +\glt ‘the black eye’ +%%% +\ex +\gll a \textbf{fekete} szem-ek\\ + \textsc{def} black eye-\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘the black eyes’ +%%% +\ex +\gll a \textbf{fekete} szem-ek-nek\\ + \textsc{def} black eye-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{dat}\\ +\glt ‘to the black eyes’ +%%% +\ex +\gll a \textbf{fekete} szem-eid\\ + \textsc{def} black eye-\textsc{pl:poss:2sg}\\ +\glt ‘your black eyes’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Hungarian|)} +\is{juxtaposition|)} + +\il{Khanty languages|(} +\il{Mansi languages|(} +\il{Mari languages|(} +\il{Mordvin languages|(} +\subsection{Khanty, Mansi, Mari, Mordvin} +%%% +The two languages \ili{Northern Khanty} and \ili{Eastern Khanty} constitute the Khanty branch of Uralic. A third language, Southern Khanty,\il{Southern Khanty} is extinct \citep[231]{salminen2007}. The Mansi branch of Uralic consists of the two very closely related languages \ili{Northern Mansi} and \ili{Eastern Mansi}. Two other Mansi languages, \ili{Western Mansi} and \ili{Southern Mansi}, are extinct \citep[231]{salminen2007}. The Mari branch of Uralic is formed by Western Mari\il{Western Mari} (aka Hill Mari)\il{Hill Mari|see{Western Mari}} and Eastern Mari\il{Eastern Mari} (aka Meadow Mari)\il{Meadow Mari|see{Eastern Mari}} \citep[231]{salminen2007}. The Mordvin branch of Uralic is formed by the two closely related languages Erzya\il{Erzya Mordvin} and Moksha \il{Moksha Mordvin} \citep[231]{salminen2007}. + +Attributive adjectives in all Khanty, Mansi, Mari and Mordvin languages are juxtaposed to the modified noun by default, similar to examples (\ref{enets juxt}) from \ili{Forest Enets} and (\ref{hung juxt}) from \ili{Hungarian}. +\il{Khanty languages|)} +\il{Mansi languages|)} +\il{Mari languages|)} +\il{Mordvin languages|)} + +\il{Permic languages|(} +\subsection{Permic} +%%% +All three Permic languages, Komi-Permyak,\il{Komi-Permyak} Komi-Zyrian\il{Komi-Zyrian} and Udmurt\il{Udmurt} exhibit two distinct types of adjective attribution marking. The default type is juxtaposition, which is the inherited Proto\hyp{}Uralic\il{Proto\hyp{}Uralic} type \citep[80–81]{decsy1990}. However, an \isi{attributive nominalization} device is used in \isi{contrastive focus} constructions as a second type. + +\il{Komi-Zyrian|(} +\is{juxtaposition|(} +\paragraph*{Juxtaposition in Komi-Zyrian} +The unmarked sequence of adjective and noun, i.e., juxtaposition, is illustrated by an example from Komi-Zyrian. +%%% + +\newpage +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Komi-Zyrian (personal knowledge)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{ɨdžɨd} kar\\ + big town\\ +\glt ‘big town’ +%%% +\ex +\gll \textbf{ɨdžɨd} kar-jas\\ + big town-\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘big towns’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Komi-Zyrian|)} +\is{juxtaposition|)} + +\il{Udmurt|(} +\is{attributive nominalization|(} +\paragraph*{Attributive nominalization + appositional head\hyp{}driven agreement in Udmurt} +\label{udmurt synchr} +In Udmurt, an attributive nominalizer homophonous with the 3\textsuperscript{rd} person possessive inflection marker is regularly used as an adjective attribution marking device in \isi{contrastive focus} constructions. Historically, both formatives are similar (see \S\ref{udmurt diachr} in Part~IV Diachrony). +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Udmurt \citep{winkler2001}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Juxtaposition (default)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{badǯ́ym} gurt\\ + big house\\ +\glt ‘big house’ +%%% +\ex +\gll \textbf{badǯ́ym} gurt-jos-y\\ + big house-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{ill}\\ +\glt ‘to big house/s’ +\end{xlist} +%%% +\ex {\rm Attributive nominalization (contrastive focus)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{badǯ́ym-ėz} gurt\\ + big-\textsc{attr} house\\ +\glt ‘\textsc{big} house’ +%%% +\ex +\gll \textbf{badǯ́ym-jos-a-z} gurt-jos-y\\ + big-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{ill}-\textsc{attr} house-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{ill}\\ +\glt ‘to \textsc{big} house/s’ +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +An adjective equipped with the nominalizer is also marked with (agreeing) case and number suffixes indicating that the nominalized adjective occurs in an attributive appositional construction. Note that the nominalizer also serves as the licenser of adjectival (and other) modification\is{modification marking} in \isi{headless noun phrase}s. +%%% + + +\newpage +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Nominalization in Udmurt \citep{winkler2001}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Adjective}\\ +\gll badǯ́ym\textbf{-ėz}\\ + big-\textsc{attr}\\ +\glt ‘the big one’ +%%% +\ex {\rm Demonstrative}\\ +\gll taiz\textbf{-ėz}\\ + \textsc{dem:dist}-\textsc{attr}\\ +\glt ‘that one over there’ +%%% +\ex {\rm Possessor noun phrase}\\ +\gll Ivan-len\textbf{-ėz}\\ + Ivan-\textsc{gen}-\textsc{attr}\\ +\glt ‘that one of Ivan's’ +\end{xlist} +%%% +\ex {\rm Contrastive focused attribute} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Demonstrative}\\ +\label{attr demnmlz} +\gll taiz\textbf{-ėz} gurt\\ + \textsc{dem:dist}-\textsc{attr} house\\ +\glt ‘\textsc{that} (particular) house over there’ +%%% +\ex {\rm Possessor noun phrase}\\ +\label{attr npnmlz} +\gll Ivan-len\textbf{-ėz} gurt\\ + Ivan-\textsc{gen}-\textsc{attr} house\\ +\glt ‘\textsc{Ivan's} house (and not someone else's)’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Examples (\ref{attr demnmlz}–\ref{attr npnmlz}) show that attributive nominalization in Udmurt is a true attribution marking device which is polyfunctional and not restricted to \isi{headless noun phrase}s. + +\is{species marking!definite|(} +\is{contrastive focus|(} +Note that the attributive article is normally labeled “determinative suffix” (or in similar terms) in the Udmurt (and Uralic) grammatical tradition. This label probably originates from the formative's function as a quasi-definite marker. But “determinative” inflection is obligatory only in the case of differential object marking with the marked versus the unmarked accusative. Note also that the definite-marked accusative suffix, again, is historically identical with the 3\textsuperscript{rd} person possessive suffix. +%%% + +\newpage +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Differential object marking in Udmurt \citep[22]{winkler2001}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll mon kniga lɨdǯ́-i\\ + \textsc{1sg} book(\textsc{acc}) read-\textsc{1sg.pst}\\ +\glt ‘I have read a book.’ +%%% +\ex +\gll mon (ta) kniga\textbf{-jez} lɨdǯ́-i\\ + \textsc{1sg} this book-\textsc{acc} read-\textsc{1sg.pst}\\ +\glt ‘I have read the (i.e., ‘this certain’) book.’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Note also that in these and similar examples, the concept of definiteness does not always coincide with the use of the differential “in\slash{}definite accusative” marking. According to \citet[21]{winkler2001}, “the marked accusative is used if the object itself is focused, whereas the unmarked is employed if the action itself bears the logical accent.” Accordingly, even such occurrences of the “determinative suffix” thus resemble focus marking rather than definiteness marking. + +Even though contrastive focus inflection of nouns (or noun phrases) would be the result of purely morphological (morpho-semantic) assignment, contrastive focus inflection of adnominal adjectives can only be analyzed as a morpho\hyp{}syntactic feature assigned noun phrase internally. This is evidenced by the agreement pattern: whereas adjectives in non-contrasted (unmarked) constructions are simply juxtaposed to the head noun, contrastive focused adjectives normally show head\hyp{}driven number agreement.\footnote{The different order of morphemes in certain members of contrastive focus inflection paradigms (i.e., number-, case-, and (former) possessive suffix) as compared to the historically similar “regular” possessive inflection \citep[32]{winkler2001} is not of concern here. This phenomenon does, however, provide evidence for the analysis of the contrastive focus marker of adjectives and the possessive marker of nouns as two different formatives from a synchronic point of view.} Agreement marking on the adjective is clearly assigned by syntax, the head noun being the agreement trigger and the attributive adjective (in contrastive focus) being the agreement target. + +Attributive marking in contrastive focus constructions in Udmurt (and the other Permic languages) is similar in theory to prototypical anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking in languages like Russian,\il{Russian} with regard to both synchrony and diachrony. The construction is still analyzed as attributive nominalization because the agreement marking on the nominalized attribute is the indirect result of the attributive appositional construction and the nominalizing and agreement formatives are not fused synchronically. +\is{attributive nominalization|)} + +\largerpage +\paragraph*{Appositional head\hyp{}driven agreement in Udmurt} +Note, however, that in Udmurt, number agreement also sometimes occurs without the contrastive focus marker. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Head\hyp{}driven plural agreement in Udmurt} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll badǯ́ym-eš́ gurt-jos\\ + big-\textsc{pl} house-\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘\textsc{big} houses’ \citep[40]{winkler2001} +\ex +\gll paśkɨt-eś uram-jos\\ + wide-\textsc{pl} street-\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘\textsc{wide} streets’ \citep[63]{csucs1990} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +According to \citet[63]{csucs1990}, \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} marking in constructions without the “determinative suffix” is the result of analogy. The fact that their use is still restricted to contrastive focus constructions, and is therefore an appositional attribution marking device, is crucial for the analysis as \isi{appositional head\hyp{}driven agreement} (as opposed to true \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement}). +\is{contrastive focus|)} +\is{species marking!definite|)} +\il{Udmurt|)} +\il{Permic languages|)} + +\il{Finnic languages|(} +\subsection{Finnic} +%%% +The Finnic (aka Fennic\il{Fennic languages|see{Finnic languages}} or Baltic Finnic)\il{Baltic Finnic languages|see{Finnic languages}} branch of Uralic comprises the following languages: \ili{Livonian}, \ili{Estonian}, \ili{Votic}, \ili{Finnish}, \ili{Ingrian}, \ili{Karelian}, \ili{Lude} and \ili{Veps}.\footnote{The Võro\il{Estonian!Võro} variety of Estonian, the Meänkieli\il{Finnish!Meänkieli} and Kveeni\il{Finnish!Kveeni} varieties of Finnish, and the Olonets\il{Karelian!Olonets} variety of Karelian are not considered distinct languages here.} + +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +The Finnic branch is exceptional among Uralic in that all of its member languages regularly exhibit head\hyp{}driven agreement as the regular type of adjective attribution marking. + +\il{Finnish|(} +\paragraph*{Head\hyp{}driven agreement in Finnish} +\label{finnish synchr} +The morphological features assigned to the head noun in Finnish are passed on to its adjectival (and other) modifiers. Finnish adjectives thus show a prototypical instance of head\hyp{}driven agreement. +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Finnish (personal knowledge)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{iso} talo\\ + big house\\ +\glt ‘big house’ +%%% +\ex +\label{fin num} + \gll \textbf{iso-t} talo-t\\ + big-\textsc{pl} house-\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘big houses’ +%%% +\ex +\label{fin case} +\gll \textbf{iso-i-ssa} talo-i-ssa\\ + big-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{iness} house-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{iness}\\ +\glt ‘in big houses’ +%%% +\ex +\label{fin poss} +\gll \textbf{iso} {(*iso-ni)} talo-ni\\ + big big-\textsc{poss:1sg} house-\textsc{poss:1sg}\\ +\glt ‘my big house’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Note, however, that not all morphological features assign their values to the attributive adjective in Finnish. Whereas number (\ref{fin num}) and case marking (\ref{fin case}) are assigned to the adjective, possessive marking (\ref{fin poss}) is not (as noted earlier in \S\ref{head-driven agreement}). +\il{Finnish|)} +\il{Finnic languages|)} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\il{Saamic languages|(} +\subsection{Saamic} +\label{saami synchr} +%%% +Saamic languages are spoken on the Scandinavian peninsula in north-central Norway and Sweden as well as in northern Finland and on the Kola peninsula in northwesternmost Russia. Saamic branches further into an eastern and a western subgroup. + +The Saamic languages are exceptional among Uralic and the languages of most other families of \isi{Europe} in that they exhibit special attributive marking of adjectives, prototypically expressed by an invariable attributive suffix. In \S\ref{dep-marking state} of Part~II (Typology), this noun phrase type was characterized as \textit{dependent\hyp{}marked attributive state}; the corresponding formative is labeled \textit{anti\hyp{}construct state marker}. Note, however that the regular use of this inflectional category of adjectives and the relevant formatives vary considerably across the different Saamic languages. + +\il{East Saamic languages|(} +\subsubsection{East Saamic} +%%% +The four living East Saamic languages Ter,\il{Ter Saami} Kildin,\il{Kildin Saami} Skolt\il{Skolt Saami} and Inari Saami\il{Inari Saami} are spoken on the Kola peninsula in northwesternmost Russia and in the adjacent parts of northern Finland. + +\il{Skolt Saami|(} +\paragraph*{Anti\hyp{}construct state in Skolt Saami}\hspace{0.4cm} +Prototypically, the anti\hyp{}construct state marking suffix in Saamic languages has the shape \textit{-(V)s \textasciitilde-(V)s'}.\footnote{The palatalized variant occurs in Ter Saami and Kildin Saami.} The suffix is found in all Saamic languages (\citealt{riesler2006b}; see also \S\ref{saamic diachr} where the origin of attributive state marking in Saamic is dealt with in detail). + +\is{predicative marking|(} +In Skolt Saami, the prototypical pairs of predicative and attributive adjective forms are equipped with the suffixes \textit{-(V)d} \textsc{pred} and \textit{-(V)s} \textsc{attr} respectively, although other suffix pairs occur as well \citep[173–176]{feist2015a}. Whereas the suffix \textit{-(V)d} in \REF{skolt pred} marks the predicative state of the adjective, the suffix \mbox{\textit{-(V)s}} is an attributive state marker. The examples (\ref{skolt attr}) show that the formative is invariable and does not alter its form in a plural or case marked noun phrase. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Skolt Saami (personal knowledge)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\label{skolt pred} +{\rm Predicative} +\begin{xlist} +\gll tät nijdd lij \textbf{moočč-âd}\\ + this girl is beautiful-\textsc{pred}\\ +\glt ‘this girl is beautiful’ +\end{xlist} +%%% +\ex +\label{skolt attr} +{\rm Attributive} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll tät lij \textbf{mooʹčč-es} nijdd\\ + this is beautiful-\textsc{attr} girl\\ +\glt ‘this is a beautiful girl’ +%%% +\ex +\gll täk liâ \textbf{mooʹčč-es} niõđ\\ + this are beautiful-\textsc{attr} girl\textbackslash\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘these are beautiful girls’ +%%% +\ex +\gll \textbf{mooʹčč-es} niõđ-i põrtt\\ + beautiful-\textsc{attr} girl-\textsc{gen.pl} house\\ +\glt ‘the house of the beautiful girls’ +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +In all Saamic languages, attributive (and predicative) state marking of adjectives is complex and determined by certain lexically defined classes and subclasses of adjectives. Many adjectives are marked only for attributive state but show the unmarked stem form in the predicative form. Consider for instance \textit{neuʹrr} [\textsc{pred}] versus \textit{neeuʹr-es} [\textsc{attr}] ‘bad’, in Skolt Saami. In addition, in the predicative forms of several adjectives, suffixes other than \textit{-(V)d} also occur. Finally, there are a few adjectives which also use the attributive suffix in their predicative forms \citep[cf.][173–176]{feist2015a}. + +In fact, a general tendency is noticeable in all Saamic languages: the differentiated morphological marking of predicative and attributive adjectives is being abolished in favor of using the pure or extended stem forms in both syntactic positions. As a result, attributive state marking seems to be in dissolution \citep{riesler2006b}. Several classes of adjectives, however, do not seem to be as affected by the functional spread of the \isi{juxtaposition}al type. In Skolt Saami, the anti\hyp{}construct state marker is even used productively in several derived adjective classes, such as with the abessive adjectivizer.\is{adjective derivation} +%%% + +\newpage +\begin{exe} +\il{Skolt Saami!Notozero} +\ex {\rm Derived adjectives in Skolt Saami (Notozero) \citep[279]{senkevic-g1968}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Attributive}\\ +\gll \textbf{päärn-tʹem-es} neezzan\\ + child-\textsc{abess.adjz-attr} woman\\ +\glt ‘(a) woman without children’ +%%% +\ex {\rm Predicative}\\ +\gll tät neezzan lij \textbf{päärn-tʹem}\\ + this woman is child-\textsc{abess.adjz}\\ +\glt ‘this woman is without children’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} + +\is{juxtaposition|(} +\paragraph*{Juxtaposition in Skolt Saami} +Whereas dependent\hyp{}marked attributive state is the prototypical type of adjective attribution marking in Skolt (as well as in the other Saamic languages), certain adjectives are never inflected in their attributive form, one instance being \textit{nuõrr} ‘young’ \citep[cf.~also][176]{feist2015a}. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Skolt Saami (personal knowledge)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Attributive} +\begin{xlist} +\gll tät lij \textbf{nuõrr} nijdd\\ + this is young girl\\ +\glt ‘this is a young girl’ +%%% +\ex +\gll täk liâ \textbf{nuõrr} niõđ\\ + this are young girl\textbackslash\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘these are young girls’ +\end{xlist} +%%%%%JW: warum zeigst du hier ein PRED-Beispiel? ist das wirklich relevant hier? Außerdem sieht man, dass die PRED-ATTR-Formen unterschiedlich sind (Stufenwechsel)~– das wäre auch morphologische Markierung, nicht nur Juxtaposition. +\ex {\rm Predicative}\\ +\gll täk niõđ liâ \textbf{nuõr}\\ + this girl is young\textbackslash\textsc{pred.pl}\\ +\glt ‘these girls are young’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +The noun phrase type in which ‘young’ and other members of this adjectival class occur must be characterized as {juxtaposition}. Hence, Skolt Saami exhibits a second, minor adjective attribution marking device in addition to attributive state marking. +\is{predicative marking|)} +\il{Skolt Saami|)} +\il{East Saamic languages|)} +\is{juxtaposition|)} + +\il{West Saamic languages|(} +\subsubsection{West Saamic} +The five West Saamic languages are Northern,\il{Northern Saami} Lule,\il{Lule Saami} Pite,\il{Pite Saami} Ume\il{Ume Saami} and \ili{Southern Saami}. They are spoken in northern Norway and Sweden and in the adjacent parts of northern Finland. + +\il{Northern Saami|(} +\il{Pite Saami|(} +\is{predicative marking|(} +The default adjective attribution marking device in all West Saamic languages is anti\hyp{}construct state marking, just as in East Saamic.\il{East Saamic languages} Only the few members of a marginal subclass of adjectives are attributed by means of other devices. In general, West Saamic languages are similar to East Saamic in their high degree of irregularity in the morphological marking of attributive adjectives, although grammars of \ili{Northern Saami}, usually taking a rather normative-descriptive approach (e.g., \citealt{nickel1990,sammallahti1998b,svonni2009a}), stress the systemic character of attributive versus predicative marking with the suffix \textit{-(V)s} being the prototypical formative for attributive morphology. + +For another West Saamic language, Pite Saami, and using exclusively corpus data \citet[128–129]{wilbur2014a} argues that the formative \textit{-(V)s} is used much too irregularly to be considered a productive attributive suffix. Because of the considerable inconsistencies in morphological patterns between corresponding attributive and predicative adjectives, \citet[134]{wilbur2014a} generally prefers to analyze these two sets of adjectives simply as semantically and etymologically related, rather than morphologically derivable adjectives. However, even if a large part of these adjectives consists of suppletive pairs, the morpho-syntax of adjectives in Pite Saami shares one important characteristic with the other Saamic languages: whereas attributive adjectives never show morphological agreement, predicative adjectives agree (in \textsc{number}) with the subject noun phrase. +\is{predicative marking|)} +\il{Pite Saami|)} + +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +\paragraph*{Head\hyp{}driven agreement in Northern Saami} +For Northern Saami, the default attribution device is anti\hyp{}construct state marking, like in all Saamic languages. A few adjectives, however, regularly show agreement with the head noun in number and case. In Northern Saami, the adjective ‘good’ and sometimes also the adjective ‘bad’ follow this type. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\settowidth\jamwidth{[good-\textsc{gen:pl}(\textasciitilde \textsc{com:pl}) knife-\textsc{com:pl}]} +\ex {\rm Northern Saami \citep[83]{nickel1990}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex buorre niibi {\rm ‘good knife’} \jambox{{\rm [good(\textsc{nom:sg}) knife(\textsc{nom:sg})]}} +\ex buori niibbi \jambox{{\rm [good\textbackslash\textsc{gen:sg} knife\textbackslash\textsc{gen:sg}]}} +\ex buori niibá-i \jambox{{\rm [good\textbackslash\textsc{gen:sg} knife-\textsc{ill:sg}]}} +\ex buori niibi-s \jambox{{\rm [good\textbackslash\textsc{gen:sg} knife-\textsc{loc:sg}]}} +\ex buri-in niibbi-in \jambox{{\rm [good-\textsc{com:sg} knife-\textsc{com:sg}]}} +\ex buori-t niibbi-t \jambox{{\rm [good-\textsc{nom:pl} knife-\textsc{nom:pl}]}} +\ex buori-id niibbi-id \jambox{{\rm [good-\textsc{gen:pl} knife-\textsc{gen:pl}]}} +\ex buori-id(\textasciitilde ide) niibbi-ide \jambox{{\rm [good-\textsc{gen:pl}(\textasciitilde \textsc{ill:pl}) knife-\textsc{ill:pl}]}} +\ex buri-in niibbiin \jambox{{\rm [good\textbackslash\textsc{loc:pl} knife-\textsc{loc:pl}]}} +\ex buori-id(\textasciitilde iguin) niibbi-iguin \jambox{{\rm [good-\textsc{gen:pl}(\textasciitilde \textsc{com:pl}) knife-\textsc{com:pl}]}} +\ex buorri-n niibi-n \jambox{{\rm [good-\textsc{ess} knife-\textsc{ess}]}} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Note that the agreement inflection of the adjective can be characterized as defective because it does not distinguish all single case forms in the paradigm.\is{agreement marking!defective agreement paradigm} +\il{Northern Saami|)} +\il{West Saamic languages|)} +\il{Saamic languages|)} +\il{Uralic languages|)} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\il{Indo-European languages|(} +\section{Indo-European} +%%% +Indo-European is among the world's language families with the greatest geographic distribution. Most of the European languages belong to this family. But Indo-European languages are spoken as far East as on the \isi{South Asia}n subcontinent. The family can be divided into nine branches \citep[218]{salminen2007}, all of which are represented in the present investigation. + +The prototypical adjective attribution marking type in Indo-European is \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement}. This type is also reconstructed for the \ili{Proto\hyp{}Indo-European} language \citep{decsy1991,watkins1998}. Due to the development of certain secondary types of adjective attribution marking devices, however, divergence is relatively high inside the Indo-European family. Furthermore, in several branches of Indo-European, \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} has been lost in favor of various other types of attribution marking (as will be shown in Part~IV Diachrony). + +Among the languages of northern Eurasia, the Indo-European family exhibits the highest diversity with regard to the number of possible adjective attribution marking devices. The following types are attested in different Indo-European languages: +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item juxtaposition\is{juxtaposition} +\item head\hyp{}driven agreement\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement} +\item construct-state marking +\item anti\hyp{}construct state marking +\item anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking +\item attributive nominalization\is{attributive nominalization} +\item incorporation. +\end{itemize} +%%% + +\il{Albanian languages|(} +\subsection{Albanian} +\label{albanian synchr} +%%% +The Albanian branch of Indo-European is represented by the two languages Standard \ili{Albanian} and \ili{Arvanitika}. + +\il{Albanian|(} +\is{attributive nominalization|(} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +\paragraph*{Attributive nominalization + head\hyp{}driven agreement in Albanian} +In both Albanian languages, adjectives normally follow the head noun and are marked with an article which links its host to the modified noun. Additionally, adjectives are equipped with agreement inflection suffixes co-referencing the \textsc{number}-, \textsc{gender}-, \textsc{case}- and \textsc{species}\is{species marking} values of the head noun. The language thus exhibits an attributive marking device which is a combination of a phonologically free article (historically an attributive nominalizer) and agreement suffixes. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Standard Albanian \citep[examples from][166–167]{himmelmann1997}} +\label{albanian ex} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll një shok \textbf{i} \textbf{mirë}\\ + one:\textsc{m} friend:\textsc{indef:m} \textsc{attr:nom.sg.m} good:\textsc{nom.sg.m}\\ +\glt ‘one good friend’ +%%% +\ex +\gll shok=u \textbf{i} \textbf{mirë}\\ + friend=\textsc{def:nom.sg.m} \textsc{attr:nom.sg.m} good:\textsc{nom.sg.m}\\ +\glt ‘the good friend’ +%%% +\ex +\gll shok=un \textbf{e} \textbf{mirë}\\ + friend=\textsc{def:acc.sg.m} \textsc{attr:acc.sg.m} good:\textsc{acc.sg.m}\\ +\glt ‘the good friend (acc.)’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Note that the circum-positioned agreement marker also occurs with predicative adjectives.\is{predicative marking} +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Standard Albanian \citep{demiraj1998}}\\ +%\begin{xlist} +%\ex Predicative agreement of “article adjectives” +\gll shok=u është \textbf{i} \textbf{bukur}\\ + friend-\textsc{def:nom.sg.m} be\textsc{.3sg.prs} \textsc{attr:nom.sg.m} pretty:\textsc{nom.sg.m}\\ +\glt ‘the friend is pretty’ +%\ex Predicative agreement of “simple” adjectives +%\gll shok=u është \textbf{besnik}\\ +% friend-\textsc{def:nom.sg.m} be\textsc{.3sg.prs} true:\textsc{nom.sg.m}\\ +%\glt ‘the friend is faithful’ +%\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +\is{predicative marking|(} +Since adjectives in attributive and predicative position are both equipped with the circumfixed agreement marker the language seems to belong simply to the head\hyp{}driven agreement type. However, true predicative adjectives are not found in Albanian. Instead, attributive adjectives in \isi{headless noun phrase}s are used in predicative position. This is evidenced by case agreement of predicates. +%%% + + +\newpage +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Standard Albanian \citep{demiraj1998}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll Agimi {u kthye} \textbf{i} \textbf{dëshpëruar}\\ + Agimi(\textsc{nom.sg.m}) returned \textsc{attr:nom.sg.m} sorrowful:\textsc{nom.sg.m}\\ +\glt ‘Agim returned sorrowfully’ +%%% +\ex +\gll Agimi(\textsc{acc.sg.m}) e pashtë \textbf{të} \textbf{dëshpëruar}\\ + Agimi I saw \textsc{attr:acc.sg.m} sorrowful:\textsc{acc.sg.m}\\ +\glt ‘I saw Agimi sorrowful’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +On the other hand, the similar agreement behavior of attributive and predicative adjectives seems to indicate the absence of specific attributive morpho-syntactic marking. However, the attributive article is polyfunctional and can also link other adnominal attributes in addition to adjectives to the modified noun. The analysis of adjective attribution marking in Albanian as belonging to the attributive nominalization type (in combination with head\hyp{}driven agreement) thus seems justified. +%%% + +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Standard Albanian \citep{demiraj1998}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll roman-i \textbf{i} tretë\\ + novel-\textsc{def:nom.sg.m} \textsc{attr:nom.sg.m} third\\ +\glt ‘the third novel’ +%%% +\ex +\gll libr-i \textbf{i} nxënës-it\\ + book(\textsc{m})-\textsc{def:nom.sg.m} \textsc{attr:nom.sg.m} pupil-\textsc{def:gen/dat.sg}\\ +\glt ‘the pupil's book’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\is{attributive nominalization|)} + +\paragraph*{Head\hyp{}driven agreement in Albanian} +Note, however, that the occurrence of the attributive article is restricted to a lexically defined subclass of adjectives in Albanian: only the so-called “article adjectives” are regularly marked with the article. Other adjectives are marked with head\hyp{}driven agreement affixes alone. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Standard Albanian \citep[examples from][167]{himmelmann1997}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll shok=u \textbf{besnik}\\ + friend-\textsc{def:nom.sg.m} true:\textsc{nom.sg.m}\\ +\glt ‘the faithful friend’ +%%% +\ex +\gll një shok \textbf{besnik}\\ + one:\textsc{m} friend:\textsc{indef:m} true:\textsc{nom.sg.m}\\ +\glt ‘one faithful friend’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Again, predicative adjectives behave similar to attributive adjectives. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Standard Albanian \citep{demiraj1998}}\\ +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Predicative agreement of “article adjectives”}\\ +\gll shok=u është \textbf{i} \textbf{bukur}\\ + friend-\textsc{def:nom.sg.m} be\textsc{.3sg.prs} \textsc{attr:nom.sg.m} pretty:\textsc{nom.sg.m}\\ +\glt ‘the friend is pretty’ +%%% +\ex {\rm Predicative agreement of “simple” adjectives}\\ +\gll shok=u është \textbf{besnik}\\ + friend-\textsc{def:nom.sg.m} be\textsc{.3sg.prs} true:\textsc{nom.sg.m}\\ +\glt ‘the friend is faithful’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Albanian|)} +\is{predicative marking|)} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\il{Arvanitika|(} +\is{attributive nominalization|(} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +\paragraph*{Attributive nominalization + head\hyp{}driven agreement in Arvanitika} +Adjective attribution marking in Arvanitika is very similar to Standard \ili{Albanian}. One adjective class shows head\hyp{}driven agreement marking by means of suffixes. The second adjective class is cognate with the so-called “article adjectives” in Albanian and exhibits attributive nominalization. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Arvanitika \citep[303]{sasse1991}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll ɲə́ djáʎə \textbf{i-mírə}\\ + one:\textsc{m} boy:\textsc{indef.m} \textsc{m}-good:\textsc{m}\\ +\glt ‘one good boy’ +%%% +\ex +\gll djáʎi \textbf{i-mírə}\\ + boy:\textsc{def.m} \textsc{m}-good:\textsc{m}\\ +\glt ‘the good boy’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Unlike in Standard Albanian,\il{Albanian} however, the preposed attributive nominalizer in Arvanitika is a phonologically bound formative. This is evidenced by its phonological behavior in adjective compounds, where the marker remains in its position bound to the adjective stem. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Arvanitika \citep[304]{sasse1991}} +\label{alb noclitic} +\begin{xlist} +\ex[]{ +\gll \textbf{miso-i-}ngrə́nə / \textbf{miso-tə-}ngrə́nə\\ + half-\textsc{m}-mounted:\textsc{m} { } half-\textsc{acc.m}-mounted:\textsc{m}\\ +\glt ‘half-mounted’ +} +%%% +\ex[*]{i-miso-ngrə́nə / tə-miso-ngrə́nə} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Example (\ref{alb noclitic}) shows that the compound degree word \textit{miso-} does not move between the adjective stem and the attributive nominalizer. Consequently, the nominalizer can be characterized as a \isi{clitic} (because it is phonologically bound but morpho-syntactically free) which always attaches on a fixed position, i.e., on the left of the adjective stem.\footnote{Note, however, that the agreement categories \textsc{case/number/gender} are merged into several differentiated morphemes in the suffixed part of the circumfix \citep[124–128]{sasse1991}.} +\il{Arvanitika|)} +\il{Albanian languages|)} +\is{attributive nominalization|)} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\il{Armenian languages|(} +\il{Eastern Armenian|(} +\subsection{Armenian} +\label{armenian-synch} +%%% +Armenian is a branch consisting only of two closely related varieties, of which only the Eastern Armenian standard language is considered here. + +\is{juxtaposition|(} +\paragraph*{Juxtaposition in Eastern Armenian} +In the unmarked construction, attributive adjectives are unmarked and precede the modified noun. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Eastern Armenian \citep{ajello1998}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{bari} gorc\\ + good work(\textsc{nom.sg})\\ +\glt ‘good work’ +%%% +\ex +\gll \textbf{bari} gorc-s\\ + good work-\textsc{acc.pl}\\ +\glt ‘good work (acc.)’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\is{juxtaposition|)} + +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +\paragraph*{Head\hyp{}driven agreement in Armenian} +A few monosyllabic adjectives show head\hyp{}driven agreement marking in Armenian. + +In theory, however, all adjectives in an emphatic construction can occur in a noun phrase with reversed constituent order. In “emphatic position” \citep[224]{ajello1998}, i.e., in \isi{contrastive focus} attributive adjectives show agreement in case and number as a rule. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Eastern Armenian \citep[224]{ajello1998}}\\ +\gll bazum gorc-s \textbf{bari-s}\\ + much work-\textsc{acc.pl} good-\textsc{acc.pl}\\ +\glt ‘much \textsc{good} work (acc.)’ +\end{exe} +\il{Eastern Armenian|)} +\il{Armenian languages|)} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\il{Indo-Iranian languages|(} +\subsection{Indo-Iranian} +%%% +Indo-Iranian (aka Aryan)\il{Aryan|see{Indo-Iranian languages}} is a major branch within Indo-European. But only a few Indo-Iranian languages belonging to the Iranian\il{Iranian languages} and Indo-Aryan\il{Indo-Aryan languages} subbranches are spoken in northern Eurasia and thus considered here. Most other Indo-Iranian languages are spoken in the \isi{Middle East} and in \isi{South Asia} and hence outside the investigated geographic area. + +\il{Indo-Aryan languages|(} +\il{Romani languages|(} +\subsubsection{Indo-Aryan} +%%% +Indo-Aryan (aka Indic)\il{Indic|see{Indo-Aryan languages}} is a large subbranch of Indo-Iranian, most member languages of which are spoken on the \isi{South Asia}n subcontinent. Outlier languages, spoken in northern Eurasia include \ili{Parya}, a language which was recently discovered in Tajikistan in \isi{Inner Asia} \citep[22]{masica1991}, and the group of Romani languages. Several varieties of Romani are spoken all over \isi{Europe}. Some of them are not mutually intelligible. Rather than being one single language, Romani is thus a group of languages which comprise at least the four subbranches Vlax Romani,\il{Vlax Romani languages} Balkan Romani,\il{Balkan Romani languages} Central Romani\il{Central Romani languages} and North Romani\il{North Romani languages} with several sub-varieties in each of them \citep[2–3]{halwachs-etal2002}. + +The default type of adjective attribution marking in Indo-Aryan languages is \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} in noun phrases with head-final constituent order \citep[369]{masica1991}. Agreement features in the Romani languages are \textsc{gender} and \textsc{number}, and in most varieties also \textsc{case}. The unmarked constituent order in all varieties of Romani is adjective-noun. + +\il{Burgenland Romani|(} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +\paragraph*{Head\hyp{}driven agreement in Burgenland Romani} +\label{romani synchr} +In the Burgenland variety of Romani, adjectives normally show agreement in gender, number and also case with the head noun. Case agreement, however, can be characterized as defective, since all attributive adjectives preceding oblique cases have one similar oblique form.\is{agreement marking!defective agreement paradigm} +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Burgenland Romani \citep[22–23]{halwachs-etal2002}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{bar-o} phral\\ + big-\textsc{nom:m.sg} brother(\textsc{m})\\ +\glt ‘big brother’ +%%% +\ex +\gll \textbf{bar-i} phen\\ + big-\textsc{nom:f.sg} sister(\textsc{f})\\ +\glt ‘big sister’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\is{juxtaposition|(} +\paragraph*{Juxtaposition in Burgenland Romani} +A minor lexically defined subclass of adjectives in Burgenland Romani is indeclinable and juxtaposed to the head noun. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Burgenland Romani \citep[22–23]{halwachs-etal2002}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{schukar} phral\\ + beautiful brother(\textsc{m})\\ +\glt ‘beautiful brother’ +%%% +\ex +\gll \textbf{schukar} phen\\ + beautiful sister(\textsc{f})\\ +\glt ‘beautiful sister’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Burgenland Romani|)} +\is{juxtaposition|)} + +\is{attributive nominalization|(} +\paragraph*{Attributive nominalization in Vlax Romani} +\citet{hancock1995} describes the use of a “repeated definite article”\is{species marking!definite} in \isi{contrastive focus} constructions in Vlax Romani. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Vlax Romani \citep[30]{hancock1995}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Head\hyp{}driven agreement (unmarked construction)}\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement}\\ +\gll o \textbf{baro} raklo\\ + \textsc{def} big boy\\ +\glt ‘the big boy’ +%%% +\ex {\rm Attributive nominalization (emphatic construction)}\\ +\gll o raklo \textbf{o} \textbf{baro}\\ + \textsc{def} {boy} \textsc{attr} big\\ +\glt ‘the \textsc{big} boy’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Romani languages|)} +\il{Indo-Aryan languages|)} +\is{attributive nominalization|)} + +\il{Iranian languages|(} +\subsubsection{Iranian} +\label{iranian synchr} +The second subbranch of Indo-Iranian is formed by Iranian languages, only a few of which are spoken in northern Eurasia. + +\is{construct state|(} +A well-known characteristic of noun phrase structure in Iranian languages is the occurrence of the Ezafe construct marking which licenses the attribution of adjectives (and other syntactic classes of modifiers). The Iranian languages surveyed in the present investigation, however, exhibit some diversity in this respect. Attributive construct state marking occurs regularly only in the western Iranian languages Northern Kurdish\il{Northern Kurdish} (aka Kurmanji,\il{Kurmanji|see{Northern Kurdish}} Kirmancî)\il{Kirmancî|see{Northern Kurdish}} and \ili{Tajik}. + +\il{Tajik|(} +\paragraph*{Attributive construct state in Tajik} +Tajik follows the Iranian prototype and exhibits a head-marking construct state marking suffix. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Tajik \citep{rastorgueva1963}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll duxtar\textbf{-i} \textbf{xušrūj}\\ + girl-\textsc{attr} beautiful\\ +\glt ‘a pretty girl’ +%%% +\ex +\gll duxtar-on\textbf{-i} \textbf{xušrūj}\\ + girl-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{attr} beautiful\\ +\glt ‘pretty girls’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Tajik|)} +\is{construct state|)} + +\il{Northern Talysh|(} +\paragraph*{Anti\hyp{}construct in Northern Talysh} +\label{talysh synchr} +The constituent order in noun phrases in Northern Talysh is adjective-noun. The language is exceptional among the Iranian (and Indo-European) languages considered here in exhibiting dependent\hyp{}marking anti\hyp{}construct state instead of head-marking \isi{construct state} as the default type of adjective attribution marking. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Northern Talysh \citep[27]{schulze2000}}%CHECK PAGES +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{āğəlmānd-a} odam-on\\ + clever-\textsc{attr} man-\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘clever people’ +%%% +\ex +\gll \textbf{yol-a} di\\ + big-\textsc{attr} tree\\ +\glt ‘(a) big tree’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Northern Talysh|)} + +\il{Ossetic|(} +\is{juxtaposition|(} +\paragraph*{Juxtaposition in Ossetic} +Ossetic is another exceptional language among Iranian, because the language exhibits juxtaposition as the default type of adjective attribution marking. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Ossetic \citep[12]{abaev1964}} +\label{ossetic attrcomp} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Simple noun}\\ +\gll færǽt / fǽræt\\ + ax { } ax\textbackslash\textsc{def}\\ +\glt ‘axe’ / ‘the axe’ +%%% +\ex {\rm Noun phrase with adjectival modifier}\\ +\gll \textbf{cyrg'-}fǽræt / \textbf{cýrg'-}færæt\\ + sharp-axe { } sharp-ax\textbackslash\textsc{def}\\ +\glt ‘sharp axe’ / ‘the sharp axe’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Stress patterns provide evidence for the analysis of Ossetic noun phrase structure as phonological compounds. According to \citet[10]{abaev1964}, “syntactically connected word groups” (such as noun phrases) are marked by single stress. Note that stress, moving from the second to the first syllable marks definiteness\is{species marking!definite} in Ossetic \citep[12]{abaev1964}. There is, however, no evidence that the compounded adjectives are syntactically incorporated. +\is{juxtaposition|)} + +Note that attributive \isi{construct state} marking which is cognate with the Ezafe in other Iranian languages occurs in Ossetic as well, but its use is restricted to certain “emphatic”, i.e., \isi{contrastive focus} constructions \citep[467]{thodarson1989}. +\il{Ossetic|)} +\il{Iranian languages|)} +\il{Indo-Iranian languages|)} + +\il{Baltic languages|(} +\subsection{Baltic} +\label{baltic synchr} +%%% +\il{East Baltic languages|(} +\subsubsection{East Baltic} +%%% +The Baltic languages form a small branch among Indo-European and are represented in the present survey only by the two languages Lithuanian\il{Lithuanian} and Latvian.\il{Latvian} Both belong to the eastern subbranch of Baltic. All languages from the former western branch\il{West Baltic languages} of Baltic are extinct. + +\is{species marking!definite|(} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +Two types of adjective attribution marking occur in modern Baltic languages: head\hyp{}driven agreement and anti\hyp{}construct state agreement. In the descriptive literature on Baltic languages, however, these two noun phrase types are normally not ascribed to syntax, but are described as different agreement declension types determined by the definite or indefinite semantics of the noun phrase. + +In \S\ref{anti-constr agr} of Part~II (Typology) I have already argued extensively in favor of a syntactic differentiation of these two agreement marking devices in Baltic (as well as in various Slavic)\il{Slavic languages} languages. Consequently and for the sake of completeness, examples of head\hyp{}driven agreement marking (the so-called indefinite declension) and anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking (the so-called definite declension) in Latvian\il{Latvian} and Lithuanian\il{Lithuanian} will be repeated in the following paragraphs. + +\il{Latvian|(}\il{Lithuanian|(} +\paragraph*{Head\hyp{}driven agreement in Latvian and Lithuanian} +Adjectives modifying indefinite nouns show head\hyp{}driven agreement in Latvian and Lithuanian. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Latvian \citep[example from][122]{dahl2015a}}\\ +\gll \textbf{liel-a} māja\\ + big-\textsc{f.nom.sg} house(\textsc{f})\\ +\glt ‘a big house’ +%%% + +\ex {\rm Lithuanian \citep[13]{bechert1993}}\\ +\gll \textbf{gẽr-as} profèsorius\\ + good-\textsc{nom.sg.m} professor(\textsc{m})\\ +\glt ‘a good professor’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\paragraph*{Anti\hyp{}construct state agreement in Latvian and Lithuanian} +Adjectives modifying definite nouns show anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking in Latvian and Lithuanian. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Latvian \citep[example from][122]{dahl2015a}}\\ +\gll \textbf{liel-ā} māja\\ + big-\textsc{attr:f.nom.sg} house(\textsc{f})\\ +\glt ‘the big house’ +%%% +\ex {\rm Lithuanian \citep[13]{bechert1993}}\\ +\gll \textbf{ger-àsis} profèsorius\\ + good-\textsc{attr:nom.sg.m} professor(\textsc{m})\\ +\glt ‘the good professor’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Latvian|)}\il{Lithuanian|)} +\is{species marking!definite|)} +\il{East Baltic languages|)} +\il{Baltic languages|)} + +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +\il{Celtic languages|(} +\subsection{Celtic} +%%% +The modern Celtic languages belong to two main branches: Gaelic\il{Gaelic languages} and Brittonic.\il{Brittonic languages} By and large, all Celtic languages have preserved the Proto\hyp{}Celtic\il{Proto\hyp{}Celtic} noun phrase structure, including head\hyp{}driven agreement marking on attributive adjectives and noun-adjective constituent order. + +\il{Gaelic languages|(} +\subsubsection{Gaelic} +%%% +\il{Scots Gaelic|(} +\paragraph*{Head\hyp{}driven agreement in Scots Gaelic} +Attributive adjectives (as well as other adnominal modifiers) in Scots Gaelic (aka Scottish Gaelic)\il{Scottish Gaelic|see{Scots Gaelic}} show agreement in \textsc{gender, number}, and \textsc{case}. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Scots Gaelic \citep[201]{macauley1992}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll an cù \textbf{dubh}\\ + \textsc{def:m} dog(\textsc{m}) black\textbackslash\textsc{m}\\ +\glt ‘the black dog’ +%%% +\ex +\gll a' chaora \textbf{dhubh}\\ + \textsc{def:f} sheep(\textsc{f}) black\textbackslash\textsc{f}\\ +\glt ‘the black sheep’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Similar agreement patterns as in Scots Gaelic, with non-linear marking by means of word-initial permutation, are found in Irish \citep[73, 97]{odochartaigh1992}. In the third Gaelic language \ili{Manx}, however, most adjectives are used in an invariable form. Only a certain subclass of monosyllabic adjectives have preserved number agreement in Manx \citep[127]{thomsen1992}. +\il{Scots Gaelic|)} +\il{Gaelic languages|)} + +\il{Brittonic languages|(} +\subsubsection{Brittonic} +%%% +The tendency towards a loss of agreement inflection of adjectives is also noticeable in the languages of the Brittonic branch of Celtic. Adjective inflection seems to be most intact in Welsh\il{Welsh} with preserved gender and number agreement \citep[298–299]{thomas1992a}. Breton\il{Breton} and Cornish\il{Cornish} exhibit only agreement in gender (\citealt[405]{ternes1992}; \citealt[355]{thomas1992b}). +\il{Brittonic languages|)} +\il{Celtic languages|)} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\il{Germanic languages|(} +\subsection{Germanic} +%%% +The modern Germanic languages belong to two branches: North\il{North Germanic languages} and West Germanic.\il{West Germanic languages} The third Germanic subbranch, East Germanic,\il{East Germanic languages} is extinct and is not considered here. + +The constituent order of adjective and noun is relatively strictly head-final in all modern Germanic languages.\footnote{The exclusive adjective-initial constituent order in modern Germanic languages is clearly innovative. In documents of all \ili{Old Germanic languages}, the order of adjective and noun was still relatively free \citep[cf.][]{heinrichs1954}.} Most Germanic languages have also preserved the inherited agreement marking on attributive adjectives. But several secondary attributive marking devices have evolved at different stages in the history of Germanic. + +The following noun phrase types occur inside the Germanic branch of Indo-European: +\begin{itemize} +%%% +\item{Anti\hyp{}construct state agreement} +\item{Anti\hyp{}construct state agreement + head\hyp{}driven agreement} +\item{Attributive article + \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement}} +\item{Head\hyp{}driven agreement} +\item{Incorporation.} +\end{itemize} +%%% + +Whereas \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} and \isi{attributive nominalization} are attested for the earliest stages of Germanic, adjective incorporation is a rather recent innovation (see \S\ref{germanic diachr}). + +\il{West Germanic languages|(} +\subsubsection{West Germanic} +\label{w-germanic synchr} +The most common type of adjective attribution marking in West Germanic languages is \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement}. In most languages of this group, this is the only existing type. + +\il{German|(} +\paragraph*{Anti\hyp{}construct state agreement in German} +Attributive adjectives in German show \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} according to the features \textsc{gender, number, case} and \textsc{species}.\is{species marking} The complete agreement paradigm was illustrated in Part~II (Typology) (Figure~\ref{german agr} on page~\pageref{german agr}). Note that the adjective agreement paradigm of German exhibits a high degree of syncretism due to merger of originally differentiated formatives. The whole paradigm distinguishes only the four suffixes \textit{-e, -em, -en, -er, -es}. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Attributive adjectives in German (personal knowledge)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll ein \textbf{hoh-es} Haus\\ + \textsc{indef} high-\textsc{indef.n} house(\textsc{n})\\ +\glt ‘a high house’ +%%% +\ex +\gll das \textbf{hoh-e} Haus\\ + \textsc{def} high-\textsc{def.n} house(\textsc{n})\\ +\glt ‘the high house’ +%%% +\ex +\gll \textbf{hoh-e} Häus-er\\ + high-\textsc{pl} house-\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘high houses’ +%%% +\ex +\gll der \textbf{hoh-en} Häus-er\\ + \textsc{def:pl.gen} high-\textsc{def.pl.gen} house-\textsc{pl.gen}\\ +\glt ‘of the high houses’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +\is{predicative marking|(} +Attributive and predicative adjectives are morpho-syntactically differentiated in German (and the other West Germanic languages, except \ili{English}): whereas attributive adjectives show \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement}, predicative adjectives are used in an invariable form. Given the definition of dependent\hyp{}marking attributive state which is applied here (see Chapter~\ref{syntax-morphology-interface}), German thus exhibits anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking of attributive adjectives. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Predicative adjectives in German (personal knowledge)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll das / ein Haus is \textbf{hoch}\\ + \textsc{def} {} \textsc{indef} house(\textsc{n}) is high\\ +\glt ‘a / the house is high’ +%%% +\ex +\gll (die) Häus-er sind \textbf{hoch}\\ + \textsc{def} house-\textsc{pl} are high\\ +\glt ‘(the) houses are high’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{German|)} +\is{predicative marking|)} + +\il{Yiddish|(} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +\paragraph*{Attributive nominalization + head\hyp{}driven agreement in Yiddish} +\label{yiddish synchr} +The default noun phrase structure in Yiddish is similar to the other West Germanic languages. Head\hyp{}driven agreement occurs as the default type of attribution marking of adjectives. In contrastive focus constructionс, however, adjectives and other modifiers follow the modified noun in an \isi{attributive nominalization} construction. +%%% +\il{Yiddish!Eastern} +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Yiddish (Eastern) \citep[96]{jacobs-etal1994}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Head\hyp{}driven agreement (unmarked)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll a \textbf{sheyn} meydl\\ + \textsc{indef:f} pretty:\textsc{indef.f} girl\textsc{(f)}\\ +\glt ‘a pretty girl’ +%%% +\ex +\gll di \textbf{grine} oygn\\ + \textsc{def:pl} green:\textsc{def.pl} eye:\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘the green eyes’ +\end{xlist} +%%% +\ex {\rm Attributive nominalization (contrastive focus)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll a meydl \textbf{a} \textbf{sheyne}\\ + \textsc{indef:f} girl\textsc{(f)} \textsc{attr:indef.f} pretty:\textsc{attr:indef.f}\\ + %andere Endung, was ist es +\glt ‘a \textsc{pretty} girl’ +%%% +\ex +\gll di oygn \textbf{di} \textbf{grine}\\ + \textsc{def:pl} eye:\textsc{pl} \textsc{attr:def.pl} green:\textsc{def.pl} \\ +\glt ‘the \textsc{green} eyes’ +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%umgekehrte Wortfolge deshalb kein normales agreement +\il{Yiddish|)} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\il{English|(} +\paragraph*{Incorporation in English} +English is the only West Germanic language where \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} is missing completely because the original Germanic agreement inflection on adjectives was lost. +%%% + +\newpage +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm English (personal knowledge)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll a \textbf{pretty} girl\\ + \textsc{indef} pretty girl\\ +%%% +\ex +\gll the \textbf{pretty} girl\\ + \textsc{def} pretty girl\\ +%%% +\ex +\gll \textbf{pretty} girl-s\\ + pretty girl-\textsc{pl}\\ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Attributive adjectives cannot, however, occur in \isi{headless noun phrase}s in English but are obligatorily marked with an article used as dummy head. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm English (personal knowledge)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll a / the \textbf{smart} \textbf{one}\\ + \textsc{indef} {} \textsc{def} smart \textsc{art}\\ +%%% +\ex +\gll \textbf{smart} \textbf{one-s}\\ + smart \textsc{art}-\textsc{pl}\\ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +The marker \textit{one} in English (originating from the homophonous numeral\is{adnominal modifier!numeral} \textit{one}) is a prototypical instance of an article: it constitutes a phonologically free grammatical word which is the target of agreement. + +Given that attributive adjectives cannot occur other than syntactically bound to a head noun, the regular noun phrase type in English is best analyzed as incorporation. Note that the article is not an attribution marking device in the proper sense. Even though the marker projects a noun phrase by syntactic nominalization, this noun phrase does not modify a higher noun. The nominalization strategy can only be used in noun phrases with an empty lexical head. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm English (personal knowledge)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex[]{ +\gll {} a smart girl\\ + {{\upshape [}\textsubscript{NP}} \textsc{indef} \textsubscript{A}smart \textsubscript{N}girl {\upshape ]}\\ + } +%%% +\ex[]{ +\gll {} a smart \textbf{one}\\ + {{\upshape [}\textsubscript{NP}} \textsc{indef} \textsubscript{A}smart \textsubscript{HEAD} {\upshape ]}\\ + } +%%% +\ex[*]{ +\gll {} a smart \textbf{one} {} girl\\ + {{\upshape [}\textsubscript{NP} {\upshape [}\textsubscript{NP}} \textsc{indef} {\textsubscript{A}smart} \textsubscript{HEAD} {\upshape ]} \textsubscript{N}girl {\upshape ]]}\\ + } +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Because attributive adjectives in English are obligatorily bound to a syntactic head and because the nominalizer (“dummy head”) cannot occur in noun phrases modifying a higher head, English exhibits neither true \isi{juxtaposition} nor \isi{attributive nominalization}. +\il{English|)} +\il{West Germanic languages|)} + +\il{North Germanic languages|(} +\subsubsection{North Germanic} +\label{n-germanic synchr} +%%% +With regard to existing attribution marking devices, the North Germanic languages exhibit even a higher degree of diversity than West Germanic. This is especially true if major sub-varieties are considered as well. Practically all types attested in West Germanic occur here as well, including adjective incorporation which is otherwise scarcely attested in the languages of northern Eurasia. + +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +\paragraph*{Head\hyp{}driven agreement in North Germanic} +Even though in North Germanic, head\hyp{}driven agreement marking constitutes the prototypical adjective attribution marking device, the adjective agreement paradigms across different languages inside this branch reflect the ongoing decline in differentiated categories. + +\il{Icelandic|(} +In \textbf{Icelandic}, adjectives inflect for the agreement features \textsc{gender}, \textsc{number}, \textsc{case} and \textsc{species}.\is{species marking} The adjective agreement paradigm of Modern Icelandic (Table~\ref{icelandic agr} in \S\ref{head-driven agreement}) is thus relatively similar to \ili{Old Icelandic} even though the different case endings are already merged in the definite paradigm. +\il{Icelandic|)} + +\il{Danish|(} +In \textbf{Danish},\label{danish synchr} there is no agreement feature \textsc{case}, while \textsc{gender} is marked on the attributive adjective only in indefinite noun phrases. In definite\is{species marking!definite} noun phrases, the attributive adjective is marked with an invariable definite agreement suffix (Table~\ref{danish agr paradigm}). +%%% +\begin{table} +\begin{tabular}{l l l l} +\lsptoprule + & \textsc{utr.sg} &\textsc{n.sg} &\textsc{pl}\\ +\midrule +\textsc{indef} &gul &gul-t &gul-e\\ + +\textsc{def} &gul-e &gul-e &gul-e\\ +\lspbottomrule +\end{tabular} +\caption[Adjective paradigm for Danish]{Agreement paradigm for the adjective ‘yellow’ in Danish (personal knowledge)} +\label{danish agr paradigm} +\end{table} +%%% + +\il{Danish!W-Jutlandic|(} +The \textbf{Western Jutlandic} dialect of Danish is most innovative with regard to the decline of agreement features because it has almost completely lost its agreement features and thus resembles \ili{English} (Table~\ref{jutl agr paradigm}). +%%% +\begin{table} +\begin{tabular}{l l l} +\lsptoprule & \textsc{sg} &\textsc{pl}\\ +\midrule +\textsc{indef} & gulʔ &gul\\ + +\textsc{def} &gul &gul\\ +\lspbottomrule +\end{tabular} +\caption[Adjective paradigm for W-Jutlandic]{Agreement paradigm for the adjective ‘yellow’ in Western Jutlandic (in phonemic transcription) \citep{ringgaard1960}} +\label{jutl agr paradigm} +\end{table} +%%% +\il{Danish!W-Jutlandic|)} +\il{Danish|)} + +\il{Swedish|(} +\paragraph*{Anti\hyp{}construct state + head\hyp{}driven agreement in Swedish} +\label{swedish synchr} +Swedish, \ili{Norwegian},\footnote{The two Norwegian standard languages Dano-Norwegian (Norwegian \textit{bokmål}) and New Norwegian (Norwegian \textit{nynorsk}) do not differ in their marking of adjective attribution and they will simply be referred to as Norwegian} and \ili{Faroese} exhibit two adjective attribution marking morphemes simultaneously: an inflectional suffix expressing the agreement features \textsc{gender}, \textsc{number} and \textsc{species}\is{species marking} (but the indefinite utrum gender form of the adjective is always unmarked) plus an article (which again is not found in the indefinite plural form). + +\is{species marking!definite|(} +In the (North-)Germanic and typological linguistic tradition, the definite noun phrases with adjectives have most often been characterized as “double definite” (cf.~\citealt{kotcheva1996a}; \citealt{borjars1994}; \citealt{julien2003}; \citealt[354–355]{plank2003}). This makes sense from a historical perspective because the articles (Swedish \textit{den, det, de}) are cognate with the Old Germanic\il{Old Germanic languages} demonstratives which developed into definite markers (cf.~German\il{German} \textit{der, die, das} or English\il{English} \textit{the}). Synchronically, however, the articles in the North Germanic languages with so-called double definiteness (Swedish, both Norwegian\il{Norwegian} languages, Faroese)\il{Faroese} are not definiteness markers. Unlike in West Germanic,\il{West Germanic languages} definiteness is exclusively expressed by an inflectional suffix (Swedish \textit{-(e)n} \textsc{utr}, \textit{-(e)t} \textsc{n}, \textit{-n} \textsc{pl}.) +%"exclusively expressed"?\\if the NP is indef den/det is not used, so den/det has two functions: expressing def and marking attr + +Unlike in West Germanic\il{West Germanic languages} languages, where the definite markers are noun phrase markers always attach at the left edge of the phrase, the presence or absence of the cognate articles \textit{den} \textsc{utr}, \textit{det} \textsc{n}, \textit{de(m)} \textsc{pl} in Swedish is determined by the availability of an adjective and not the referential status of the noun phrase. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Swedish (personal knowledge)} +\label{swedish np} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll {(*det)} hus\textbf{-et}\\ + \textsc{attr:def.n} house-\textsc{def:n}\\ +\glt ‘the house’ +%%% +\ex +\gll {*(\textbf{det})} \textbf{hög-a} hus-et\\ + \textsc{attr:def.n} high-\textsc{def.n} house-\textsc{def.n}\\ +\glt ‘the high house’ +%%% +\ex +\label{art0} +\gll {*(\textbf{det})} \textbf{hög-a}\\ + \textsc{attr:def.n} high-\textsc{def.n}\\ +\glt ‘the high one’ (about a house) +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +\newpage +Example (\ref{swedish np}) shows how the article can neither attach to a noun nor can an adjectival modifier in a definite noun phrase occur without being marked by the article.\footnote{The expression \textit{det hus} is grammatical only with the homophonous demonstrative \textit{det}, similarly (but restricted to certain regiolects) \textit{det hus-et}. Even the expressions \textit{höga hus-et} is possible for some expression similar to English \textit{White house}. Note also that possessive pronouns\is{adnominal modifier!pronoun} replace the article: \textit{min hög-a hus} [\textsc{poss:1sg} high-\textsc{def.n} house(\textsc{n}] 'my high house’.} Since the definite value of the feature \textsc{species} is always marked by the respective definite inflectional noun suffixes %in \isi{headless noun phrase}s, the definite inflection is absent + and since the article only attaches to adjectives, the latter cannot be analyzed as anything but a morpho-syntactic device, i.e., as an adjective attribution marker. + +In definite noun phrases, Swedish thus exhibits a circumfixed adjective attribution marking device combined by head\hyp{}driven agreement inflection plus the article. It is plausible that the article developed from an attributive nominalizer. Its use with adjectives in \isi{headless noun phrase}s, as in \REF{art0} resembles attributive nominalization. There is, however, no evidence that the adjective marked by the article is part of a complex constituent (i.e., a \isi{headless noun phrase}) modifying a noun. According to the definition of \isi{attributive nominalization} presented in \S\ref{attr nmlz} of Part~II (Typology), the article in Swedish is thus not a syntactic nominalizer. Its function is the licensing of the attributive state of the adjective along with marking of head\hyp{}driven agreement. Since head\hyp{}driven agreement is additionally marked by inflectional suffixes, the Swedish noun phrase exhibits circum-positioned (i.e., phonologically free and phonologically bound) agreement marking. +\is{species marking!definite|)} + +\is{predicative marking|(} +Note that the circum-positioned agreement marker only occurs with attributive adjectives. Predicative adjectives, on the other hand, exhibit “pure” gender and number agreement (\ref{swed pred}). The analysis of adjective attribution marking in Swedish as belonging to anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking is thus justified. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Predicative adjectives in Swedish (personal knowledge)} +\label{swed pred} +\begin{xlist} +\ex[]{ + \textit{kåken är \textbf{hög}} \jambox{{\rm ‘the (bad) house is high’} [\textsc{utr}]} + } +\ex[*]{ + \textit{kåken är \textbf{en hög / den hög-a}} + } +\ex[]{ + \textit{huset är \textbf{hög-t}} \jambox{{\rm ‘the house is high’} [\textsc{n}]} + } +\ex[*]{ + \textit{huset är \textbf{ett hög-t / det hög-a}} + } +\ex[]{ + \textit{husen är \textbf{hög-a}} \jambox{{\rm ‘the houses are high’} [\textsc{pl}]} + } +\ex[*]{ + \textit{husen är \textbf{de hög-a}} + } +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +\begin{table} +\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l} +\lsptoprule + &\multicolumn{3}{l}{\textsc{indef}} &\multicolumn{3}{l}{\textsc{def}}\\ +\midrule +\textsc{utr.sg} &en &\textbf{h{ö}g-Ø}&stuga &\textbf{den}&\textbf{h{ö}g-a}&stuga-n\\ + +\textsc{n.sg} &ett &\textbf{h{ö}g-t}&hus &\textbf{det}&\textbf{h{ö}g-a}&hus-et\\ + +\textsc{pl} & &\textbf{h{ö}g-a}&stug-or &\textbf{de}&\textbf{h{ö}g-a}&stug-or:na\\ +\lspbottomrule +\end{tabular} +\caption[Adjective paradigm for Swedish]{Agreement paradigm for the adjective \textit{hög} ‘high’ in Swedish (personal knowledge); \textit{stuga} (\textsc{utr}) ‘cabin’, \textit{hus} (\textsc{n}) ‘house’ +} +\end{table} +\il{Swedish|)} +\is{predicative marking|)} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\il{Swedish!Västerbotten|(} +\paragraph*{Adjective incorporation in Västerbotten Swedish} +\label{bondska synchr} +The dialect spoken in the Västerbotten province in northern Sweden exhibits adjective incorporation as a regular type of adjective attribution marking. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Västerbotten Swedish \citep[91–92]{holmberg-etal2003}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{grann-}kweinn-a\\ + pretty-woman-\textsc{def}\\ +\glt ‘the pretty woman’ +%%% +\ex +\gll en \textbf{grann-}kweinn\\ + \textsc{indef} pretty-woman\\ +\glt ‘a pretty woman’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Adjective incorporation also occurs in several other northern North Germanic dialects of Sweden, Finland and Norway. Whereas adjective incorporation is the default type in Västerbotten Swedish,\footnote{In indefinite noun phrases, however, adjective incorporation is often restricted to monosyllabic adjective stems: \textit{en \textbf{grann-}kweinn} but *\textit{en \textbf{vacker-}kweinn} ‘a \textbf{pretty} woman’. Furthermore, a certain semantic relation between noun and adjective seem to be obligatory: (incorporation) \textit{n \textbf{ny-}bil} ‘a \textbf{new} car (straight from the factory)’, \textit{n \textbf{ny} bil} ‘a \textbf{new} car (new for me)’, (incorporation) *\textit{n \textbf{ny-}hunn} ‘a \textbf{new} dog’, \textit{n \textbf{ny} hunn} ‘a \textbf{new} dog (new for me)’ \citep[91–92]{holmberg-etal2003}.} its occurrence is restricted to definite noun phrases in most other dialects where this type it attested.\is{species marking!definite} + +Attributive adjectives cannot occur in indefinite\is{species marking!indefinite} \isi{headless noun phrase}s in this language but are obligatorily bound to an article used as dummy head. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Västerbotten Swedish \citep{holmberg-etal2003,delsing1996b}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll en stor en\\ + \textsc{indef:m} big(\textsc{m}) \textsc{art:indef:m.sg}\\ +%%% +\ex +\gll ett stor-t ett\\ + \textsc{indef:n} big:\textsc{n} \textsc{art:indef:n.sg}\\ +\glt ‘a big one’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Swedish!Västerbotten|)} +\il{North Germanic languages|)} +\il{Germanic languages|)} + +\il{Hellenic languages|(} +\il{Greek|(} +\subsection{Hellenic} +\label{greek synchr} +%%% +The Hellenic branch of Indo-European is represented by a single language: Modern Greek. + +\is{attributive nominalization|(} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +\paragraph*{Head\hyp{}driven agreement and attributive nominalization + head\hyp{}driven agreement in Greek} +Attributive adjectives in Greek show agreement in \textsc{gender, number} and \textsc{case}.\footnote{A minor class of loan adjectives in Greek belong to a different noun phrase type, \isi{juxtaposition}, because they do not inflect at all \citep{ruge1986}.} + +\is{contrastive focus|(} +The unmarked constituent order in Greek is adjective-noun, as in \REF{greek afocus}. The reverse constituent order (noun-adjective), however, is commonly used as well and marks contrastive focus on the attribute, as in \REF{greek afocus}. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Greek \citep{ruge1986}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Head\hyp{}driven agreement} +\label{greek agr} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll to \textbf{kokino} aftokinito\\ + \textsc{def:m} red:\textsc{m} car(\textsc{m})\\ +\glt ‘the red car’ +\end{xlist} +%%% +\ex {\rm Attributive nominalization} +\label{greek attr} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Contrastive focus on the attribute}\\ +\label{greek afocus} +\gll to aftokinito \textbf{to} \textbf{kokino}\\ + \textsc{def:m} car(\textsc{m}) \textsc{attr:m} red:\textsc{m}\\ +\glt ‘the \textsc{red} car (not the blue one)’ +%%% +\ex {\rm Contrastive focus on the noun}\\ +\label{greek nfocus} +\gll \textbf{to} \textbf{kokino} to aftokinito\\ + \textsc{attr:m} red:\textsc{m} \textsc{def:m} car(\textsc{m})\\ +\glt ‘the red \textsc{car} (not the buss)’ +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Note that the noun can move to the contrastive focus position as well, as in \REF{greek nfocus}. + +Example (\ref{greek attr}) illustrates the use of the article \textit{to} in two different syntactic functions: whereas \textit{to} \textsc{def} is a determiner marking the noun phrase as definite,\is{species marking!definite} \textit{to} \textsc{attr} is an attributive marker (i.e., a true article) attaching to the adjective noun phrase internally. Attribution of the adjective (in contrastive focus) in \REF{greek afocus} is marked by means of attributive nominalization. The article marks the adjective as phrasal constituent, i.e., as a syntactic complement to the noun. +\is{contrastive focus|)} +\il{Greek|)} +\il{Hellenic languages|)} +\is{attributive nominalization|)} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\il{Romance languages|(} +\subsection{Romance} +%%% +All Romance languages exhibit \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} marking as the main and default adjective attribution marking device. The prototypical agreement features characteristic of most modern Romance languages are \textsc{number} and \textsc{gender}. A third agreement feature, \textsc{case}, was present in earlier stages of Romance but has disappeared in the modern languages. + +Three noun phrase types have existed in the Romance branch from its earliest stages:\footnote{A minor class of adjectives belong to a different noun phrase type, +\isi{juxtaposition}, because they do not inflect at all.} +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item head\hyp{}driven agreement + \subitem noun-adjective order + \subitem adjective-noun order +\item attributive nominalization.\is{attributive nominalization} +\end{itemize} +%%% + +\is{contrastive focus|(} +\il{Romanian|(} +The unmarked and prototypical noun phrase type in Romance is \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} with the adjective following the noun. Besides the basic head-initial constituent order, most Romance languages exhibit a small subgroup of very common adjectives, such as ‘good–bad, young–old, small–large’, which normally precede the head noun (\citealt[146–147]{posner1996}, cf.~also \citealt[340]{silvestri1998}). However, most other adjectives can also precede the noun in the modern Romance languages. This reversed constituent order is regularly determined by semantics-pragmatics in Romanian and is used to give these adjectives a certain emphasis or contrastive focus, as in the following examples from Romanian (\ref{romanian wo}) and Italian (\ref{italian wo}). +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Romanian \citep{beyer-etal1987}}\\ +\label{romanian wo} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll băiat=ul \textbf{bun}\\ + boy=\textsc{def} good\\ +\glt ‘the good boy’ +%%% +\ex +\gll \textbf{bun}=ul băiat\\ + good=\textsc{def} boy\\ +\glt ‘the \textsc{good} (i.e., different) boy’ +\end{xlist} +%%% +\il{Italian|(} +\ex {\rm Italian \citep[146]{posner1996}} +\label{italian wo} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll un vestito \textbf{nuovo}\\ + \textsc{indef} dress new\\ +\glt ‘a (brand-)new dress’ +%%% +\ex +\gll un \textbf{nuovo} vestito\\ + \textsc{indef} new dress\\ +\glt ‘a new (i.e., different) dress’ +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Note that the definite\is{species marking!definite} marker in Romanian is not connected with attribution marking on adjectives. Even though the marker can occur on the attributive adjective which precedes the noun in contrastive use (\ref{romanian wo}), definiteness is a purely morpho-semantic feature in Romanian and is not assigned by syntax (see also Chapter~\ref{syntax-morphology-interface} of Part~I Preliminaries). +\il{Romanian|)} + +The common distinction between an “emphatic” adjective preceding a noun and a “descriptive” adjective following a noun goes probably back to the earliest stages of Romance, although it is first attested in Classical Latin\il{Latin!Classical} \citep[146]{posner1996}. +\is{contrastive focus|)} + +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +\paragraph*{Head\hyp{}driven agreement in Italian} +In Italian, as well as in the other Romance languages, the agreement features \textsc{gender} and \textsc{number} are marked on adjectives and on other modifiers within the noun phrase. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Italian (personal knowledge)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll la casa \textbf{alt-a}\\ + \textsc{def:f} house(\textsc{f}) high-\textsc{f}\\ +\glt ‘the high house’ +%%% +\ex +\gll le cas-e \textbf{alt-e}\\ + \textsc{def:pl} house-\textsc{pl} high-\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘the high houses’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Italian|)} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\il{Romanian|(} +\is{attributive nominalization|(} + +\paragraph*{Attributive nominalization in Romanian} +\label{romanian synchr} +In addition to the default type of \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} (with either noun-adjective or adjective-noun constituent order), Standard Romanian (aka Daco-Romanian)\il{Daco-Romanian|see{Romanian}} exhibits attributive nominalization as a differentiated third type of adjective attribution marking. The agreement paradigm of the attributive nominalizer (which grammatical descriptions of Romanian traditionally label “adjective article”) is shown in Table~\ref{romanian art}. +%%% + +\begin{table}[b] +\begin{tabular}{r c c c} +\lsptoprule + &\textsc{f} &\textsc{n} &\textsc{m}\\ +\midrule +\textsc{sg} &cea &\multicolumn{2}{|c}{cel}\\ +\midrule +\textsc{pl} &\multicolumn{2}{c|}{cele} &cei\\ +\lspbottomrule +\end{tabular} +\caption[Article paradigm for Romanian]{Agreement paradigm of the attributive article in Romanian \citep[94]{beyer-etal1987}. +} +\label{romanian art} +\end{table} + +%%% +\is{species marking!definite|(} +The use of the non-obligatory attributive marker emphasizes the adjective following a noun (\citealt[94]{beyer-etal1987}; \citealt[148]{posner1996}). But it is also regularly used to mark definite \isi{headless noun phrase}s, as in the following example. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Romanian \citep[94]{beyer-etal1987}}\\ +\gll Punct-e=le \textbf{cele} \textbf{negr-e} se disting mai bine decât \textbf{cele} \textbf{cenuşi-i}.\\ +dot-\textsc{pl}=\textsc{def.m.pl} \textsc{att:m.pl} black-\textsc{pl} \textsc{refl.3sg} distinguish \textsc{compar} well than \textsc{att:m.pl} grey-\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘The black dots distinguish themselves better than the grey ones.’ +\end{exe} +%%% + +The content of this marker, besides licensing of the attributive relation, is not clearly defined in descriptions of Romanian. The article seems to regularly mark definite headless adjectives\is{headless noun phrase} and superlative adjectives. \citet[141]{kramsky1972} compares the function of the article with that of the definite marker and describes the function of the attributive article in Romanian as a “deictic reactualizer” because it has a referential function but can co-occur with the definite marker (\ref{rum def comp}). Note, however, that the definite marker is absent in a noun phrase with reversed constituent order marking \isi{contrastive focus} (\ref{rum def sup}). +\is{species marking!definite|)} +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Romanian \citep[93–94]{beyer-etal1987}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\label{rum def comp} +\gll poet=ul \textbf{cel} \textbf{mai} \textbf{mare}\\ + poet(\textsc{m})=\textsc{def.m} \textsc{att:m.sg} \textsc{super} great\\ +\glt ‘the greatest poet’ +%%% +\ex +\label{rum def sup} +\gll \textbf{cel} \textbf{mai} \textbf{mare} poet\\ + \textsc{att:m.sg} \textsc{super} great poet(\textsc{m})\\ +\glt ‘the \textsc{greatest} poet’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Romanian|)} +\il{Romance languages|)} +\is{attributive nominalization|)} + +\il{Slavic languages|(} +\subsection{Slavic} +\label{slavic synchr} +Slavic (aka Slavonic)\il{Slavonic|see{Slavic languages}} forms a branch inside the Indo-European family. All Slavic languages are spoken in \isi{Europe}, except Russian, which is also spoken in \isi{North Asia}. + +The prototypical type of adjective attribution marking is \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement}. The prototypical agreement features characteristic of Slavic languages are \textsc{number}, \textsc{gender} and \textsc{case}. In the closely related South Slavic languages \ili{Bulgarian} and \ili{Macedonian} however, case inflection of nouns and adjectives has been lost. + +Beside \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement}, anti\hyp{}construct state agreement arose in Slavic languages as a secondary type of adjective attribution marking. The opposition between head\hyp{}driven and anti\hyp{}construct state agreement can be traced back to all Old Slavic\il{Old Slavic languages} languages and already existed in the oldest Slavic manuscripts, the best documented of which are from \ili{Old Bulgarian} (aka Old Church Slavonic).\il{Old Church Slavonic|see{Old Bulgarian}} To a certain extent, this state of development is still reflected in South Slavic.\il{South Slavic languages} In most other modern Slavic languages, however the opposition between the two types was lost by abolishing one or the other type. + +Basically, the modern Slavic languages belong to three types and exhibit the following three attribution marking devices: +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item exclusively \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} +\item exclusively anti\hyp{}construct state agreement +\item simultaneously \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} and anti\hyp{}construct state agreement +\item attributive nominalization.\is{attributive nominalization} +\end{itemize} +%%% + +Constituent order in Slavic can be described as basically adjective-noun, although there is much variation across the single languages. The reversed order of constituents is often possible but in some languages it is restricted to “emphasized” constructions or poetic language. + +\il{West Slavic languages|(} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +\subsubsection{West Slavic} +%%% +All West Slavic languages exhibit head\hyp{}driven agreement as the exclusive type of adjective attribution marking. + +\il{Lower Sorbian|(} +\paragraph*{Head\hyp{}driven agreement in Lower Sorbian} +Lower Sorbian exemplifies a Slavic language with head\hyp{}driven agreement as the exclusive type of adjective attribution marking. Attributive adjectives in Lower Sorbian show agreement in gender, number and case. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Lower Sorbian \citep{janas1976}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{dobr-y} cłowjek\\ + good-\textsc{nom.sg.m} person(\textsc{m})\\ +\glt ‘good person’ +%%% +\ex +\gll k \textbf{dobr-emu} cłowjek-oju\\ + to good-\textsc{dat.sg.m} person-\textsc{dat:sg.m}\\ +\glt ‘to a/the good person’ +\ex +\gll \textbf{dobr-e} cłowjek-y\\ + good-\textsc{nom.pl} person-\textsc{nom:pl}\\ +\glt ‘good people’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Lower Sorbian|)} +\il{West Slavic languages|)} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\il{East Slavic languages|(} +\subsubsection{East Slavic} +\is{predicative marking|(} +All three East Slavic languages (Belorussian,\il{Belorussian} Russian\il{Russian} and Ukrainian\il{Ukrainian}) exhibit anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking. There is, however, a tendency to merge the attributive (“long”) and predicative (“short”) adjective agreement declension classes, yielding pure \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} as in West Slavic.\il{West Slavic languages} + +\il{Russian|(} +\paragraph*{Anti\hyp{}construct state agreement in Russian} +\label{russian synchr} +In Russian, attributive as well as predicative adjectives show agreement in \textsc{gender} and \textsc{number}. Attributive adjectives agree additionally in \textsc{case}. The agreement suffixes of the attributive and predicative paradigms, however, have different forms.\footnote{This is true for the stylistically marked “short form adjectives”, see in more detail \S\ref{anti-constr agr}.} +%%% + +\newpage +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Russian (personal knowledge)} +\label{ru agr} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Attribution} +\label{ru attr} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{krasiv-yj} mal'čik\\ + beautiful-\textsc{attr:m.nom} boy(\textsc{f})\\ +\glt ‘a handsome boy’ +%%% +\ex +\gll \textbf{krasiv-ogo} mal'čik-a\\ + beautiful-\textsc{attr:m.gen} boy-\textsc{m.gen}\\ +\glt ‘of a handsome boy’ +%%% +\ex +\gll \textbf{krasiv-aja} devuška\\ + beautiful-\textsc{attr:f.nom} girl(\textsc{f})\\ +\glt ‘a pretty girl’ +\end{xlist} +%%% +\ex {\rm Predication} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll Etot mal'čik \textbf{krasiv}\\ + \textsc{dem:m} boy(\textsc{m}) beautiful:\textsc{m}\\ +\glt ‘this boy is handsome’ +%%% +\ex +\gll Eta devuška \textbf{krasiv-a}\\ + \textsc{dem:f} tower(\textsc{f}) high-\textsc{f}\\ +\glt ‘this girl is pretty’ +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +The agreement suffixes of attributive and predicative adjectives clearly belong to different paradigms (cf.~Table~\ref{Russian adj agr paradigm}). The so-called long agreement suffixes (\ref{ru attr}) mark the values of the morphological agreement features. Simultaneously, they license the (morpho-syntactic) attributive relation inside the noun phrase (cf.~also the discussion in \S\ref{anti-constr agr}). +%%% +\begin{table}[h] +\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} +\lsptoprule + &\textsc{m} &\textsc{f} &\textsc{n} &\textsc{pl}\\ +\midrule +\textsc{attr} &–yj/–ój &–aja/–ája &–oje/–óje &–yje/–\'yje\\ +\textsc{pred} &{Ø} &–a &–o &–y/–i\\ +\lspbottomrule +\end{tabular} +\caption[Adjective paradigm for Russian]{Attributive and predicative adjective declension in Russian (personal knowledge) for nominative case} +\label{Russian adj agr paradigm} +\end{table} +\is{predicative marking|)} +\il{Russian|)} +\il{East Slavic languages|)} + +\il{South Slavic languages|(} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +\subsubsection{South Slavic} +\label{s-slavic synchr} +%%% +All South Slavic languages exhibit head\hyp{}driven agreement marking as the default type of adjective attribution marking. In Serbo-Croatian\il{Serbo-Croatian} (aka Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian\il{Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian|see{Serbo-Croatian}}) and Slovenian,\il{Slovenian} anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking occurs as a secondary type. Even \isi{attributive nominalization} is attested in Slovenian. + +\il{Bulgarian|(} +\paragraph*{Head\hyp{}driven agreement in Bulgarian} +Attributive adjectives in Bulgarian show agreement in the features \textsc{gender} and \textsc{number}. +%%% + + +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Bulgarian (personal knowledge)}\footnote{The stem allomorph with inserted -\textit{ă}- in \textsc{m.sg} is the result of a phonological process. The stem allomorph with the extension -\textit{ij}- is morpho-phonological and triggered by the definite marker. Note that -\textit{ij}- is a reflex of the \ili{Old Bulgarian} anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marker.} +%%% +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Indefinite noun phrase} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{dobăr} i \textbf{vesel} măž\\ + good:\textsc{m} and cheerful.\textsc{m} man(\textsc{m})\\ +\glt ‘good and cheerful man’ +%%% +\ex +\gll \textbf{dobr-a} i \textbf{vesel-a} žena\\ + good-\textsc{f} and cheerful-\textsc{f} woman(\textsc{f})\\ +\glt ‘good and cheerful woman’ +%%% +\ex +\gll \textbf{dobr-i} i \textbf{vesel-i} žen-i\\ + good-\textsc{pl} and cheerful-\textsc{pl} woman-\textsc{f.pl}\\ +\glt ‘good and cheerful women’ +\end{xlist} +%%% +\ex {\rm Definite noun phrase}\is{species marking!definite} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{dobr-ij}=ăt i \textbf{vesel-ij}=ăt măž\\ + good:\textsc{m}=\textsc{def.m} and cheerful:\textsc{m}=\textsc{def.m} man(\textsc{m})\\ +\glt ‘the good and cheerful man’ +%%% +\ex +\gll \textbf{dobr-a}=ta i \textbf{vesel-a}=ta žena\\ + good-\textsc{f}=\textsc{def.f} and cheerful-\textsc{f}=\textsc{def.f} woman(\textsc{f})\\ +\glt ‘the good and cheerful woman’ +%%% +\ex +\gll \textbf{dobr-i}=te i \textbf{vesel-i}=te žen-i\\ + good-\textsc{pl}=\textsc{def.pl} and cheerful-\textsc{pl}=\textsc{def.pl} woman-\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘the good and cheerful women’ +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Bulgarian|)} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\il{Serbo-Croatian|(} +\paragraph*{Anti\hyp{}construct state agreement in Serbo-Croatian} +\label{serbian synchr} +Serbian (and the other varieties of Serbo-Croatian) exemplifies a Slavic language which exhibits both \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} and anti\hyp{}construct state agreement in different functions. \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} constitutes the basic type of adjective attribution marking in Serbian. Most adjectives, however, have “double forms” \citep[179–180]{kramsky1972}. Consider the following example. +%%% + + +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Serbian \citep[59]{zlatic1997}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Indefinite noun phrase (“pure” \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement})}\\ +\gll \textbf{dobar}, \textbf{veseo} čovek\\ + good:\textsc{m} cheerful:\textsc{m} person(\textsc{m})\\ +\glt ‘a good, cheerful person’ +%%% +\ex {\rm Definite noun phrase (anti\hyp{}construct state agreement)}\\ +\gll \textbf{dobr-i}, \textbf{vesel-i} čovek\\ + good-\textsc{attr:m} cheerful-\textsc{attr:m} man(\textsc{m})\\ +\glt ‘the \textsc{good}, \textsc{cheerful} person’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +\is{species marking!definite|(} +\is{species marking!indefinite|(} +Anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking (“long form agreement”) in Serbo\hyp{}Croatian is sometimes described as a definite marker on the adjective (e.g., by \citealt[18–19]{kordic1997}). However, the short-form adjective can also be used in a noun phrase marked as definite, for instance by a demonstrative pronoun (\ref{serbian short-def}). And the “long form” adjective can also be used in a noun phrase marked as indefinite, for instance by the indefinite article (\ref{serbian indef}). +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Serbian \citep{marusic-etal2007}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Definite noun phrase with “pure” \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement}}\\ +\label{serbian short-def} +\gll ovaj \textbf{dobar}, \textbf{veseo} \v{c}ovek\\ + \textsc{dem:m} good:\textsc{m} cheerful:\textsc{m} person(\textsc{m})\\ +\glt ‘this good, cheerful man’ +%%% +\ex {\rm Indefinite noun phrase with anti\hyp{}construct state agreement}\\ +\label{serbian indef} +\gll Treba mi \textbf{jedan} \textbf{crven-i} kaput.\\ + need.\textsc{3sg} \textsc{1sg.dat} \textsc{indef:m} red-\textsc{attr:m} coat(\textsc{m})\\ +\glt (in a store with red coats on display)\\‘I need a \textsc{red} coat (viz.~one of those red coats).’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +\is{species marking!indefinite|)} +The examples with “short form” adjectives in definite contexts and “long form” adjectives in indefinite contexts provides the best evidence against the analyses of the two different adjective agreement suffixes as markers of the category \textsc{species} of the head noun. + +\largerpage[2] +Rather than as a definite marker, the long-form adjective agreement suffixes in Serbian are best analyzed as anti\hyp{}construct state agreement markers used in special contrastive focus constructions.\footnote{Note even that school grammars of Serbian sometimes explain the rules for the use of the two adjective declensions with the help of the the questions “what sort?” (requires the “short form”) and “which one?” (requires the “long form”) \citep[327]{browne1993}.} +\is{species marking!definite|)} +\il{Serbo-Croatian|)} + +\il{Slovenian|(} +\paragraph*{Anti\hyp{}construct state agreement in Slovenian} +\label{slovenian synchr} +Slovenian (aka Slovene)\il{Slovene|see{Slovenian}} is identical to \ili{Serbo-Croatian} in theory. Both languages exhibit \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} marking and anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking as two separate devices for adjective attribution. +%%% +\is{contrastive focus|(} +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Slovenian \citep[410]{priestly1993}} +\label{slov longshort} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm “Short form” adjective (\isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement})} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{nȍv} pə̏s\\ + new:\textsc{nom.m.sg} dog\textsc{(m)}\\ +\glt ‘new dog’ +%%% +\ex +\gll en \textbf{nȍv} pə̏s\\ + \textsc{indef:m.sg} new:\textsc{nom.m.sg} dog\textsc{(m)}\\ +\glt ‘a new dog’ +\end{xlist} +%%% +\ex {\rm “Long form” adjective (anti\hyp{}construct state agreement)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll \textbf{nóvi} pə̏s\\ + new:\textsc{attr:nom.m.sg} dog\textsc{(m)}\\ +\glt ‘\textsc{new} dog’ +%%% +\ex +\gll {ta} \textbf{nóvi} pə̏s\\ + {\textsc{attr}} new:\textsc{attr:nom.m.sg} dog\textsc{(m)}\\ +\glt ‘the \textsc{new} dog’ +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +%According to its morphological type, the non-concatenative anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking device in Slovenian seems to be exceptional among northern Eurasian languages because it constitutes a tonal distinction between short high tone (\textit{nȍv}) and long low tone \textit{nóvi}. %\footnote{The historical explanation, however, is straightforward and looks much less exotic...} +Note, however, that the use of morphologically differentiated adjectives for \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} versus anti\hyp{}construct state agreement in Slovenian is very restricted and is found more or less only with masculine adjectives in nominative singular \citep[410–411]{priestly1993}. + +\largerpage +\is{species marking!definite|(} +Similar to Serbo-Croatian,\il{Serbo-Croatian} anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking in Slovenian is sometimes described as a definite marker on the adjective (e.g., by \citealt[411]{priestly1993}). Semantic definiteness in Slovenian, however, is not marked obligatorily (cf.~example \ref{slov longshort}). Furthermore, the analysis of the anti\hyp{}construct state agreement as a definite marker can be rejected completely because examples are found in which this marker also occurs in overtly marked indefinite noun phrases. +%%% +\ea +{\rm Slovenian \citep{marusic-etal2007}}\\ +\gll rabi mi \textbf{en} \textbf{rde\v{c}i} pla\v{s}\v{c}\\ + need.\textsc{3sg} \textsc{1sg.dat} \textsc{indef:m} red:\textsc{attr:m} coat(\textsc{m})\\ +\glt (in a store with red coats on display)\\‘I need a \textsc{red} coat (viz.~one of those red coats).’\footnote{Cf.~the similar construction with concatenative anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking in Serbian\il{Serbo-Croatian!Serbian} in \REF{serbian indef}.} +\z +%%% + +Anti\hyp{}construct agreement marking are thus analyzed as attribution marking device with the additional content of contrastive focus rather than as a detached definite marker. +\is{species marking!definite|)} + +\is{attributive nominalization|(} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +\paragraph*{Attributive nominalization + head\hyp{}driven agreement in Slovenian} +Besides head\hyp{}driven agreement and anti\hyp{}construct state agreement, adjectives in (colloquial) Slovenian can also be marked by means of an attributive article. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Slovenian \citep{marusic-etal2007}} +\label{slovenian art} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Indefinite noun phrase}\\ +\gll Lihkar je mim prdirkal en \textbf{ta} \textbf{hiter} avto.\\ + just\_now \textsc{aux} by sped \textsc{indef:n} \textsc{attr} fast:n car(\textsc{n})\\ +\glt ‘Some \textsc{fast} car has just sped by (viz.~one of the fast type of cars has just sped by).’ +%%% +\ex {\rm Definite noun phrase}\\ +\label{slovenian def} +\gll ta \textbf{ta} \textbf{zelen} \textbf{ta} \textbf{debel} svin\v{c}nik\\ + \textsc{dem} \textsc{attr} green\textsc{:m} \textsc{attr} thick\textsc{:m} pencil\\ +\glt ‘this \textsc{green}, \textsc{thick} pencil’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +The attributive article \textit{ta} in Slovenian is homophonous with the demonstrative determiner (from which it originates historically), but \REF{slovenian def} with the double use of \textit{ta} on stacked adjectives and after the determiner clearly shows that these markers serve two different functions: whereas \textit{ta} \textsc{dem} is a determiner marking the noun phrase for special local deictic species \textit{ta} \textsc{attr} is an attributive marker (i.e., a true article) attaching to the adnominal adjective. Attribution of the adjective in contrastive focus in \REF{slovenian art} is marked by means of attributive nominalization (in combination with head\hyp{}driven agreement). + +According to \citet{marusic-etal2007,marusic-etal2007b}, the article \textit{ta} gives the adjective a classifying reading and the construction \textit{ta}+A:\textsc{attr} can be compared to a “reduced relative clause”,\is{adnominal modifier!relative clause} hence a syntactic complement to the noun. +\is{contrastive focus|)} +\il{Slovenian|)} +\il{South Slavic languages|)} +\il{Slavic languages|)} +\il{Indo-European languages|)} +\is{attributive nominalization|)} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} + +\il{Basque|(} +\section{Basque} +%%% +Basque is a language isolate spoken in the Basque country in northeastern Spain and in adjacent parts of France in southwestern \isi{Europe}. + +\is{juxtaposition|(} +\paragraph*{Juxtaposition in Basque} +Attributive adjectives are juxtaposed to the right of the noun they modify. +%%% +\ea +\label{basque juxtap} +{\rm Basque \citep[81]{saltarelli1988}}\\ +\gll gona \textbf{gorri} \textbf{estu}-ak\\ + skirt red tight-\textsc{def.pl.abs}\\ +\glt ‘the tight red skirts’ +\z +%%% + +Note that the features \textsc{species},\is{species marking} \textsc{number}, and \textsc{case} in \REF{basque juxtap} are not assigned to the adjective through agreement. The corresponding portmanteau suffixes marking the values of these morphological features always attach to right edge of the phrase in Basque. Consequently, they always attach to the attributive adjective if one is present \citep[171]{hualde-etal2003} +\is{juxtaposition|)} +\il{Basque|)} diff --git a/chapters/chap-np-adj.tex b/chapters/chap-np-adj.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..858380e --- /dev/null +++ b/chapters/chap-np-adj.tex @@ -0,0 +1,348 @@ + +\chapter{Noun phrases and adjectival modifiers} +%%% + +\section{Noun phrases} +%%% +A noun phrase is a referential syntactic unit which can serve as subject, object or oblique argument of a verb or as a predicative complement of a nominal sentence. Furthermore, a noun phrase can be used in adverbial and adnominal functions. According to common syntactic models, the head determines the category of the phrase and governs the dependent constituent(s) in the phrase \citep[cf.][57]{nichols1986}. Consequently, the head of a noun phrase is a noun (or a pronoun). Dependent constituents in noun phrases, also called “attributes”, narrow the denotation, i.e., modify the head noun descriptively. %Antonio: But appositions (cf. 2.3.3) do not narrow the denotation of the modified noun. + Typical modifiers in noun phrases are “nominal attributes” (or noun phrases), “adjectival attributes“ (or adjective phrases), “adpositional attributes” (or adposition phrases)\is{adnominal modifier!adposition phrase} and “clausal attributes“ (or relative clauses),\is{adnominal modifier!relative clause} as in the following example.\footnote{Possible syntactic dependencies between modifying constituents inside this noun phrase are ignored in this illustrating example.} +%%% +\ea +{\upshape [}\textsubscript{\rm NP} {\upshape [}\textsubscript{\rm PSR} her{\upshape ]} {\upshape [}\textsubscript{\rm AP} brand new{\upshape ]} house {\upshape [}\textsubscript{\rm AdP} over there{\upshape ]} {\upshape [}\textsubscript{\rm Rel} which is big{\upshape ]]} +\z +%%% + +Noun phrases can thus contain simple modifiers such as pronouns (\textit{her}), or more complex types of modifiers which are complex phrases themselves: for instance, adjective phrases (\textit{brand new}), adposition phrases\is{adnominal modifier!adposition phrase} (\textit{over there}) or relative clauses\is{adnominal modifier!relative clause} (\textit{which is big}). + +\section{Adjectival modifiers} +%%% +This book presents a cross-linguistic comparison of “adjectival attributes”, or \textsc{attributive adjectives}. It investigates the syntactic and morpho-syntactic behavior of adjectives inside noun phrases, in particular how they are formally licensed as dependent constituents in noun phrases. + +The notion “adjective” needs some clarification because adjectives do not constitute a universal syntactic category. Whereas in some languages adjectives form a distinct word class, in other languages adjectives may not be clearly distinguishable from other parts of speech and constitute a flexible category together with nouns or with verbs. In a third group of languages, adjectives do not exist as a distinct word class at all. + +For the survey of languages considered in this investigation, the term \textsc{adjective} had thus to be defined in a purely semantic sense as words with a lexical meaning referring to properties or qualities such as ‘high’, ‘beautiful’, ‘red’, etc. “Qualifying modifiers” \citep[100, passim]{rijkhoff2002} in this broad sense are all lexical elements specifying properties of their referents. This definition excludes possessive pronouns,\is{adnominal modifier!pronoun} demonstratives,\is{adnominal modifier!demonstrative} numerals,\is{adnominal modifier!numeral} and words meaning ‘other’, all of which may behave syntactically like adjectival modifiers in several languages. On the other hand, the semantic definition of adjectives includes adjectival nouns and adjectival verbs (cf.~“nouny” and “verby” adjectives in \citealt[25–34, passim]{wetzer1996}) and even qualifying modifiers which are true verbs or true nouns in some languages. On the comparative concept of adjectives, see also \citet[670]{haspelmath2010b}. + +Even though adjectives do not constitute a universal syntactic category, almost all languages seem to exhibit some type of modifier construction in the noun phrase to specify qualitative properties. Hixkaryana,\il{Hixkaryana} a Carib language spoken in Brazil, however, has been mentioned as a counterexample because qualitative properties are only expressed in predicative constructions (\citealt[37, 131]{derbyshire1979}; \citealt[138]{rijkhoff2002}). +%%% + +\begin{figure} +\begin{tabular}{ llp{1cm} | c | c | c |} +% \hline +\cline{4-6} +Type~1 languages &(Flexible)&&\multicolumn{3}{c|}{V/N/A \rule{0pt}{1.3em}}\\ +\cline{4-6} +Type~2 languages &(Flexible)&&V&\multicolumn{2}{c|}{N/A \rule{0pt}{1.3em}}\\ +\cline{4-6} +Type~3 languages &(Differentiated)&&V&N&A \rule{0pt}{1.3em}\\ +\cline{4-6} +Type~4 languages &(Rigid)&&V&\multicolumn{2}{c|}{N \rule{0pt}{1.3em}}\\ +\cline{4-6} +Type~5 languages &(Rigid)&&\multicolumn{3}{c|}{V \rule{0pt}{1.3em}}\\ +\cline{4-6} +% \hline +\end{tabular} +\caption[Parts-of-speech systems]{Parts-of-speech systems \citep[based on][]{hengeveld-etal2004}} +\label{hengeveld adj} +\end{figure} + +%%% +If a language does not exhibit a distinct class of adjectives, inherent properties of the referent are most often expressed by other lexical means, for example by a relative clause\is{adnominal modifier!relative clause} (headed by a finite stative\is{stative verb} or descriptive verb) used as an adnominal modifier, or by a qualifying noun phrase (headed by an abstract, property marking noun) as an adnominal modifier \citep[cf.][100]{rijkhoff2002}. + +Similar to \citet{hengeveld-etal2004}, the present study is based on the characterization of adjectives as semantic predicates which can be used as modifiers of nouns without further (derivational) operations. A typology of parts-of-speech systems is illustrated in Figure~\ref{hengeveld adj}. + +In the “flexible” language types 1–2 in Figure~\ref{hengeveld adj}, certain classes of lexemes can occur in more than one function (as verbs/nouns/adjectives in Type~1 or as nouns/adjectives in Type~2). In the “differentiated” type of languages, on the other hand, the various classes of lexemes are strictly divided according to their function and constitute a tripartite system of lexeme classes with verbs\slash{}nouns\slash{}adjectives (Type~3). The “rigid” types of languages exhibit either a bipartite system with verbs/nouns (Type~4) or a system exhibiting only one class of lexemes: verbs (Type~5).\footnote{The classification of \citet{hengeveld-etal2004} has seven types because the authors also include manner adverbs as a distinct class. According to the original classification, Type~3 in Table~\ref{hengeveld adj} should thus be divided further yielding the three subtypes V–N–A/Adv (flexible), V–N–A–Adv (rigid) and V–N–A (rigid).} + +Most northern Eurasian languages belong to a type of language which exhibits a distinct class of adjectives, whether flexible or rigid (and whether this class is open or closed and counts only very few lexemes). Languages spoken on the European subcontinent predominantly belong to Type~3 and exhibit adjectives as a distinct major class. Most Indo-European\il{Indo-European languages} languages of northern Eurasia belong to this type, but also Basque\il{Basque}, the Uralic\il{Uralic languages} languages of Europe and most languages belonging to one of the three Caucasian\il{Caucasian languages} language families. + +Type~2 languages with a flexible class of “noun-adjectives” are also well represented in northern Eurasia. In practically all Mongolic\il{Mongolic languages}, Tungusic\il{Tungusic languages} and Turkic\il{Turkic languages} languages, for example, there is usually no sharp distinction between adjectives and nouns (\citealt[122–123]{rijkhoff2002}; \citealt[9]{poppe1964}). + +Type~4 languages lacking a flexible or distinct class of adjectives are represented, for example, by Ainu\il{Ainu}, Korean\il{Korean} and Nivkh\il{Nivkh}. In these languages, verbs are normally employed as qualifying adnominal modifiers. + +Languages of Type~1 (with a flexible class of “verb-adjectives”) or 5 (exhibiting exclusively verbs) are not represented in the northern Eurasian area. + +\section{Syntax of adjectival modification} +%%% +The present book deals with noun phrases in which adjectives occur as attributes. Predicative adjectives are not dealt with systematically,\footnote{A typology of adjective predication is \citet{wetzer1996}.} although in some cases attributive and predicative adjectives will be contrasted to each other,\is{predicative marking} especially if the languages in question code them differently in their morpho-syntax. The main question to answer with my investigation is how different languages license the syntactic position of adjectival modifiers inside noun phrases, i.e., what grammatical devices are used for the encoding of the syntactic relationship between an adjectival dependent and its head noun. + +\subsection{Noun phrase internal syntax} +%%% +The syntactic relationship between noun phrase constituents can be encoded by means of purely syntactic structures, i.e., simply stringing together constituents, or by adding syntactic or morphological devices. + +\il{English|(} +The adjective can take up the modifier slot in the noun phrase without further syntactic or morphological marking taking place inside the noun phrase. Such syntactic licensing means that the relationship between dependent and head is encoded purely structurally in terms of designated positions. An instance of purely syntactic licensing are noun phrases with adjectival modifiers in English. The adjective obligatorily precedes the noun but is not marked otherwise. +%%% +\ea +\langinfo{English}{Indo-European}{personal knowledge}\\ +big houses +\z +%%% +An example of a syntactic device is the dummy head \textit{one} in English which occurs obligatorily in noun phrases without lexical heads. +%%% +\ea +\langinfo{English}{Indo-European}{personal knowledge}\\ +\ea +\gll a big one\\ + \textsc{indef} big \textsubscript{\rm HEAD}\textsc{:sg}\\ +\glt ‘a big one’ +\ex +\gll big ones\\ + big \textsubscript{\rm HEAD}\textsc{:pl}\\ +\glt ‘big ones’ +\z +\z +%%% + +The dummy head \textit{one} is a noun phrase constituent itself, hence a true syntactic attribution marking device, even though morphology is also involved in this syntactic structure because \textit{one} is inflected for number. The difference between covert and overt syntactic attribution marking devices can also be illustrated with different relative clauses in English. + +\newpage +%%% +\ea +\langinfo{English}{Indo-European}{personal knowledge}\\ +\ea {\upshape [}\textsubscript{\rm NP} the house {\upshape [}\textsubscript{\rm REL} I built{\upshape ]]}\label{engrelap} +\ex {\upshape [}\textsubscript{\rm NP} the house {\upshape [}\textsubscript{\rm REL} that I built{\upshape ]]}\label{engrel1} +\ea {\upshape [}\textsubscript{\rm NP} the man {\upshape [}\textsubscript{\rm REL} who\textsubscript{\rm nom} built a house{\upshape ]]}\label{engrel2a} +\ex {\upshape [}\textsubscript{\rm NP} the man {\upshape [}\textsubscript{\rm REL} whose\textsubscript{\rm gen} house was built{\upshape ]]}\label{engrel2b} +\z +\z +\z +%%% + +Whereas (\ref{engrelap}) exemplifies a covert syntactic device because the relative clause is simply juxtaposed, (\ref{engrel1}) is an overt syntactic device because the relative clause is marked by an invariable formative. In (\ref{engrel2a}, \ref{engrel2b}), the relativizer \textit{who} is also an overt syntactic device. But in the marking of this relative clause construction, morphology is involved too because the relativizer inflects for case according to the semantic role of the relativized noun. + +\il{German|(} +Morphological attribution marking devices are either overt (linear or else) morphemes bound to constituents or covert morphological processes, like incorporation.\footnote{Morphological attribution marking devices can also attach to complex constituents, as the possessor marking \isi{clitic}s in English or \ili{Swedish} which attaches to noun phrases: \ili{Swedish} [\textsubscript{NP} [\textsubscript{NP} kungen]=s rike] the\_king=\textsc{poss} empire ‘the empire of the king’, [\textsubscript{NP} [\textsubscript{NP} kungen av Sverige]=s rike] the\_king of Sweden=\textsc{poss} empire ‘the empire of the King of Sweden’.} A prototypical instance of a morphological adjective attribution marking device is agreement inflection, as in German. +\il{English|)} +%%% + +\ea +\langinfo{German}{Indo-European}{personal knowledge}\\ +\gll groß-e Häus-er\\ + big-\textsc{pl} house-\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘big houses’ +\z +%%% + +Agreement inflection of attributive adjectives in German is a morphological device: it exists only because syntax requires it, hence a morpho-syntactic device. Other morphological marking in German occurs on syntactic units or on constituents of syntactic units without belonging to morpho-syntax. For instance, the plural inflection on the head noun (\textit{Häus-er}) or the inflectional circumfix yielding a participle (\textit{ge-bau-t}) in (\ref{german morphology}) belongs exclusively to the level of (inflectional and derivational) morphology but not to syntax. +%%% + +\ea +\label{german morphology} +\langinfo{German}{Indo-European}{personal knowledge}\\ +\gll \textbf{ge-bau-t}-e Häus-er\\ + \textbf{\textsc{ptcp}-build-\textsc{ptcp}}-\textsc{pl} house-\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘built houses’ +\z +%%% + +Note that adjectives have been characterized as predicates which can be used as modifiers of nouns without further (derivational) operations. Consequently, the German participle stem \textit{gebaut} ($\leftarrow$ \textit{bauen + ge- … -t}) is an adjective in this broad sense. Syntactically, the participle behaves like a true adjective and takes similar attribution marking. The attribution marking device (i.e., the agreement inflection) attaches to the participle stem as such (in boldface in example \ref{german morphology}). The participle derivation of the verb root \textit{bau-} yielding this new stem does not belong to the sphere of syntax. Similarly, category-changing derivational morphology in other languages yielding, for example, a \isi{stative verb} or a participle function, is not considered to be morphological licensing of adjectival modification. + +\is{headless noun phrase|(} +\subsection{Headless noun phrases} +%%% +Adjectives as well as various other modifiers can also occur in noun phrases without a noun. Normally, this is the case with adjectives in elliptical constructions or adjectives which are made to nouns by means of a derivational process (“substantivized”). In many languages, noun phrases with and without an overtly expressed head noun exhibit a similar phrase structure, as in the following examples from German. +%%% +\ea +\label{germ headhadless} +\langinfo{German}{Indo-European}{personal knowledge}\\ +\z +\parbox[t]{2.4in}{a.~\textit{ganz neue Häuser}} +\parbox[t]{2.3in}{b.~\textit{ganz neue} (viz.~\textit{Häuser})}\\ + +\parbox[t]{2.4in}{~\Tree +[.NP + [.AP [.Deg [.ganz very ] ] + [.A [.neu-e new-\textsc{agr} ] ] ] + [.N [ [.Häus-er house-\textsc{infl} ] ] ] ] +} +\parbox[t]{2.3in}{~\Tree +[.NP + [.AP [.Deg [.ganz very ] ] + [.A [.neu-e new-\textsc{agr} ] ] ] + [.N [ [ [.Ø ] ] ] ] ] +} +%%% + +The syntactic structure of the two examples in (\ref{germ headhadless}) is identical, except for the missing head noun ‘house’ with its morphological plural marking in the second structure. The attributive adjective ‘new’ is marked for the same morpho-syntactic agreement features in both examples. Even though the adjective in the headless phrase is semantically a noun and used referentially, it is still syntactically the modifier of the (elliptic) noun ‘house’. The syntactic status of the modifier as the head of an adjective phrase is indicated by its ability to take dependents such as the degree word ‘very’. German thus allows the syntactic head position of a noun phrase to remain empty in elliptical constructions. +\il{German|)} + +\il{Kildin Saami|(} +In other languages, accepting an empty head position in the (elliptical) noun phrase seems less straightforward. In Kildin Saami, for example, nouns and adjectives share identical inflection paradigms. As modifiers of nouns, however, adjectives are not inflected but are simply juxtaposed,\footnote{This is true only for one class of adjectives. Other adjective classes show different morpho-syntactic behavior, see \S\ref{saami synchr} below.} as in (\ref{kildin uninfl nom}) and (\ref{kildin uninfl loc}). Only when attributive adjectives occur in elliptical noun phrases are they inflected identically to nouns, as in (\ref{kildin infl nom}) and (\ref{kildin infl loc}).\footnote{The stem alternation in the adjective \textit{odt : od-} is due to a regular morpho-phonological process.} +%%% + +\ea +\langinfo{Kildin Saami}{Uralic}{personal knowledge}\\ +\ea +\label{kildin uninfl nom} +\gll čofta odt pērrht\\ + very new house(\textsc{nom:sg})\\ +\glt ‘a very new house’ +%%% +\ex +\label{kildin uninfl loc} +\gll čofta odt pērht-es't\\ + very new house-\textsc{loc:sg}\\ +\glt ‘in a very new house’ +%%% +\ex +\label{kildin infl nom} +\gll čofta odt \jambox{{\rm (viz.~}pērrht{\rm )}}\\ + very new(\textsc{nom:sg})\\ +\glt ‘a very new one’ +%%% +\ex +\label{kildin infl loc} +\gll čofta od-es't \jambox{{\rm (viz.~}pērht-es't{\rm )}}\\ + very new-\textsc{loc:sg}\\ +\glt ‘in a very new one’ +\z +\z +%%% + +If the elliptical construction in Kildin Saami is analyzed as having an empty syntactic head position, as in German,\il{German} an explanation for the different behavior of the (nominal) case inflection is needed. Unlike in German,\il{German} where (nominal) inflection is always bound to the noun, inflection in Kildin Saami can occur bound to nouns or adjectives. Case marking in Kildin Saami could thus be analyzed as a \isi{clitic} that bounds to the whole noun phrase and hence showing up on the rightmost phrase constituent. + +\newpage +% \todo[inline]{Sebastian – hier müssen über die Bäumchen eventuell noch die (kursivierten) Beispielsätze rein: a. čofta odt pērrht, b. čofta odt pērhtes't, c. čofta odt (viz.~pērrht), d. čofta odes't (viz.~pērht-es't); so wie es bei den anderen entsprechenden anderen Abbildungen auch ist?} + +\begin{exe} +\ex +\langinfo{Kildin Saami}{Uralic}{personal knowledge} +\end{exe} +\parbox[t]{.45\textwidth}{ +a.~\Tree +[.{NP} + [.{AP} [.{Deg} [.{čofta} very ] ] + [.{A} [.{odt} {new} ] ] ] + [.{N} [ [.{pērrht} {house} ] ] ] ] +} +\parbox[t]{.45\textwidth}{ +b.~\Tree +[.{NP} + [.{AP} [.{Deg} [.{čofta} very ] ] + [.{A} [.{odt} {new} ] ] + ] + [.{N} [ [.{pērht} {house} ] ] ] + [.{CASE} [ [.{=es't} {=\textsc{infl}} ] ] ] +] +} + +\parbox[t]{.45\textwidth}{ +c.~\Tree +[.{NP} + [.{AP} [.{Deg} [.{čofta} very ] ] + [.{A} [.{odt} {new} ] ] ] + [.{N} [ [.{Ø} [.{Ø} ] ] ] ] ] +} +\parbox[t]{.45\textwidth}{ +d.~\Tree +[.{NP} + [.{AP} [.{Deg} [.{čofta} very ] ] + [.{A} [.{od} {new} ] ] + ] + [.{N} [ [.{Ø} [.{Ø} ] ] ] ] + [.{CASE} [ [.{=es't} {=\textsc{infl}} ] ] ] +] +} + +\il{Kildin Saami|)} +%%% +\il{English|(} +Another type of language in which elliptical noun phrases behave differently is exemplified by English. In elliptic constructions, attributive adjectives are obligatorily marked with the marker \textit{one}. This marker is exclusively used in headless noun phrases with adjectival (and some other) modifiers. It never occurs if the head noun is overtly expressed. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\langinfo{English}{Indo-European}{personal knowledge} +\end{exe} +\parbox[t]{.45\textwidth}{a. very new houses} +\parbox[t]{.45\textwidth}{b. very new ones (viz.~houses)}\\ + +\parbox[t]{.45\textwidth}{ +\begin{tikzpicture} +\tikzset{level 1+/.style={level distance=2\baselineskip}} +\tikzset{frontier/.style={distance from root=6\baselineskip}} +\Tree +[.{NP} + [.{AP} + [.{Deg} {very} ] + [.{A} {new} ] + ] + [.{N} [.{house-s} {house-\textsc{infl}} ] ] +] +\end{tikzpicture} +} +\parbox[t]{.45\textwidth}{ +\begin{tikzpicture} +\tikzset{level 1+/.style={level distance=2\baselineskip}} +\tikzset{frontier/.style={distance from root=6\baselineskip}} +\Tree [.{NP} [.{AP} [.{Deg} {very} ] [.{A} {new} ] ] [.{N} {one-\textsc{infl}} ] ] +\end{tikzpicture} +} +%%% + +Being a grammatical word, hence a constituent in the phrase structure, \textit{one} is sometimes described as “dummy head” in English \citep[cf., e.g.,][23]{rijkhoff2002} replacing the noun at the syntactic head position. Consequently, it could be argued that the syntactic head position is never empty in English. +\il{English|)} +\is{headless noun phrase|)} + +\subsection{Appositional modification} +\label{apposition} +%%% +\is{appositional head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +Apposition\footnote{Note the different meaning of “\isi{juxtaposition}”, which is defined as a distinct functional type in \S\ref{juxtaposition}.} is commonly described as a sequence of two (or more) co-referential constituents on the same syntactic level and hence with the same syntactic function as in the following expression. +%%% +\ea +{\upshape (}\textsubscript{\rm np} {\upshape [}\textsubscript{\rm NP} Alma and Iva{\upshape ] [}\textsubscript{\rm NP} my daughters{\upshape ])} are in this picture.\label{almaiva} +\z +%%% + +Syntactically, the two independent noun phrases \textit{Alma and Iva, my daughters} together serve as one argument phrase in (\ref{almaiva}).\footnote{The notation of the appositional unit in round brackets is borrowed from \citet[21]{rijkhoff2002}.} In other words, apposition can be defined as a single semantic phrase which consists of several independent syntactic phrases which serve one syntactic function together. + +\textsc{Appositional modification} differs from true apposition in that the apposed constituent phrase is semantically and syntactically dependent on the other constituent phrase. Similar to the definition presented in \citet[22]{rijkhoff2002}, appositional (noun) modification is here understood as a construction in which the dependent constituent is not part of the (integral) phrase headed by the modified noun. Semantically, the appositional modifier is headed by the modified noun. Syntactically, however, the appositional modifier has an empty head which is co-referential with the head noun of the apposed noun phrase. + +\il{Georgian|(} +Appositional modification seems to occur as a secondary marked type of adjective attribution marking in several languages, for instance in Georgian. Attributive adjectives are normally preposed and show only limited agreement (see~\ref{georgian unmarked1}). In postposition (marking emphasis), however, the adjective inflects for the full set of cases and numbers (\ref{georgian marked1}). This construction thus resembles an independent (headless) noun phrase\is{headless noun phrase} in apposition to the semantic head \citep[652, 677]{testelec1998}; cf.~also \S\ref{georgian synchr} below. +%%% +\ea +\langinfo{Georgian}{Kartvelian}{\citealt[652]{testelec1998}}\\ +\ea +\label{georgian unmarked1} +\gll am or \textbf{lamaz} kal-s\\ + that:\textsc{obl} two nice:\textsc{obl} woman-\textsc{dat}\\ +\glt ‘to those two nice women’ +%%% +\ex +\label{georgian marked1} +\gll kal-eb-s \textbf{lamaz-eb-s}\\ + woman-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{dat} nice-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{dat}\\ +\glt ‘to the \textsc{nice} women’ +\z +\z +%%% + +\il{Bulgarian|(} +Even without differentiated attribution marking, constituent order change between attribute and head can indicate apposition, as in Bulgarian. Note that the constituent order in noun phrases of Bulgarian is strictly head-final. In poetic language, however, it is possible to move the adjective to the position after the noun. +%%% +\ea +\langinfo{Bulgarian}{Indo-European}{personal knowledge}\\ +\ea +\gll tezi \textbf{golem-i} gradove\\ + these big-\textsc{pl} towns\\ +\glt ‘these big towns’ +%%% +\ex +\label{bulgarian marked} +\gll tezi gradove \textbf{golem-i}\\ + these towns big-\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘these big towns’ +\z +\z +%%% + +It seems impossible to prove that Bulgarian presents an example of appositional modification. The emphasized noun phrase in (\ref{bulgarian marked}) could simply be analyzed as an integral noun phrase differentiated from other non-emphasized noun phrases by constituent order. Georgian, however, is different from Bulgarian. The emphasized noun phrase in (\ref{georgian marked1}) exhibits different morpho-syntactic marking due to the additional agreement features and is very likely to be analyzed as an attributive appositional construction. +\il{Bulgarian|)}\il{Georgian|)} + +Evidence for appositional modification as a syntactically distinguished noun phrase type is also found in constructions where the apposed \isi{headless noun phrase} is overtly marked by means of \isi{attributive nominalization} (see \S\ref{attr nmlz}). Attributive nominalization can be illustrated with the epithet construction in German. +%%% +\ea +\langinfo{German}{Indo-European}{personal knowledge}\\ +{\upshape [}\textsubscript{\rm NP} Friedrich {\upshape [}\textsubscript{\rm NP} der Große{\upshape ]]} {\rm ‘Frederick the Great’} +\z +\is{appositional head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} diff --git a/chapters/chap-polyfunctionality.tex b/chapters/chap-polyfunctionality.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6696ee5 --- /dev/null +++ b/chapters/chap-polyfunctionality.tex @@ -0,0 +1,362 @@ + +\chapter[Polyfunctionality]{Polyfunctionality of attribution marking devices} +\label{polyfunctionality} +%%% +\is{modification marking|(} +In a typological survey, noun phrases with adjectival modifiers can be examined from different perspectives. In the previous chapter, noun phrases with attributive adjectives were described according to their syntactic, morpho-syntactic, and/or morpho-semantico-syntactic structure. But noun phrase types of a given language can also be defined with respect to polyfunctionality and regarding to the class of attributed elements beyond adjective attribution: attributive adjectives may or may not be used in similar noun phrase structures like other adnominal modifiers (such as demonstratives,\is{adnominal modifier!demonstrative} adposition phrases,\is{adnominal modifier!adposition phrase} clauses,\is{adnominal modifier!relative clause} etc.). + +Moreover, polyfunctionality is also relevant in languages where one and the same device is used as a nominal modification marker beyond attribution: for modification inside an adjective phrase (licensing, for instance, a degree word as modifier of an adjective) or as a modification marker inside an adposition phrase (licensing, for instance, an adposition as determined by a noun phrase). \textit{Attribution marker} should thus be understood as a term denoting a subset of \textit{modification markers} relevant to nominal phrase structure in general. + +Finally, the polyfunctionality concerns even the semantic content (or function) of certain devices beyond modification marking. + +In the present chapter, polyfunctionality of adjective attribution marking devices will be illustrated with examples from a few languages. + +\section{Polyfunctionality of modification markers} +%%% +%perhaps more on possessor compounding in Dahl 2004. The growth and maintenance of linguistic complexity. Studies in language companion series, 71. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. +In many languages, more than one class of attributes belong to one and the same noun phrase type. Some languages exhibit even highly polyfunctional noun phrase types and use one and the same device for licensing verbs, nouns, adjectives and even other syntactic classes as attributive modifiers inside noun phrases. +\newpage + +In example (\ref{multi mand}) from Mandarin Chinese,\il{Mandarin Chinese} the anti\hyp{}construct state marker \textit{de} illustrates a highly polyfunctional attribution marking device. It licenses adjectival (\ref{mandarin adj}), nominal (\ref{mandarin noun}) and verbal attributes (\ref{mandarin rel}).\footnote{Note, however, that the attributive marker is not always obligatory. In noun phrases with pronominal and adjectival attributes, it can also be omitted. If \textit{de} is used with adjectives, a certain clarifying or delineating focus or stress~– resembling \isi{contrastive focus} marking~– is put on the denoted property, like in \textit{hóng hūa} [red flower] ‘a red flower’, \textit{hóng de hūa} [\textsc{red} \textsc{attr} flower] ‘a flower that is red (and not of a different color)’ \citep[119–123]{li-etal1981}.} +%Andreas Hölzl: it may be interesting to notice that there is an additional use of de for modifying verbs and that there are three different characters for de depending on its use: 的, 得, and 地 +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{multi mand} +\langinfo{Mandarin Chinese}{Sino-Tibetan}{\citealt{li-etal1981}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Noun (possessor) attribute}\\ +\label{mandarin noun} +\gll Zhāngsān \textbf{de} shū\\ + Zhangsang \textsc{attr} book\\ +\glt ‘Zhangsang's book’ +%%% +\ex {\rm Adjectival attribute}\\ +\label{mandarin adj} +\gll xīn (\textbf{de}) shū\\ + new (\textsc{attr}) book\\ +\glt ‘new book’ +%%% +\ex {\rm Verbal (relative clause) attribute}\\ +\label{mandarin rel} +\gll wŏ zuótiān măi \textbf{de} shū\\ + \textsc{1sg} buy yesterday \textsc{attr} book\\ +\glt ‘the book I bought yesterday’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +In Minangkabau,\il{Minangkabau} an Austronesian language spoken on Sumatra in Indonesia, \isi{juxtaposition} is polyfunctional to a similar degree. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{multi minangkabau} +\langinfo{Minangkabau}{Austronesian}{\citealt[3–4]{gil2005}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Noun (possessor) attribute}\\ +\gll batiak Kairil\\ + papaya Kairil\\ +\glt ‘Kairil's papaya’ +\ex {\rm Adjectival attribute}\\ +\gll batiak kuniang\\ + papaya yellow\\ +\glt ‘a/the yellow papaya’ +\ex {\rm Verbal (relative clause) attribute}\\ +\gll batiak Kairil bali\\ + papaya Kairil buy\\ +\glt ‘a/the papaya that Kairil bought’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Tagalog\il{Tagalog} is another language with a polyfunctional attribution marker. The Tagalog\il{Tagalog} \isi{linker}, however, is less polyfunctional than \isi{juxtaposition} in Minangkabau\il{Minangkabau} or anti\hyp{}construct state marking in Mandarin Chinese.\il{Mandarin Chinese} It marks only verbal\is{adnominal modifier!verb} and adjectival attributes.\footnote{Note that the constituent order of attribute and head noun is free in Tagalog: the relative clause and the adjective can also occur in a head-initial phrase type. In this case, the linker \textit{=ng} attaches phonologically to the noun (\citealt[1]{gil2005}; \citealt[160, 162]{himmelmann1997}).}\il{Tagalog} +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{multi tagalog} +\langinfo{Tagalog}{Austronesian}{\citealt[6]{gil2005}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Adjectival attribute}\\ +\gll pula\textbf{=ng} mangga\\ + red{=\textsc{attr}} mango\\ +\glt ‘red mango’ +\ex {\rm Verbal (relative clause) attribute}\\ +\gll binili ni Jojo\textbf{=ng} mangga\\ + bought \textsc{pers.gen} Jojo{=\textsc{attr}} mango\\ +\glt ‘a/the mango that Jojo bought’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +\il{Persian|(} +Highly polyfunctional attribution marking by means of a head-marking construct suffix is found even in Persian.\footnote{Note the consistent glossing \textsc{mod} instead of \textsc{attr}. The Persian construct marker licenses modification beyond attribution.} +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{multi persian} +\langinfo{Persian}{Indo-European}{\citealt{mahootian1997}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Adposition phrase}\\ +\gll tu\textbf{-ye} ašpæzxune\\ + in\textbf{-\textsc{mod}} kitchen\\ +\glt ‘in the kitchen’ +%%% +\ex {\rm Nominal attribution} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Noun (non-possessor) attribute}\\ +\gll ængoštær\textbf{-e} ælmas\\ + ring-\textsc{mod} diamond\\ +\glt ‘diamond ring’ +\ex {\rm Noun (possessor) attribute}\\ +\gll ængoštær\textbf{-e} pedær\\ + ring-\textsc{mod} father\\ +\glt ‘father's ring’ +\end{xlist} +%%% +\ex {\rm Adjectival attribute}\\ +\gll ælmas\textbf{-e} bozorg\\ + diamond-\textsc{mod} big\\ +\glt ‘a big diamond’ +%%% +\ex {\rm Adpositional attribute}\\ +\gll miz\textbf{-e} tu{-ye} ašpæzxune\\ + table-\textsc{mod} in{-\textsc{mod}} kitchen\\ +\glt ‘the table in the kitchen’ +\ex {\rm (Infinite) verbal attribute}\\ +\gll væqt\textbf{-e} ræftæn\\ + time-\textsc{mod} to\_go\\ +\glt ‘time to go’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +While the same device marks nominal, adjectival, adpositional\is{adnominal modifier!adposition phrase} and (infinite) verbal\is{adnominal modifier!verb} attributes, finite verbal\is{adnominal modifier!verb} attributes (relative clauses)\is{adnominal modifier!relative clause} never occur in a similar noun phrase type in Persian. +\il{Persian|)} + +\il{Swedish!Västerbotten|(} +In Västerbotten Swedish, a language variety of the northern Eurasian area under investigation, attribution marking by means of adjective incorporation is also considered to be polyfunctional (see \S\S\ref{attr incorporation}, \ref{bondska synchr}). Beside adjective attribution, the device marks attribution of (human) possessors.\is{adnominal modifier!possessor noun} +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{multi bondska} +{\rm Västerbotten Swedish (Indo-European; \citealt[examples from][5]{gil2005})} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Noun (human possessor) attribute}\\ +\gll Pelle-äpple\\ + Pelle-apple\\ +\glt ‘Pelle's apple’ +\ex {\rm Adjectival attribute}\\ +%\begin{xlist} +\gll rö-äpple\\ + red-apple\\ +\glt ‘red apple’ +%\ex (past participle) +%\gll (stick-ad)-tröja\\ +% (knitt-\textsc{ptcp:pst})-sweater\\ +%\glt ‘knitted sweater’ +%\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% +\il{Swedish!Västerbotten|)} + +%bessere Referenz zu VB-Schwedisch?, participle in VB-Swedish? +\is{adnominal modifier!possessor noun|(} +\is{adnominal modifier!relative clause|(} +\citet{gil2005} surveyed the polyfunctionality of attribution markers licensing possessor nouns, adjectives and relative clauses in a world-wide sample of languages. According to the number of morpho-syntactically differentiated classes of attributes Gil grouped the languages of his sample into the following types: + +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item \textbf{Weakly differentiating languages} using polyfunctional devices for attribution of all three syntactic categories, as in Mandarin Chinese\il{Mandarin Chinese} (\ref{multi mand}) and Minangkabau\il{Minangkabau} (\ref{multi minangkabau}) +\item \textbf{Moderately differentiating languages} using polyfunctional devices for attribution of two syntactic categories, for instance: + \begin{itemize} + \item adjectives and relative clauses, as in Tagalog\il{Tagalog} (\ref{multi tagalog}) + \item possessor nouns and adjectives, as in Västerbotten Swedish\il{Swedish!Västerbotten} (\ref{multi bondska}) and Persian\il{Persian} (\ref{multi persian}) + \end{itemize} +\item \textbf{Highly differentiating languages} are not polyfunctional at all, as in German\il{German} where the three syntactic classes are marked differently. +\end{itemize} +%%% + +In Gil's\ia{Gil, David} sample, Europe\is{Europe} and adjacent parts of Asia\is{Asia} and Africa\is{Africa} stand out as an area with predominantly non-polyfunctional languages, while almost all languages of Southeast Asia\il{Southeast Asian languages} are of low differentiation \citep[8]{gil2005}. + +%%% +\begin{figure}[t] +\parbox[b]{0.20\textwidth}{ +\begin{center}\textsc{Mandarin},\\\textsc{Minangkabau}\\ +\medskip +\begin{tabular}{| l |} +\hline +\\ +\hline +\hline +\\ +\hline +\textsc{attr}\textsubscript{Rel}\\ +\hline +\textsc{attr}\textsubscript{A}\\ +\hline +\textsc{attr}\textsubscript{N}\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +} +\parbox[b]{0.20\textwidth}{ +\begin{center}\textsc{Tagalog}\\ +\bigskip +\begin{tabular}{| l |} +\hline +\\ +\hline +\hline +\\ +\hline +\textsc{attr}\textsubscript{Rel}\\ +\hline +\textsc{attr}\textsubscript{A}\\ +\hline +\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +} +\parbox[b]{0.20\textwidth}{ +\begin{center}\textsc{Västerbotten }\\\textsc{Swedish}\\ +\medskip +\begin{tabular}{| l |} +\hline +\\ +\hline +\hline +\\ +\hline +\\ +\hline +\textsc{attr}\textsubscript{A}\\ +\hline +\textsc{attr}\textsubscript{N}\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +} +\parbox[b]{0.20\textwidth}{ +\begin{center}\textsc{Persian}\\ +\bigskip +\begin{tabular}{| l |} +\hline +\textsc{mod}\textsubscript{NP}\\ +\hline +\hline +\textsc{attr}\textsubscript{AdP}\\ +\hline +\\ +\hline +\textsc{attr}\textsubscript{A}\\ +\hline +\textsc{attr}\textsubscript{N}\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +} +\caption[Functional map for modification marking]{Functional maps for modification markers: the anti\hyp{}construct state marking in Mandarin Chinese and juxtaposition in Minangkabau, the linker in Tagalog, adjective incorporation in Västerbotten Swedish and construct state marking in Persian} +\label{multi abcd} +\il{Mandarin Chinese}\il{Minangkabau}\il{Tagalog}\il{Swedish!Västerbotten}\il{Persian} + +\end{figure} +%%% + +Northern Eurasian languages of the “moderately differentiating” type included in Gil's\ia{Gil, David} sample are Japanese\il{Japanese} and Västerbotten Swedish\il{Swedish!Västerbotten} (with polyfunctional attribution marking of possessor nouns and adjectives) as well as Ainu,\il{Ainu} Nivkh\il{Nivkh} and Tatar\il{Tatar} (with polyfunctional attribution marking of adnominal adjectives and relative clauses).\footnote{Note that English\il{English} is not coded as “moderately differentiating” by \citet{gil2005}, although \isi{juxtaposition} can be used polyfunctionally as a device for attribution of adjectives and relative clauses (with reverse constituent order though: \textit{The woman I saw.})} No languages of the “weakly differentiated” type are known to occur in the northern Eurasian area. + +\largerpage[2] +Figure~\ref{multi abcd} illustrates the polyfunctionality of modification markers in the languages mentioned in this chapter.\footnote{\citep[Cf.][]{haspelmath2003}, for a systematic and historiographic description of functional (or semantic) maps.} The true attributive functions of the marker, i.e., licensing of adpositional, verbal, and adjectival attributes, are found in the middle cells of the left column in Figure~\ref{multi abcd}. The cell extending upwards shows the additional function of the marker as licenser of modification above the noun phrase level (i.e., inside an adposition phrase).%or below the noun phrase level (i.e., inside an adjective phrase). + +The order of \textsc{attr}\textsubscript{Rel} through \textsc{attr}\textsubscript{N} in these functional maps corresponds to the hierarchical alignment of polyfunctional attribution marking suggested for Austronesian languages by \citet{foley1980}.\footnote{Note that Foley's hierarchy is proposed to be cross-linguistically valid and even includes two more syntactic classes than considered here: Determiner > Numeral > Noun > Adjective > Verb.} +\is{adnominal modifier!noun} +\is{adnominal modifier!numeral} +\is{adnominal modifier!verb} +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Noun < Adjective < Verb} +\end{exe} +%%% + +The hierarchy is to be read as follows: the highest category of attributive modifiers are verbs (i.e., relative and other attributive clauses), the next lower categories are adjectives and nouns. If one attributive category is marked with a polyfunctional attribution marker, all categories to the left side in the hierarchy should be marked by the same device, too. + +\begin{figure} +\parbox[b]{\textwidth}{ +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{| l || c | c |} +\cline{1-1} +\\ +\hline +\textsc{attr}\textsubscript{Rel} & \textsc{nmlz} & \textsc{foc}\\ +\hline +\textsc{attr}\textsubscript{A}\\ +\cline{1-1} +\textsc{attr}\textsubscript{N}\\ +\cline{1-1} +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +} +\caption[Functional map for modification marking]{Functional map for the modification marker \textit{ve} in \textsc{Lahu}\il{Lahu}} +\label{lahu funcmap} +\end{figure} +\is{adnominal modifier!possessor noun|)} +\is{adnominal modifier!relative clause|)} + +\section[Polyfunctionality and additional content]{Polyfunctionality of modification markers and additional content} +%%% + +\largerpage[-1] +Polyfunctional modification marking devices with semantic content (or function) beyond attribution are also attested in several languages. Lahu\il{Lahu} is an example of a Southeast Asian language\il{Southeast Asian languages} of the “weakly differentiating” type according to Gil's (\citeyear{gil2005}) classification. Syntactically similar to Mandarin Chinese,\il{Mandarin Chinese} Lahu\il{Lahu} exhibits an anti\hyp{}construct state marker \textit{ve} that licenses adjectival (\ref{lahu adj}), nominal\is{adnominal modifier!noun} (\ref{lahu noun}) and verbal\is{adnominal modifier!verb} attributes (\ref{lahu rel}). In addition, the marker \textit{ve} in Lahu\il{Lahu} is used as a nominalizer\is{attributive nominalization} (\ref{lahu compl}) and as a focus marker (\ref{lahu focus}).\footnote{See \citealt{bickel1999} on the “Standard Sino-Tibetan\il{Sino-Tibetan languages} Nominalization pattern” (which in some languages include even additional content beyond attribution, nominalization and focus.} +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\langinfo{Lahu}{Sino-Tibetan}{\citealt{matisoff1973}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Attribution} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Adjectival attribute}\\ +\label{lahu adj} +\gll dàʔ \textbf{ve} ŋâʔ\\ + pretty \textsc{attr} bird\\ +\glt ‘pretty birds’ (194) +%%% +\ex {\rm Noun (possessor) attribute}\\ +\label{lahu noun} +\gll Càl\^{ɔ} \textbf{ve} \`{ɔ}ha\\ + Jalaw \textsc{attr} picture\\ +\glt ‘Jalaw's picture’ (141) +%%% +\ex {\rm Verbal (relative clause) attribute}\\ +\label{lahu rel} +\gll c\'{ɔ} câ \textbf{ve} ŋâʔ\\ + boil eat \textsc{attr} bird\\ +\glt ‘birds one boils to eat’ (194) +\end{xlist} +%%% +\ex {\rm Additional semantic content} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Nominalization (of a complement clause)}\\ +\label{lahu compl} +\gll n\`{ɔ} qôʔ \textbf{ve} thàʔ ŋà mâ na ɣa qôʔ-ma!\\ + you say \textsc{nmlz} \textsc{acc} I \textsc{neg} understand be\_able \textsc{interj}\\ +\glt ‘I can't catch what you're saying!’ (157) +%%% +\ex {\rm Focusing (of a clause)}\\ +\label{lahu focus} +\gll mâ qay \textbf{ve}\\ + \textsc{neg} go \textsc{foc}\\ +\glt ‘I am certainly not going.’ (362) +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +The functions of the marker \textit{ve} in Lahu\il{Lahu} can also be summarized in a functional map, see Figure~\ref{lahu funcmap}. The true attributive functions of the marker, i.e., licensing of verbal,\is{adnominal modifier!verb} nominal\is{adnominal modifier!noun} and adjectival attributes, are found in the cells of the left column in Figure~\ref{lahu funcmap}. The cells extending to the right show the additional content of the attributive marker, i.e., as a nominalizer\is{attributive nominalization} and focus marker of a clause. + +\section{Conclusion} +%%% +From a purely synchronic point of view, polyfunctionality of adjective attribution marking devices seems less relevant to the area under investigation, northern Eurasia. Most languages of the area exhibit highly differentiated attribution marking devices. Languages of the “moderately differentiating” type are rare; no languages of the “weakly differentiated” type are known to occur in the northern Eurasian area at all. + +However, polyfunctionality can indicate historical change if additional semantic content of attribution marking devices across related languages is taken into consideration. The topic of polyfunctional attribution markers across languages of one family will thus be taken up again in Part~III (Synchrony) of this study. +\is{modification marking|)} diff --git a/chapters/chap-results.tex b/chapters/chap-results.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5e2dafd --- /dev/null +++ b/chapters/chap-results.tex @@ -0,0 +1,335 @@ + +\chapter{Results and conclusions} +%%% +These concluding sections summarize the essence of this study and provide an overview of the main findings. In addition, they address a few questions relevant for future investigations towards a general description of noun phrase structures. + +\section{Aims and content} +%%% +The aims of this study were: (1) a synchronic-typological description of adjective attribution marking devices in northern Eurasia, i.e., typologizing geographically relevant languages according to their syntactic and morpho-syntactic kinds of adjective attribution marking, (2) a synchronic survey of the geographic distribution of the attested kinds of adjective attribution marking devices across the northern Eurasian languages, and (3) a diachronic description and functional reconstruction of a hitherto undescribed pattern in the evolution of adjective attribution marking in the Indo-European\il{Indo-European languages} and Uralic\il{Uralic languages} languages of the Circum-Baltic\il{Circum-Baltic languages} area of northern Europe. + +\paragraph*{(1)} +As the main result of the \textbf{synchronic-typological description}, an ontological classification of attested syntactic and morpho-syntactic types of adjective attribution marking devices was developed. For the purpose of comparison and achieving stringent classification standards, even interesting devices attested in languages outside the area were taken into consideration. + +Central typological parameters for the morpho-syntactic description of noun phrase structure are \textit{syntactic source}\is{syntactic source} (i.e., the central syntactic operation which licenses attribution and belongs primarily either to agreement marking or to government), \textit{syntactic pattern}\is{syntactic pattern} (i.e., devices projecting embedded noun phrases, devices projecting simple adjective phrases, or incorporation) and \textit{syntactic locus}\is{syntactic locus} of the respective formatives (on-head, on-dependent, floating). + +The following overview lists all known devices (one single device, which is not attested in the northern Eurasian area, is given in parentheses). +%%% + +\newpage +\begin{itemize} +\item{Juxtaposition} (as in \ili{Komi-Zyrian})\is{juxtaposition} +\item{Incorporation} (as in \ili{Chukchi})\is{incorporation} +\item{Construct state} (as in \ili{Northern Kurdish})\is{construct state} +\item{Anti\hyp{}construct state} (as in \ili{Skolt Saami})\is{anti\hyp{}construct state} +\item{Attributive nominalization} (as in \ili{Udmurt})\is{attributive nominalization} +\item{Attributive article} (as in \ili{Yiddish})\is{attributive article} +\item{Anti\hyp{}construct state agreement} (as in \ili{Russian})\is{anti\hyp{}construct state agreement} +\item{Head\hyp{}driven agreement} (as in \ili{Finnish})\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement} +\item{Appositional head\hyp{}driven agreement} (as in \ili{Georgian})\is{appositional head\hyp{}driven agreement} +\item{Modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement} (as in \ili{Saliba})\is{modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement} +\item{(Linker)} (as in \ili{Tagalog} [attested only outside northern Eurasia])\is{linker} +\end{itemize} +%%% + +A more detailed overview of the attested types including definitions and an ontological cross-classification is presented in Table~\ref{tabledefontology1} and Table~\ref{syntaxontology} on pages~\pageref{tabledefontology1}–\pageref{syntaxontology} and in Figure~\ref{tree ontology} on page~\pageref{tree ontology}. + +\paragraph*{(2)} +The \textbf{synchronic survey} showed that the most common types of adjective attribution marking devices are \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} (the Indo\hyp{}European\il{Indo-European languages} prototype which characterizes most parts of the European linguistic map) and \isi{juxtaposition} (the prototype in Uralic,\il{Uralic languages} Turkic\il{Turkic languages} and Mongolic\il{Mongolic languages} monotonously characterizing larger parts of \isi{North Asia}). Modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement\is{modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement} is the least common type in northern Eurasia since it is known to occur only in Tungusic.\il{Tungusic languages} The Mongolic\il{Mongolic languages} and Turkic\il{Turkic languages} families of \isi{North Asia} exhibit a very low degree of diversity in regard to their adjective attribution marking devices. A relatively high degree of diversity characterizes several branches of Indo-European\il{Indo-European languages} (especially Germanic\il{Germanic languages} and Indo-Iranian)\il{Indo-Iranian languages} and Uralic\il{Uralic languages} (especially Saamic).\il{Saamic languages} Typological diversity is thus predominantly found in peripheral subareas of Northern Eurasia where different language families meet, for instance in the Circum-Baltic\il{Circum-Baltic languages} area in northernmost Europe and in \isi{Inner Asia} (Chapter~\ref{areality}). + +\paragraph*{(3)} +The \textbf{diachronic description} revealed a re-occurring pattern of attributive nominalizers developing further into attributive state markers and various other types of attribution marking devices in different languages of the area and during different periods of time. These structurally similar diachronic paths, which had not yet been systematically investigated from a cross-linguistic perspective, were reconstructed in detail for Baltic\slash{}Slavic\il{Baltic languages}\il{Slavic languages} (\S\ref{slavic diachr}), Germanic\il{Germanic languages} (\S\ref{germanic diachr}) and Saamic\il{Saamic languages} (\S\ref{saamic diachr}). In these three branches of Indo-European branches, anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking evolved from \isi{attributive nominalization}. In the Saamic\il{Saamic languages} branch of Uralic, anti\hyp{}construct state marking arose as the result of a structurally similar development from attributive nominalization. The developments in the geographically adjacent but genealogically unrelated languages pre\-sent evidence for areality across \il{Circum-Baltic languages}Circum-Baltic languages (Chapter~\ref{circumbaltic}).\\ + +The book also provides an extensive appendix including a list of 242 languages sorted by their genealogical affiliation and coded for attested noun phrase types (table starting on page~\pageref{sample1}) as well as a collection of maps illustrating the spread of attested noun phrase types across a world sample of languages (Figures~\ref{WorldMap}–\ref{WorldMapTyp} on pages~\pageref{WorldMap}–\pageref{WorldMapTyp}), across all northern Eurasian taxa (Figures~\ref{NEMap}–\ref{NAMapTyp} on pages~\pageref{NEMap}–\pageref{NAMapTyp}) and across European languages (Figures~\ref{EUMap}–\ref{EUMapTyp} on pages~\pageref{EUMap}–\pageref{EUMapTyp}). + +\section{Innovative findings} +%%% +The study presents the first systematic description and mapping of all attested adjective attribution marking devices in the languages of northern Eurasia. It also provides the first complete ontology of adjective attribution marking devices based on syntactic and morpho-syntactic noun phrase types found in northern Eurasian languages. The geographic spread of different adjective attribution marking devices across the main taxa of all northern Eurasian language families is surveyed and mapped in a way similar to the surveys carried out by the \isi{EUROTYP} program\footnote{\url{http://www.degruyter.com/view/serial/16329} (Accessed 2016-07-19)} but covering a larger area. + +The present study has a strong diachronic component. Synchronic typological research certainly sheds light on the evolution of language; nevertheless, linguistic typology can scarcely be considered a historical discipline per se since the applied method is most often exclusively a synchronic comparison of linguistic data. The present investigation, however, achieved a historical reconstruction of adjective attribution marking in several languages by using the historical-comparative method in combination with synchronic typology. By applying this innovative methodological approach a new hypothesis about the origin of secondary adjective attribution marking devices in Germanic,\il{Germanic languages} Baltic,\il{Baltic languages} Slavic\il{Slavic languages} and Saamic\il{Saamic languages} can be proposed. + +The three most important results of this study are (1) the discovery that \textsc{state} has to be included in the inventory of morpho-syntactic features, (2) the finding that adjectival modifiers can be phrasally embedded constituents, and (3) the diachronic attestation of contrastive focus constructions with phrasally embedded adjectival modifiers as a common source of innovative adjective attribution marking devices in the northern Eurasian languages. + +\subsection{The morpho-syntactic feature \textsc{state}} +%%% +Morpho-syntax is commonly understood as phrase internal morphology, i.e., morphology assigned by syntax. The inventory of morpho-syntactic features thus excludes true morphological features which are assigned to phrasal constituents from (phrase external) syntax or from semantics. Common examples of morphological features not assigned by noun phrase internal syntax are inflectional class of a noun (an inherent feature), definiteness\is{species marking!definite} marking of a noun (a feature assigned by semantics) or accusative marking of a noun phrase in object position inside a verb phrase (a morpho-syntactic feature assigned inside a verb phrase). The most typical morpho-syntactic features in noun phrase syntax are assigned by agreement triggered by one constituent, for instance adjective agreement in definiteness or in accusative case. If agreement of dependent constituents is triggered by a head noun the relevant feature has first to be assigned to the head from outside: either by semantics (e.g., \textsc{definite}) or by noun phrase external syntax (e.g., \textsc{accusative}). + +However, feature inventories (like the inventory presented by \citealt{kibort2010a}) do not yet include instances of morphological marking triggered not by constituents but by the syntactic structure as such. The present study provides an important contribution to the general typology of morpho-syntax by complementing the known inventory of morpho-syntactic features with truly morpho-syntactic devices, such as the well-known “construct state” in Persian. The state marker in Persian is not the result of either agreement or government but is assigned by syntax alone. + +State markers (glossed in the following examples with the value \textsc{mod} “modification”)\is{modification marking} can occur with different loci, i.e., on-head (\ref{hmstate}), on-dependent (\ref{dmstate}) or floating (\ref{floatingstate}).\is{syntactic locus} +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\label{hmstate} +{\rm Head-marking \textsc{state} in \ili{Persian} (Indo-European)}\\{\rm (cf.~in more detail page~\pageref{persian constr state})}\\ +\gll xane-ye bozorg\\ + house-\textsc{mod} big\\ +\glt ‘a/the big house’ +%%% +\ex +\label{dmstate} +{\rm Dependent\hyp{}marking state in \ili{Kildin Saami} (Uralic)}\\{\rm (cf.~in more detail page~\pageref{kildin attr.adj.sg})}\\ +\gll ēl'l'-es' pērrht.\\ + high-\textsc{mod} house\\ +\glt ‘a/the high house’ +%%% +\ex +\label{floatingstate} +{\rm Floating state in \ili{Tagalog} (Austronesian)}\\{\rm (cf.~in more detail page~\pageref{tagalog linker})\is{linker}}\\ +\gll maganda-ng bahay / bahay na maganda\\ + beautiful-\textsc{mod} house {} house \textsc{attr} beautiful\\ +\glt ‘a/the beautiful house’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +As a morpho-syntactic feature, however, \textsc{state} is not restricted to noun phrase structure. In the following example, a state marker (glossed as a “modification marker”)\is{modification marking} licenses a noun phrase as the dependent constituent inside an adposition phrase. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +{\rm Dependent\hyp{}marking state in \ili{Kildin Saami} (Uralic)}\\{\rm (cf.~in more detail page~\pageref{state ap kildin})}\\ +\gll pērht al'n\\ + house\textbackslash\textsc{mod} on\\ +\glt ‘on a/the house’ +\end{exe} + +\subsection{Embedded adjectival modifiers: synchrony} +\label{embeddedsynchr} +%%% +It is common knowledge that noun phrases can contain simple modifiers (like simple nouns: \textit{stone house} or adjective phrases: \textit{a big house}), embedded phrasal modifiers, i.e., modifiers which are projected as complex noun phrases themselves (like an adnominal possessor noun phrase: \textit{John's sister's house}), or complex modifiers which are projected higher than noun phrases (like an adnominal adposition phrase:\is{adnominal modifier!adposition phrase} \textit{a house in the village} or an adnominal relative clause:\is{adnominal modifier!relative clause} \textit{a house which is huge}). It was demonstrated in the present analysis that even adjectival modifiers can constitute embedded noun phrases and occur in attributive apposition constructions, as in Udmurt: +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Embedded adjectival attribute in \ili{Udmurt} (Uralic)}\\{\rm (cf.~in more detail page~\pageref{udmurt synchr})}\\ +\gll {} {} badǯ́ym-ėz gurt\\ + [\textsubscript{NP} [\textsubscript{NP'} \textsubscript{A}big-\textsc{nmlz}] \textsubscript{N}house]\\ +\glt ‘a/the \textsc{big} house’ +\end{exe} +%%% + +Unexpected agreement features provided evidence for the embedded adjectival modifier in Udmurt (as well as in other languages). Such attributive apposition constructions are syntactically similar to the well-known nominalizations in \ili{Southeast Asian languages} languages (\citealt[cf.][]{bickel1999} on the “Standard Sino-Tibetan\il{Sino-Tibetan languages} nominalization pattern”). In the northern Eurasian area such constructions with embedded modifiers are especially common in contrastive focus constructions and as the diachronic source of several other adjective attribution marking devices (see also \S\ref{embeddeddiachr}). + +As a consequence, the syntactic ontology of adjective attribution marking presented in this study includes the phrasal projection of the attribution marking device as a central parameter with three values: +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item embedded modifier +\item simple modifier +\item incorporated modifier +\end{itemize} +%%% + +\il{Swedish!Västerbotten|(} +These parameters are applicable in a typology of general noun phrase syntax (including modifiers which are not adjectives as well as modifiers which are not simple constituents). Consider Table~\ref{ontologyderived} (derived from Table~\ref{syntaxontology} on page~\pageref{syntaxontology}) which includes a phrasally embedded attribute (similar to the juxtaposed relative clause in Minangkabau, example \ref{juxtrel}), a simple attribute (similar to the juxtaposed adjective in Komi-Zyrian,\il{Komi-Zyrian} example \ref{juxta}) and an incorporated attribute (similar to the incorporated possessor in Västerbotten Swedish, example \ref{juxtposs}). +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\label{juxtrel} +{\rm Juxtaposed relative clause in \langinfo{Minangkabau}{Austronesian}{\citealt[3–4]{gil2005}}}\\ +\gll batiak Kairil bali\\ + papaya Kairil buy\\ +\glt ‘the papaya Kairil bought’ +%%% +\ex +\label{juxta} +{\rm Juxtaposed adjective in \langinfo{Komi-Zyrian}{Uralic}{personal knowledge}}\\ +\gll ɨdžɨd kar-jas\\ + big town-\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘big towns’ +%%% +\ex +\label{juxtposs} +{\rm Incorporated possessor noun in Västerbotten Swedish (Indo\hyp{}European; \citealt[examples from][3–4]{gil2005})}‚\\ +\gll Pelle-äpple\\ + Pelle-apple\\ +\glt ‘Pelle's apple’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%% +\begin{table} +\begin{tabular}{c c c} +\lsptoprule +Phrasally embedded attribute &Simple attribute &Incorporated attribute\\ +\midrule +“juxtaposed \textsc{Rel}” &“juxtaposed \textsc{A}” &“incorporated \textsc{Psr}”\\ +\midrule +{[}\textsubscript{NP} [\textsubscript{Rel} NP V] N] &[\textsubscript{NP} A N] &[\textsubscript{NP} N\textsubscript{PSR} N\textsubscript{PSD}]\\ +\lspbottomrule +\end{tabular} +\caption[Ontology of general noun phrase structure]{Ontology of general noun phrase structure (derived from Table~\ref{syntaxontology} on page~\pageref{syntaxontology} and restricted to morphologically unmarked attribution marking devices, i.e., phrasally embedded, simple and incorporated attributes)}\label{ontologyderived} +\end{table} +\il{Swedish!Västerbotten|)} + +\subsection{Embedded adjectival modifiers: diachrony} +\label{embeddeddiachr} +%%% +Adjectival modifiers which are embedded as a noun phrase projection are common cross-linguistically in contrastive focus constructions (see also \S\ref{embeddedsynchr}), as in Udmurt: +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm Juxtaposed simple and embedded adjectival attribute in Udmurt (Uralic)}\\{\rm (cf.~more detailed page~\pageref{udmurt synchr})} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Juxtaposition (default)}\is{juxtaposition}\\ +\gll {} badǯ́ym gurt\\ + [\textsubscript{NP} \textsubscript{A}big \textsubscript{N}house]\\ +\glt ‘a/the big house’ +%%% +\ex {\rm Attributive nominalization (contrastive focus)}\\ +\gll {} {} badǯ́ym-ėz gurt\\ + [\textsubscript{NP} [\textsubscript{NP'} \textsubscript{A}big-\textsc{nmlz}] \textsubscript{N}house]\\ +\glt ‘a/the \textsc{big} house’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +In Udmurt, as in other languages where \isi{attributive nominalization} is attested in constructions with adjectives in contrasted focus, focus always takes scope over a whole noun phrase (but not over an adjective phrase). This explains why the adjective phrase has to be nominalized and occurs in an attributive appositional construction (i.e., embedded as noun phrase with an empty head), see Table~\ref{udm-nom}. +%%% +\begin{table} +\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{p{.5\textwidth} >{\large}r >{\large}X >{\large}X >{\large}X} +\lsptoprule +\raggedright +Simple noun in contrastive focus & &[\textsubscript{NP} & &N]\textsubscript{focus}\\ +\\ +\raggedright +Noun phrase with adjectival modifier in contrastive focus & &[\textsubscript{NP} &A &N]\textsubscript{focus}\\ +\\ +\raggedright +Embedded adjectival modifier in contrastive focus & &[\textsubscript{NP} [\textsubscript{NP'} &A]\textsubscript{focus} &N]\\ +\\ +\raggedright +Simple adjectival modifier in contrastive focus (impossible)&{*} &[\textsubscript{NP} &A\textsubscript{focus} &N]\\ +\lspbottomrule +\end{tabularx} +\caption[Contrastive focus and phrasal embedding]{Contrastive focus marking and phrasal embedding of attributive adjectives in Udmurt} +\label{udm-nom} +\end{table} +%%% + +This synchronic finding is directly connected to the diachronic evidence for attributive apposition because \isi{attributive nominalization} is a major (and chronologically re-occurring) diachronic source for the \isi{grammaticalization} of new adjective attribution marking devices in different languages of the area. + +The ultimate etymological source of attributive state marking formatives are prototypically local or person deictic markers (which also tend to be reanalyzed as markers of definiteness,\is{species marking!definite} cf.~Figure~\ref{ie-ural funcmap} on page~\pageref{ie-ural funcmap}). These markers are initially used as attributive nominalizers in contrastive focus constructions and later reanalyzed either as anti\hyp{}construct state markers or anti\hyp{}construct state agreement markers:\is{re-analysis} +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm [\textsubscript{NP} [\textsubscript{NP'} A-\textsc{nmlz}]\textsubscript{focus} N] $\Rightarrow$ [\textsubscript{NP} A-\textsc{attr} N]} +\ex {\rm [\textsubscript{NP} [\textsubscript{NP'} A-\textsc{nmlz:agr}]\textsubscript{focus} N] $\Rightarrow$ [\textsubscript{NP} A-\textsc{attr:agr} N]} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} + +\section{Other findings} +%%% +\paragraph*{Information structure and the evolution of attribution marking} Cross\hyp{}linguistic data show how relevant information structure is for the description of noun phrase syntax: secondary adjective attribution marking devices occur in contrastive focus constructions in Indo-European,\il{Indo-European languages} Uralic,\il{Uralic languages} Turkic,\il{Turkic languages} Tungusic\il{Tungusic languages} and Kartvelian.\il{Kartvelian languages} Since contrastive focus has scope over a whole noun phrase (but not over an adjective phrase) in all attested cases, the adjective is used in an attributive appositional construction, i.e., in an embedded noun phrase. + +Information structure is also relevant to diachronic noun phrase syntax because in several languages of northern Eurasia new primary devices were innovated from attributive appositional constructions. A typical \isi{grammaticalization} path starts with \isi{attributive nominalization} used as a secondary device in contrastive focus constructions. The original emphatic construction with a phrasally embedded adjective is later reanalyzed\is{re-analysis} as a default attribution marking device (either as anti\hyp{}construct state or as anti\hyp{}construct state agreement). + +Such a development started for instance in \ili{Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic} and Proto\hyp{}Germanic\il{Proto\hyp{}Germanic} where \isi{attributive nominalization} arose as a secondary adjective attribution marking device (alongside the original \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} device) in contrastive focus constructions and developed further into anti\hyp{}construct state agreement: +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm [\textsubscript{NP} [\textsubscript{NP'} A-\textsc{nmlz:agr}] N] $\Rightarrow$ [\textsubscript{NP} A-\textsc{attr:agr} N]} +\end{exe} +%%% + +The etymological source of anti\hyp{}construct state agreement markers in the Indo-European\il{Indo-European languages} branches are local-deictic markers (demonstratives). + +Similarly, in Proto\hyp{}Saamic\il{Proto\hyp{}Saamic} \isi{attributive nominalization} arose as a secondary adjective attribution marking device (in addition to the original \isi{juxtaposition}) in contrastive focus constructions and developed further into anti\hyp{}construct state: +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm [\textsubscript{NP} [\textsubscript{NP} A-\textsc{nmlz}] N] $\Rightarrow$ [\textsubscript{NP} A-\textsc{attr} N]} +\end{exe} +%%% + +The etymological source of anti\hyp{}construct state marking in Saamic\il{Saamic languages} is a person-deictic marker (possessive suffix). + +Even Proto\hyp{}Finnic\il{Proto\hyp{}Finnic} \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} likely originated in a contrastive focus construction, specifically from \isi{appositional head\hyp{}driven agreement} which was reanalyzed as the default adjective attribution marking device under Indo-European\il{Indo-European languages} influence:\is{re-analysis} +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex {\rm [\textsubscript{NP} [\textsubscript{NP'} A-\textsc{agr}] N] $\Rightarrow$ [\textsubscript{NP} A-\textsc{agr} N]} +\end{exe} + +\ia{Himmelmann, Nikolaus|(} +\is{species marking!definite|(} +\is{attributive nominalization|(} +\paragraph*{Attributive nominalization and definiteness marking} +Data from Saamic\il{Saamic languages} and from other Uralic\il{Uralic languages} and Turkic\il{Turkic languages} languages in which attributive nominalizers originate from the possessive suffix 3\textsuperscript{rd} person singular contradict Himmelmann's (\citeyear[220–221]{himmelmann1997}) assumption that a functional convergence between attributive nominalizers and definiteness markers with a person-deictic or a local-deictic etymological source is unlikely to occur. + +The data is, however, in accordance with Himmelmann's (\citeyear[220–221]{himmelmann1997}) assumption about the functional extension of deictic elements to attributive and definite markers if one acknowledges that definite markers with a local-deictic etymological source can evolve from attribution markers (but not vice versa), as in Indo-European:\il{Indo-European languages} +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item \textsc{dem $\Rightarrow$ nmlz ($\Rightarrow$ def)} +\end{itemize} +%%% + +By contrast, in the Uralic\il{Uralic languages} and Turkic\il{Turkic languages} languages, in which the etymological sources are person-deictics, attribution markers evolved from definite markers: +\begin{itemize} +\item \textsc{poss $\Rightarrow$ def $\Rightarrow$ nmlz} +\end{itemize} +%%% + +This finding implies an implicational universal: \textit{Possessive markers develop to attributive nominalizers only in languages in which similar possessive markers are already used as markers of (quasi-) definiteness} (cf.~Universal \ref{universal} on page~\pageref{universal}). +\ia{Himmelmann, Nikolaus|)} + +\paragraph*{“Displaced” definiteness marking on adjectives} +Synchronic and diachronic data from the languages analyzed in the present study provide clear evidence against the existence of “displaced” definiteness marking on attributive adjectives (as proposed, for instance, for Baltic\il{Baltic languages} languages or for Amharic;\il{Amharic} cf.~\citealt[122]{dahl2015a}). The primary function of the respective markers is always the licensing of adjective attribution (by means of attributive nominalization in contrastive focus constructions). Even though there is a functional overlapping between attributive nominalization and definiteness marking from a diachronic perspective, the \isi{grammaticalization} of definiteness marking is secondary in all attested cases. +\is{species marking!definite|)} +\is{attributive nominalization|)} + +\is{buffer zone|(} +\paragraph*{The northern European “buffer zone”} +The Circum-Baltic\il{Circum-Baltic languages} branches Baltic,\il{Baltic languages} Germanic,\il{Germanic languages} Slavic\il{Slavic languages} (Indo-European), Saamic\il{Saamic languages} and possibly also Finnic\il{Finnic languages} (both Uralic) constitute a “buffer zone” (similar to Stilo's \citeyear{stilo2005} notion of this term) between the Indo-European\il{Indo-European languages} and Uralic\il{Uralic languages} prototypes of noun phrase structure. + +The Circum-Baltic\il{Circum-Baltic languages} “buffer zone” is the result of areal grammaticalization processes (similar to the notion of “grammaticalization area”\is{grammaticalization!grammaticalization area} by \citealt{heine-etal2005}) in which new adjective attribution marking devices were grammaticalized from original attributive appositional constructions marking contrastive focus on the adjective. The developments are most likely the result of contact-induced changes and originate in Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic.\il{Proto\hyp{}Baltic\slash{}Slavic} +\is{buffer zone|)} + +\newpage +\section{Prospects for future research} +%%% +\paragraph*{General noun phrase structure} The focus of the present study lies on noun phrases with adjectival modifiers, but taking a look at noun phrases with other modifiers (using, for instance, the \isi{AUTOTYP} database of \citealt{AUTOTYP-NP}) suggests that the central morpho-syntactic parameters for the typologization of adjective attribution marking (i.e., \textit{source, pattern} and \textit{locus}, see above)\is{syntactic source}\is{syntactic pattern}\is{syntactic locus} can be applied to a syntactic description of noun phrase structure in general. However, a systematic description of general noun phrase structure, including noun phrases with all possible kinds of adnominal modifiers (demonstratives, numerals,\is{adnominal modifier!numeral} relative clauses,\is{adnominal modifier!relative clause} etc.) and performed on a world-wide sample of languages will most likely reveal several new noun phrase types and morpho\hyp{}syntactic parameters. To illustrate this, one new parameter will be described below. + +\il{Wari'|(} +\is{modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement|(} +In \isi{AUTOTYP}, several languages are coded in which the head-dependent relation in noun phrases has shifted in the sense that the semantic dependent shares at least some of the syntactic properties of the head. This resembles the type of modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement, which was found in Oroch\il{Oroch} or Saliba\il{Saliba} adjectives and described in this study (cf.~also \citealt{malchukov2000} for a typology of “dependency reversal in noun-attributive constructions” and \citealt{ross1998}, who surveyed this type in Oceanic\il{Oceanic languages} languages). Another prototypical example of such a modifier\hyp{}headed noun phrase is found in Wari'. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{ex1} +\langinfo{Wari'}{Chapacura-Wanham}{\citealt{everett-etal1997}}\\ + \gll mam mao 'in-on ca mixem pucun wom-u\\ + with go:\textsc{sg} \textsc{1sg:real-3sg.m} \textsc{real} black \textsc{poss:3sg.m} cotton-\textsc{poss:1sg}\\ + \glt ‘I went with my dirty clothes’ (lit.~‘with my cotton's blackness’) +\end{exe} +%%% + +In the ontology presented in the present study, modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement has been described as a device which is assigned by \isi{dependent\hyp{}driven agreement} (i.e., cross-referencing possessor agreement) and which is phrasally embedded too (because the attribute takes the slot of the possessed noun phrase). The shifted head-dependent relation, however, was not included as a parameter in the ontological cross-classification because modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement was the only type of modifier\hyp{}headed noun phrases relevant for adjective attribution marking. +\is{modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement|)} + +\il{Russian|(} +The shifted head-dependent relation, however, can be relevant for the typologization of general noun phrase structure. In fact, several different types of modifier\hyp{}headed noun phrases are attested with other kinds of modifiers, for instance in Russian and several other European languages in which numerals higher than one require special case marking on the head noun.\is{adnominal modifier!numeral} +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{russianheadstand} +\langinfo{Russian}{}{personal knowledge} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\label{rushead} +\gll tri mal'čik-a\\ + three boy-\textsc{gen.sg.m}\\ + \glt ‘three boys’ +%%% +\ex +\label{rusgen} + \gll kniga mal'čik-a\\ + book boy-\textsc{gen.sg.m}\\ + \trans ‘the boy's book’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +The noun ‘boy’ in the Russian construction with the numeral\is{adnominal modifier!numeral} ‘three’ is marked with genitive case (\ref{rushead}). Consequently, this construction is syntactically equivalent to the genitive marked possessive noun phrase (\ref{rusgen}). The use of the (dependent\hyp{}marking) possessor case in noun phrases with numeral modifiers suggests that the numeral is the syntactic head and the noun is the modifier. Since agreement is not involved in the assignment of the attribution marker, the type found in Russian is clearly distinguished from the above mentioned \isi{modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement} in Wari'\il{Wari'} and should therefore be labeled \textit{modifier\hyp{}headed case} \citep[cf.][]{AUTOTYP-NP}.\is{AUTOTYP} +\il{Wari'|)}\il{Russian|)} + +\paragraph*{Polyfunctionality} +In a typological survey of noun phrase structures, all types attested in a single language have to be coded if they are distinguished by a formal characteristic, such as a distinct marker, a distinct constituent order, a general marker with a distinct function, etc. Thus, this survey automatically accounts for the polyfunctionality of attribution marking if one and the same device is used with a similar function but for at least two different kinds of modifiers. + +A survey of polyfunctional attribution markers in a world-wide sample of languages has already been presented by \citet{gil2005} (see also Chapter~\ref{polyfunctionality}). Gil's typology, however, is restricted to noun phrases with three specific kinds of modifiers: possessor nouns, adjectives and relative clauses. A more thorough investigation of all kinds of multifunctional noun phrase markers in a restricted area (such as northern Europe) could trace the sub-areal distributions of various multifunctional types across certain taxa. Together with a description of known evolutionary paths of attribution marking, such a survey would also help to develop a theory that accounts for polyfunctionality from both a diachronic and a synchronic perspective. diff --git a/chapters/chap-syn-introduction.tex b/chapters/chap-syn-introduction.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c8b4d82 --- /dev/null +++ b/chapters/chap-syn-introduction.tex @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ + +\chapter{Introduction} +%%% +The geographic area covered in the present survey stretches from Europe (including the Mediterranean Islands Malta and Cyprus as well as the regions Anatolia and the Caucasus\is{Caucasus}), over central,\is{Inner Asia} northern,\is{North Asia} and northeastern Asia\is{Northeast Asia} (including the whole of \isi{Siberia}, the adjacent parts of northern Mongolia) to the Islands of the northwestern Pacific Ocean. The language families represented in this area are genealogically categorized by \citet{salminen2007} in his chapter on the endangered languages of “\isi{Europe} and \isi{North Asia}”. By and large, Salminen's inventory of languages will be followed here. However, the present survey strictly follows the geography of northern Eurasia and consequently also includes Siberian Yupik Eskimo,\il{Siberian Yupik Eskimo} Ainu,\il{Ainu} the Sino-Tibetan language Dungan,\il{Dungan} and some Semitic\il{Semitic languages} languages. + +\section{The languages of northern Eurasia} +%%% +Adopting Salminen's rather cautious genealogical classification the following families and isolates are considered (roughly from Northeast to Southwest): +%%% +\begin{multicols}{2} +\begin{enumerate} +\item{Eskimo-Aleut}\il{Eskimo-Aleut languages} +\item{Chukotko-Kamchatkan}\il{Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages}\footnote{Salminen describes Chukotkan\il{Chukotkan languages} and Kamchatkan\il{Kamchatkan languages} as two separate language families.} +\item{Nivkh}\il{Nivkh} +\item{Ainu}\il{Ainu} +\item{Japanese}\il{Japanese} +\item{Korean}\il{Korean} +\item{Sino-Tibetan}\il{Sino-Tibetan languages} +\item{Mongolic}\il{Mongolic languages} +\item{Tungusic}\il{Tungusic languages} +\item{Yukaghir}\il{Yukaghir languages} +\item{Yeniseian}\il{Yeniseian languages} +\item{Turkic}\il{Turkic languages} +\item{Nakh-Daghestanian}\il{Nakh-Daghestanian languages} +\item{Abkhaz-Adyghe}\il{Abkhaz-Adyghe languages} +\item{Kartvelian}\il{Kartvelian languages} +\item{Semitic}\il{Semitic languages} +\item{Uralic}\il{Uralic languages} +\item{Indo-European}\il{Indo-European languages} +\item{Basque}\il{Basque} +\end{enumerate} +\end{multicols} +%%% + +Even though some of these genealogical units have been assumed to combine to larger stocks (such as Altaic,\il{Altaic languages} North Caucasian\il{North Caucasian languages} and others) the restriction to completely uncontroversial units seems adequate for the present areal typological investigation. This is especially true since an attempt is made to map variation inside genealogical units rather than to evaluate a statistically balanced genealogical sample of languages. + +%Andreas Hölzl +%Nikh has several mutually unintelligible "dialects" +%Japanese is better called Japanese-Ryukyuan (or maybe Japonic) as there are at least two main branches of which Japanese is only one; Japanese itself has enough variation to consider it a small language family (e.g., Hachijo); Ryukyuan accordig to one view has the following complex structure: 1 Northern, 1.1 Amami (e.g. Okinoerabu), 1.2 Okinawan (e.g., Shuri), 2 Southern, 2.1 Miyako (e.g. Ogami), 2.2 Macro-Yaeyama, 2.2.1 Yaeyama (e.g. Hateruma), 2.2.2 Yonaguni (e.g. Dunan) +%there are many Mandarin dialects that are spoken at least as far north as Dungan (e.g. Northeast China, Xinjiang) and should thus be included +%the classification of Tungusic given below is somewhat outdated, today most scholars agree in two main branches and four subbranches. in the terminology of Janhunen (2012), these are: 1 Northern Tungusic, 1.1 Ewenic (e.g. Evenki), 1.2 Udegheic (e.g. Udihe), 2 Southern Tungusic, 2.1 Nanaic (e.g. Nanai), 2.2 Jurchenic (e.g. Manchu) +%perhaps better called Yukaghiric as there are still two rather different languages +%Maltese is located as far south as is Amdo Tibetan, Mandarin, Korean, and Japanese +%in Northeast Asia there are several mixed languages and Pidgins that are not easily classified here: Govorka, Chinese Pidgin Russian, Ejnu, Mednyj Aleut + +Tungusic is also spoken in northern Siberia (Even, Evenki, formerly Arman) but there are almost no speakers in Mongolia + +\section{The language sample} +%%% +All attested adjective attribution marking devices of languages mentioned in the present study are coded in a table in the Appendix.\footnote{The table is derived from \citet{AUTOTYP-NP} where these languages are coded for noun phrase patterns.} This table thus includes a relatively complete list of languages from the northern Eurasian area. At least one representative of each existing taxon is found in that sample. Additionally, several languages from within or outside the area (all of which are mentioned in other chapters of this investigation) or even other languages on which information was easily accessible are coded. + +All languages are sorted alphabetically according to their genealogical affiliation. For each of the languages, the attested noun phrase type(s) relevant to adjective attribution marking are listed. + +\section{The language maps} +%%% +The language maps have been generated using the data coded in the language sample in the Appendix. + +\subsection[Geographic coding]{Data points for geographic coding} +%%% +Each language is displayed as one data point. The corresponding geographic coordinates have either been taken from \citet{walsOnline2013}\is{WALS} or were included using the language coordinates provided by \citet{AUTOTYP}.\is{AUTOTYP} For some languages, which were missing in the mentioned databases, new coordinates had to be defined based on the main geographic location where the respective languages are spoken. + +Displaying the distribution of a given feature by means of a borderline around a group of languages~– like in the maps used by typological surveys of the EUROTYP\hyp{}project\footnote{\url{http://www.degruyter.com/view/serial/16329} (Accessed 2016-07-19)}~– was not preferred because these maps might imply the existence of isoglosses around continuous language and dialect areas. A typological survey of non-continuos languages seems rather inadequate for drawing such isoglosses.\footnote{Cf.~also Van Pottelberge's \citeyear{van-pottelberge2001} critique of the “name maps” used by EUROTYP. Furthermore, the EUROTYP language sample is somewhat arbitrary. The western Romance\il{West Romance languages} varieties, for instance, are represented in large number whereas varieties of Balkan Romance\il{Balkan Romance languages} (Megleno-Romanian,\il{Megleno-Romanian} Aromunian,\il{Aromunian} etc.) are missing completely. Also the whole Saamic\il{Saamic languages} branch is represented in the \isi{EUROTYP} sample as one single language only even though Saamic\il{Saamic languages} languages are as diverse as Romance\il{Romance languages} languages.} + +\subsection[Type coding]{Data points for type coding} +%%% +In several languages more than one default attribution marking device occurs, for example in \ili{Albanian} (see \S\ref{albanian synchr}) where two lexical classes of adjectives exist: one of them marked for \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement}, the other simultaneously marked for \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} and \isi{attributive nominalization}. In the map's legend, a slash marks the occurrence of multiple basic types in one language: \ili{Albanian} \textit{HDrAgr/Nmlz+HDrAgr}.\footnote{Type abbreviations are explained in the Appendix.} + +Parentheses denote secondary types of attribution marking devices with additional semantic content, as in \ili{Chuvash} (see \S\ref{chuvash synchr}), where attributive adjectives are normally juxtaposed but can alternatively be marked for \isi{attributive nominalization} in contrastive focus constructions: \textsc{Chuvash}\il{Chuvash} \textit{Juxt(Nmlz)}. + +Square brackets are used for languages where the occurrence of a given type of attribution marking device seems even more restricted or if the device's characteristics remain uncertain due to inadequate data. Consider for example \ili{Turkish} (see \S\ref{turkish synchr}), where \isi{attributive nominalization} occurs as a secondary type but is restricted to \isi{headless noun phrase}s in direct object position (marked for accusative): \textsc{Turkish}\il{Turkish} \textit{Juxt[Nmlz]}. +Secondary and tertiary types are not coded in the maps. + +\subsection{The maps} +%%% +The maps in Figure~\ref{WorldMap} and Figure~\ref{WorldMapTyp} show the distribution of different adjective attribution marking devices across those world's languages mentioned in the present study. Whereas all types are coded with different colors or shapes in Figure~\ref{WorldMap}, a similar language sample is coded only for the main morpho-syntactic types (\isi{juxtaposition}, agreement, attributive state, \isi{incorporation}) in Figure~\ref{WorldMapTyp}. Note that these world maps do not reflect systematic sampling but are rather the result of random choice due to my work with data coded for the noun phrase structure module of \isi{AUTOTYP} \citep{AUTOTYP-NP}. Note also that the maps show fewer languages from the northern Eurasian area than are actually coded in the language sample in the Appendix. + +The other pairs of maps are coded similarly but zoom in on northern Eurasia (Figure~\ref{NEMap} and Figure~\ref{NEMapTyp}), on \isi{North Asia} (Figure~\ref{NAMap} and Figure~\ref{NAMapTyp}) and on Europe (Figure~\ref{EUMap} and Figure~\ref{EUMapTyp}). Whereas the maps of northern Eurasia and \isi{North Asia} show only representatives for the known single taxa, the maps of Europe present a more complete picture. The reason for displaying a deeper resolution in the European map is the easier accessibility of data for almost all existing languages of that area. Displaying a similar deep resolution on the whole northern Eurasian area was not possible due to lack of data for several languages. + +In order to present a balanced picture, several European languages are thus not displayed in the larger map of northern Eurasia. When a choice had to be made whether or not to keep a language inside a given taxon, this was always done in favor of diversity rather than uniformity. One taxon can even be represented by more than one language in order to display extraordinary diversity inside that group of closely related languages. Consequently, the northern branch of Germanic\il{North Germanic languages} is represented by Icelandic\il{Icelandic} (with \textit{HDrAgr}), Swedish\il{Swedish} (with \textit{ACAgr+HDrAgr/HDrAgr}) and Västerbotten Swedish\il{Swedish!Västerbotten} (with \textit{Inc/HDrAgr}) (\S\ref{n-germanic synchr}). + +The choice to let the maps illustrate the highest possible diversity instead of displaying a genealogically and geographically balanced picture is justified by the general goal of the present investigation, namely the synchronic and diachronic mapping of cross-linguistically attested adjective attribution marking devices in a geographically restricted area. Whereas the mapping of synchronically attested diversity is the aim of the present part, Part~IV (Diachrony) will inspect this diversity form a diachronic perspective. diff --git a/chapters/chap-typology-of.tex b/chapters/chap-typology-of.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..76cc088 --- /dev/null +++ b/chapters/chap-typology-of.tex @@ -0,0 +1,1391 @@ + +\chapter[Typology of attribution marking]{A typology of adjective attribution marking devices} +\label{ontology} +%%% +In the present chapter, different types of adjective attribution marking devices attested in natural languages will be described and systematized with a special focus on their typologization according to the morphology of attributive adjectives. + +\section{Typologizing noun phrase structure} +%%% +The goal of the following sections is to typologize noun phrases and to present a comprehensive ontology of different syntactic, morpho-syntactic, and morpho-semantico-syntactic attribution marking devices attested in the languages spoken in northern Eurasia and beyond. + +In order to illustrate the different noun phrase types to which these devices belong, data from several languages both within and outside the geographic area of investigation are taken into consideration. The focus, however, will be on constructions and features especially relevant to adjective attribution in the northern Eurasian area. + +The term \textsc{adjective attribution marking} will be used to refer to a grammatical operation relating an adjectival modifier to its noun head. \textsc{Attribution marking device} will be used to subsume both overt and covert grammatical operations which license the syntactic relation of attribution. + +The term \textsc{noun phrase type} used here denotes the specific syntactic or morpho\hyp{}syntactic structure type of a noun phrase. This term is thus superordinate and belongs to noun phrase structure in general. Since the present study is restricted to a rather small subset of noun phrases, namely noun phrases with adjectival modifiers, the subordinate term \textsc{adjective attribution marking device} (instead of \textsc{adjective attribution marking type}) will be used to cover all grammatical operations which license the syntactic relation of adjective attribution. + +\paragraph*{Attribution marking} Minimally, an attribution marking device will simply license the syntactic structure without licensing any of the constituents as head or dependent, i.e., without ranking single constituents. This is the case for the pure syntactic devices \textsc{\isi{juxtaposition}} and \textsc{\isi{incorporation}}. + +The syntactic relation of attribution can also be licensed by a device linking the modifying and the modified constituents morphologically to each other, namely in the case of agreement marking. The morphological device of \textsc{agreement marking}\is{agreement marking} is characterized by the assignment of an inherent (i.e., true morphological) feature from one constituent to another through morpho-syntactic government. + +A different instance of “indirect” licensing of attribution is the marking of a semantic relation between the modifier and the modified, as with possessor case (genitive) marking.\is{adnominal modifier!possessor noun} + +It is not at all unusual that the syntactic, morphological, and/or semantic relations between noun phrase constituents are marked simultaneously. If, for instance, an attribution marker is attached to a modifier which additionally inflects for agreement features, both the syntactic and the morphological relation between the noun phrase constituents are marked. Another example for simultaneously marked syntactic and semantic relations is a noun phrase with a case marked possessor noun (e.g., in genitive case)\is{adnominal modifier!possessor noun} and a head noun which is additionally marked for \isi{dependent\hyp{}driven agreement} (e.g., with a cross-referencing possessive affix). + +\paragraph*{Typological parameters} +Noun phrase types with formally distinct characteristics can be defined according to several parameters. Such parameters are, for example, the order of constituents inside the noun phrase (e.g., attribute-head order, head-attribute order, free order), the attribution marker's locus (e.g., on-head, on-dependent),\is{syntactic locus} the marker's syntactic behavior relative to the whole phrase (e.g., \isi{clitic}), its phonological fusion (e.g., free, bound, non-linear), or its position relative to the word host (e.g., pre, post, circum).\footnote{These parameters, adapted from Croft's typological classification of genitive constructions \citep[93–94]{croft1995}, are applied to a general typology of noun phrase structure in the noun phrase structure module of \isi{AUTOTYP} \citep[cf.][]{AUTOTYP-NP}.} + +Examples for a variety of phonologically, morphologically, syntactically, and semantically distinct types of attribution marking devices will be given in the current chapter. The focus of the ontology presented here is on morphological and morpho-syntactic parameters, especially with regard to the absence or presence of additional attribution marking morphemes, as well as to their kind and syntactic behavior. An overall picture of the ontology of attribution devices relevant to this study is given in Figure~\ref{tree ontology} at the end of Chapter~\ref{ontol}. + +Noun phrase types can also be defined on a polyfunctionality scale with regard to the class of modifying elements: attributive adjectives and other, non-adjectival adnominal modifiers (demonstratives,\is{adnominal modifier!demonstrative} bare nouns or noun phrases,\is{adnominal modifier!noun} adposition phrases,\is{adnominal modifier!adposition phrase} clauses,\is{adnominal modifier!relative clause} etc.) may or may not occur in similar noun phrase types. The polyfunctionality parameter even takes the content of certain devices beyond attribution marking into consideration. Since the present study investigates adjective attribution marking, the polyfunctionality of attribution marking devices will be dealt with in less detail (see Chapter~\ref{polyfunctionality}). + +\paragraph*{How many noun phrase types does a language exhibit?} +Most languages exhibit more than one distinct noun phrase type because different attribute classes may occur as modifiers in noun phrase structures which behave differently in their syntax or morpho-syntax. In \ili{English}, for instance, adjectives and clauses\is{adnominal modifier!relative clause} behave syntactically differently as modifiers in noun phrases: whereas attributive clauses are marked by relative pronouns (or particles) (\textit{the dog \textbf{which is nice}}), adjectives are juxtaposed (\textit{the \textbf{nice} dog}). However, since the present book is devoted to the morpho-syntax of one single class of adnominal modifiers, namely adjectives, variation in attribution marking devices across different classes of attributed elements is of minor importance. + +Nonetheless, attributed elements belonging to one and the same class may also occur in noun phrases which are marked differently: possessive pronouns\is{adnominal modifier!pronoun} in English, for example, can be attributed either by means of \isi{juxtaposition} (\textit{\textbf{her} dog}) or by using them in a prepositional construction (\textit{the dog \textbf{of hers}}). Even attributive adjectives may occur in two formally distinct noun phrase types. In \ili{Turkish}, for instance, attributive adjectives are unmarked (\textit{\textbf{kara} kalem} ‘black pencil’); in \isi{headless noun phrase}s marked as direct objects, however, adjectives must be nominalized by means of the 3\textsuperscript{rd} person singular possessive suffix (\textit{\textbf{kara-sını}} [\textsc{poss:3sg.acc}] ‘the black one (viz.~pencil)’; see also \S\ref{turkish synchr} below). + +Prototypically, the use of different devices for licensing one and the same class of attributed elements is not arbitrary but governed by constraints. Nominalization of adjectives in Turkish, for instance, is due to a syntactic subset constraint affecting phrases in direct object position and without a lexical head noun. In other languages, the occurrence of a given noun phrase type may also be constrained lexically and/or semantically by subsets of either attributes or heads. A well-known example beyond adjective attribution comes from languages in which the choice of possession marking devices is determined semantically by the alienable or inalienable subset of the head noun (i.e., the possessed). Even other subsets of head nouns are known to constrain the choice of possession marking in some languages, such as kinship terms, (non-) referential nouns, etc. + +Similarly, languages may exhibit subset constraints on the semantic class of heads modified by adjectives. The epithet construction marked with an attributive article in \ili{English} (or other \ili{Germanic languages}, cf.~\textit{Frederick \textbf{the Great}, Friedrich \textbf{der Große}}; see also \S\ref{attr nmlz} below) may serve as an example. In English, this special noun phrase type only occurs if the head noun belongs to the semantic subclass of proper nouns. + +Examples of a semantic subset of attributes governing a special attribution marking device are commonly found in languages with contrastive focus marking of adjectives. In \ili{Romanian}, for instance, adjective attribution marking is usually characterized by a noun phrase type with head-initial constituent order. A different noun phrase type, formally distinguished by the reversed order of constituents, occurs if the adjective bears \isi{contrastive focus} (see the Romanian example \ref{encl rum b} on page~\pageref{encl rum b} above). + +Finally, many languages exhibit lexically defined subclasses of adjectives (or other adnominal modifiers) which are sensitive with regard to the required attributive marking. In \ili{Albanian}, for instance, the members of one adjective class are regularly marked by \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} whereas the members of another adjective class require an additional agreement marker (see the Albanian example \ref{albanian ex} on page~\pageref{albanian synchr}). + +In many languages these lexical subclasses seem marginal and are thus often mentioned merely \emph{en passant} (if at all) in grammatical descriptions. The adjective \textit{pikku} ‘little’ in \ili{Finnish} is an example for such a marginal subclass: \textit{pikku} is juxtaposed to the modified noun while other adjectives in Finnish show number and case agreement as a rule \citep[75]{karlsson1999}. Similarly in German\il{German} a few adjectives like the colors \textit{lila} ‘purple’ and \textit{rosa} ‘pink’ behave morpho-syntactically differently and do not agree with the modified noun \citep[cf.~also][243]{schafer2015a}. + +Another example of a marginal subclass of adjectives comes from \ili{Itelmen}, where attributive adjectives are regularly marked with a special attributive suffix (see the Itelmen example \ref{itelmen ex} on page~\pageref{itelmen synchr}). Only a few loan adjectives from \ili{Russian} occur in \isi{juxtaposition} \citep[60–71]{volodin1997}. + +These marginal adjective classes are often hard to come across in a rather broad typological survey. It seems to be one limitation of the typological method (i.e., sampling and coding a huge amount of different languages on the basis of qualitatively highly diverse grammatical descriptions) that interesting cases are often missed due to limited knowledge or understanding of the structure of all particular languages. From a diachronic perspective, however, “irregular” linguistic structures are very important because they often reflect innovative tendencies or archaic features, i.e., features which are due to language change. Marginal noun phrase types should thus be included in typological surveys if they are discovered. + +\is{juxtaposition|(} +\section[Juxtaposition]{Syntactic attribution marking: juxtaposition} +\label{juxtaposition} +%%% +Juxtaposition can be defined as an unmarked sequence of phrase constituents in which one constituent is syntactically subordinated to the other. It has to be distinguished from \textsc{apposition}. The latter term is usually used to denote an appositional construction of two noun phrases, as in \textit{Alma, meine Tochter} ‘Alma, my daughter’ or \textit{Iva, die jüngere Tochter} ‘Iva, the younger daughter’ where neither constituent is syntactically subordinated. See also the short discussion in \S\ref{apposition}. Juxtaposition is thus characterized by adjacency of noun phrase constituents alone. There is no construction marker present. Consider the following \ili{Komi-Zyrian} examples where neither agreement markers nor any other additional morphemes are present. The attributive adjective in (\ref{komi juxtap}) is represented by its pure stem form. It does not inflect for any of the categories marked on the head noun.\footnote{Beside \textsc{number}, these categories include \textsc{case} and \textsc{possession} in Komi-Zyrian.} +%%% +\ea +\label{komi juxtap} +\langinfo{Komi-Zyrian}{Uralic}{personal knowledge} +\ea +\gll ɨdžɨd kar\\ + big town\\ +\glt ‘big town’ +\ex +\gll ɨdžɨd kar-jas\\ + big town-\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘big towns’ +\z +\z +%%% + +Juxtaposition constitutes a very widespread attribution marking device cross-linguistically. Among the northern Eurasian languages, juxtaposition occurs as the default attribution marking device in several families, among others in Mongolic,\il{Mongolic languages} Turkic\il{Turkic languages} and Uralic.\il{Uralic languages} Whereas juxtaposition constitutes the default type even in the proto-stages in these language groups, the occurrence of juxtaposition in several other languages results from a relatively recent linguistic change in which the original agreement marking on adjectives was lost. + +Defining juxtaposition as a “device” for marking attribution might, however, be questionable. Given the definition that attribution is licensed by the sequence of constituents alone, i.e., that an adnominal modifier and a head noun occur next to each other in the syntactic structure, juxtaposition resembles a “non-marking” rather than a marking device. In English,\il{English} for instance, one could also argue that the non-occurrence of the copula \textit{is\slash{}are} is relevant to the marking of attribution. When an adjective is used as the predicate\is{predicative marking} in English (\textit{the man \textbf{is} good, the men \textbf{are} good}), the copula is obligatory. However, constituent order may be relevant, too. In English,\il{English} again, juxtaposed attributive adjectives precede the noun as a rule, whereas predicative adjectives follow it. + +\il{Ainu|(} +\il{Kalmyk|(} +Constituent order can in fact be crucial in languages were both adjective attribution and predication are marked simply through adjacency of noun and adjective but with reversed constituent order, as for example, in Ainu or Kalmyk. +%%% +\ea +\il{Ainu!Shizunai} +{\rm Ainu (Shizunai) (isolate; \citealt{refsing1986})}\\ +\ea {\rm Attribution: adjective-noun order}\\ +\gll pirka cep\\ + be\_good fish\\ +\glt ‘a fine fish’ +\ex {\rm Predication: noun-adjective order}\\ +\gll cep pirka\\ + fish be\_good\\ +\glt ‘the fish is fine’ +\z +\z +%%% +\ea +\langinfo{Kalmyk}{Mongolic}{\citealt{jachontova1997}}\\ +\ea {\rm Attribution: adjective-noun order}\\ +\gll čyɣan časun\\ + white snow\\ +\glt ‘white snow’ +\ex {\rm Predication: noun-adjective order}\\ +\gll časun čyɣan\\ + snow white\\ +\glt ‘the snow is white’ +\z +\z +%%% + +The only difference between attribution and predication of adjectives in Ainu\footnote{Note that there are no true adjectives in Ainu. Property words are \isi{stative verb}s in this language, see also \S\ref{ainu synchr}.} and Kalmyk is in constituent order. +\il{Ainu|)} +\il{Kalmyk|)} + +\is{incorporation|(} +\section[Incorporation]{Covert morpho-syntactic construct marking:\\adjective incorporation} +\label{attr incorporation} +%%% +Similarly to juxtaposition, \textsc{adjective incorporation} is characterized by adjacency of phrase constituents. There is no additional morpheme present in this type of noun phrase either. The syntactic relation of attribution is, however, marked by a syntactic composition of modifier and head noun. This type can thus be characterized as a covertly marked operation. +\is{juxtaposition|)} +%%% +\il{Swedish!Västerbotten|(} +\ea +\label{bondska compound} +{\rm Västerbotten Swedish (Indo-European; \citealt{larsson1929})} +\ea +\gll stor-båt-en\\ + big-boat-\textsc{def:m.sg}\\ +\glt ‘the big boat’ +\ex +\gll stor-hus-et\\ + big-house-\textsc{def:n.sg}\\ +\glt ‘the big house’ +\z +\z +%%% + +Since adjective incorporation in northern Swedish\il{Swedish} (and Norwegian)\il{Norwegian} dialects is syntactically and semantically distinguishable from prototypical compounding it is often referred to as \textsc{adjective-noun-incorporation} (for instance by \citealt{sandstrom-etal2003}; \citealt[127–129]{dahl2015a} or \citealt[61]{julien2005}). + +\paragraph*{Phonological versus syntactic compounds} +In Västerbotten Swedish (as well as in other North Germanic\il{North Germanic languages} varieties where adjective-noun compounds occur), accent patterns clearly indicate that adjectives are morpho-phonologically compounded \citep[cf.][]{dahl2003}. Non-compounded monosyllabic roots, such as \textit{tré}, ‘tree’, \textit{bǻt} ‘boat’, \textit{bǻt-er} ‘boats’, \textit{bǻt-er-na} ‘the boats’, have an acute accent (marked with ´ in the examples) as a rule and whether or not they are equipped with inflectional affixes. Bisyllabic roots or stems, including compounds, by contrast have pitch accent (marked with an additional \`{ } on the second root). Compare \textit{tré-bå̀t-en} ‘the wooden boat’ or \textit{stór-bå̀t-en} with the noun phrase \textit{bǻt-en mín} ‘my boat’, where both the noun and the (non-compounded) possessive pronoun have acute accent.\is{adnominal modifier!pronoun} + +Phonological composition, however, cannot be sufficient evidence for syntactic compounding (i.e., incorporation). Phrase internal phonological or prosodic processes at the juncture of adjectives and nouns (as, for instance, the accent pattern described above) seem to be very common in languages. Such processes can perhaps prove morpho-phonological composition. For the present typology, however, adjective incorporation is defined purely syntactically as a noun phrase where the attributive adjective occurs obligatorily as a (syntactically) bound morpheme. To prove syntactic boundness one has to show that the adjective cannot occur unbound. In Västerbotten Swedish\il{Swedish} (and other northern Swedish dialects), for instance, the adjective stem cannot occur unbound unless alternative morpho-syntactic marking is applied. Using the adjective ‘big’ in Västerbotten Swedish in a \isi{headless noun phrase} results in a construction in which the adjective is marked for agreement and is obligatorily followed by an article serving as a dummy head.\footnote{This is true, however, only with the indefinite adjective. The definite adjective, by contrast, does not need a dummy head but is unbound (and equipped with the definite marker): \textit{stor-en} [big-\textsc{def:m.sg}] ‘the big one (masculine)’, \textit{stor-et} [big-\textsc{def:n.sg}] ‘the big one (neuter)’.} +%%% +\ea +\label{bondska headless} +{\rm Västerbotten Swedish (Indo-European; \citealt{larsson1929})} +\ea +\gll en stor en\\ + \textsc{indef:m} big(\textsc{m}) \textsc{art:indef:m.sg}\\ +\ex +\gll ett stor-t ett\\ + \textsc{indef:n} big:\textsc{n} \textsc{art:indef:n.sg}\\ +\glt ‘a big one’ +\z +\z +%%% + +If evidence for syntactic incorporation cannot be found, compounded adjectives can only by described as a special case of \isi{juxtaposition}. But interestingly, if the described test of syntactic boundness is applied, then English falls in the category of incorporating languages as a result. In English\il{English} too, attributive adjectives can only occur bound to a head. This head is either lexical or, similar to Västerbotten Swedish indefinite noun phrases,\is{species marking!indefinite} an obligatory article as dummy head.\footnote{Applying the same test, it turns out that English incorporates even other modifiers of nouns, such as possessive pronouns: \textit{give me her book}~– \textit{give me her-s}.}\il{Swedish!Västerbotten|)} + +Whether or not English is coded as an incorporating language, adjective incorporation seems to constitute a minor type of attribution marking. Among languages of the northern Eurasian area, however, this type is attested in geographically quite distinct languages: besides the peripheral North Germanic dialects, it is also found in \ili{Adyghe} and in Chukchi,\il{Chukchi} Itelmen\il{Itelmen} and in Eskimo-Aleut languages\il{Eskimo-Aleut languages} (see the respective sections of Part~III (Synchrony); on the typology of adjective incorporation see also \citealt[225–236]{dahl2004a} and \citealt[28–29]{dahl2015a}).\is{incorporation|)} + +\is{agreement marking|(} +\section[Agreement marking]{Morpho-semantico-syntactic attribution marking: agreement} + +\textsc{Agreement} (aka \textsc{concord}) is a common type of overt attribution marking device. Agreement is commonly understood as a systematic covariance between a semantic or formal property of one element and a formal property of another \citep[610]{steele1978}. In other words, agreement can be defined as the spread of semantic or morphological properties across constituents of a syntactic phrase. The agreement properties (or \textsc{agreement features}) spread from \textsc{trigger} constituents\footnote{In other terms, the trigger of agreement can be called \textsc{controller}, cf.~\citealt{corbett2006}.} and are formally, i.e., morphologically, expressed on \textsc{target} constitu\-ents. + +The primary syntactic function of agreement is to relate phrase constituents to each other. Agreement thus serves the formal licensing of dependency in the given phrase. As compared to construct marking, however, the licensing of dependency by means of agreement is more the indirect result of morphological copying of agreement features across phrase constituents. + +In principle, agreement features can be triggered by both syntactic heads and syntactic dependents, as will be shown in the following sections. Based on where the agreement features originate, I will therefore use the terms \textsc{head\hyp{}driven} and \textsc{\isi{dependent\hyp{}driven agreement}}, first proposed by Balthasar Bickel and Johanna Nichols in 2001 \citep[published as][]{bickel-etal2007}. + +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +\subsection{Head\hyp{}driven agreement} +\label{head-driven agreement} +%%% +Typical morpho-syntactic agreement features triggered by syntactic heads are \textsc{gender, number} and \textsc{case}, as in Lower Sorbian. +%%% +\ea +\label{sorbian agr} +\langinfo{Lower Sorbian}{Indo-European}{\citealt{janas1976}}\\ +\ea +\gll dobr-y cłowjek\\ + good-\textsc{sg:m} person(\textsc{m})\\ +\glt ‘a good person’ +\ex +\gll dobr-e cłowjek-y\\ + good-\textsc{pl} person-\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘good people’ +\ex +\label{ap case gov} +\gll k dobr-emu cłowjek-oju\\ + to good-\textsc{sg:m:dat} person-\textsc{sg:m:dat}\\ +\glt ‘to a good person’ +\z +\z +%%% + +Note, however, that \citet{kibort2010a}, following \citet[133–135]{corbett2006}, does not list \textsc{case} as a prototypical agreement feature. In Kibort's and Corbett's view, the matching of a case value on the noun phrase head and its adjectival (or other) modifier(s) does not count as “canonical agreement” but is simultaneously imposed on the noun phrase constituents as the result of government by a syntactic element outside the noun phrase. Consider the Lower Sorbian\il{Lower Sorbian} example (\ref{ap case gov}) in which both the adjective ‘good’ and the noun ‘person’ are marked with the dative case suffix. + +The question is whether the case value in such examples is imposed on both noun phrase constituents through government (in example \ref{ap case gov} by the preposition \textit{k} ‘to’) as argued by Corbett and Kibort, or if the dative case on the modifying adjective is imposed by its head by means of agreement, similar to gender and number agreement which are also imposed by the head noun. Adopting Mel'čuk's (\citeyear[329, 337]{melcuk1993}) dependency view of syntax instead of Corbett's (\citeyear[133]{corbett2006}) “constituency”, the dependent constituent in the adposition phrase is a noun phrase. The dependent constituent in the noun phrase, again, is an adjective phrase (i.e., the attributive adjective) which depends on the noun head of the phrase and inherits its case marking. In this view, the morpho-syntactic mechanisms of assigning a head's morphological features to dependent constituents are similar for case and other agreement categories (like gender and number). Consider (\ref{ap case gov}) ‘to a good person’ in Lower Sorbian.\il{Lower Sorbian} +%%% +\ea +\langinfo{Lower Sorbian}{Indo-European}{\citealt{janas1976}}\\ +{\upshape [}\textsubscript{\rm AdP} k {\upshape [}\textsubscript{\rm NP} dobremu\textsubscript{\rm agr} cłowjekoju\textsubscript{\rm gender:number:case} {\upshape ]]} +\z +%%% + +Another possible agreement feature beside \textsc{gender, number} and \textsc{case} is the feature \textsc{species},\is{species marking} typical values of which are \textsc{definite} and \textsc{indefinite}. Consider, for instance, the agreement paradigm of adjectives in Icelandic (Table~\ref{icelandic agr}) in which indefinite and definite forms are distinguished.\is{species marking!definite}\is{species marking!indefinite} + +Cross-linguistically, head\hyp{}driven agreement seems to be a wide-spread attribution marking device across the world's language families. The actual morphological appearance of agreement marking, however, is highly diverse across languages and depends on several parameters. + +One such parameter concerns the form of the agreement marking morphemes in comparison to the morphemes marking the corresponding values on the head noun. In fact, adjective agreement paradigms in many languages are different from the corresponding inflectional paradigms of nouns. This is true, for instance, for Slavic\il{Slavic languages} and Germanic\il{Germanic languages} languages, as mentioned, but also for other Indo-European languages.\il{Indo-European languages} +%%% +\begin{table} +\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l} +\lsptoprule + & &\textsc{m.sg}&\textsc{f.sg}&\textsc{n.sg}&\textsc{m.pl}&\textsc{f.pl}&\textsc{n.pl}\\ +\midrule + \multirow{4}{*}{\textsc{indef}} + &\textsc{nom} &-ur &-Ø &-t &-ir &-ar &-Ø \\ + &\textsc{acc} &-an &-a &-t &-a &-ar &-Ø \\ + &\textsc{dat} &-um &-ri &-u &-um &-um &-um\\ + &\textsc{gen} &-s &-rar &-s &-ra &-ra &-ra\\ +\midrule + \multirow{4}{*}{\textsc{def}} + &\textsc{nom} &-i &-a &-a &\multicolumn{3}{c}{-u}\\ + &\textsc{acc} &-a &-u &-a &\multicolumn{3}{c}{-u}\\ + &\textsc{dat} &-a &-u &-a &\multicolumn{3}{c}{-u}\\ + &\textsc{gen} &-a &-u &-a &\multicolumn{3}{c}{-u}\\ +\lspbottomrule +\end{tabular} +\caption[Adjective paradigm for \textsc{Icelandic}]{Adjective declension paradigm for \langinfo{Icelandic}{Indo-European}{\citealt{kress1982}}} +\label{icelandic agr} +\end{table} +%%% + +\il{Finnish|(} +In other languages, however, inflectional suffixes might simply reoccur on the modifier, as in Finnish. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{finnish agr.} +\langinfo{Finnish}{Uralic}{personal knowledge} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll iso-t talo-t\\ + big-\textsc{pl} house-\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘big houses’ +\ex +\gll iso-i-ssa talo-i-ssa\\ + big-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{iness} house-\textsc{pl}-\textsc{iness}\\ +\glt ‘in big houses’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Adjectives and nouns in Finnish (and in most other Uralic languages)\il{Uralic languages} differ in syntactic function rather than in morphological properties. Consequently, adjectives and nouns in Finnish exhibit similar inflectional paradigms. Probably, such a weak distinction between adjectival and nominal inflections was also true for Proto\hyp{}Indo-European\il{Proto\hyp{}Indo-European} (cf.~\citealt[80]{comrie1998}). But the declensions of both adjectives and nouns in Indo-European languages\il{Indo-European languages} have undergone radical changes and have become clearly distinct from each other. This is evident, for instance, in the Lower Sorbian\il{Lower Sorbian} example (\ref{sorbian agr}) on page~\pageref{sorbian agr} where the adjective suffix \textit{-emu} and the noun suffix \textit{-oju} both mark the dative masculine singular. + +Head\hyp{}driven agreement marking also surfaces in different ways across languages with respect to the inventory of morphological categories involved. Many languages exhibit head\hyp{}driven agreement paradigms which exclude certain inherent or assigned morphological categories of the head noun, as in Finnish, where nouns inflect for \textsc{number}, \textsc{case} and \textsc{possession}. The latter feature, however, never spreads through the noun phrase. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\langinfo{Finnish}{Uralic}{personal knowledge} +\begin{xlist} +\ex[]{ +\gll iso talo-ni\\ + big house-\textsc{poss:1sg}\\ +\glt ‘my big house’ +} +%%% +\ex[*]{ +\gll iso-ni talo-ni\\ + big-\textsc{poss:1sg} house-\textsc{poss:1sg}\\ + } +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +\il{Finnish|)} +%%% +Finally, agreement paradigms can be defective\is{agreement marking!defective agreement paradigm} in the sense that certain agreement categories do not show up on all members of the paradigm. In Danish,\il{Danish} for example, gender as an agreement feature is marked on the attributive adjective only in indefinite noun phrases. In noun phrases marked for definite species, the attributive adjective is marked with an invariable definite agreement suffix. Consider (\ref{danish agr ex}) and Table~\ref{danish agr paradigm} with the corresponding paradigm in \S\ref{n-germanic synchr}.\is{species marking!definite}\is{species marking!indefinite} +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{danish agr ex} +\langinfo{Danish}{Indo-European}{personal knowledge} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll en \textbf{stor} mand\\ + \textsc{indef.com} big.\textsc{utr} man(\textsc{utr})\\ +\glt ‘a tall man’ +\ex +\gll ett \textbf{stor-t} hus\\ + \textsc{indef.n} big-\textsc{n} house(\textsc{n})\\ +\glt ‘a big house’ +\ex +\gll den \textbf{stor-e} mand\\ + \textsc{def.com} big-\textsc{def} man(\textsc{utr})\\ +\glt ‘the tall man’ +\ex +\gll det \textbf{stor-e} hus\\ + \textsc{def.n} big-\textsc{def} house(\textsc{n})\\ +\glt ‘the big house’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +An extreme case of a defective agreement paradigm is found in Chechen\il{Chechen} where adjectives only partially agree with the head noun and show only one single case distinction between nominative versus all other cases, as in the (incomplete) paradigm (\ref{chechen-defective}).\is{agreement marking!defective agreement paradigm}\footnote{A similar defective agreement paradigm with only one case distinction is found in the closely related language Ingush, see \S\ref{ingush synchr}. Another, non-related language exhibiting defective agreement is \ili{Burgenland Romani}, see \S\ref{romani synchr}.} +%%% +\ea +\label{chechen-defective} +\langinfo{Chechen}{Nakh-Daghestanian}{\citealt[29]{nichols1994a}}{\rm \footnote{The paradigm includes only selected forms.}} +\ea dika\textsuperscript{n} stag\textsuperscript{3} {\rm ‘good person’} \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{nom:sg}]}} +\ex dikaču stega\textsuperscript{n} \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{gen:sg}]}} +\ex dikaču stagana \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{dat:sg}]}} +\ex dikaču staga \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{erg:sg}]}} +\ex dikaču stagie \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{all:sg}]}} +\ex dika\textsuperscript{n} na:x \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{nom:pl}]}} +\ex dikaču ne:xa\textsuperscript{n} \jambox{{\rm [\textsc{gen:pl}]}} +\ex \dots +\zl +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} +%%% + +\is{dependent\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +\subsection{Dependent\hyp{}driven agreement} +%%% +\il{Oroch|(} +In many languages spoken inside and outside the northern Eurasian area, \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} is attested as a device for licensing attributive modification. The reverse agreement type, \textsc{dependent\hyp{}driven agreement}, is also wide-spread among the world's languages. Among the languages of my sample, however, dependent\hyp{}driven agreement marking is attested only as a device for the licensing of (possessor) noun attributes. An example of a language with dependent\hyp{}driven agreement marking in possessive noun phrases is Oroch. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{oroch dep-driven agr.} +\langinfo{Oroch}{Tungusic}{\citealt[3]{malchukov2000}}\\ +\gll nia d'uu-ni\\ + man house-\textsc{poss:3sg}\\ +\glt ‘a man's house’ +\end{exe} +%%% + +The possessed noun ‘house’ in example (\ref{oroch dep-driven agr.}) obligatorily agrees with the \textsc{3sg} possessor ‘man’. This type of dependent\hyp{}driven agreement is usually called \textsc{possessor agreement}.\footnote{Another commonly used term is \textsc{cross-reference marking}.} + +\is{modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement|(} +\subsubsection{Modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement} +\label{ModheadAgr} +%%% +The term \textsc{modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement} is derived from \textsc{modifier\hyp{}headed agreement} introduced in \citet{AUTOTYP-NP}.\is{AUTOTYP} It is a subtype of dependent\hyp{}driven agreement characterized by reverse semantic and syntactic dependency relations between attribute and head. + +Oroch also exhibits dependent\hyp{}driven agreement marking by means of possessive affixes on attributive adjectives, which is structurally similar to example (\ref{oroch dep-driven agr.}). +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{oroch mod-headed agr} +\langinfo{Oroch}{Tungusic}{\citealt[3]{malchukov2000}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll nia aja-ni\\ + man good-\textsc{poss:3sg}\\ +\glt ‘a \textsc{good} man’ +\ex +\gll nia-sa aja-ti\\ + man-\textsc{pl} good-\textsc{poss:3pl}\\ +\glt ‘\textsc{good} men’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +In the Oroch example, the semantic head of the noun phrase ‘man’ is syntactically “degraded” to the (dependent) possessor function, and the semantic dependent is “upgraded” to the function of the syntactic head of the phrase, i.e., the possessed. According to \citet[3]{malchukov2000}, the expression still has an attributive reading: ‘a man, a property of whom is “to be good”’, rather than a possessive one: *“a man's goodness”. Thus, the semantic attribute is rendered as the head (i.e., the possessed) and the semantic head of the possessive noun phrase takes the slot of the dependent (i.e., the possessor). + +\il{Saliba|(} +Whereas modifier\hyp{}headed possessive agreement constitutes a marked structure in Oroch, it can be the universal type of attributive marking on adjectives in other languages. This kind of adjective attribution marking device is not very common in the northern Eurasian area under investigation, but it is pervasive, for instance, in Oceanic languages\il{Oceanic languages} (cf.~\citealt{ross1998}). In Saliba, for example, attributive adjectives as a rule are marked by means of 3\textsuperscript{rd} person possessive suffixes. +%% + + +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{saliba poss-agr} +\langinfo{Saliba}{Austronesian}{\citealt{mosel1994}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll sine natu-na\\ + woman child-\textsc{poss:3sg}\\ +\glt ‘a woman's child / the child of the woman’ +\ex +\gll sine-o natu-di\\ + woman-\textsc{pl} child-\textsc{poss:3pl}\\ +\glt ‘women's children / the children of the women’%(check this example: child or children) +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +In Saliba, possessor nouns are licensed as modifiers in a noun phrase by means of (dependent\hyp{}driven) possessor agreement on the head noun. Similar to the marked noun phrase in Oroch (\ref{oroch mod-headed agr}), attributive adjectives are marked by means of modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement. +%%% + + +\newpage +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{saliba mod-headed agr} +\langinfo{Saliba}{Austronesian}{\citealt{mosel1994}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll mwaedo gagili-na\\ + eel small-\textsc{poss:3sg}\\ +\glt ‘a small eel’ +\ex +\gll mwaedo gagili-di\\ + eel small-\textsc{poss:3pl}\\ +\glt ‘small eels’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +The adjectival attribute ‘small’ in example (\ref{saliba mod-headed agr}) occurs in a possessive-like construction (similar to \ref{saliba poss-agr}) where the adjective takes the slot of the possessed and is subsequently marked with a possessive agreement suffix.\footnote{An alternative account of noun phrase structure in Saliba could claim that a verbal adjective used as an attribute is marked by \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement}, analyzing the suffixes \textit{-na} and \textit{-di} as singular and plural markers, respectively. This analysis is obviously underlying the descriptions of Saliba (e.g., \citealt{mosel1994,margetts1999}), which leave the homophony of \textit{-na} \textsc{poss:3sg} and \textit{-di} \textsc{poss:3pl} with \textit{-na} \textsc{sg} and \textit{-di} \textsc{pl} undiscussed.} I propose that attributive adjectives in Saliba occur in “headstand” noun phrases and are marked by means of modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement. Unlike in Oroch, however, modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement is the default type of attributive connection of adjectives in Saliba. +\il{Saliba|)} +\il{Oroch|)} +\is{modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement|)} +\is{dependent\hyp{}driven agreement|)} +\is{agreement marking|)} + +\section[Attributive state marking]{Overt morpho-syntactic construct marking:\\attributive state marking} + +Due to a lack of better terminology the feature \textsc{state} was earlier defined as assigned through \textsc{syntactic government} (in \S\ref{crit eval}). Unlike the common notion of \textsc{government}, which requires a trigger inside the phrase, true syntactic government considered in this study has no other trigger than the syntactic construction as such. + +In order to avoid the misleading term \textsc{government}, all overtly marked attribution devices with the exclusive function of licensing the syntactic relation between constituents of a noun phrase are defined here as \textsc{attributive state marking}. “Overtly marked” means that (at least one) additional attribution marking morpheme is present in the noun phrase. + +The term \textsc{attributive state} is adopted from “\isi{construct state}” or “status constructus”\is{status constructus|see{construct state}} which are commonly used in syntactic descriptions of languages exhibiting head-marking \textsc{state} (e.g., Persian).\il{Persian} Since construct state marking morphemes may occur on different loci\is{syntactic locus} inside the noun phrase, \textsc{attributive state} will be used as superordinate term, subsuming the subtypes with the following loci of their respective attributive markers:\footnote{Other logically possible loci of attributive state markers would result from simultaneous marking on head- and\slash{}or on dependent+floating. I am, however, not aware of any language exhibiting such noun phrase types.} +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\settowidth\jamwidth{(floating construct)} +\item on-head \jambox{(construct)} +\item on-dependent \jambox{(anti\hyp{}construct)} +\item neither on-head nor on-dependent \jambox{(floating construct)} +\item simultaneously on-head and on-dependent \jambox{(double construct)} +\end{itemize} +%%% + +Among the northern Eurasian languages considered in the present study, only the first two types of attributive state marking, i.e., head-marking state and dependent\hyp{}marking state, are attested as devices for licensing attributive adjectives. These two types are dealt with in more detail below in \S\ref{head-marking state} and \S\ref{dep-marking state}. + +\is{construct state|(} +\subsection{Head-marking attributive state} +\label{head-marking state} +%%% +\il{Persian|(} +The attributive construction in Persian, commonly known as \textsc{ezafe} (or \textsc{izafe}), illustrates a typical case of head-marked attributive state. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{persian constr state} +\langinfo{Persian}{Indo-European}{\citealt{mahootian1997}}\\ +\gll xane-ye bozorg\\ + house-\textsc{attr} big\\ +\glt ‘a big house’ +\end{exe} +%%% + +The only function of the attributive suffix \textit{-(y)e}\footnote{The allomorph \textit{-e} appears after consonants.} on the noun ‘house’ is to show that “I am the head of a noun phrase and I have a dependent.”\footnote{The attributive construct state marking in Persian is polyfunctional in the sense that its function is not restricted to the licensing of adjectives as modifier in a noun phrase, but also of noun attributes,\is{adnominal modifier!noun} adposition phrases\is{adnominal modifier!adposition phrase} and verb infinitives\is{adnominal modifier!verb}.} The traditional term for the morphological value given by the head-marking attribution device in Persian is \textsc{construct state} (or \textsc{status constructus}). What is meant hereby is that the noun displays different “states” depending on the presence of a modifier in the noun phrase. +\il{Persian|)} + +\il{Northern Kurdish|(} +Obligatory attribution marking by means of an Ezafe-construction is also characteristic for other Iranian languages. In the Northern variety of Kurdish spoken in the northern Eurasian area, the Ezafe-formative is not an invariable suffix~– unlike the cognate suffix \textit{-(y)e} in Persian\il{Persian}~– but also indicates morphological values of \textsc{number} (\textsc{sg\slash{}pl}), \textsc{gender} (\textsc{m\slash{}f}) and \textsc{species} (\textsc{def\slash{}indef}). Consider example (\ref{ez kirmanji ex}) and the paradigm in Table~\ref{ez kirmanji paradigm}. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{ez kirmanji ex} +\langinfo{Northern Kurdish}{Indo-European}{\citealt{ortmann2002b}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll kur-\^e mezin\\ + boy-\textsc{attr:def.m.sg} big\\ +\glt ‘the tall boy’ +\ex +\gll ke\c{c}-a ba\c{c}\\ + girl-\textsc{attr:def.f.sg} nice\\ +\glt ‘the nice girl’ +\ex +\gll kur-\^en / ke\c{c}-\^en ba\c{c}\\ + boy-\textsc{attr:def.pl} {} girl-\textsc{attr:def.pl} nice\\ +\glt ‘the nice boys / girls’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +\begin{table} +\begin{tabular}{lccc} +\lsptoprule + &\textsc{m.sg} &\textsc{f.sg} &\textsc{pl}\\ +\midrule +\textsc{def} &-(y)\^{e} &-(y)a &-(y)\^{e}n\\ +\textsc{indef} &-î &-e &\\ +\lspbottomrule +\end{tabular} +\caption{Paradigm of the Ezafe in Northern Kurdish \citep{schroder2002}} +\label{ez kirmanji paradigm} +\end{table} +%%% + +Note that the values of true morphological features (\textsc{number, gender, species}) of the noun are combined with the morpho-syntactic feature \textsc{attributive} in the differentiated forms of the Ezafe in Northern Kurdish. But agreement is not involved here because gender, number and species marking is not triggered within the noun phrase but is inherited to the head noun morpho-semantically. +\il{Northern Kurdish|)} +\is{construct state|)} + +\is{anti\hyp{}construct state|(} +\subsection{Dependent\hyp{}marking attributive state} +\label{dep-marking state} +%%% +\is{predicative marking|(} +\il{Saamic languages|(} +\subsubsection{Anti\hyp{}construct state} +In some languages there is an attributive construction corresponding to the Iranian\il{Iranian languages} Ezafe, which however does not mark the head but the adjectival dependent for “state” (i.e., indicating the availability of a head in the present noun phrase). This type of marking occurs, for instance in Saamic languages. + +\newpage +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\langinfo{Kildin Saami}{Uralic}{personal knowledge} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Predicative state} +\label{kildin pred.adj.} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll Tedt pērrht lī ēll.\\ + \textsc{dem} house \textsc{cop} high\\ +\glt ‘This house is high.’ +\end{xlist} +%%% +\ex {\rm Attributive state} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\label{kildin attr.adj.sg} +\gll Tedt lī ēl'l'\textbf{-es'} pērrht.\\ + \textsc{dem} \textsc{cop} high-\textsc{attr} house\\ +\glt ‘This is a high house.’ +%%% +\ex +\label{kildin attr.adj.pl} +\gll Tegk liev ēl'l'\textbf{-es'} pērht.\\ + \textsc{dem} \textsc{cop} high-\textsc{attr} house\textbackslash\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘These are high houses.’ +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Whereas the predicatively used adjective ‘high’ is represented by its pure stem form (\ref{kildin pred.adj.}), it is marked with the attributive suffix \textit{-es'} if used as modifier (\ref{kildin attr.adj.sg}, \ref{kildin attr.adj.pl}). Attributive marking on adjectives in Kildin and other Saamic languages is highly irregular due to the strong tendency to merge predicative and attributive adjective forms. Other adjective marking devices also occur. The default type in most Saamic languages, however, is that attributive adjectives exhibit an attributive inflection (\citealt{riesler2006b}; see also below \S\ref{saami synchr}). +\is{predicative marking|)} + +The attribution marker in Saamic is invariable, i.e., the adjective does not show agreement with its head noun. The host of the Saamic attributive suffix is the adjective. Its only function is to specify the syntactic relation between head noun and adjectival modifier (“my host is dependent in the present syntactic structure”). Since the construction in Saamic constitutes dependent\hyp{}marking in contrast to the \ili{Persian} construct state, it can be labeled \textsc{anti\hyp{}construct}.\footnote{The term was introduced during Bickel's and Nichols' earlier work on the \isi{AUTOTYP} Noun Phrase Structure Database, cf.~\citet[2, passim]{bickel-etal2002}, \citet{AUTOTYP-NP}.} + +\largerpage[-2] +Anti\hyp{}construct state marking seems not uncommon cross-linguistically, even if Saamic and the Iranian language Northern Talysh\il{Northern Talysh} (see \S\ref{talysh synchr}) provide the only examples of European languages with anti\hyp{}construct state marking on adjectives. Note that typological descriptions and grammars use quite different terms for anti\hyp{}construct state markers, such as “attributive affix”, “attributive particle”, “relator”, “associative marker”, “\isi{linker}”, etc. If anti\hyp{}construct marks the attribution of possessor nouns\is{adnominal modifier!possessor noun} (besides adjectives) it is also often called “attributive case” or “genitive”. +\il{Saamic languages|)} + +\paragraph*{Possessive case marking} +From a purely syntactic point of view, possessive case marking is similar to anti\hyp{}construct state marking. Both are syntactically governed dependent\hyp{}marking devices. In fact, anti\hyp{}construct state marking of adjectives is sometimes described as “genitive” if the device is polyfunctional and marks possessor nouns as well.\footnote{Even other construct marking devices, such as the linker in Tagalog (\ref{tagalog linker}) or the construct state marker in Persian (\ref{persian constr state}), are often described as “genitives” because they mark possession. Unlike prototypical genitives, however, the construct markers in Tagalog and Persian do not constitute dependent\hyp{}marking devices.} Rather than extending the terminological domain of possessive case marking to adnominal modifiers beyond noun possessors, the term \textsc{possessive case} (or \textsc{possessor case}) will be used here only for describing a special subtype of anti\hyp{}construct state. Whereas the latter is a purely morpho-syntactic device, possessive case additionally specifies a semantic relation (i.e., possession).\is{adnominal modifier!possessor noun} + +\is{anti\hyp{}construct state agreement|(} +\subsubsection{Anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking} +\label{anti-constr agr} +%%% +Construct state markers such as the linker in Tagalog,\il{Tagalog} the head-marking construct state marker \textit{-(y)e} in Persian,\il{Persian} or the dependent\hyp{}marking anti\hyp{}construct state marker \textit{-es'} in Kildin Saami\il{Kildin Saami} are proper construct state markers in the sense that they are exclusively used as a licenser of an attributive syntactic relation between modifying and modified constituents in the noun phrase. The respective formatives thus have morphologically unalterable shapes. + +In other languages, however, certain adnominal modifiers marked for anti\hyp{}construct state may additionally be the target of either head- or \isi{dependent\hyp{}driven agreement}. Such combined agreement and construct marking devices should consequently be characterized as simultaneously marking the syntactic and the morphological relation between the noun modifier and the modified noun. + +This subtype of anti\hyp{}construct state marking, characterized by (adjectival or other) adnominal modifiers being marked simultaneously for anti\hyp{}construct state and for \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement}, will be labeled \textsc{anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking} in the following.\footnote{The extended label \textsc{\textbf{head\hyp{}driven} anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking} seems obsolete because the agreement is self-evidently triggered by the head noun in this type.} %Aber warum zähle ich es zu Konstruktionsmarkierung und nicht als Untertyp von Kongruenz? + +\is{predicative marking|(} +\il{Russian|(} +A typical example of a language with anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking is Russian. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{ru-anti} +\langinfo{Russian}{Indo-European}{personal knowledge} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Attribution} +\begin{xlist} +\ex \textbf{krasiv-yj} mal'čik\\ + beautiful-\textsc{attr:m.nom} boy(\textsc{f}) +\glt ‘a handsome boy’ +%%% +\ex +\gll \textbf{krasiv-aja} devuška\\ + beautiful-\textsc{attr:f.nom} girl(\textsc{f})\\ +\glt ‘a pretty girl’ +\end{xlist} +%%% +\ex {\rm Predication (“short”)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll Etot mal'čik \textbf{krasiv}\\ + \textsc{dem:m} boy(\textsc{m}) beautiful:\textsc{m}\\ +\glt ‘this boy is handsome’ +%%% +\ex +\gll Eta devuška \textbf{krasiv-a}\\ + \textsc{dem:f} tower(\textsc{f}) high-\textsc{f}\\ +\glt ‘this girl is pretty’ +\end{xlist} +%%% +\ex {\rm Predication (“long”)} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll Etot mal'čik \textbf{krasiv-yj}\\ + \textsc{dem:m} boy(\textsc{m}) beautiful:\textsc{attr?:m}\\ +\glt ‘this boy is handsome’ (a handsome one) +%%% +\ex +\gll Eta devuška \textbf{krasiv-aja}\\ + \textsc{dem:f} tower(\textsc{f}) high-\textsc{attr?:f}\\ +\glt ‘this girl is pretty’ (a pretty one) +\end{xlist} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +In Russian, attributive as well as predicative adjectives show agreement in \textsc{gender} and \textsc{number}. Attributive adjectives agree additionally in \textsc{case}. The agreement suffixes of the attributive and predicative paradigms, however, have different shapes; consider Table~\ref{Russian adj agr paradigm}. + +Traditionally, the two inflection paradigms of the adjective in Russian have been contrasted to each other as “short” and “long” forms. These terms, however, describe the form rather than the function of the different agreement inflections and are thus less useful for the classification of the Russian noun phrase type from a morpho-syntactic typological perspective. The “long” adjectives of Russian do not simply belong to a different declension paradigm as compared to their “short” counterparts. The formal distinction between the two adjective declensions is connected to attribution marking. Whereas the predicative (“short”) forms show “pure” agreement, the agreement suffixes on attributive adjectives mark agreement and the attributive state of the adjective simultaneously. + +Historically, the attributive adjective inflection consists of two morphemes: a pronominal stem plus the original “short” agreement suffix.\footnote{In the forms for nominative (cf.~Table~\ref{Russian adj agr paradigm}) the two morphemes for \textsc{attr} and \textsc{gender/number/case} are still separable. In the remaining cases, however, they are merged into one portmanteau suffix.} Synchronically, the attributive adjective suffixes in Russian are thus best analyzed as portmanteau suffixes marking anti\hyp{}construct and \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} simultaneously. + +One could argue against the analysis of the “long” adjective declension in Russian as attributive state marking saying that “long form adjectives” also occur in predicative position. The semantic difference between the use of “short” versus “long” forms in adjective predication in Russian can be described as an opposition between temporal and permanent properties denoted by the adjective. In fact, the use of the “short” adjective in predicative position~– implying a temporary property~– is stylistically marked in contrast to the “long” form, which has become the default in contemporary Russian. + +Nonetheless, the marking of the predicative adjective is rather irrelevant here. What is crucial, however, is the use of the “long” forms, which occur in attributive position as a rule. The “short” (i.e., predicative) form cannot occur in attributive position. Furthermore, it could even be argued that “long” form adjectives in predicative position are instances of adjective attribution marking rather than of adjective predication. This is the case if one analyses the “long form adjectives” as \isi{headless noun phrase}s in an appositional construction, as the “long” predicative form in (\ref{ru-pred-long}) denoting a permanent property is in contrast to the “short” predicative form in (\ref{ru-pred-short}) denoting a temporal property.\footnote{Russian examples of morphologically differentiated predicative adjectives also often reflect an opposition in the subject's denotative status. The “short” form is used for denoting reference to a class of objects: \textit{krasavicy \textbf{kaprizn-y}} [capricious-\textsc{pred:agr}] ‘beautiful women are capricious’), the “long” form is used for denoting reference to an individual: \textit{oni \textbf{kaprizn-ye}} [capricious-\textsc{attr:agr}] ‘they are capricious’ (or ‘they are (the) capricious ones’, e.g., two sisters known from the discourse) (cf.~\citealt[210 Footnote 76]{mendoza2004}).} +%Babby (2009: Ch. 2)\citet{babby2009a} +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\langinfo{Russian}{Indo-European}{personal knowledge} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm “short” predicative adjective}\\ +\label{ru-pred-short} +\gll on bolen\\ + 3\textsc{sg} ill:\textsc{pred:m}\\ +\glt ‘he is sick’ + +\newpage +\ex {\rm “long” predicative adjective}\\ +\label{ru-pred-long} +\gll on bol'nyj\\ + 3\textsc{sg} ill:\textsc{attr?:m}\\ +\glt ‘he is (mentally) sick’ (viz.~he, a sick one) +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +\is{species marking!definite|(} +\is{species marking!indefinite|(} +The origin of anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking in Russian is dealt with in \S\ref{slavic diachr}. It is worth mentioning that remnants of an Old Slavic\il{Old Slavic languages} anti\hyp{}construct adjective inflection are found in other modern Slavic languages\il{Slavic languages} as well, especially in the South Slavic languages Slovenian\il{Slovenian} and Serbian\il{Serbo-Croatian!Serbian} where the “long” adjective forms occur in definite noun phrases (see \S\ref{slovenian synchr}). +\il{Russian|)} +\is{predicative marking|)} + +\il{Baltic languages|(} +Similar to South Slavic\il{South Slavic languages} but much more regular is the occurrence of a cognate anti\hyp{}construct adjective inflection in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian.\il{Lithuanian} +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\langinfo{Latvian}{Indo-European}{\citealt[example from][122]{dahl2015a}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\label{latvian indef} +\gll liel-a māja\\ + big-\textsc{f.nom.sg} house(\textsc{f})\\ +\glt ‘a big house’ +\ex +\label{latvian def} +\gll liel-ā māja\\ + big-\textsc{attr:f.nom.sg} house(\textsc{f})\\ +\glt ‘the big house’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Unlike in Russian where attributive adjectives are marked with the anti\hyp{}construct state agreement suffixes as a rule, the use of the cognate attributive forms in the Baltic languages is usually described as depending on the referential status of the head noun. Whereas the “short form” agreement suffix is used with adjectives modifying indefinite nouns (\ref{latvian indef}), the attributive adjective in definite noun phrases is obligatorily marked with the “long form” agreement suffix (\ref{latvian def}). + +The anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking suffixes in the Baltic languages are often described as a definiteness markers. Note, however, that the definite noun never exhibits definite marking itself. If no attributive adjective is present the definite noun remains unmarked. The analysis of the “long form” agreement suffix in Baltic as definite marker would thus presuppose the assumption that the definite marker is selective and shows up only on attributive adjectives. + +\il{Latvian|(} +\il{Lithuanian|(} +Markers which are selective according to their host's parts-of-speech membership are indeed attested.\footnote{Consider, for instance, the two allomorphs of the definite marker in Danish\il{Danish} \textit{hus\textbf{-et}} [house-\textsc{def.n}] ‘the house’, \textit{\textbf{det} store hus} [\textsc{def.n} big\textsc{.def.n} house] ‘the big house’. The suffix \textit{-et} \textsc{def.n.} attaches to bare nouns, whereas the free form \textit{det} \textsc{def.n} attaches to noun phrases with adjective modifiers, cf.~also Table~\ref{danish defallomorph}.} The Latvian and Lithuanian examples, however, could be compared to selective marking in other languages only if one assumes a zero-allomorph of the definiteness marker attaching to non-modified definite nouns. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\langinfo{Latvian}{Indo-European}{\citealt[example from][122]{dahl2015a}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll māja\\ + house\\ +\glt ‘a house’ +\ex +\gll māja\textbf{-?Ø}\\ + house-\textsc{def}\\ +\glt ‘the house’ +\ex +\gll liel\textbf{-ā} māja\\ + big-\textsc{def:f.nom.sg} house(\textsc{f})\\ +\glt ‘the big house’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +\il{Russian|(} +\citet[31]{melcuk1998} introduced the term \textsc{displaced category} (Russian \textit{smeščennaja kategorija}) for the type of marking found in Baltic. It has also been argued by Dahl (\citeyear[149–152]{dahl2003}; see also \citealt[122–123]{dahl2015a}) that definite noun phrases often show special behavior in languages depending on whether or not they exhibit attributive adjectives (or other modifiers).\footnote{\citet[150]{dahl2003} compares the “long form” adjectives in the Baltic languages with attributive articles in Romance languages\il{Romance languages} (such as in Latin\il{Latin} \textit{Babylon illa magna}) and Yiddish,\il{Yiddish} among others. A structural and even historical connection is indeed plausible, as will be shown in Part~IV (Diachrony) of this study, especially in \S\ref{ie diachr}.} + +An alternative analysis is preferred here: since the “long form” agreement suffix only attaches to attributive adjectives, the formative could well be analyzed as an anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marker (similar to Russian) which is, however, restricted to occurring in semantically definite noun phrases. + +Several examples of languages are attested where the occurrence of different noun phrase types is restricted to certain subsets of noun phrase constituents. In the case of the Latvian example given above (and similar to Lithuanian) attributive adjectives are marked differently depending on the referential status of the whole phrase. The choice between the \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} versus the anti\hyp{}construct state agreement type would thus be constrained by the semantically defined subsets of the noun head (i.e., indefinite versus definite). + +As a consequence of the suggested analysis of the “long form” agreement suffixes in Baltic as anti\hyp{}construct state agreement markers, Latvian and Lithuanian could be described as lacking definiteness as morphological category. In fact, several authors have questioned the existence of morphologized definite marking at least in Lithuanian, where the occurrence of the anti\hyp{}construct state agreement suffix is clearly not restricted to definite noun phrases (cf.~\citealt{wissemann1958} cit. \citealt[181–182]{kramsky1972}). \citet[37]{trost1966} argues that permanent versus non-permanent properties are marked rather than definite versus indefinite, for example (Lithuanian) \textit{aukštoji mokykla} ‘college (lit. ‘high school’)’.\footnote{For Latvian, however, \citet[38]{trost1966} accepts the analyses of the “long” suffix as definite marker, because it occurs regularly after possessive pronouns.} + +In \S\ref{slavic diachr}, diachronic arguments will be presented in favor of the assumption that a morphological feature \textsc{species} (with the values \textsc{definite} /~\textsc{indefinite}) was not present in Baltic languages, at least until the most recent stages in their language history. The anti\hyp{}construct state agreement inflection is clearly older than the morphologization of definiteness in Baltic (and similarly in certain Slavic languages).\il{Slavic languages} In older stages of Baltic\il{Old Baltic languages} (and Slavic)\il{Old Slavic languages} the “long” adjective inflection was connected to attributive rather than to definiteness marking (see \S\ref{slavic diachr}). To a certain extent, this holds true for the modern Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian. +%see Holvoet & Spraunienė (2012) on definite adjectives in Baltic and especially on the important differences between Lithuanian and Latvian. Examples of predicative use of definite adjectives are also given there (see p. 84). + +Thus, in the ontology presented here anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking in Baltic belongs to the same noun phrase type as the one described for Russian (cf.~example \ref{ru-anti} on page~\pageref{ru-anti}). This analysis seems justified regardless of the question as to whether the device constitutes the default type of adjective attribution marking (as in Russian) or is restricted to a given semantically restricted subset of the head noun (as in Latvian and Lithuanian). +\il{Latvian|)} +\il{Lithuanian|)} +\il{Russian|)} +\il{Baltic languages|)} +\is{species marking!indefinite|)} +\is{species marking!definite|)} + +\il{German|(} +Also in German (similar to the other West Germanic languages,\il{West Germanic languages} except English),\il{English} attributive and predicative adjectives are morpho-syntactically differentiated. Whereas attributive adjectives show \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement}, predicative adjectives are used in an invariable form. Given the definition of dependent\hyp{}marking attributive state which was applied here (see also Chapter~\ref{syntax-morphology-interface}), German thus exhibits a similar type of obligatory anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking as Russian. Note, however, that the inherited adjective inflection suffixes are merged to a relatively high degree in Modern German: only the five single forms \textit{-e, -en, -em, -er, -es} are formally distinguished.\is{predicative marking} + +What is even more interesting in German is the fact that the agreement feature \textsc{species} exhibits a third value for which a grammatical label is hard to find. Whereas indefinite\is{species marking!indefinite} agreement shows up on adjectives in semantically indefinite noun phrases (formally marked by the indefinite marker \textit{ein} in Table~\ref{german agr}) and definite\is{species marking!definite} agreement on adjectives occurs in semantically definite noun phrases (formally marked by the definite marker \textit{der} in Table~\ref{german agr}), the “third species“\is{species marking} agreement forms show up in semantically indefinite or definite noun phrases marked, for instance, by possessive pronouns\is{adnominal modifier!pronoun} and the indefinite pronoun \textit{kein} ‘no(t any)’. Whereas the “third species“ agreement forms~– traditionally labeled “mixed adjective inflection” \citep[cf.][244–245]{schafer2015a}~– are similar to the indefinite forms in singular, they are similar to the definite forms in plural. Accordingly, three species values thus have to be distinguished in the morphological paradigm. +\il{German|)} + +\il{Endo|(} +\il{Russian|(} +It is worth mentioning that adjectives which are simultaneously marked for attributive state (i.e., anti\hyp{}construct) and \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} are also attested in languages outside the northern Eurasian area. Similar to Russian, adjectives in Endo, a Nilotic language of Kenya, require different agreement suffixes depending on their use as modifiers of a noun or as predicates. +%%% +\begin{sidewaystable} +% \begin{scriptsize} +\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{ +\begin{tabular}{ll r@{\,}c@{\,}l r@{\,}c@{\,}l r@{\,}c@{\,}l r@{\,}c@{\,}l} +\lsptoprule +&&\multicolumn{3}{c}{\textsc{m.sg}}&\multicolumn{3}{c}{\textsc{f.sg}}&\multicolumn{3}{c}{\textsc{n.sg}}&\multicolumn{3}{c}{\textsc{pl}}\\ +%%% +\midrule +%%% +\multirow{4}{*}{\textsc{indef}}&\textsc{nom}&(ein)&gut\textbf{-er}&(Mann)&(ein-e)&gut\textbf{-e}&(Frau)&(ein)&gut\textbf{-es}&(Kind)&&gut\textbf{-e}&(Leute)\\ +&\textsc{gen}&(ein-es)&gut\textbf{-en}&(Mannes)&(ein-er)&gut\textbf{-en}&(Frau)&(ein-es)&gut\textbf{-en}&(Kind-es)&&gut\textbf{-er}&(Leute)\\ +&\textsc{dat}&(ein-em)&gut\textbf{-en}&(Mann)&(ein-er)&gut\textbf{-en}&(Frau)&(ein-em)&gut\textbf{-en}&(Kind)&&gut\textbf{-en}&(Leuten)\\ +&\textsc{acc}&(ein-en)&gut\textbf{-en}&(Mann)&(ein-e)&gut\textbf{-e}&(Frau)&(ein)&gut\textbf{-es}&(Kind)&&gut\textbf{-e}&(Leute)\\ +%%% +\midrule +%%% +\multirow{4}{*}{\textsc{def}} &\textsc{nom}&(der)&gut\textbf{-e}&(Mann)&(die)&gut\textbf{-e}&(Frau)&(das)&gut\textbf{-e}&(Kind)&(die)&gut\textbf{-en}&(Leute)\\ +&\textsc{gen}&(des)&gut\textbf{-en}&(Mannes)&(der)&gut\textbf{-en}&(Frau)&(des)&gut\textbf{-en}&(Kind-es)&(der)&gut\textbf{-en}&(Leute)\\ +&\textsc{dat}&(dem)&gut\textbf{-en}&(Mann)&(der)&gut\textbf{-en}&(Frau)&(dem)&gut\textbf{-en}&(Kind)&(den)&gut\textbf{-en}&(Leuten)\\ +&\textsc{acc}&(den)&gut\textbf{-en}&(Mann)&(die)&gut\textbf{-e}&(Frau)&(das)&gut\textbf{-e}&(Kind)&(die)&gut\textbf{-en}&(Leute)\\ +%%% +\midrule +%%% +\multirow{4}{*}{\textsc{in/def}} &\textsc{nom}&(mein)&gut\textbf{-er}&(Mann)&(meine)&gut\textbf{-e}&(Frau)&(mein)&gut\textbf{-es}&(Kind)&(meine)&gut\textbf{-en}&(Leute)\\ +&\textsc{gen}&(meines)&gut\textbf{-en}&(Mannes)&(meiner)&gut\textbf{-en}&(Frau)&(meines)&gut\textbf{-en}&(Kind-es)&(meiner)&gut\textbf{-en}&(Leute)\\ +&\textsc{dat}&(meinem)&gut\textbf{-en}&(Mann)&(meiner)&gut\textbf{-en}&(Frau)&(meinem)&gut\textbf{-en}&(Kind)&(meinen)&gut\textbf{-en}&(Leuten)\\ +&\textsc{acc}&(meinen)&gut\textbf{-en}&(Mann)&(meine)&gut\textbf{-e}&(Frau)&(mein)&gut\textbf{-es}&(Kind)&(meine)&gut\textbf{-en}&(Leute)\\ +\lspbottomrule +\end{tabular} +} +% \end{scriptsize} +\caption[Adjective paradigm for German]{Agreement paradigm for the German adjective ‘good’ (‘good man’ \textsc{m}, ‘good woman’ \textsc{f}, ‘good child’ \textsc{n}, ‘good people’ \textsc{pl})\il{German}} +\label{german agr} +\end{sidewaystable} + +\begin{exe} +\ex +\langinfo{Endo}{Nilotic}{\citealt[65]{zwarts2003}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll karaam inyeentee\\ + good(\textsc{sg}) \textsc{3sg}\\ +\glt ‘S/he is good.’ +\ex +\gll laakwa nyaa karaam\\ + child \textsc{attr:sg} good(\textsc{sg})\\ +\glt ‘a good child’ +\ex +\gll karaam-a akwaaneek\\ + good-\textsc{pred:pl} \textsc{3pl}\\ +\glt ‘They are good.’ +\ex +\gll piich chaa karaam-een\\ + people \textsc{attr:pl} good-\textsc{attr:pl}\\ +\glt ‘good people’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +\is{predicative marking} +The example illustrates that adjectives in Endo show agreement in number. The singular is unmarked and the plural is marked by the suffix \textit{-a} for predicative adjectives and by \textit{-een} for attributive adjectives.\footnote{Unlike in Russian, however, there is a second attributive marker present in Endo, an attributive article \textit{nyaa} \textsc{attr:sg}, \textit{chaa} \textsc{attr:pl}. The noun phrase type would thus better be characterized as a combination of attributive article+anti\hyp{}construct state agreement, hence “double agreement”.} +\il{Russian|)} +\il{Endo|)} +\is{anti\hyp{}construct state agreement|)} + +\is{attributive nominalization|(} +\subsubsection{Attributive nominalization} +\label{attr nmlz} +%%% +%Jan Rijkhoff, email 2013-02-22 +%Perhaps the label 'nominalizer' for 'noun (phrase) marker' is a bit misleading, suggesting a morphological process by which a non-nominal element X is turned into a noun, whereas in fact it only marks a construction/phrase as an NP (or 'referential phrase' -- see also the relation between this marker and the PoS system of a language as mentioned in, I believe, Hengeveld et al. 2004; here it is suggested the marker serves to disambiguate the subsequent phrase in languages with a weak or perhaps even non-existant distinction between nouns and verbs). +Nominalization is often understood very broadly as a word-class changing morphological operation deriving nouns from other syntactic classes. This definition stresses the lexical-semantic side of nominalization. But the term is sometimes also used for a syntactic operation in which a verbal (single or complex) constituent, like a verb, a verb phrase, a sentence, or a portion of a sentence (including a verb) is converted into a nominal (single or complex) constituent \citep[575]{li-etal1981}. The present study uses the term nominalization in the latter sense, i.e., a licenser of constituency. + +Mandarin Chinese illustrates a language in which syntactic nominalization is a highly polyfunctional device for the licensing of different modifying phrase constituents (cf.~\citealt[575–593]{li-etal1981}; see also example \ref{multi mand} in Chapter~\ref{polyfunctionality}). Adjectives in Mandarin are used in attributive position (\ref{mandarin attr}), in predicative position (\ref{mandarin pred}) and as adverbial modifiers (\ref{mandarin adv}).\is{predicative marking}%siehe aber MH's Bemerkung +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\langinfo{Mandarin Chinese}{Sino-Tibetan}{\citealt{li-etal1981}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Adjectival attribute}\\ +\label{mandarin attr} +\gll {\upshape [}\textsubscript{\rm NP} xīn \textbf{de}{\upshape ]} shū\\ + {} new \textsc{nmlz} book\\ +\glt ‘new book’ +%%% +\ex {\rm Adjectival predicate}\\ +\label{mandarin pred} +\gll wǒ-de shū shì {\upshape [}\textsubscript{NP} xīn \textbf{de}{\upshape ]}\\ + \textsc{1sg-nmlz} book \textsc{cop} {} new \textsc{nmlz}\\ +\glt ‘My book is new (i.e., a new one).’ +%%% +\ex {\rm Adjectival adverb}\\ +\label{mandarin adv} +\gll wǒ {\upshape [}\textsubscript{NP} yánli\textbf{-de}{\upshape ]} zébèi tā le\\ + \textsc{1sg} {} stern\textsc{-nmlz} reproach \textsc{3sg} \textsc{crs}\\ +\glt ‘I sternly (i.e., as a stern one) reproached him/her.’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Interestingly, nominal constituents can also be nominalized, i.e., they can be syntactically licensed as constituents in larger syntactic units. In some languages, such syntactic licensing is obligatory for certain types of nominals. The corresponding markers (i.e., nominalizers of nominals) are labeled with quite different terms, such as, for instance, “articles”, “noun phrase articles” or “noun (phrase) markers” (cf., e.g., \citealt[152]{dryer2007}; \citealt[95, passim]{rijkhoff2002}). Prototypical examples of such markers come from Oceanic languages where noun phrases contain an obligatory nominalizer deriving from a demonstrative. +%Jan Rijkhoff, email 2013-02-22 +%Unlike Dryer (also e.g. Hawkins 1983) I think we should not 'lump' all sorts of modifiers into a single category like 'article' (see e.g. Rijkhoff, Jan. 2009. On the (un)suitability of semantic categories. Linguistic Typology 13-1, 95‑104; also p. 285-7 in the NP book). + +Due to the lack of a conventionalized terminological distinction, “nominalization” is here used for denoting the purely syntactic operation by which a noun or noun phrase is marked as a syntactic constituent by making it syntactically more complex, i.e., by projecting a full noun phrase. This use of the term \textsc{nominalization} is also consistent with the fact that “nominal” is most often used as a homonym for “noun phrase” rather than for “noun”. “Substantivation”, on the other hand, will be used for the purely morpho-semantic process yielding a lexical noun (“substantive”) as the result of a word class changing operation, i.e., derivation. Whereas “substantivation” belongs to the spheres of morpho-semantics and lexicon, nominalization belongs to syntax: nominalizers function exclusively for the licensing of noun phrases as constituents in larger syntactic units. + +\textsc{Attributive nominalization} has already been discussed as “appositional modification” in \S\ref{apposition}. Attributive nominalization is a special subtype of dependent\hyp{}marking construct state. Similar to the latter, attributive nominalization represents a covert dependent\hyp{}marking morpho-syntactic device and is triggered either by purely syntactic government (as, for instance, anti\hyp{}construct state marking in Kildin Saami, see \S\ref{dep-marking state}) or by syntactic government in combination with \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement} (as, for instance, anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking in Russian, see \S\ref{anti-constr agr}). The special distinguishing characteristic of attributive nominalization lies in the syntactic structure: whereas true anti\hyp{}construct state markers attach directly to the dependent constituent (as, for instance, the respective inflectional suffixes in \ili{Kildin Saami} or \ili{Russian}), attributive nominalizers attach to an intermediate dependent phrasal constituent between the head noun and the modifier. + +\il{German|(} +Epithet constructions with attributive articles in \ili{Germanic languages} illustrate a prototypical case of attributive nominalization by means of an article.\footnote{The examples are from \citet[179–180]{himmelmann1997}. Note that attributive nominalization in German is restricted to noun phrases with proper names as heads. This restriction is, however, irrelevant to the following argumentation.} +%%% +\ea +\label{german epithet} +\langinfo{German}{Indo-European}{personal knowledge}\\ +Friedrich der Große \jambox{{\rm ‘Frederick the Great’}} +\z +%%% + +Following \citet[180]{himmelmann1997}, the syntactic structure of this example can be described as follows: +%%% +\ea {\rm [\textsubscript{NP} Friedrich {\upshape [}\textsubscript{NP'} \textsubscript{ART}der \textsubscript{A}Große ]]} +\z +%%% + +The intermediate phrasal constituent between the noun phrase (NP) and the adjective is labeled NP', leaving open the question about what constitutes the syntactic head of this phrasal projection.\footnote{“Article phrase” (similar to “Determiner phrase” in X-bar syntax) would imply the nominalizer (in this case the article \textit{der}) is the head.} + +\is{species marking!indefinite} +\is{species marking!definite} +Note that the attributive marker \textit{der} in \REF{german epithet} is homophonous with the definite marker \textit{der} but clearly has a different function in this construction. For instance, the attributive marker \textit{der} cannot be replaced by a possessive or a demonstrative pronoun and is thus not a marker of definiteness. The (proper) noun phrase \textit{Friedrich der Große}, on the other hand, can be further modified by means of a demonstrative (\textit{\textbf{jener} Friedrich der Große} ‘that Frederick the Great’) or a possessive pronoun\is{adnominal modifier!pronoun} (\textit{\textbf{unser} Friedrich der Große} ‘our Frederick the Great’). In fact, species marking of the whole noun phrase (i.e., in\slash{}definiteness) does not affect the attributive nominalizer; consider the following example: +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\langinfo{German}{Indo-European}{personal knowledge} +\begin{xlist} +\ex Irgendein {\upshape [}Friedrich der Große{\upshape ]}\textsubscript{\rm \textsc{indef.nom}} soll das gesagt haben. +\ex Dieser {\upshape [}Friedrich der Große{\upshape ]}\textsubscript{\rm \textsc{def.nom}} soll das gesagt haben. +\ex Ich sehe mir irgendeinen {\upshape [}Friedrich den Großen{\upshape ]}\textsubscript{\rm \textsc{indef.acc}} an. +\ex Ich sehe mir diesen {\upshape [}Friedrich den Großen{\upshape ]}\textsubscript{\rm \textsc{def.acc}} an. +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +The attributive adjective forms a complex constituent together with the article. This complex constituent is subordinated to the noun phrase head (i.e., the proper name \textit{Friedrich}) whom it modifies. The agreement pattern in the German epithet construction also show that the nominalizer \textit{der} must not only be be distinguished from the homophonous definite marker, but also from the relativizer \textit{der}. Consider the following examples (cf.~also \citealt[181]{himmelmann1997}). +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{article versus rel} +\langinfo{German}{Indo-European}{personal knowledge} +\begin{xlist} +\ex[*]{ein Jagdhund Friedrichs der Große} +\ex[]{ein Jagdhund Friedrichs des Großen} +\ex[]{die Jagdhunde Friedrichs, der seine Sommerresidenz in Potsdam hatte} +\ex[]{die Jagdhunde Friedrichs, den man auch den Alten Fritz nannte} +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +\is{species marking!indefinite} +\is{species marking!definite} +According to Lehmann (\citeyear[230–231]{lehmann1984}; cf.~also \citealt[181]{himmelmann1997}) true relative pronouns represent the syntactic head in relation to the predicate of the embedded clause. The syntactic function of the relative pronoun is determined by the predicate, but it is independent from the syntactic function of the head noun. Consequently, the relativizer \textit{der} (similar to the adjective \textit{groß}) in (\ref{article versus rel}) agrees only in gender and number with the head noun \textit{Friedrich}. Case is allotted according to the function of \textit{der} as argument in the embedded clause. This is different from the syntactic function of the attributive nominalizer \textit{der}. The nominalizer does agree in case with the head noun. The article's syntactic function is thus dependent of the head noun's function in the superordinate construction. +\il{German|)} +\is{attributive nominalization|)} + +\subsubsection{Attributive articles} +\label{attr art} +%%% +Attributive nominalizers similar to \textit{der} in German epithet constructions will be labeled \textsc{attributive articles} in the following. Attributive articles are similar to anti\hyp{}construct state agreement markers in that they mark the syntactic relation of attribution and agreement simultaneously. Prototypically, attributive articles are grammatical words and hence syntactic constituents on their own. In the case of the German attributive article \textit{der}, the constituency of the marker becomes evident in the fact that both the adjective and the article are the target of \isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement}. + +Even though “article” is often used for many different types of grammatical markers, this term (<~Latin \textit{artus\slash{}articulus} ‘joint, small connecting part’) originally referred to the metaphor of a joint between the constituents in a noun phrase, hence a true attribution marker. Interestingly, \citet[83]{dryer1989a} and \citet{rijkhoff2002} distinguish two types of “articles”: (1) words indicating species (i.e., in\slash{}definiteness\is{species marking!indefinite}\is{species marking!definite} or some related discourse notion) and (2) words serving as a noun phrase marker “in the sense that noun phrases in that language [\dots] typically occur with one of the words in question” \citep[285]{rijkhoff2002}. Attributive articles could nicely be subsumed under type (2) “noun phrase marker” if the definition were extended: “a marker which occurs with noun phrases \textbf{and\slash{}or phrasal dependent constituents of noun phrases}”. + +The term \textsc{attributive article} used here matches Himmelmann's (\citeyear{himmelmann1997}) \textsc{Gelenkartikel} ‘linking article’, which in turn is borrowed from Gamillscheg's (\citeyear{gamillscheg1937}) description of the “linking function” (\textsc{Gelenksfunktion}) of articles in different Indo-European languages.\footnote{In Himmelmann's \citeyear{himmelmann1997} terminology, however, the attributive or linking article is a subtype of a class of grammatical words (which he calls “operators”), which are labeled \textsc{articles}. Other subtypes of this class are definite, indefinite and other types of (non-attributive) grammatical markers.} + +Even though the use of the term \textsc{article} by Indo-Europeanists is often applied in grammatical descriptions of different languages and even in theoretical linguistic studies, the present study prefers to use \textsc{article} only for an attributive marker. On the basis of examples from Greek (with the so-called repeated article) and from Latin (with the so-called linking demonstrative), \citet[48]{gamillscheg1937} characterizes the attributive article as exhibiting “a separating and linking function simultaneously”\footnote{“[\dots] zugleich trennende und verbindende Funktion [\dots]”} by marking the adjective as “physically independent.”\footnote{“[\dots] physisch selbständig [\dots]”} The articles \textit{ille} in Latin and \textit{tó} in Greek thus have different functions than the homophonous demonstratives\slash{}definite markers in that the article nominalizes an adnominal constituent in order to function as attribute of a certain kind. The homophonous demonstrative\slash{}definite marker, on the other hand, marks the whole noun phrase for certain values of the feature \textsc{species}.\is{species marking} + +While the use of attributive articles in German, English and several other Indo-European languages is restricted to epithet constructions, a similar construction with an attributive article occurs much less restrictedly in Yiddish. +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{yiddish attr appos} +\langinfo{Yiddish}{Indo-European}{\citealt{jacobs-etal1994}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\label{yiddish agr a} +\gll di grin-e oyg-n\\ + \textsc{def.pl} green-\textsc{def.pl} eye-\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘the green eyes’ +\ex +\label{yiddish attr defarticle} +\gll di oyg-n di grin-e\\ + \textsc{def.pl} eye-\textsc{pl} \textsc{attr.def.pl} green-\textsc{def.pl}\\ +\glt ‘the \textsc{green} eyes’ +\ex +\label{yiddish agr b} +\gll 'n grin-et oyge\\ + \textsc{indef.n} green-\textsc{indef.n} eye(\textsc{n})\\ +\glt ‘a green eye’ +\ex +\label{yiddish attr indefarticle} +\gll 'n oyge 'n grin-et\\ + \textsc{indef.n} eye(\textsc{n}) \textsc{attr.indef.n} green-\textsc{indef.n}\\ +\glt ‘a \textsc{green} eye’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +In the default attributive construction in Yiddish, the adjective precedes the noun which also triggers agreement on the adjective (\ref{yiddish agr a}, \ref{yiddish agr b}). In an emphatic construction and postponed to the head noun, however, the attributive adjective is marked with an article (\ref{yiddish attr defarticle}, \ref{yiddish attr indefarticle}) \citep[342–347]{plank2003}. + +Yiddish thus shows that attributive articles can have a much broader use than for example in German. But even in Yiddish the use of the attributive article is subject to restrictions. In this case, the restriction is of a semantic nature and is due to the referential status of the adjective. In order to occur in an \isi{attributive nominalization} construction the adjective must be in contrastive focus. + +A similar rule applies to Modern Greek, where the so-called repeated article also occurs in contrastive focus constructions. +%?PERHAPS LATER: Unlike in Yiddish, where the article is used only with modifying adjectives, the article is polyfunctional in Greek and does mark modifying nouns (genitives) and... +%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{greek noun phrase} +\langinfo{Greek}{Indo-European}{\citealt{ruge1986}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\gll i kondés fústes\\ + \textsc{def} short skirts\\ +\glt ‘the short skirts’ +\ex +\gll i fústes i kondés\\ + \textsc{def} skirts \textsc{attr} short\\ +\glt ‘the \textsc{short} skirts’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Note that the the two phrases in the attributive apposition constructions (i.e., \isi{attributive nominalization}) of German (\S\ref{attr nmlz}), Yiddish (\ref{yiddish attr appos}) and Greek (\ref{greek noun phrase}) cannot be re-arranged unless the whole construction yields a different reading. In the case of the epithet construction in German, re-arrangement of adjective and noun would result in a simple noun phrase with an attributive adjective which is, however, no longer an epithet. Re-arrangement of the constructions in Yiddish and Greek would result in true noun phrase appositions. + +\paragraph*{Attributive articles as subtype of attributive nominalizers} +%% +Attributive articles have been characterized as grammatical words and agreement targets. In accordance with the common practice of labelling an unchangeable, non-bound grammatical marker “particle”, the attributive nominalizer \textit{the} in \ili{English} (epithet constructions) would fall into this category because it is not an agreement target.\is{attributive nominalization}\footnote{Consider also Himmelmann's (\citeyear{himmelmann1997}) “Gelenkartikel” versus “Gelenkpartikel”.} + +In the present survey, however, there are only a few examples of languages with attributive, non-article nominalizers attested, among them Ket (see~\S\ref{yeniseian synchr}) and \ili{Dungan} (see~\S\ref{sinotibetan synchr}) where the respective markers seem to constitute affixes rather than particles. + +In the present ontology, attributive articles are defined as a subclass of attributive nominalizers. Whereas attributive nominalizers are construct markers (belonging to pure morpho-syntax), articles have an additional semantic component because they undergo agreement. %Their word-hood (inflected or uninflected grammatical word, affix, etc.) is irrelevant. + +\paragraph*{D-Elements which are not nominalizers} +In the previous section, attributive articles and other attributive nominalizers have been described and attributive nominalizers have been characterized as a special subtype of anti\hyp{}construct state markers which attaches to an intermediate dependent phrasal constituent between the head noun and the modifier.\is{attributive nominalization} + +Somewhat similarly, \citet{himmelmann1997} describes attributive articles as well as other attributive nominalizers as D(eterminer) elements between head and attribute\footnote{“D(eterminer)-Element zwischen Kopf und Attribut”}. Illustrating \isi{attributive nominalization} with examples from several languages, he shows that these markers prototypically originate from adnominally grammaticalized\is{grammaticalization} local deictic pronouns used as functional heads of nominalizer phrases. Himmelmann does not, however, clearly distinguish between synchronic and diachronic evidence and considers attributive nominalizers (such as the “repeated article” in \ili{Greek}), agreement markers (such as the so-called “adjective article” in \ili{Albanian}) and even linkers (as in \ili{Tagalog}) as D-elements. + +\il{Albanian|(} +\il{Swedish|(} +The linker in \ili{Tagalog} is not an article (not even an attributive nominalizer) according to the present ontology of attribution marking devices because the marker is floating,\is{syntactic locus} with a locus neither on-dependent or on-head, and it does not project a noun phrase (see~\S\ref{linker} in Part~II Typology). Examples of agreement marking “D-Elements” come from Swedish and Albanian. +%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\langinfo{Swedish}{Indo-European}{personal knowledge}\\ +\gll \textbf{den} goda vännen\\ + \textbf{\textsc{attr:def.sg.utr}} good:\textsc{def.sg.com} friend:\textsc{def.sg.com}\\ +\ex +\langinfo{Albanian}{Indo-European}{\citealt[examples from][166–167]{himmelmann1997}}\\ +\gll shoku \textbf{i} mirë\\ + friend:\textsc{def:nom.sg.m} \textbf{\textsc{nmlz:nom.sg.m}} good:\textsc{nom.sg.m}\\ +\glt ‘the good friend’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +Whereas the agreement marking “D-Element” in Albanian is a nominalizer,\is{attributive nominalization} the functionally related markers in Swedish (and other languages) are construct-state agreement markers from a purely synchronic point of view because they do not occur in attributive apposition constructions, i.e., they do not project noun phrases (see~\S\ref{albanian synchr} for Albanian and \S\ref{swedish synchr} for Swedish). From a diachronic point of view, however, these markers clearly originate from very similar attributive nominalizers. Consequently, the \isi{grammaticalization} path suggested by \citet{himmelmann1997} can even be extended with an additional stage: from “D-elements” to attributive articles (or other attributive nominalizers) to construct-state markers, as will be shown in the diachronic Part~IV (Diachrony). +\il{Albanian|)} +\il{Swedish|)} + +From a purely synchronic point of view, however, the different types of \textsc{anti\hyp{}construct state agreement} and \textsc{attributive article} might not always be easily distinguishable from each other or from \textsc{\isi{head\hyp{}driven agreement}}. The first two often include some “article notion” (sometimes connected to definiteness or other referential values), and all three types include agreement marking. “Pure” agreement marking, however, cannot include the feature \textsc{state} (construct marking). A simple test is whether or not attributive adjectives show different agreement marking than predicative adjectives.\is{predicative marking} If they do, as, for instance, in \ili{Russian}, construct marking is involved. If construct marking undergoes agreement and additionally projects a full noun phrase, as, for instance, the article in Germanic\il{Germanic languages} epithet constructions, then the type of marking is best characterized as attributive article. + +\il{Hopi!Toreva|(} +\subsection{Head+dependent\hyp{}marking attributive state} +%%% +This combined type refers to state marking which has two loci:\is{syntactic locus} on-head and on-dependent simultaneously. A language spoken outside the northern Eurasian area which gives an example of this noun phrase type is the Toreva dialect of Hopi. +%is ˑ the correct character? +%%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +{\rm Hopi (Toreva) (Uto-Aztecan; \citealt{whorf1946})} +\begin{xlist} +\ex +\label{hopi adjective} +\gll caˑva\\ + is\_short\\ +%%% +\ex +\gll pọ̀yo\\ + knife\\ +\ex +\label{hopi adj attribution} +\gll caˑv vọ̀yo\\ + is\_short\textbackslash\textsc{attr} knife\textbackslash\textsc{attr}\\ +\glt ‘a short knife’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +%in meinen Notizen von Whorf fehlt die pred. Form des Adj. +According to \citet[178]{whorf1946} both the adjective modifier (which is a \isi{stative verb} in Hopi) and the noun head alter their phonological shapes depending on whether they are used in predication or as constituents in a noun phrase. Consider the noun phrase in example (\ref{hopi adj attribution}) where the modifier \textit{caˑva} ‘is short’ occurs with a shortened stem form (compared to \ref{hopi adjective}) and the noun is marked by means of lenition of the word-initial consonant (\textit{pọ̀yo} ‘knife’ versus \textit{vọ̀yo} [knife\textbackslash\textsc{attr}]). + +The noun phrase type in Hopi is thus best analyzed as attributive state marking in which both the noun head and the adjective dependent are construct marked. Note, however, that in contrast to the above-mentioned examples of different types of state markers, the corresponding formatives in the noun phrase of Hopi are non-concatenative morphemes represented by stem alternations. +\il{Hopi!Toreva|)} + +Double (head+dependent) construct state marking is also attested as adjective attribution marking device in one language of northern Eurasia. In Northern Saami, two adjectives meaning ‘little’ govern diminutive marking on the head noun. Noun phrases with these two adjectives are ungrammatical if diminutive marking on the noun is missing. +\newpage + +%%% +\ea +\langinfo{Northern Saami}{Uralic}{personal knowledge}\\ +\ea[] { + {\rm Diminutive derivation}\\ +\gll guolli / guolá-š / guolá-ža-t\\ + fish {} fish-\textsc{dim} {} fish-\textsc{dim}-\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘fish’ / ‘little fish’ / ‘little fishes’\label{dim n} + } +\ex[] { + {\rm Anti\hyp{}construct state marking (‘big’)\footnote{State marking of ‘big’ is non-concatenative and affects the quantity of the stem consonants and the quality and quantity of the stem-final vowel, cf.~the same adjective inflected for predicative state (agreement): \textit{guolli/guoláš lea \textbf{stuoris}} [\textsc{pred:sg}] ‘the fish/little fish is big’; \textit{guolit/guolážat leat \textbf{stuorrát}} [\textsc{pred:pl}] ‘the fishes/little fishes are big’.}}\\ +\gll \textbf{stuorra} guolli / guoli-t / guolá-š / guolá-ža-t\\ + big:\textsc{attr} fish {} fish-\textsc{pl} {} fish-\textsc{dim} {} fish-\textsc{dim}-\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘big fish’ / ‘big fishes’ / ‘big little-fish’ / ‘big little-fishes’\label{dim np} + } +\ex[] { + {\rm Double\hyp{}construct state marking (‘little’)\footnote{State marking of ‘little’ is non-concatenative and affects the quantity of the stem consonants and the quality and quantity of the stem-final vowel, cf.~the same adjective inflected for predicative state (agreement): \textit{guolli/guolá-š lea \textbf{unnni}} [\textsc{pred:sg}] ‘the fish/little fish is little’; \textit{guolit/guolážat leat \textbf{unni}} [\textsc{pred:pl}] ‘the fishes/little fishes are small’.}}\\ +\gll \textbf{unna} guolá\textbf{-š} / guolá\textbf{-ža}-t\\ + small:\textsc{attr} fish-\textsc{dim} {} fish-\textsc{dim}-\textsc{pl}\\ +\glt ‘small fish’ / ‘small fishes’\label{dim state} + } +\ex[*]{ +\gll \textbf{unna} guolli / guoli-t\\ + small:\textsc{attr} fish {} fish-\textsc{pl}\\ + } + \z +\z +%%% + +Diminutive is a derivational category in Northern Saami. Normally it is assigned semantically to the noun and thus belongs to the morphological features, as in (\ref{dim n}, \ref{dim np}). However, diminutive can in fact also be a morpho-syntactic feature in Northern Saami, namely when it is obligatorily governed by one of the two attributive adjectives \textit{unna} or \textit{uhca} ‘little, small (attr.)’, as in (\ref{dim state}). However marginal these examples seem to be, diminutive is assigned syntactically on the head by the dependent and thus also belongs to the morpho-syntactic features in Northern Saami. +\is{anti\hyp{}construct state|)} + +\is{linker|(} +\subsection[Neutral attributive state]{Neutral attributive state (Linker)} +\label{linker} +%% +The term \textsc{neutral marking} was introduced by Nichols (\citeyear{nichols1986}) in her typology of head marking versus dependent\hyp{}marking grammar. \textsc{Neutral marking} refers to a marker's locus\is{syntactic locus} neither on-head nor on-dependent. This means that the marker floats in the noun phrase depending on the actual order of constituents. A floating state marker occurs, for instance, in Tagalog. +%% +\begin{exe} +\ex +\label{tagalog linker} +\langinfo{Tagalog}{Austronesian}{\citealt{rubin1994}} +\begin{xlist} +\ex {\rm Predication}\\ +\label{tagalog adj predication} +\gll Maganda ang bahay.\\ + beautiful \textsc{top} house\\ +\glt ‘The house is beautiful.’ +%%% +\ex {\rm Attribution (adjective-noun)}\\ +\label{tagalog adj attribution AN} +\gll maganda\textbf{-ng} bahay\\ + beautiful-\textsc{attr} house\\ +\glt ‘beautiful house’ +%%% +\ex {\rm Attribution (noun-adjective)}\\ +\label{tagalog adj attribution NA} +\gll bahay \textbf{na} maganda\\ + house \textsc{attr} beautiful\\ +\glt ‘beautiful house’ +\end{xlist} +\end{exe} +%%% + +In the Tagalog noun phrase, the combination of noun and modifier is licensed by the attributive state marker \textit{na/-ng}.\footnote{After consonants the allomorph \textit{na} is used.} The marker occurs with attributive adjectives (\ref{tagalog adj attribution AN} and \ref{tagalog adj attribution NA}) but not with predicative\is{predicative marking} ones (\ref{tagalog adj predication}).\footnote{The state marker in Tagalog is polyfunctional in the sense that it also marks attribution of demonstratives, numerals\is{adnominal modifier!numeral} and other modifiers \citep[160–161]{himmelmann1997}. See also Chapter~\ref{polyfunctionality}.} + +The two types of adjective attribution in Tagalog (\ref{tagalog adj attribution AN} and \ref{tagalog adj attribution NA}) are distinguished from each other only by constituent order of the head noun and the modifying adjective. The attribution marker follows the first constituent, regardless of whether this is the modifier or the noun. The attribution marker in Tagalog behaves thus like a second-position \isi{clitic} (\citealt[65]{nichols1986}; see also \citealt[160, 162]{himmelmann1997}). + +In the typology presented here only a floating state marker, i.e., an overt state marker which behaves neutrally with regard to its locus\is{syntactic locus} and is neither head- nor dependent\hyp{}marking, is considered to be a true \textsc{linker}. Such an attribution marking device is not attested among the northern Eurasian languages investigated for the present study. However, since \textsc{linkers} and \textsc{articles} (but even other attribution marking devices) are sometimes not clearly distinguished in terminology (see below \S\ref{attr art}), it seems rather relevant to characterize this noun phrase type here. +\is{linker|)} + +\is{juxtaposition|(} +\is{incorporation|(} +\is{construct state|(} +\is{anti\hyp{}construct state|(} +\is{attributive nominalization|(} +\is{attributive article|(} +\is{anti\hyp{}construct state agreement|(} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|(} +\is{linker|(} +\is{modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement|(} +\section[Ontology of attribution marking]{An ontology of adjective attribution marking devices} +\label{ontol} +%%% +\S\S\ref{juxtaposition}–\ref{linker} of this chapter were aimed at typologizing adjective attribution marking devices. The attested devices described so far belong to the following noun phrase types: +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item{Juxtaposition} +\item{Incorporation} +\item{Construct state} +\item{Linker} +\item{Anti\hyp{}construct state} +\item{Attributive nominalization} +\item{Attributive article} +\item{Anti\hyp{}construct state agreement} +\item{Head\hyp{}driven agreement} +\item{Apposed head\hyp{}driven agreement} +\item{Modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement} +\end{itemize} +%%% + +Table~\ref{tabledefontology1} on page~\pageref{tabledefontology1} summarizes the typology presented in \S\S\ref{juxtaposition}–\ref{linker} and presents short definitions (including bracketed syntactic templates) and an example for each type.\footnote{This overview is derived from the definition file of general noun phrase patterns included in \citet{AUTOTYP-NP}.\is{AUTOTYP}} Note that a lexical head is required only in certain noun phrase types. Note also that the constituent order (e.g., {\upshape [}\textsubscript{NP} A N{\upshape ]} or {\upshape [}\textsubscript{NP} N A{\upshape ]}) and the morpho-phonological fusion of formatives (e.g., (free) {\upshape [}\textsubscript{NP} A \textsc{nmlz}{\upshape ]}, (cumulative) {\upshape [}\textsubscript{AP} A:\textsc{attr:agr}{\upshape ]} or (affixal) {\upshape [}\textsubscript{AP} A-\textsc{attr}{\upshape ]}) is not relevant for the presented ontology.\footnote{The presented ontology is defined by (mostly) morpho-syntactic parameters. But grammatical word-hood could be relevant for definitions of subtypes in the leaves of Figure~\ref{tree ontology}. For instance \textit{head\hyp{}driven agreement} could perhaps be sub-divided into types exhibiting agreement affixes versus grammatical agreement words.} + +Table~\ref{syntaxontology} on page~\pageref{syntaxontology} presents an ontological cross-classification of all devices defined earlier. This ontology has three main dimensions: +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item\textit{Syntactic source},\is{syntactic source} i.e., the central syntactic operation which constitutes attribution and belongs either to \textit{agreement marking} or \textit{government}. But note that syntactic government can include secondary, i.e., non-constitutional agreement. +%%% +\item\textit{Syntactic pattern},\is{syntactic pattern} i.e., devices projecting adjective phrases versus devices projecting full noun phrases (by means of attributive apposition or, in the case of modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement, by converting the attribute to the “possessed” noun phrase). +%%% +\item\textit{Syntactic locus}\is{syntactic locus} of the respective formatives. +\end{itemize} +%%% + +Figure~\ref{tree ontology} on page~\pageref{tree ontology} presents a similar ontology in a tree diagram. The order of types (from left to right) is similar to Table~\ref{tabledefontology1} (from top to bottom). The left branch of the tree consists of a purely syntactic device (\textit{juxtaposition}) with the subtype (\textit{incorporation}); the middle branch consists of three overt morpho-syntactic types differentiated by the locus\is{syntactic locus} of the respective formatives: on-head (\textit{construct state}), floating (\textit{linker}) and on-dependent. “Dependent\hyp{}marking” again can be divided further into the three subtypes: \textit{attributive nominalization}, \textit{anti\hyp{}construct state agreement} and \textit{attributive article} (a subtype of \textit{attributive nominalization}). The right branch of the tree, finally, comprises morpho-semantico-syntactic devices, i.e., devices primarily connected to head- (\textit{head\hyp{}driven agreement}) or \isi{dependent\hyp{}driven agreement} (\textit{modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement}). A dashed line combines the types of \textit{head\hyp{}driven agreement}, \textit{anti\hyp{}construct state agreement} and \textit{attributive article} because (morpho-semantico-syntactic) agreement marking is involved in all of them. +%%% + +\begin{table}[t] +\begin{tabular}{l l l} +\lsptoprule +Device 1 & Device 2 & Note\\ +\midrule +Juxt &–& No logical combination possible\\ +Inc & ? & No attestation of any combination\\ +Constr &AConstr & \ili{Northern Saami} (“Double construct”)\\ +Nmlz (Art) & AConstr & \ili{Endo} (“Double construct”)\\ +ACAgr & HDAgr & \ili{Swedish} (“Double agreement”)\\ +Nmlz (Art)&HDAgr & \ili{Albanian} (“Double agreement”)\\ +Link & ? & No attestation of any combination\\ +MHPAgr & ? & No attestation of any combination\\ +\lspbottomrule +\end{tabular} +\caption[Attested combined devices]{Attested combined adjective attribution marking devices} +\label{nichtkombiniert} +\end{table} +%%% + +Whereas construct- and agreement marking in the types of \textit{anti\hyp{}construct state agreement} and \textit{attributive article} are combined in portmanteau morphemes (e.g., in the anti\hyp{}construct state agreement marking suffixes in \ili{Russian}), other devices can (or must) co-occur without being combined into one formative. Attested and non-attested combinations of adjective attribution marking devices are illustrated in Table~\ref{nichtkombiniert}. +The attested co-occurring adjective attribution marking devices are: +%%% +\begin{itemize} +\item Anti\hyp{}construct state agreement + Head\hyp{}driven agreement + \subitem (“Double agreement”) +\item Anti\hyp{}construct state + construct state + \subitem (“Double construct”) +\newpage + +\item Anti\hyp{}construct state + attributive article + \subitem (“Double construct”) +\item Attributive article + head\hyp{}driven agreement + \subitem (“Double agreement”) +\end{itemize} +%%% + +Tables~\ref{tabledefontology1}–\ref{tabledefontology3} on the following pages present definitions and diagrams for the ontology of adjective attribution marking devices used in the present study. +% \footnote{ +The following type abbreviations are used in these tables: + +\begin{table}[h!] +\begin{tabular}{ll} +ACAgr & Anti\hyp{}construct state agreement, \\ +AConstr & Anti\hyp{}construct state, \\ +AHDAgr & Appositional head\hyp{}driven agreement, \\ +Art & Attributive article, \\ +Constr & Construct state, \\ +HDAgr & Head\hyp{}driven agreement, \\ +Inc & Incorporation, \\ +Juxt & Juxtaposition, \\ +Link & Linker, \\ +MHPAgr & Modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement, \\ +Nmlz & Attributive nominalization \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{table} +% \todo[inline]{ungünstige Positionierung: Since this footnote 1. is too big to appear on one +% single page, 2. it is divided by 5 pages with tables, +% and 3. it is important to understand all tables, it is +% recommendable either to force the footnote to stay +% together on one page, or to include the footnote +% into the text (and not be included as a footnote).} +% } + +\begin{sidewaystable} +\begin{tabularx}{\columnwidth}{l X l p{3.2cm} l} +\lsptoprule +Type &Definition&Syntactic&Commonly&Example\\ + & &dependency&used label&language\\ +\midrule +Juxt &Unmarked sequence of constituents; Test: no additional morphemes available in NP&{\upshape [}\textsubscript{NP}[\textsubscript{AP} A{\upshape ]} (N){\upshape ]} &Juxtaposition &Komi-Zyrian\il{Komi-Zyrian}\\ +\\ +Inc &No additional morphemes available in NP, but dep is syntactic compound; Test: dep cannot occur unbound (headless)&{\upshape [}\textsubscript{NP} A-N{\upshape ]} + &Incorporation &Chukchi\il{Chukchi}\\ +\\ +Constr &Head-marking formative that only registers presence of dep; Test: formative does not undergo agreement and is not present without head (in predication) or without dep&{\upshape [}\textsubscript{NP}[\textsubscript{AP} A (N:\textsc{attr}){\upshape ]]} + &Ezafe &Kurdish\il{Kurdish languages}\\ +\\ +Link &Floating formative (neither ad-head nor ad-dep, but truly ad-phrase) that only registers presence of head-dep relation; Test: formative not present without head (in predication) or without dep&{\upshape [}\textsubscript{NP}[\textsubscript{AP} A] [\textsc{attr}] N{\upshape ]} + &Linker&Tagalog\il{Tagalog}\\%Antonio: This structure implies that link is ad head noun, not ad phrase +\lspbottomrule +\end{tabularx} +\caption[Ontology: Definitions I]{Attested adjective attribution marking devices with definitions. I.} +\label{tabledefontology1} +\end{sidewaystable} + +\begin{sidewaystable} +\begin{tabularx}{\columnwidth}{l X l p{3.2cm} l} +\lsptoprule +Type &Definition&Syntactic&Commonly&Example\\ + & &dependency&used label&language\\ +\midrule +AConstr &Dep-marking formative that only registers presence of head; Test: formative does not undergo agreement and is not present without head (in predication)&{\upshape [}\textsubscript{NP} [\textsubscript{AP} A:\textsc{attr}{\upshape ]} (N){\upshape ]} + &Attributive suffix &Skolt Saami\il{Skolt Saami}\\ +\\ +Nmlz &Dep-marking formative that only registers presence of head by projecting full NP; Test: formative does not undergo agreement and is used in focus construction where inflection of the head is duplicated&{\upshape [}\textsubscript{NP}[\textsubscript{NP}[\textsubscript{AP} A\textsc{:nmlz}{\upshape ]]} (N){\upshape ]} + &Nominalizer &Udmurt\il{Udmurt}\\ +\\ +Art &Subtype of nominalizer that undergoes agreement&{\upshape [}\textsubscript{NP}[\textsubscript{NP}[\textsubscript{AP} A \textsc{nmlz:agr}{\upshape ]]} (N){\upshape ]} + &Double article &Yiddish\il{Yiddish}\\ +\lspbottomrule +\end{tabularx} +\caption[Ontology: Definitions II]{Attested adjective attribution marking devices with definitions. II.} +\label{tabledefontology2} +\end{sidewaystable} + +\begin{sidewaystable} +\begin{tabularx}{\columnwidth}{l X l p{3.2cm} l} +\lsptoprule +Type &Definition&Syntactic&Commonly&Example\\ + & &dependency&used label&language\\ +\midrule +ACAgr &Dep-marking formative that registers presence of head and undergoes agreement triggered by the head; Test: not present without head (in predication)&{\upshape [}\textsubscript{NP}[\textsubscript{AP} A\textsc{:attr:agr}{\upshape ]} (N){\upshape ]} + &Long-form adjective &Russian\il{Russian}\\ +\\ +HDAgr &Dep-marking formative that duplicates morpho-semantic features of the head&{\upshape [}\textsubscript{NP}[\textsubscript{AP} A:\textsc{agr}{\upshape ]} (N){\upshape ]} + &Agreement suffix &Finnish\il{Finnish}\\ +\\ +AHDAgr &AP marked with HDAgr but projecting a full NP in apposition; Test: AP is used in focus construction where inflection of the head is duplicated, often with reversed constituent order&{\upshape [}\textsubscript{NP}[\textsubscript{NP'} A:\textsc{agr}{\upshape ]} (N){\upshape ]} + &Appositional agreement &Georgian\il{Georgian}\\ +\\ +MHPAgr &Head-marking formative that duplicates morpho-semantic features of (adjectival) dep by means of possessor agreement in a modifier\hyp{}headed NP&{\upshape [}\textsubscript{NP}[\textsubscript{PSD} A:\textsc{poss:agr}{\upshape ]}(\textsubscript{PSR}N){\upshape ]} + &Possessive-like attribute&Saliba\il{Saliba}\\ +\lspbottomrule +\end{tabularx} +\caption[Ontology: Definitions III]{Attested adjective attribution marking devices with definitions. III.} +\label{tabledefontology3} +\end{sidewaystable} + +\begin{sidewaysfigure} +\is{syntactic pattern}\is{syntactic locus} + +\newcommand{\tableinc}{\scriptsize \textbf{Incorporation} \newline [\textsubscript{NP} A *(N)] } +\newcommand{\tablejuxt}{\scriptsize \textbf{Juxtaposition} \newline [\textsubscript{NP} A (N)] } +\newcommand{\tablelinker}{\scriptsize \textbf{Linker} \newline [\textsubscript{NP} A [\textsc{attr}] *(N)]} +\newcommand{\tablenom}{\scriptsize \textbf{Nominalization} \newline \mbox{[\textsubscript{NP}[\textsubscript{NP'} A:\textsc{nmlz}] (N)]}} +\newcommand{\tableacs}{\scriptsize \textbf{Anti-Construct State} \newline [\textsubscript{NP} A:\textsc{attr} (N)]} +\newcommand{\tableahda}{\scriptsize \textbf{Appositional Head-Driven Agreement} \newline \mbox{[\textsubscript{NP} [\textsubscript{NP'} A:\textsc{agr}] (N)]}} +\newcommand{\tablehda}{\scriptsize \textbf{Head-Driven Agreement}\newline \mbox{[\textsubscript{NP} A:\textsc{agr} (N)]}} +\newcommand{\tableart}{\scriptsize \textbf{Article} \newline [\textsubscript{NP}[\textsubscript{NP'} \mbox{A:\textsc{nmlz:agr}] (N)]}} +\newcommand{\tableaca}{\scriptsize \mbox{\textbf{Anti-Construct Agreement}} \newline [\textsubscript{NP} A:\textsc{attr:agr} (N)]} +\newcommand{\tablecs}{\scriptsize \textbf{Construct State} \newline [\textsubscript{NP} A *(N:\textsc{attr})]} +\newcommand{\tablemhpa}{\scriptsize \textbf{Modifier\hyp{}headed Possessor Agreement} [\textsubscript{NP}[\textsubscript{PSD} \mbox{A:\textsc{poss:agr}] (\textsubscript{PSR}N)]}} + +\small +\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{llXXp{1.8cm}Xp{2cm}} +\lsptoprule + & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Government~[+GOV]~[±(secondary)AGR]} & + \multicolumn{3}{c}{Agreement~[--GOV]~[(primary)AGR]} \\ +% & & Synatctic pattern & & & Syntactic pattern & \\ + & [±\textsc{agr}] & Embedded & Non-embedded & Incorporated & Embedded & \mbox{Non-embedded}\\ + \midrule +No marking & & \cellcolor{lightgray} & \tablejuxt & \tableinc & \cellcolor{lightgray} & \cellcolor{lightgray}\\[2em] +\multirow{2}{*}{floating} + & [--\textsc{agr}] & &\tablelinker & & & \\ + & [+\textsc{agr}] & & & & & \\[2em] +\multirow{2}{*}{\parbox{1cm}{\mbox{Dependent} \mbox{marking}}} + & [--\textsc{agr}] & \tablenom & \tableacs & & \multirow{2}{2cm}{\tableahda} + & \multirow{2}{2cm}{\tablehda}\\ + & [+\textsc{agr}] & \tableart & \tableaca & & * & *\\[2em] +\multirow{2}{*}{\parbox{1cm}{Head \mbox{marking}}} + & [--\textsc{agr}] & & \tablecs & & \multirow{2}{2cm}{\tablemhpa} & \\ + & [+\textsc{agr}] & & & & * & \\ +\\ +\\ +\lspbottomrule +\end{tabularx} + + + +\caption[Ontology: Multidimensional diagram]{Multidimensional ontology of noun phrase structures according to the parameters \textit{syntactic source}\is{syntactic source} (true agreement marking or governed [±~additional agreement]) and \textit{syntactic pattern}\is{syntactic pattern} of the device (projects noun phrase, projects adjective phrase) as well as \textit{syntactic locus}\is{syntactic locus} of the respective markers (on-head, on-dependent, floating). Note that cells filled in gray color are marked for logically impossible types; other cells were left open because the corresponding types were not detected in noun phrases with attributive adjectives; glosses and tags are: A=adjective, AGR=agreement, \textsc{agr}=agreement marker, AP=adjective phrase, \textsc{attr}=Attribution marker, GOV=government, N=Noun, \textsc{nmlz}=(attributive) nominalizer, NP=Noun phrase, \textsc{poss}=possessive marker, PSD=possessed noun phrase, PSR=possessor noun phrase} +\label{syntaxontology} +\end{sidewaysfigure} + +\begin{sidewaysfigure} +\begin{tikzpicture} +\tikzstyle{level 1}=[sibling distance=72mm] +\tikzstyle{level 3}=[sibling distance=29mm] +\tikzstyle{level 4}=[sibling distance=14mm] +\node {\textbf{Adjective attribution marking}} +child {node {syntactic} + child { + child { + child {node {\textbf{\textit{Juxt}}} + child {node {\textbf{\textit{Inc}}} + } + } + } + } +} +child {node {morpho-syntactic} + child {node {construct state} + child {node {on-head} + child{node {\textbf{\textit{Constr}}} + } + } + child {node {floating} + child{node {\textbf{\textit{Link}}} + } + } + child {node {on-dependent} + child{node {\textbf{\textit{AConstr}}} + } + child{node {\textbf{\textit{Nmlz}}} + child{node (Art) {\textbf{\textit{Art}}} + } + } + child{node (ACAgr) {\textbf{\textit{ACAgr}}} + } + } + } +} +child {node {morpho-semantico-syntactic} + child {node {agreement} + child {node {head\hyp{}driven} + child {node (HDAgr) {\textbf{\textit{HDAgr}}} + child {node {\textbf{\textit{AHDAgr}}} + } + } + } + child {node {(dependent-driven)} + child {node {\textbf{\textit{MHPAgr}}} + } + } + } +}; +\draw [dashed] (HDAgr) -- (ACAgr) -- (Art); +\end{tikzpicture} +\caption[Ontology of adjective attribution marking types]{Ontological tree of attested adjective attribution marking devices; type abbreviations are: ACAgr=Anti\hyp{}construct state agreement, AConstr=Anti\hyp{}construct state, AHDAgr=Appositional head\hyp{}driven agreement, Art=Attributive article, Constr=Construct state, HDAgr=Head\hyp{}driven agreement, Inc=Incorporation, Juxt=Juxtaposition, Link=Linker, MHPAgr=Modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement, Nmlz=Attributive nominalization} +\label{tree ontology} +\end{sidewaysfigure} + +\is{juxtaposition|)} +\is{incorporation|)} +\is{construct state|)} +\is{linker|)} +\is{anti\hyp{}construct state|)} +\is{attributive nominalization|)} +\is{attributive article|)} +\is{anti\hyp{}construct state agreement|)} +\is{head\hyp{}driven agreement|)} +\is{modifier\hyp{}headed possessor agreement|)} diff --git a/chapters/preface.tex b/chapters/preface.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f2a3e4d --- /dev/null +++ b/chapters/preface.tex @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ + +\addchap{Preface} + +This is a thoroughly revised version of my doctoral dissertation \textit{Typology and evolution of adjective attribution marking in the languages of northern Eurasia}, which I defended at Leipzig University in January 2011 and published electronically as \citet{riesler2011a}. I am indebted to my family members, friends, project collaborators, data consultants, listeners, supporters, sources of inspiration, critics and other people who assisted in completing my dissertation. + +I am very thankful to the series editors who accepted my manuscript for publication with this prestigious open-access publisher, to Sebastian Nordhoff\ia{Nordhoff, Sebastian} and the technical staff at Language Science Press, to Iris Perkmann\ia{Perkmann, Iris} for her help with the maps as well as to the proofreaders and other individuals who have spent their valuable time producing of this book. + +My sincere thanks are due to my thesis supervisor and \emph{Doktorvater} Balthasar Bickel,\ia{Bickel, Balthasar} to my second thesis supervisor and mentor throughout my whole career as a linguist Jurij Kusmenko,\ia{Kusmenko, Jurij} as well as to Martin Haspelmath,\ia{Haspelmath, Martin} who provided particularly valuable comments after his careful reading of my manuscript. Other important comments on the manuscript where provided by (in alphabetical order) Rogier Blokland,\ia{Blokland, Rogier} Ciprian Gerstenberger,\ia{Gerstenberger, Ciprian} Anja Harder,\ia{Harder, Anja} Martin Kümmel,\ia{Kümmel, Martin} Larisa Leisiö,\ia{Leisiö, Larisa} Niko Partanen,\ia{Partanen, Niko} Jan Rijkhoff\ia{Rijkhoff, Jan} and Joshua Wilbur\ia{Wilbur, Joshua} as well as two anonymous reviewers. + +\bigskip + +\noindent +Freiburg, 1st September 2016\hfill Michael Rießler diff --git a/checkppi.sh b/checkppi.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8e0a338 --- /dev/null +++ b/checkppi.sh @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +for f in figures/*[gG]; do echo -n "$f "; identify -format "%x x %y" -units PixelsPerInch $f;done diff --git a/chopchapters.sh b/chopchapters.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fed2d73 --- /dev/null +++ b/chopchapters.sh @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +i=0 +o=$1 +old=1 +for l in `cat main.pgs` +do +new=$(($l+o)) +echo $i $old-$(($new-1)) +pdftk main.pdf cat $old-$(($new-1)) output $i.pdf +old=$new +i=$(($i+1)) +done +echo $i $old-end +pdftk main.pdf cat $old-end output $i.pdf \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/cover.tex b/cover.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b1a5cd9 --- /dev/null +++ b/cover.tex @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +\pagestyle{empty} +\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0mm} +\centering +% we use a three-column table to position the cover graphics +% I do not understand how to correctly position the spine in the center +% there must be a better way for centering the spine graphics than this +\begin{tabularx}{\totalwidth} +{p{.5\seitenbreite+.8\spinewidth} + p{.5\seitenbreite+.20\spinewidth} + p{\seitenbreite}} +\includegraphics{back} +& +\includegraphics{spine} +& +\includegraphics{front} +\end{tabularx} diff --git a/createspace/.gitignore b/createspace/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e69de29 diff --git a/createspace/createspacecontent.pdf b/createspace/createspacecontent.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..be8338e Binary files /dev/null and b/createspace/createspacecontent.pdf differ diff --git a/createspace/test.pdf b/createspace/test.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..be8338e Binary files /dev/null and b/createspace/test.pdf differ diff --git a/createspacecover.pdf b/createspacecover.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b3044a8 Binary files /dev/null and b/createspacecover.pdf differ diff --git a/createspacecover.tex b/createspacecover.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eeb81d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/createspacecover.tex @@ -0,0 +1,122 @@ +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%% %%% +%%% Language Science Press Master File %%% +%%% follow the instructions below %%% +%%% %%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +% please fill in some information in the following lines as soon +% as you have it +% Everything following a % is ignored +% Some lines start with %. Remove the % to include them + +\documentclass[output=book % long|short|inprep +% ,draftmode + ,table + ,nonflat + ,modfonts +% ,newtxmath%ungeklärtes Problem +% ,biblatexbackend=biber + ]{langsci/langscibook} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%% %%% +%%% additional packages %%% +%%% %%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +% put all additional commands you need in the +% following files. If you do not know what this might +% mean, you can safely ignore this section + +\usepackage{localmetadata} +\usepackage{localpackages} +\usepackage{localhyphenation} +\usepackage{localcommands} +\addbibresource{sorted.bib} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%% %%% +%%% BEGIN DOCUMENT %%% +%%% %%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\begin{document} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%% %%% +%%% Frontmatter %%% +%%% %%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\maketitle + +\frontmatter%!!check the order of chapters with the guidelines + +\currentpdfbookmark{Contents}{name} % adds a PDF bookmark +\tableofcontents + +\include{chapters/preface}%not finished + +\include{chapters/abbreviations} + +\mainmatter +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%% %%% +%%% Chapters %%% +%%% %%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\part{Preliminaries}\label{part:theory} %\include{chapters/part-theory} +\include{chapters/chap-intro} +\include{chapters/chap-np-adj} +\include{chapters/chap-interface} +%%% +\part{Typology} \label{part typ} %\include{chapters/part-typology} +\include{chapters/chap-typology-of} +\include{chapters/chap-polyfunctionality} +%%% +\part{Synchrony} \label{part synchr} %\include{chapters/part-synchrony} +\include{chapters/chap-syn-introduction} +\include{chapters/chap-lg-nea} +\include{chapters/chap-areal} +% %% +\part{Diachrony} \label{part diachr} %\include{chapters/part-diachrony} +\include{chapters/chap-evolution-nea} +\include{chapters/chap-areal-typ} +%%% +\part{Conclusion}\label{part:concl} %\include{chapters/part-concl} +\include{chapters/chap-results} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%% %%% +%%% Backmatter %%% +%%% %%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%LATEX: How do I insert the proper titles for the Appendix and the List of references in the ToC? +\phantomsection%this allows hyperlink in ToC to work +\backmatter +\newpage +\phantomsection +\include{chapters/appendix}%completed, except maps +\clearpage + +{\sloppy +\phantomsection%this allows hyperlink in ToC to work +\printbibliography[heading=references] +\clearpage + +\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Index} + +\phantomsection%this allows hyperlink in ToC to work +\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Name index} +\ohead{Name index} +\printindex + +\phantomsection%this allows hyperlink in ToC to work +\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Language index} +\ohead{Language index} +\printindex[lan] + +\phantomsection%this allows hyperlink in ToC to work +\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Subject index}%started, not completed +\ohead{Subject index} +\printindex[sbj] +} +\end{document} diff --git a/figures/EUMap.pdf b/figures/EUMap.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bdce341 Binary files /dev/null and b/figures/EUMap.pdf differ diff --git a/figures/EUMapTyp.pdf b/figures/EUMapTyp.pdf new file mode 100644 index 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b/figures/WorldMapTyp.pdf differ diff --git a/filluppages b/filluppages new file mode 100755 index 0000000..9aee932 --- /dev/null +++ b/filluppages @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +#!/bin/sh +modulo=$1 +#count page numbers +p=$(pdfinfo $2 | grep Pages | sed 's/[^0-9]*//') +# prepare for removal of backcover +endpage=$(($p - 4)) #remove ad +effectivepages=$(($p - 4)) +# compute how many blank pages to add +n=$(($modulo - $effectivepages % modulo)) +# start with no blank pages +b='' +#accumulate Bs until we reach a multiple +while [ $n -ne 0 ]; do + b=$b\ B + n=$(($n - 1)) + done +echo $b +# strip front and back cover and add blank pages to meet multiple of modulo +pdftk A=$2 B=blank.pdf cat B A2-$endpage $b output $3 + diff --git a/fixindex.py b/fixindex.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..81fd553 --- /dev/null +++ b/fixindex.py @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- +import re +from helpers import INITD, REPLACEMENTS + + +orig = '' +trans = '' + +for k in INITD: + s = INITD[k] + for c in s: + orig+=c + trans+=k + +transtable = str.maketrans(orig, trans) + + +p = re.compile(r"\\indexentry \{(.*)\|(\(?hyperpage|\)|infn)") + + +def process(s): + if s.strip()=='': + return s + m = p.match(s) + o = '' + try: + o = m.groups(1)[0] + except AttributeError: + print(repr(s)) + t = o.translate(transtable) + + for r in REPLACEMENTS: + t = t.replace(r[0],r[1]) + if t == o: + return s + else: + return s.replace(o,"%s@%s"%(t,o)) + + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + fn = 'main.adx' + lines = open(fn).readlines() + print(len(lines)) + lines2 = list(map(process, lines)) + out = open('mainmod.adx','w') + out.write(''.join(lines2)) + out.close() + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/helpers.py b/helpers.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ad2c054 --- /dev/null +++ b/helpers.py @@ -0,0 +1,12579 @@ +CONTINENTNAMES=["""Africa""", +"""Asia""", +"""America""", +"""Australia""", +"""Europe""", +"""African""", +"""Asian""", +"""American""", +"""Australian""", +"""European""", + ] + +OCEANNAMES=["""Atlantic Ocean""", +"""Pacific Ocean""", +"""Indian Ocean""", +"""Atlantic""", +"""Pacific""", +"""Mediterranean""" + ] + +CITIES = [ + """Cambridge""", + """Oxford""", + """London""", + """New York""", + """Chicago""", + """Berkeley""", + """Paris""" + ] + + +COUNTRIES=[ + """Afghanistan""", +"""Albania""", +"""Algeria""", +"""Andorra""", +"""Angola""", +"""Antigua""", +"""Barbuda""", +"""Argentina""", +"""Armenia""", +"""Aruba""", +"""Australia""", +"""Austria""", +"""Azerbaijan""", +"""Bahamas""", +"""Bahrain""", +"""Bangladesh""", +"""Barbados""", +"""Belarus""", +"""Belgium""", +"""Belize""", +"""Benin""", +"""Bermuda""", +"""Bhutan""", +"""Bolivia""", +"""Bosnia""", +"""Herzegovina""", +"""Botswana""", +"""Brazil""", +"""Brunei""", +"""Bulgaria""", +"""Burkina Faso""", +"""Upper Volta""", +"""Myanmar""", +"""Burma""", +"""Burundi""", +"""Cambodia""", +"""Cameroon""", +"""Canada""", +"""Cape Verde""", +"""Central African Republic""", +"""Chad""", +"""Chile""", +"""China""", +"""Colombia""", +"""Comoros""", +"""Congo""", +"""Costa Rica""", +"""Côte d'Ivoire""", +"""Croatia""", +"""Cuba""", +"""Cyprus""", +"""Czech Republic""", +"""Denmark""", +"""Djibouti""", +"""Dominica""", +"""Dominican Republic""", +"""East Timor""", +"""Ecuador""", +"""Egypt""", +"""El Salvador""", +"""Equatorial Guinea""", +"""Eritrea""", +"""Estonia""", +"""Ethiopia""", +"""Fiji""", +"""Finland""", +"""France""", +"""Faroe Islands""", +"""Gabon""", +"""The Gambia""", +"""Georgia""", +"""Germany""", +"""Ghana""", +"""Greece""", +"""Grenada""", +"""Guatemala""", +"""Guinea""", +"""Guinea-Bissau""", +"""Guyana""", +"""Haiti""", +"""Honduras""", +"""Hungary""", +"""Iceland""", +"""India""", +"""Indonesia""", +"""Iran""", +"""Iraq""", +"""Ireland""", +"""Israel""", +"""Italy""", +"""Ivory Coast""", +"""Côte d'Ivoire""", +"""Jamaica""", +"""Japan""", +"""Jordan""", +"""Kazakhstan""", +"""Kenya""", +"""Kiribati""", +"""Korea""", +"""North Korea""", +"""South Korea""", +"""Kuwait""", +"""Kyrgyzstan""", +"""Laos""", +"""Latvia""", +"""Lebanon""", +"""Lesotho""", +"""Liberia""", +"""Libya""", +"""Liechtenstein""", +"""Lithuania""", +"""Luxembourg""", +"""Republic of Macedonia""", +"""Madagascar""", +"""Malawi""", +"""Malaysia""", +"""Maldives""", +"""Mali""", +"""Malta""", +"""Marshall Islands""", +"""Mauritania""", +"""Mauritius""", +"""Mexico""", +"""Federated States of Micronesia""", +"""Moldova""", +"""Monaco""", +"""Mongolia""", +"""Montenegro""", +"""Morocco""", +"""Mozambique""", +"""Myanmar""", +"""Namibia""", +"""Nauru""", +"""Nepal""", +"""Netherlands""", +"""New Zealand""", +"""Aotearoa""", +"""Nicaragua""", +"""Niger""", +"""Nigeria""", +"""Niue""", +"""North Korea""", +"""Norway""", +"""Oman""", +"""Pakistan""", +"""Palau""", +"""Panama""", +"""Papua New Guinea""", +"""Paraguay""", +"""Peru""", +"""Philippines""", +"""Poland""", +"""Portugal""", +"""Puerto Rico""", +"""Qatar""", +"""Romania""", +"""Russia""", +"""Rwanda""", +"""Saint Kitts""", +"""Nevis""", +"""Saint Lucia""", +"""Saint Vincent""", +"""Grenadines""", +"""Samoa""", +"""San Marino""", +"""São Tomé""", +"""Príncipe""", +"""Saudi Arabia""", +"""Senegal""", +"""Serbia""", +"""Seychelles""", +"""Sierra Leone""", +"""Singapore""", +"""Slovakia""", +"""Slovenia""", +"""Solomon Islands""", +"""Somalia""", +"""South Africa""", +"""South Korea""", +"""South Sudan""", +"""Spain""", +"""Sri Lanka""", +"""Sudan""", +"""Suriname""", +"""Swaziland""", +"""Sweden""", +"""Switzerland""", +"""Syria""", +"""Taiwan""", +"""Republic of China""", +"""Tajikistan""", +"""Tanzania""", +"""Tatarstan""", +"""Thailand""", +"""Tibet""", +"""Togo""", +"""Tonga""", +"""Trinidad""", +"""Tobago""", +"""Tunisia""", +"""Turkey""", +"""Turkmenistan""", +"""Tuvalu""", +"""Uganda""", +"""Ukraine""", +"""United Arab Emirates""", +"""United Kingdom""", +"""United States""", +"""Uruguay""", +"""Uzbekistan""", +"""Vanuatu""", +"""Vatican City """, +"""Holy See""", +"""Venezuela""", +"""Vietnam""", +"""Yemen""", +"""Zaire""", +"""Democratic Republic of the Congo""", +"""Zambia""", +"""Zimbabwe""" + ] + +LANGUAGENAMES=[ +"""English""", +"""French""", +"""Spanish""", +"""German""", +"""Dutch""", +"""Japanese""", +"""Aariya""", +"""Adap""", +"""Aduge""", +"""Adzera""", +"""Ahe""", +"""Ahirani""", +"""Aiku""", +"""Alaguilac""", +"""Amapá Creole""", +"""Amerax""", +"""Amikoana""", +"""Ammonite""", +"""Anasi""", +"""Arafundi""", +"""Arakanese""", +"""Arakwal""", +"""Aramanik""", +"""Atuence""", +"""Auvergnat""", +"""Ayi""", +"""Baga Binari""", +"""Baga Kaloum""", +"""Baga Sobané""", +"""Bahau River Kenyah""", +"""Bainouk-Samik""", +"""Bakung Kenyah""", +"""Balau""", +"""Banawá""", +"""Bandjigali""", +"""Belgian Sign Language""", +"""Bemba""", +"""Bengkulu""", +"""Berawan""", +"""Beti""", +"""Bhalay""", +"""Bikaru""", +"""Bisu""", +"""Borna""", +"""Bubia""", +"""Bugan""", +"""Buso""", +"""Buxinhua""", +"""Buya""", +"""Buyang""", +"""Cagua""", +"""Brazilian Calão""", +"""Catalonian Calo""", +"""Portuguese Calão""", +"""Spanish Caló""", +"""Carútana""", +"""Cataelano Mandaya""", +"""Cauca""", +"""Chamari""", +"""Chaungtha""", +"""Chetco""", +"""Chilean Quechua""", +"""Chimakum""", +"""Chipiajes""", +"""Chittagonian""", +"""Chol""", +"""Tila""", +"""Nagrandan""", +"""Nicoya""", +"""Chorotega""", +"""Orisi""", +"""Orotinya""", +"""Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao""", +"""Chuj""", +"""Ixtatán""", +"""Chumash""", +"""Coxima""", +"""Coyaima""", +"""Cumeral""", +"""Darang Deng""", +"""Dayao Yi""", +"""Degaru""", +"""Desiya""", +"""Dhanwar""", +"""Dombe""", +"""Dororo""", +"""Durango Nahuatl""", +"""Eastern Lalu""", +"""Edomite""", +"""Elpaputih""", +"""Emiliano-Romagnolo""", +"""Enim""", +"""Europanto""", +"""Falam Chin""", +"""Foma""", +"""Gabutamon""", +"""Gamo-Gofa-Dawro""", +"""Garreh-Ajuran""", +"""Gascon""", +"""Gbati-ri""", +"""Duoluo""", +"""Hagei""", +"""Qau""", +"""Geman Deng""", +"""Gengle""", +"""Gey""", +"""Gowlan""", +"""Lingaayat""", +"""Nand""", +"""Ranya""", +"""Pindare""", +"""Tembe of Gurupi""", +"""Zutiua""", +"""Gugu Mini""", +"""Guliguli""", +"""Gyalrong""", +"""Hmong Njua""", +"""Horuru""", +"""Huastec""", +"""San Luís Potosí""", +"""Huastec""", +"""Southeastern""", +"""Iapama""", +"""Ibilo""", +"""Idesa""", +"""Ihievbe""", +"""Imeraguen""", +"""Indo-Portuguese""", +"""Inpui Naga""", +"""Ipeka-Tapuia""", +"""Ir""", +"""Itutang""", +"""Ixil""", +"""Chajul""", +"""Ixil""", +"""Nebaj""", +"""Izere""", +"""Jakalteko""", +"""Western""", +"""Jaruára""", +"""Judeo-Berber""", +"""K'iche'""", +"""Cunén""", +"""K'iche'""", +"""Eastern""", +"""K'iche'""", +"""Joyabaj""", +"""K'iche'""", +"""San Andrés""", +"""K'iche'""", +"""West Central""", +"""Kabixí""", +"""Kahayan""", +"""Kahumamahon Saluan""", +"""Kakauhua""", +"""Kakihum""", +"""Kamba""", +"""Kang""", +"""Kannada Kurumba""", +"""Kaqchikel""", +"""Akatenango Southwestern""", +"""Kaqchikel""", +"""Eastern""", +"""Kaqchikel""", +"""Norman""", +"""Kaqchikel""", +"""Santa María de Jesús""", +"""Kaqchikel""", +"""Santo Domingo Xenacoj""", +"""Kaqchikel""", +"""South Central""", +"""Kaqchikel""", +"""Southern""", +"""Kaqchikel""", +"""Western""", +"""Kaqchikel""", +"""Yepocapa Southwestern""", +"""Karipuna""", +"""Karon Dori""", +"""Katingan""", +"""Kayan River Kenyah""", +"""Kayort""", +"""Kayu Agung""", +"""Kela""", +"""Khalaj""", +"""Khao""", +"""Khiamniungan Naga""", +"""Khlor""", +"""Khua""", +"""Khuai""", +"""Khumi Awa Chin""", +"""Kiorr""", +"""Kisankasa""", +"""Kofa""", +"""Kohoroxitari""", +"""Kolum So Dogon""", +"""Kon Keu""", +"""Kpatili""", +"""Krui""", +"""Kuanhua""", +"""Kuku-Mangk""", +"""Kukura""", +"""Kunfal""", +"""Kunggara""", +"""Kwak""", +"""Laba""", +"""Lachirioag Zapotec""", +"""Lahta Karen""", +"""Lahu Shi""", +"""Lalia""", +"""Lama""", +"""Lamam""", +"""Lambichhong""", +"""Land Dayak""", +"""Lang'e""", +"""Languedocien""", +"""Laopang""", +"""Laos Sign Language""", +"""Laura""", +"""Lematang""", +"""Lenca""", +"""Limousin""", +"""Lingkhim""", +"""Lintang""", +"""Loarki""", +"""Lonzo""", +"""Lopi""", +"""Lower Pokomo""", +"""Lui""", +"""Lumba-Yakkha""", +"""Madang""", +"""Mahakam Kenyah""", +"""Mahei""", +"""Malakhel""", +"""Malay""", +"""Maligo""", +"""Malinguat""", +"""Mam""", +"""Central""", +"""Mam""", +"""Southern""", +"""Mam""", +"""Tajumulco""", +"""Mam""", +"""Todos Santos Cuchumatán""", +"""Maramba""", +"""Maskoy Pidgin""", +"""Mawayana""", +"""Maya""", +"""Chan Santa Cruz""", +"""Mea""", +"""Mediak""", +"""Mengisa""", +"""Mimi""", +"""Mina""", +"""Mirgan""", +"""Moabite""", +"""Moinba""", +"""Muji Yi""", +"""Muko-Muko""", +"""Munda""", +"""Mundari""", +"""N'Ko""", +"""Natagaimas""", +"""Natügu""", +"""Navarro-Labourdin Basque""", +"""Naxi""", +"""Ndonde Hamba""", +"""Ngombe""", +"""Ngong""", +"""Bangni""", +"""Nishang""", +"""Tagin""", +"""Nocamán""", +"""Nootka""", +"""Kizolo""", +"""Nora""", +"""North Korowai""", +"""Northern Nambikuára""", +"""Northern Zhuang""", +"""Northwestern Tamang""", +"""Norwegian Bokmål""", +"""Nyadu""", +"""Nyeng""", +"""Occidental""", +"""Odut""", +"""Ogan""", +"""Old Indic""", +"""Old Persian""", +"""Old Turkish""", +"""Omati""", +"""Omejes""", +"""Ontenu""", +"""Orokaiva""", +"""Oropom""", +"""Palembang""", +"""Palu""", +"""Pamona""", +"""Panang""", +"""Pao""", +"""Parsi""", +"""Parsi-Dari""", +"""Patla-Chicontla Totonac""", +"""Pelende""", +"""Penesak""", +"""Phangduwali""", +"""Piru""", +"""Pokangá""", +"""Ponares""", +"""Pongyong""", +"""Poqomam""", +"""Eastern""", +"""Poqomam""", +"""Southern""", +"""Poqomchi'""", +"""Western""", +"""Potiguára""", +"""Provençal""", +"""Pu Ko""", +"""Pubian""", +"""Puimei Naga""", +"""Pula Yi""", +"""Punan Merap""", +"""Purum Naga""", +"""Pa Kembaloh""", +"""Puwa Yi""", +"""Quetzaltepec Mixe""", +"""Rajbanshi""", +"""Ranau""", +"""Rawas""", +"""Rufiji""", +"""Sakan""", +"""Sangab Mandaya""", +"""Sansu""", +"""Sara Dunjo""", +"""Sarawak Bisaya""", +"""Savara""", +"""Selako""", +"""Semendo""", +"""Serawai""", +"""Seru""", +"""Shakara""", +"""Shempire Senoufo""", +"""Shuadit""", +"""Silt'e""", +"""Sindang Kelingi""", +"""Singapore Sign Language""", +"""Sizaki""", +"""Skagit""", +"""Snohomish""", +"""Songa""", +"""Souletin Basque""", +"""South Ucayali Ashéninka""", +"""South Wemale""", +"""Southeastern Puebla Nahuatl""", +"""Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy""", +"""Southern Lolopo""", +"""Southern Marakwet""", +"""Southern Pesisir""", +"""Southern Zhuang""", +"""Southwest Gbaya""", +"""Southwestern Nisu""", +"""Southwestern Tamang""", +"""Suba""", +"""Subi""", +"""Kukra""", +"""Nicaraguan Tawahka""", +"""Panamahka""", +"""Ulwa""", +"""Sungkai""", +"""Jaun-Jaun""", +"""Naturalis""", +"""Surigaonon""", +"""Syenara Senoufo""", +"""Tacanec""", +"""Taensa""", +"""Tai Pao""", +"""Takpa""", +"""Ilputih""", +"""Ilwaki""", +"""Tangshewi""", +"""Tanjong""", +"""Tapeba""", +"""Tareng""", +"""Tarpia""", +"""Tasmanian""", +"""Tawang Monpa""", +"""Teke-Nzikou""", +"""Tetete""", +"""Thu Lao""", +"""Thudam""", +"""Tingal""", +"""Tingui-Boto""", +"""Tlalitzlipa Nahuatl""", +"""Toala'""", +"""Tobo""", +"""Tomedes""", +"""Tomyang""", +"""Itundu""", +"""Logananga""", +"""Mese""", +"""Ndogbang""", +"""Ndokbiakat""", +"""Ndoktuna""", +"""Ni Nyo'o""", +"""Tupinikin""", +"""Tushan Names""", +"""Tutong 1""", +"""Tz'utujil""", +"""Western""", +"""Tzeltal""", +"""Bachajón""", +"""Tzotzil""", +"""Chamula""", +"""Tzotzil""", +"""Chenalhó""", +"""Tzotzil""", +"""Huixtán""", +"""Tzotzil""", +"""San Andrés Larrainzar""", +"""Tzotzil""", +"""Zinacantán""", +"""Uokha""", +"""Upper Baram Kenyah""", +"""Upper Tanudan Kalinga""", +"""Uradhi""", +"""Vasekela Bushman""", +"""Pak""", +"""Sasar""", +"""Wagawaga""", +"""Walo Kumbe Dogon""", +"""Warduji""", +"""Welaung""", +"""Western Frisian""", +"""Wirangu""", +"""Wumeng Yi""", +"""Xiandao""", +"""Xinca""", +"""Yamongeri""", +"""Sibao-Yamphe""", +"""Yangbye""", +"""Yangho""", +"""Yarsun""", +"""Yarí""", +"""Yauma""", +"""Poli""", +"""Yofo""", +"""Yoti""", +"""Yiddish Sign Language""", +"""Yinglish""", +"""Gorminang""", +"""Jir'jorond""", +"""Yola""", +"""Yos""", +"""Yuanjiang-Mojiang Yi""", +"""Yugh""", +"""Zarphatic""", +"""Kala""", +"""No-Penge""", +"""Miyemu""", +"""Narak""", +"""Eastern Maring""", +"""Kambegl""", +"""Karamba""", +"""Timbunki""", +"""Tsuwenki""", +"""Gomia""", +"""Kebai""", +"""Chuave""", +"""Sua""", +"""Nomane""", +"""Kia""", +"""Marigl""", +"""Golin""", +"""Yuri""", +"""Salt-Yui""", +"""Tabare""", +"""Kuman""", +"""Yongomugi""", +"""Kunjip""", +"""Kup-Minj""", +"""Mid-Wahgi""", +"""Pukamigl-Andegabu""", +"""Sapan""", +"""Misman""", +"""Simai""", +"""Yaosakor Asmat""", +"""Esaun""", +"""Komasma""", +"""Pirabanak""", +"""Senggo""", +"""Tiau""", +"""Vakam""", +"""Diuwe""", +"""Tamnim Citak""", +"""North Asmat""", +"""Tarya""", +"""Yamur""", +"""Kamberau""", +"""Sempan""", +"""Edera Awyu""", +"""Jair Awyu""", +"""Central Awyu""", +"""North Awyu""", +"""South Awyu""", +"""Wambon""", +"""Mandobo Atas""", +"""Mandobo Bawah""", +"""Tayan""", +"""Wanggom""", +"""Sawi""", +"""Tsakwambo""", +"""Tokuni""", +"""Kwer""", +"""Kasuwa""", +"""Toemoetoe""", +"""Yonggom""", +"""Nimtep Weng""", +"""Faiwolmin""", +"""Wopkeimin""", +"""Upper August River""", +"""Suganga""", +"""Setaman""", +"""Telefol""", +"""Tifal""", +"""Urapmin""", +"""Ngalum""", +"""Sibil""", +"""Tangko""", +"""Oksapmin""", +"""Lower Grand Valley Hitigima""", +"""Lower Kimbin""", +"""Upper Bele""", +"""Upper Pyramid""", +"""Mid Grand Valley Dani""", +"""Upper Grand Valley Dani""", +"""Western Dani of Pyramid""", +"""Sinak Nduga""", +"""Ninia Yali""", +"""Landikma""", +"""Pass Valley""", +"""Nggem""", +"""Wano""", +"""Kandepe""", +"""Kapona""", +"""Laiagam""", +"""Lapalama 1""", +"""Lapalama 2""", +"""Layapo""", +"""Mae""", +"""Maramuni""", +"""Sari""", +"""Sau""", +"""Tayato""", +"""Yandapo""", +"""Porgera""", +"""Tipinini""", +"""Kyaka""", +"""Lembena""", +"""Nete""", +"""Nipa""", +"""Waola""", +"""Erave""", +"""West Kewa""", +"""Samberigi""", +"""South Nakama""", +"""West Nek""", +"""South Nuk""", +"""West Numanggang""", +"""Gusan""", +"""Mamaa""", +"""Sauk""", +"""West Urii""", +"""Nekgini""", +"""Neko""", +"""Ngaing""", +"""Rawa""", +"""Ufim""", +"""Som""", +"""Weliki""", +"""Northern Yau""", +"""Central Wantoat""", +"""Wapu""", +"""Yagawak""", +"""Degenan""", +"""Forak""", +"""Guya""", +"""Gwahamere""", +"""Gwapti""", +"""Gwahatike""", +"""Molet""", +"""Muratayak""", +"""Yagomi""", +"""Kewieng""", +"""Nokopo""", +"""Wandabong""", +"""Nankina""", +"""Yout Wam""", +"""Fanic""", +"""Parec""", +"""Wamora""", +"""Wana""", +"""Wemo""", +"""Naga""", +"""Nigac""", +"""Mape""", +"""Sene""", +"""Kovai""", +"""Yoangen""", +"""North Migabac""", +"""South Migabac""", +"""Momare""", +"""Kumukio""", +"""Yangeborong""", +"""Somba""", +"""West-Central Mese""", +"""Zezagi""", +"""Nabak""", +"""Nomu""", +"""Ziwe""", +"""Sialum""", +"""Central Komba""", +"""East Komba""", +"""West Central Komba""", +"""West Komba""", +"""South Selepet""", +"""North Timbe""", +"""South Timbe""", +"""Zia""", +"""Ambasi""", +"""Binandere Proper""", +"""Mado""", +"""Baruga""", +"""Tafota Baruga""", +"""Doghoro""", +"""Yega""", +"""Gaina""", +"""Hunjara-Kaina Ke""", +"""Orokaiva""", +"""Yekora""", +"""Isabi""", +"""Pamusa""", +"""West Gimi""", +"""Bohena""", +"""Kongi""", +"""Lunube Mado""", +"""Upper Asaro""", +"""Zuhuzuho""", +"""Inoke-Yate""", +"""Kamano""", +"""Kanite""", +"""Keyagana""", +"""Hira""", +"""Hua""", +"""Kamate""", +"""Kami-Kulaka""", +"""Kotom""", +"""Move""", +"""Ologuti""", +"""Fowe""", +"""Kemanimowe""", +"""Keto""", +"""Kolepa""", +"""Komoigaleka""", +"""Komongu""", +"""Laiya""", +"""Lambau""", +"""Olumba""", +"""Ona""", +"""Wando""", +"""Yamofowe""", +"""Yandime""", +"""Yaweyuha""", +"""Kosena""", +"""Usarufa""", +"""Northeast Awa""", +"""South Awa""", +"""Tauna""", +"""Owenia""", +"""Oyana""", +"""Kambaira""", +"""Arau-Varosia""", +"""Arokaara""", +"""Saiqora""", +"""Tairora""", +"""Haaviqinra-Oraura""", +"""Omwunra-Toqura""", +"""Vaira-Ntosara""", +"""Veqaura""", +"""Vinaata-Konkompira""", +"""Waffa""", +"""Kenati""", +"""Malas""", +"""Brem""", +"""Mauwake""", +"""Moere""", +"""Musar""", +"""Huar""", +"""Jagahala""", +"""Bau""", +"""Gumalu""", +"""Isebe""", +"""Urukun""", +"""Panim""", +"""Sihan""", +"""Baimak""", +"""Gal""", +"""Garus""", +"""Matepi""", +"""Mawan""", +"""Nake""", +"""Rapting""", +"""Rempi""", +"""Saruga""", +"""Utu""", +"""Wagi""", +"""Murupi""", +"""Samosa""", +"""Wamas""", +"""Yoidik""", +"""Kare""", +"""Kein""", +"""Munit""", +"""Maiani""", +"""Mala""", +"""Miani""", +"""Yaben""", +"""Ukuriguma""", +"""Yarawata""", +"""Pal""", +"""Mawak""", +"""Pamosu""", +"""Wanambre""", +"""Tai""", +"""Kobon""", +"""Anamgura""", +"""Moresada""", +"""Utarmbung""", +"""Wadaginam""", +"""Nend""", +"""Aki""", +"""Paynamar""", +"""Sileibi""", +"""Gants""", +"""Musak""", +"""Dumpu""", +"""Sausi""", +"""Kolom""", +"""Lemio""", +"""Pulabu""", +"""Siroi""", +"""Bongu""", +"""Male""", +"""Sam""", +"""Jilim""", +"""Kwato""", +"""Ogea""", +"""Rerau""", +"""Uya""", +"""Yangulam""", +"""Sop""", +"""Sumau""", +"""Urigina""", +"""Tauya""", +"""Wasembo""", +"""Dumun""", +"""Ganglau""", +"""Saep""", +"""Yabong""", +"""Waskia""", +"""Okbap""", +"""Omban""", +"""Onya""", +"""Una""", +"""Deibula""", +"""Korupun""", +"""Sela""", +"""Sisibna""", +"""Kosarek""", +"""Tiple""", +"""Nalca""", +"""Nipsan""", +"""Dao""", +"""Mee""", +"""Simori""", +"""Yabi""", +"""Wolani""", +"""Abun Ji""", +"""Abun Tat""", +"""Cheju Island""", +"""Chollado""", +"""Hamgyongdo""", +"""Hwanghaedo""", +"""Kyongsangdo""", +"""P'yong'ando""", +"""Seoul""", +"""Porome""", +"""Pele""", +"""Hruso""", +"""Namome""", +"""Some""", +"""Alto Navarro Septentrional""", +"""Avalan""", +"""Labourdin""", +"""Western Low Navarrese""", +"""Basque""", +"""Souletin""", +"""Biscayan""", +"""Guipuzcoan""", +"""Roncalese""", +"""Fly River""", +"""Kandoashi""", +"""Sui""", +"""Hauruha""", +"""Bou""", +"""Daminyu""", +"""Jaru""", +"""Jinjo""", +"""Wulanga""", +"""Barka""", +"""Bitama""", +"""Ilit""", +"""Marda""", +"""Sokodasa""", +"""Takazze-Setiit""", +"""Tigray""", +"""Tika""", +"""Koyta""", +"""Mogareb""", +"""Santora""", +"""Maisawiet""", +"""Maisefa""", +"""Maite""", +"""Maiyah""", +"""Sirir""", +"""Dakunza""", +"""Dekoka""", +"""Dewiya""", +"""Disoha""", +"""Gombo""", +"""Guba""", +"""Jemhwa""", +"""Kukwaya""", +"""Mandura""", +"""Metemma""", +"""Modea""", +"""Sai""", +"""Sese""", +"""Sirba""", +"""Wenbera""", +"""Yaso""", +"""Dabuso""", +"""Fadashi""", +"""Gobato""", +"""Mayu""", +"""Shuru""", +"""Undu""", +"""Santa Rosa""", +"""San Ignacio de Velazco""", +"""San Javier""", +"""San Miguel""", +"""Santiago""", +"""Münkü""", +"""East Sakhalin Gilyak""", +"""North Sakhalin Gilyak""", +"""Pitayo""", +"""Amung""", +"""Enggipilu""", +"""Damal""", +"""Yatê""", +"""Soloto""", +"""Kipea""", +"""Miluk""", +"""Sipisi""", +"""Sauri""", +"""Gesda Dae""", +"""Neao""", +"""Tunggare""", +"""Demisa""", +"""Nisa""", +"""Tefaro""", +"""Woria""", +"""Tualatin-Yamhill""", +"""Yoncalla""", +"""Gros Ventre""", +"""Nawathinehena""", +"""Cheyenne""", +"""Northern East Cree""", +"""Plains Cree""", +"""Western York Cree""", +"""Southern East Cree""", +"""Western Swampy Cree""", +"""Woods Cree""", +"""Western Montagnais""", +"""Western Naskapi""", +"""Unami""", +"""Mahican""", +"""Loup A""", +"""Passamaquoddy""", +"""Southern Micmac""", +"""Narrangansett""", +"""Pequot-Mohegan""", +"""Stockbridge""", +"""Piscataway""", +"""Powhatan""", +"""Wampano""", +"""Wampanoag""", +"""Western Abenaki""", +"""Meskwakie""", +"""Sac""", +"""Peoria""", +"""Minnesota Border Chippewa""", +"""Red Lake Chippewa""", +"""Turtle Mountain Chippewa""", +"""Upper Michigan-Wisconsin Chippewa""", +"""Eastern Ojibwa""", +"""Berens River Ojibwa""", +"""Lac Seul Ojibwa""", +"""Lake of the Woods Ojibwa""", +"""Rainy River Ojibwa""", +"""Western Ojibwa""", +"""Ottawa""", +"""Winisk River Ojibwa""", +"""Potawatomi""", +"""Shawnee""", +"""Menominee""", +"""Piegan""", +"""Wiyot""", +"""Yurok""", +"""Narau""", +"""Murkim""", +"""Barka""", +"""Lebir""", +"""Lere""", +"""Village Bokobaru""", +"""New Busa""", +"""Wawa""", +"""Shanga""", +"""Bounou""", +"""Gomboro""", +"""Kiembara""", +"""Gweetaawu""", +"""Lower Gio""", +"""River Cess Gio""", +"""Upper Gio""", +"""Guse""", +"""Gwéò""", +"""Naò""", +"""Wáádú""", +"""Yiligele""", +"""Klan""", +"""Taan""", +"""Yaan""", +"""Yoo""", +"""Mann""", +"""Ngen""", +"""Bokwa""", +"""N'da""", +"""Tuka""", +"""Gbin""", +"""Miamu""", +"""Jeli""", +"""Bungase""", +"""Dwera""", +"""Gyogo""", +"""Hwela""", +"""Ntoleh""", +"""Tonjon""", +"""Ganadugu""", +"""San""", +"""Segou""", +"""Sikasso""", +"""Somono""", +"""Standard Bambara""", +"""Wasulu""", +"""White Bolon""", +"""Kong Jula""", +"""Tagboussikan""", +"""Bö""", +"""Koulounkalan""", +"""Maninka-Mori""", +"""Wasulu""", +"""Konyanka Maninka""", +"""Manya""", +"""Sankaran Maninka""", +"""Koyaga""", +"""Sagaka""", +"""Siaka""", +"""Finanga""", +"""Koroka""", +"""Mahouka""", +"""Tenenga""", +"""Nafana""", +"""Odienneka""", +"""Sienkoka""", +"""Toudougouka""", +"""Vandougouka""", +"""Wasulu""", +"""Karanjan""", +"""Worodougouka""", +"""Nouna""", +"""Safané""", +"""Mandinka""", +"""Kenieba Maninka""", +"""Nyoxolonkan""", +"""Xaasongaxango""", +"""Mankaliya""", +"""Mongo""", +"""Ney""", +"""Nieni""", +"""Sambaya""", +"""Sengbe""", +"""Kounte Lele""", +"""Tangalto Lele""", +"""Yombiro Lele""", +"""Mixifore""", +"""Northern Kono""", +"""Vai""", +"""Musaia""", +"""Sulima""", +"""Kono""", +"""Liberia Kpelle""", +"""Bunde""", +"""Gizima""", +"""Wubomei""", +"""Ziema""", +"""Toma""", +"""Hembeh""", +"""Lukasa""", +"""Tahamba""", +"""Wawana""", +"""Wulukoha""", +"""Zialo""", +"""Gbendembu""", +"""Koya""", +"""Laia""", +"""Libisegahun""", +"""Magbiambo""", +"""Nagbanmba""", +"""Ngoahu""", +"""Ribbi""", +"""Sanda""", +"""Kpa""", +"""Sewawa""", +"""Waanjama""", +"""Jèrè""", +"""Kukoma""", +"""Kure""", +"""Sankuma""", +"""Sogokiri""", +"""Sya""", +"""Tankri""", +"""Vore""", +"""Yaba""", +"""Sogokiré""", +"""Syabéré""", +"""Voré""", +"""Zara""", +"""Duungooma""", +"""Kpango""", +"""Kpeego""", +"""Southern Seeku""", +"""Korondougou""", +"""Kotya""", +"""Pondori""", +"""Tiéyaxo Bozo""", +"""Gadyaga""", +"""Kinbakka""", +"""Xenqenna""", +"""Wapi""", +"""Beli""", +"""Sinagen""", +"""Gnau""", +"""Timingir""", +"""Urita""", +"""Weril""", +"""Werir""", +"""Bukiyip""", +"""Filifita""", +"""Iwam-Nagalemb""", +"""Nagipaem""", +"""Supari""", +"""South Kombio""", +"""West-Central Kombio""", +"""West Torricelli""", +"""West Yambes""", +"""Wasep Yam""", +"""Wusyep Tep""", +"""Wusyep Yehre""", +"""Laeko-Libuat""", +"""Masan""", +"""Bungain""", +"""Hagi""", +"""Segi""", +"""Urimo""", +"""Wiarumus""", +"""Minidien""", +"""Nabi""", +"""Yil""", +"""Yahang""", +"""Siliput""", +"""Aruop""", +"""Bragat""", +"""Yangum Gel""", +"""Yangum Mon""", +"""Yangkolen""", +"""Wanap""", +"""Yeri""", +"""Walman""", +"""Kabore One""", +"""North Aunalei""", +"""South Aunalei""", +"""Northern One""", +"""Kwamtim One""", +"""Southern One""", +"""Seta""", +"""Seti""", +"""Wom""", +"""Yis""", +"""Andegerebinha""", +"""Western Anmatyerre""", +"""Antekerrepenh""", +"""Ikngerripenhe""", +"""Mparntwe Arrernte""", +"""Kaytetye""", +"""Lower Southern Aranda""", +"""Banggarla""", +"""Guyani""", +"""Turra""", +"""Ngadjuri""", +"""Nugunu""", +"""Wirangu""", +"""Nangu""", +"""Nawurtu""", +"""Mangala""", +"""Southern inland Nyangumarta""", +"""Hansen River Warlpiri""", +"""Lander River Warlpiri""", +"""North-western Warlpiri""", +"""South-western Warlpiri""", +"""Southern Warlpiri""", +"""Western Warlpiri""", +"""Wanyjirra""", +"""Mudbura""", +"""Eastern Ngarinman""", +"""Wurlayi""", +"""Nyininy""", +"""Ngardi""", +"""Warumungu""", +"""Manyjilyjara""", +"""Puditara""", +"""Wangkajunga""", +"""Yulparitja""", +"""Wanman""", +"""Yulparija""", +"""Yankunytjatjara""", +"""Yankunytjatjara""", +"""Kokata""", +"""Pini""", +"""Girramy""", +"""Gulnguy""", +"""Mamu""", +"""Ngadjan""", +"""Yugambal""", +"""Yalarnnga""", +"""Ganai""", +"""Yanda""", +"""Gangulu""", +"""Giya""", +"""Warungu""", +"""Gungabula""", +"""Guwamu""", +"""Kunggari""", +"""Mandandanyi""", +"""Margany""", +"""Wadjigu""", +"""Yirandhali""", +"""Bindal-Gorton""", +"""Bindal-Mount Elliot""", +"""Gugu Warra""", +"""Mithaka""", +"""Dirari""", +"""Ngamini""", +"""Pirlatapa""", +"""Yawarawarga""", +"""Bidjara""", +"""Dhiraila""", +"""Garandala""", +"""Kalali""", +"""Mambangura""", +"""Mingbari""", +"""Ngurawarla""", +"""Punthamara""", +"""Wongkumara""", +"""Yarumarra""", +"""Wangganguru""", +"""Wanggamala""", +"""Pirriya""", +"""Nganyaywana""", +"""Yindjilandji""", +"""Warluwara""", +"""Yanyuwa""", +"""Wulguru""", +"""Yuru""", +"""Kuuku-Ya'u""", +"""Umpila""", +"""Umbindhamu""", +"""Pakanha""", +"""Flinders Island""", +"""Kuku-Muminh""", +"""Kuku-Ugbanh""", +"""Kuku-Uwanh""", +"""Wik-Iiyanh""", +"""Wik-Mungkan""", +"""Wik-Epa""", +"""Wik-Me'anha""", +"""Wik-Ngandjara""", +"""Wikngenchera""", +"""Wamin""", +"""Gugadj""", +"""Mbariman-Gudhinma""", +"""Umbuygamu""", +"""Ngawun""", +"""Mbara""", +"""Gurdjar""", +"""Walangama""", +"""Aritinngitigh""", +"""Gudang""", +"""Leningitij""", +"""Mbiywom""", +"""Mpalityan-Lutigh""", +"""Ngkot""", +"""Tyanngayt-Mamngayt-Ntrwangayt-Ntrangit""", +"""Atampaya""", +"""Yadhaykenu""", +"""Wuthathi""", +"""Yinwum""", +"""Ikaranggal""", +"""Thaypan""", +"""Koko Dhawa""", +"""Yir-Yoront""", +"""Tagalaka""", +"""Kawarrang-Ogh Undjan""", +"""Oykangand""", +"""Ulkulu""", +"""Kuuk-Yak""", +"""Thayore""", +"""Dharumbal""", +"""Malgana""", +"""Wajarri""", +"""Nhanda""", +"""Kalarko""", +"""Ngadjunmaya""", +"""Pinigura""", +"""Dhalandji""", +"""Thiin""", +"""Wariyangga""", +"""Jaburarra""", +"""West Ngarluma""", +"""Nijadali""", +"""Pantikura""", +"""Tjurruru""", +"""Yindjibarndi""", +"""Nhuwala""", +"""Nyamal""", +"""Southern Inggarda""", +"""Yugumbir""", +"""Guwar""", +"""Muruwari""", +"""Cameeragal""", +"""Wonarua""", +"""Worimi""", +"""Sydney""", +"""Northern Inland Yuin""", +"""Southern Coastal Yuin""", +"""Southern Inland Yuin""", +"""Yaygir""", +"""Kabikabi""", +"""Wagawaga""", +"""Wuliwuli""", +"""Pallanganmiddang""", +"""Yorta Yorta""", +"""Western Victoria""", +"""Woiwurrung""", +"""Warrnambool""", +"""Upper Riverland""", +"""Narrinyeri""", +"""Northern Sunraysia""", +"""Guyinbaraay""", +"""Waalaraay""", +"""Wirriyaraay""", +"""Yuwaalaraay""", +"""Yuwaalayaay""", +"""Wangaaybuwan""", +"""Wayilwan""", +"""Wiradhuri""", +"""Warrgamay""", +"""Kula""", +"""Wiljakali""", +"""Yarli""", +"""Kuku-Nyungkul""", +"""Muluridyi""", +"""Njakali""", +"""Dyaabugay""", +"""Madyay""", +"""Yidiny""", +"""Djarrwark""", +"""Gaalpu""", +"""Golumala""", +"""Ngaymil""", +"""Rirratjingu""", +"""Wangurri""", +"""Manggalili""", +"""Munyuku""", +"""Gupapuyngu""", +"""Walangu""", +"""Wubulkarra""", +"""Dhuwaya""", +"""Djapu""", +"""Liyagalawumirr""", +"""Liyagawumirr""", +"""Marrakulu""", +"""Marrangu""", +"""Dhuwal""", +"""Djadiwitjibi""", +"""Manyarring""", +"""Mildjingi""", +"""Murrungun""", +"""Wulaki""", +"""Ganalbingu""", +"""Mandjalpingu""", +"""Gurjindi""", +"""Rongba""", +"""Rongmahbrogpa""", +"""Rtahu""", +"""Southern Baima""", +"""Western Baima""", +"""Zhongu""", +"""Hbrugchu""", +"""Jone""", +"""Northern Khams""", +"""Southern Khams""", +"""Western Khams""", +"""Tseku""", +"""Nubra Ladakhi""", +"""Shamma""", +"""Purik""", +"""Zangskari""", +"""Spiti Bhoti""", +"""Mayar""", +"""Stod""", +"""Tukpa""", +"""Tichurong""", +"""Humla""", +"""Namrung""", +"""Prok""", +"""Sama""", +"""Tsum""", +"""Western Helambu Sherpa""", +"""Kagate""", +"""Lhomi""", +"""Upper Mustang""", +"""Mugali""", +"""Ramechap""", +"""Solu""", +"""Walungge""", +"""Brokpake""", +"""Upper Groma""", +"""Northern Thimphu""", +"""Wang-The""", +"""Layakha""", +"""Lunanakha""", +"""Sikkimese""", +"""Lakha""", +"""Dartsemdo""", +"""Dbus""", +"""Dru""", +"""Gtsang""", +"""Hanniu""", +"""Jad""", +"""Kongbo""", +"""Marchha""", +"""Mngahris""", +"""Nganshuenkuan""", +"""Panakha-Panags""", +"""Paurong""", +"""Takpa""", +"""Utsang""", +"""Chunmat""", +"""Tang""", +"""Ura""", +"""Nupbikha""", +"""Middle Kheng""", +"""Upper Kheng""", +"""Kurtokha""", +"""Chalikha""", +"""Phobjikha""", +"""Olekha""", +"""Tshangla""", +"""Chak""", +"""Rana""", +"""Khorla""", +"""Nyak""", +"""Philim""", +"""Uiya""", +"""Kyaura""", +"""Laprak""", +"""Lamjung Gurung""", +"""Tamu Kyi""", +"""Southern Gurung""", +"""Phu""", +"""Syang""", +"""Tukche""", +"""Kerounja""", +"""Outer-Eastern Tamang""", +"""Rasuwa""", +"""Southwestern""", +"""Trisuli""", +"""Tangbe""", +"""Tetang""", +"""Kaike""", +"""Tolchha""", +"""Sunam""", +"""Zhangzhung""", +"""Pangjungkho Boli""", +"""Yerjungkhu Boli""", +"""Darma""", +"""Rangkas""", +"""Kanashi""", +"""Kinnauri""", +"""Shumcho""", +"""Chamba-Lahuli""", +"""Eastern Pattani""", +"""Tinani""", +"""Mech""", +"""Dimasa""", +"""Kachari""", +"""Halam""", +"""Jamatia""", +"""Noatia""", +"""Riang""", +"""Riang""", +"""Tippera""", +"""Usui""", +"""Tiwa""", +"""Deori""", +"""A'chick""", +"""A'we""", +"""Abeng""", +"""Achik""", +"""Chisak""", +"""Dacca""", +"""Ganching""", +"""Kamrup""", +"""Matchi""", +"""Harigaya""", +"""Satpariya""", +"""Tintekiya""", +"""Wanang""", +"""Rangdania""", +"""Ruga""", +"""Chairel""", +"""Dzili""", +"""Enkun""", +"""Hkaku""", +"""Kauri""", +"""Shidan""", +"""Singpho""", +"""Taman""", +"""Sengmai""", +"""Burma Pyu""", +"""Chak""", +"""Chakpa""", +"""Ganaan""", +"""Kadu""", +"""Phayeng""", +"""Sengmai""", +"""Makyan Naga""", +"""Changnyu""", +"""Chen""", +"""Chingkao""", +"""Chinglang""", +"""Choha""", +"""Gelekidoria""", +"""Hopao""", +"""Jakphang""", +"""Kongon""", +"""Longching""", +"""Longkhai""", +"""Longmein""", +"""Longwa""", +"""Mohung""", +"""Mon""", +"""Mulung""", +"""Ngangching""", +"""Sang""", +"""Shamnyuyanga""", +"""Shanlang""", +"""Shengha""", +"""Shunyuo""", +"""Sima""", +"""Sowa""", +"""Tableng""", +"""Tabu""", +"""Tamkhungnyuo""", +"""Tang""", +"""Tobunyuo""", +"""Tolamleinyua""", +"""Totok""", +"""Changnoi""", +"""Horu Muthun""", +"""Kulung Muthun""", +"""Laju""", +"""Ponthai""", +"""Have""", +"""Higsho""", +"""Higtsii""", +"""Hkaluk""", +"""Kimsin""", +"""Langshin""", +"""Longphi""", +"""Longri""", +"""Lungchang""", +"""Lungri""", +"""Mawrang""", +"""Miti""", +"""Moklum""", +"""Mosang""", +"""Mungray""", +"""Myimu""", +"""Ngemu""", +"""Ponthai""", +"""Rongrang""", +"""Ronrang""", +"""Sangche""", +"""Sangtai""", +"""Sangwal""", +"""Sanke""", +"""Saukrang""", +"""Taipi""", +"""Tikhak""", +"""Tonglim""", +"""Tulim""", +"""Yogli""", +"""Yongkuk""", +"""Tutsa Naga""", +"""Longchuan""", +"""Luxi""", +"""Maingtha""", +"""Lashi""", +"""Zaiwa""", +"""Polo""", +"""South Hpon""", +"""Gawan Naw'""", +"""Hlo'lan""", +"""Laking""", +"""Lawng Hsu""", +"""Wa Khawk""", +"""Zagaran Mran""", +"""Pela""", +"""Rakhine""", +"""Danu""", +"""Merguese""", +"""Palaw""", +"""Yaw""", +"""Old Burmese""", +"""Tavoyan""", +"""Taungyo""", +"""Laomian""", +"""Pyen""", +"""Hwethom""", +"""Khaskhong""", +"""Mung""", +"""White Khoany""", +"""Sangkong""", +"""Cosao""", +"""Enu""", +"""Kaduo""", +"""Mpi""", +"""Asong""", +"""Chepya""", +"""Muda""", +"""Haohai""", +"""Haya""", +"""Phana'""", +"""Sila""", +"""Youle Jinuo""", +"""Na""", +"""Nyi""", +"""Shehleh""", +"""Lahu Shi""", +"""Samatao""", +"""Miqie""", +"""Shuangbo Lolopho""", +"""Yao'an Lolopho""", +"""Kuamasi""", +"""Sonaga""", +"""Xishanba Lalo""", +"""Dongshanba Lalo""", +"""Xuzhang Lalo""", +"""Southern Lalo""", +"""Yangliu""", +"""Talu""", +"""Hua Lisu""", +"""Hwa Lisu""", +"""Lu Shi Lisu""", +"""Pai Lisu""", +"""White Lisu""", +"""Tanglang""", +"""Lamu""", +"""Lawu""", +"""Limi""", +"""Mili""", +"""Naluo Yi""", +"""Samatu""", +"""Phuma""", +"""Muzi""", +"""Southern Muji""", +"""Qila Muji""", +"""Thopho""", +"""Moji""", +"""Labo Phowa""", +"""Zokhuo""", +"""Phukha""", +"""Nisi""", +"""Xinping Nisu""", +"""Southern Nisu""", +"""Nyisu""", +"""Southern Awu Yi""", +"""Samei""", +"""Sanie""", +"""Chesu""", +"""Wuding Naisu""", +"""Hezhang Yi""", +"""Weining Yi""", +"""Dafang""", +"""Qian Xi""", +"""Huili Yi""", +"""Yinuo Yi""", +"""Yishengzha Yi""", +"""Phuza""", +"""Phupha""", +"""Phola""", +"""Southern Sani""", +"""Azhe""", +"""Northern Nusu""", +"""Southern Nusu""", +"""Wupijiang""", +"""Pholo""", +"""Sadu""", +"""Mango""", +"""Mantsi""", +"""Maza""", +"""Mondzi""", +"""Muangphe""", +"""Pai-lang""", +"""Suphanburi""", +"""Lisu""", +"""Ersu""", +"""Lizu""", +"""Tosu""", +"""Guiqiong""", +"""Narua""", +"""Lichiang""", +"""Lutien""", +"""Western Namuyi""", +"""Shixing""", +"""Western Muya""", +"""Luhua""", +"""Weigu""", +"""Yadu""", +"""Heihu""", +"""Jiaochang""", +"""Longxi""", +"""Mianchi""", +"""Sanlong""", +"""Taoping""", +"""Queyu""", +"""Tshobdun""", +"""Lixian""", +"""Maerkang""", +"""Xiaojin""", +"""Rtau""", +"""Puxi""", +"""Zongke""", +"""Ergali""", +"""Guanyingqiao""", +"""Muerzong""", +"""Siyaowu""", +"""Taiyanghe""", +"""Xiaoyili""", +"""Yelong""", +"""Tangut""", +"""Zhaba""", +"""Western Dhimal""", +"""Toto""", +"""Zakhring""", +"""Gongduk""", +"""Rengjongmu""", +"""Tamsangmu""", +"""Lhokpu""", +"""Western Chepang""", +"""Tamali""", +"""Takale""", +"""Thabanggi""", +"""Wale""", +"""Tapnanggi""", +"""Western Magar""", +"""Khambu""", +"""Mahakulung""", +"""Namlung""", +"""Pelmung""", +"""Pidisoi""", +"""Sotang""", +"""Tamachhang""", +"""Dimali""", +"""Hedangpa""", +"""Kharlali""", +"""Parali""", +"""Rakheli""", +"""Sambya""", +"""Halumbung""", +"""Khartamche""", +"""Khotang""", +"""Phali""", +"""Samarung""", +"""Tana""", +"""Tongeccha""", +"""Southern Bantawa""", +"""Western Bantawa""", +"""Waling""", +"""Camling""", +"""Puma""", +"""Belhariya""", +"""Chhulung""", +"""Chintang""", +"""Northern Yakha""", +"""Southern Yakha""", +"""Mulgaon-Wangtang""", +"""Sunsari""", +"""Bumdemba""", +"""Panthare""", +"""Phedappe""", +"""Taplejunge""", +"""Madhavpur""", +"""Ratnawati""", +"""Ubu""", +"""Dobo Lo""", +"""Khaling""", +"""Namber Sacha""", +"""Proca Lo""", +"""Rokhung""", +"""Wayu""", +"""Eastern Thulung""", +"""Lannachyo""", +"""Northern Thulung""", +"""Southern Thulung""", +"""Dorunkecha""", +"""Kharbari""", +"""Lamdija""", +"""Makpa""", +"""Khaling""", +"""Sungdel""", +"""Baktapur""", +"""Citlang""", +"""Dolkhali""", +"""Kathmandu-Pathan-Kirtipur""", +"""Sindhupalchok Pahri""", +"""Totali""", +"""Sindhupalcok""", +"""Western Thami""", +"""Geba Karen""", +"""Geko Karen""", +"""Western Kayah""", +"""Manumanaw Karen""", +"""Yinbaw Karen""", +"""Yintale Karen""", +"""Zayein Karen""", +"""Southern Pa'o""", +"""Kawkareik""", +"""Pa'an""", +"""Ratchaburi Pwo Karen""", +"""Tavoy""", +"""Tuan Tet""", +"""Mae Sarieng""", +"""Omkoi""", +"""Dermuha""", +"""Panapu""", +"""Wewaw""", +"""Lish""", +"""Sherdukpen""", +"""Bualkhaw Chin""", +"""Falam Chin""", +"""Shonshe""", +"""Zokhua""", +"""Hmar""", +"""Sakechep""", +"""Thangkachep""", +"""Le""", +"""Mizo""", +"""Ngente""", +"""Ralte""", +"""Tlau""", +"""Pankhu""", +"""Tawr Chin""", +"""Tlongsai""", +"""Shendu""", +"""Upper Zyphe""", +"""Senthang Chin""", +"""Zotung Chin""", +"""Syriem""", +"""Mulsom""", +"""Chiru""", +"""Chothe Naga""", +"""Koireng""", +"""Lamkang""", +"""Moyon Naga""", +"""Ranglong""", +"""Sorbung""", +"""Tarao Naga""", +"""Vaiphei""", +"""Ngawn Chin""", +"""Simte""", +"""Siyin Chin""", +"""Zou""", +"""Dapzal""", +"""Dim""", +"""Dimpi""", +"""Lamzang""", +"""Lousau""", +"""Saizang""", +"""Sihzang""", +"""Telzang""", +"""Tuichiap""", +"""Purum""", +"""Ralte""", +"""Sokte""", +"""Changsen""", +"""Hawkip""", +"""Jangshen""", +"""Kaokeep""", +"""Khongzai""", +"""Kipgen""", +"""Langiung""", +"""Sairang""", +"""Shithlou""", +"""Singson""", +"""Thangngen""", +"""Matupi Daai""", +"""Paletwa Daai""", +"""Thui Phum""", +"""Tlam Tlaih""", +"""Va Lang""", +"""Khyang""", +"""Lemyo""", +"""Minbu""", +"""Saingbaun""", +"""Sandoway""", +"""Thayetmyo""", +"""Sumtu Chin""", +"""Mro Chin""", +"""Khami""", +"""Khimi""", +"""Khumi""", +"""Khuni""", +"""Khweymi""", +"""Kumi""", +"""Ngala""", +"""Yindi""", +"""Rengmitca""", +"""Dzuna""", +"""Kehena""", +"""Khonoma""", +"""Kohima""", +"""Mima""", +"""Mozome""", +"""Nali""", +"""Tengima""", +"""Tenyidie""", +"""Chokri Naga""", +"""Khezha Naga""", +"""Poumei Naga""", +"""Pochuri Naga""", +"""Keteneneyu""", +"""Lazemi""", +"""Zhimomi""", +"""Zumomi""", +"""Chongli""", +"""Dordar""", +"""Longla""", +"""Mongsen Khari""", +"""Kyon""", +"""Kyong""", +"""Kyou""", +"""Live""", +"""Ndreng""", +"""Tsontsu""", +"""Phelongre""", +"""Photsimi""", +"""Pirr""", +"""Purr""", +"""Thukumi""", +"""Makuri Naga""", +"""Para Naga""", +"""Pherrongre""", +"""Yimchungru""", +"""Tikhir""", +"""Wai""", +"""Mirlong""", +"""Rong Kethang""", +"""Meitei""", +"""Pangal""", +"""Maring Naga""", +"""Khunggoi""", +"""Kupome""", +"""Phadang""", +"""Ukhrul""", +"""Ngatan""", +"""T. Khullen""", +"""Willong Circle""", +"""Mzieme Naga""", +"""Paren""", +"""Thangal Naga""", +"""Heqing""", +"""Jianchuan""", +"""Lanping""", +"""Yunlong""", +"""Nujiang""", +"""Xiangyun""", +"""Caijia""", +"""Longjia""", +"""Milang""", +"""Komkar""", +"""Pasi""", +"""Shimong""", +"""Padam""", +"""Tangam""", +"""Pailibo""", +"""Ramo""", +"""Tagin""", +"""Galo""", +"""Nyishi""", +"""Sajalong""", +"""Idu-Mishmi""", +"""Mru""", +"""Nu River""", +"""Gwaza""", +"""Miko""", +"""Hpungsi""", +"""Htiselwang""", +"""Kunlang""", +"""Longmi""", +"""Matwanly""", +"""Mutwang""", +"""Rawang""", +"""Serhta""", +"""Serwang""", +"""Tangsarr""", +"""Taron""", +"""Wadamkong""", +"""Wahke""", +"""Zithung""", +"""Raute""", +"""Rawat""", +"""Fu-Guang""", +"""Ji-Cha""", +"""Yi-Liu""", +"""Ying-Yi""", +"""Qujiang Hakka-Shibei Shaoguan Tuhua""", +"""Longqu""", +"""Jinhua""", +"""Oujiang""", +"""Lin-Shao""", +"""Piling""", +"""Su-Hu-Jia""", +"""Tiaoxi""", +"""Yongjiang""", +"""Taizhou""", +"""Wuzhou""", +"""Taigao""", +"""Tongjing""", +"""Jishu""", +"""Luoshao""", +"""Shaanxi""", +"""Yage""", +"""Jixi""", +"""Qide""", +"""Xiuyi""", +"""Yanzhou""", +"""Jinyu Chinese""", +"""Literary Chinese""", +"""Gangou""", +"""Hezhou""", +"""Ho""", +"""Huabei Guanhua""", +"""Jinghuai Guanhua""", +"""Taibei Mandarin""", +"""Xibei Guanhua""", +"""Xinan Guanhua""", +"""Tangwang""", +"""Wutunhua""", +"""Middle Chinese""", +"""Old Chinese""", +"""Huizhou""", +"""Ning-Long""", +"""Sanhsien""", +"""Tingzhou""", +"""Tonggu""", +"""Yue-Tai""", +"""Yuebei""", +"""Yuezhong""", +"""Yugui""", +"""Min Bei""", +"""Min Dong""", +"""Min Nan""", +"""Mn Zhong""", +"""Pu-Xian""", +"""Fuzhou""", +"""Xinghua""", +"""Shantou""", +"""Chaochow""", +"""Chaozhou""", +"""Fukienese""", +"""Hainan""", +"""Sanso""", +"""Hokkien""", +"""Leizhou""", +"""Longdu""", +"""Teochew""", +"""Fujian""", +"""Zhenan Min""", +"""Min Zhong Chinese""", +"""Putian""", +"""Xianyou""", +"""Xinghua""", +"""Gaolei""", +"""Guinan""", +"""Qinlian""", +"""Siyi""", +"""Toishanese""", +"""Vancouver Cantonese""", +"""Yuehai""", +"""Waxianghua""", +"""Longshan""", +"""Southern Tujia""", +"""Nam""", +"""Timur""", +"""Yapsi-Taja""", +"""Vitou""", +"""Bonerif""", +"""Dabe""", +"""Jofotek-Bromnya""", +"""Keder""", +"""Kwinsu""", +"""Ittik-Tor""", +"""Kwesten""", +"""Mander""", +"""Maremgi""", +"""Cupeño""", +"""Island Takic""", +"""Luiseño""", +"""Tongva""", +"""Tübatulabal""", +"""Hopi""", +"""Panamint""", +"""Northern Shoshoni""", +"""Western Shoshoni""", +"""Southern Paiute""", +"""Ute""", +"""North Northern Paiute""", +"""South Northern Paiute""", +"""Omomil""", +"""Yaqui""", +"""Highland Puebla Nahuatl""", +"""Huaxcaleca Nahuatl""", +"""Isthmus-Mecayapan Nahuatl""", +"""Isthmus-Pajapan Nahuatl""", +"""Tabasco Nahuatl""", +"""Northern Oaxaca Nahuatl""", +"""Ometepec Nahuatl""", +"""Pipil""", +"""Santa María La Alta Nahuatl""", +"""Sierra Negra Nahuatl""", +"""Southeastern Puebla Nahuatl""", +"""Zacatlán-Ahuacatlán-Tepetzintla Nahuatl""", +"""Classical Nahuatl""", +"""Morelos Nahuatl""", +"""Northern Puebla Nahuatl""", +"""Tetelcingo Nahuatl""", +"""Tlamacazapa Nahuatl""", +"""Pochutec""", +"""Temascaltepec Nahuatl""", +"""Western Durango Nahuatl""", +"""Michoacán Nahuatl""", +"""La Mesa del Nayar Cora""", +"""Presidio de los Reyes Cora""", +"""San Francisco Cora""", +"""Santa Teresa Cora""", +"""Rosarito Cora""", +"""San Blasito Cora""", +"""San Juan Corapan Cora""", +"""San Andrés Cohamiata""", +"""San Sebastián-Santa Catarina""", +"""Jova""", +"""Opata""", +"""Lowland Huarijío""", +"""Lowland Tarahumara""", +"""Northern Tarahumara""", +"""Southwestern Tarahumara""", +"""Sonora Pima Bajo""", +"""Tohono O'odam""", +"""Southwestern Tepehuan""", +"""Tepecano""", +"""Tubar""", +"""Wanyi""", +"""South-Eastern-Tasmanian-Hinterland""", +"""Guwidj""", +"""Munumburru""", +"""Ngarnawu""", +"""Wolyamidi""", +"""Wurla""", +"""Kwini""", +"""Miwa""", +"""Wilawila""", +"""Miwa""", +"""Wunambal""", +"""Unggumi""", +"""Winjarumi""", +"""Unggumi""", +"""Worrorra""", +"""Nëhup""", +"""Tuhup""", +"""Yuhup""", +"""Nadëb""", +"""Tofanma""", +"""Haila'er""", +"""Qiqiha'er""", +"""Bargu""", +"""Khori""", +"""Khori""", +"""Barguzin""", +"""Bohaan""", +"""Bulagat""", +"""Ekhirit""", +"""Ninzne-Udinsk""", +"""Oka""", +"""Tunka""", +"""Unga""", +"""Halh""", +"""Khotogoit""", +"""Sartul""", +"""Tsongol""", +"""Ejine""", +"""Jirim""", +"""Jo-Uda""", +"""Jostu""", +"""Ordos""", +"""Shilingol""", +"""Tumut""", +"""Ulanchab""", +"""Dörböt""", +"""Oirat""", +"""Sart Qalmaq""", +"""Torgut""", +"""Kitan""", +"""Middle Mongol""", +"""Kundur""", +"""Tongren""", +"""Suonanba""", +"""Wangjiaji""", +"""Kangjia""", +"""Minhe""", +"""Pehuenche""", +"""Picunche""", +"""Southern Foothill Yokuts""", +"""Valley Yokuts""", +"""Palewyami Yokuts""", +"""Bezshagh""", +"""Tapanta""", +"""Bzyb""", +"""Samurzakan""", +"""Bezhedukh""", +"""Natuzaj""", +"""Shapsug""", +"""Xakuchi""", +"""Ubykh""", +"""Kituhwa""", +"""Otali""", +"""Overhill-Middle Cherokee""", +"""Laurentian""", +"""Oneida""", +"""Onondaga""", +"""Seneca""", +"""Susquehannock""", +"""Tuscarora""", +"""Wyandot""", +"""Tsafiki""", +"""Totoro""", +"""Canari""", +"""Miriei""", +"""Moi""", +"""Tinam""", +"""Uran""", +"""Mansim""", +"""Western Coastal Tasmanian""", +"""Kiowa""", +"""Nambe""", +"""Pojoaque""", +"""San Ildefonso""", +"""San Juan""", +"""Santa Clara""", +"""Tesuque""", +"""Sandia""", +"""Taos""", +"""Picuris Northern Tiwa""", +"""Arabela""", +"""Záparo""", +"""Nungali""", +"""Ngarnga""", +"""Gudandji""", +"""Wambaya""", +"""Kvanxidatl""", +"""Munin""", +"""Rikvani""", +"""Zilo""", +"""Tindi""", +"""Zibirkhalin""", +"""Godoberi""", +"""Gakvari""", +"""Gigatl""", +"""Tokita""", +"""Andalal-Gxdatl""", +"""Bacadin""", +"""Batlux""", +"""Hid""", +"""Karax""", +"""Kaxib""", +"""Keleb""", +"""Kunzakh""", +"""Salatav""", +"""Shulanin""", +"""Untib""", +"""Zakataly""", +"""Zaqatala""", +"""Bezhta""", +"""Tlyadaly""", +"""Hunzib""", +"""Xvarshi""", +"""Chirag""", +"""Cudaxar""", +"""Dejbuk""", +"""Itsari""", +"""Kajtak""", +"""Kubachi""", +"""Muirin""", +"""Sirzin""", +"""Uraxa-Axusha""", +"""Xarbuk""", +"""Khinalugh""", +"""Kumux""", +"""Vicxin""", +"""Vixlin""", +"""Gekxun""", +"""Keren""", +"""Koshan""", +"""Anykh""", +"""Garkin""", +"""Gjunej""", +"""Kiuri""", +"""Kubachi""", +"""Quba""", +"""Stal""", +"""Yergyuch""", +"""Dzhek""", +"""Kryz""", +"""Xaput""", +"""Yergyudzh""", +"""Ixreko-Muxrek""", +"""Shina""", +"""Mikik""", +"""Misles""", +"""Oghuz""", +"""Oktomberi""", +"""Melkhin""", +"""Ploskost""", +"""Ingush""", +"""Islands Estonian""", +"""Middle Estonian""", +"""Northwestern Estonian""", +"""Northeastern Coastal Estonian""", +"""Seto""", +"""Tartu""", +"""Lower Luzh""", +"""Oredezh""", +"""Soykin""", +"""Novgorod""", +"""Olonets Karelian""", +"""Southern Karelian""", +"""Tver""", +"""Livvi""", +"""Western Livonian""", +"""Ludian""", +"""Häme""", +"""Peräpohja""", +"""Savo""", +"""South Pohjanmaa""", +"""Southeastern Finnish""", +"""Southwestern Finnish""", +"""Kven Finnish""", +"""Torne Valley Finnish""", +"""Vittangi Finnish""", +"""Prionezh""", +"""Southern Veps""", +"""West Vod""", +"""Csango""", +"""Danube-Tisza""", +"""King's Pass Hungarian""", +"""Northeast Hungarian""", +"""Northwest Hungarian""", +"""Oberwart""", +"""Székely""", +"""West Danube""", +"""West Hungarian""", +"""Surgut Khanty""", +"""Northern Khanti""", +"""Southern Khanti""", +"""Vach""", +"""Southern Khanty""", +"""Northern Vogul""", +"""Southern Vogul""", +"""Western Vogul""", +"""Yaran""", +"""Moksha""", +"""South Permyak""", +"""Zyuzdin""", +"""South Udmurt""", +"""Inari Sami""", +"""Kemi Sami""", +"""Yokan""", +"""Ter Sami""", +"""Torne""", +"""Pite Sami""", +"""Ume Sami""", +"""Tundra Enets""", +"""Tundra Yurak""", +"""Koibal""", +"""Samoyed Koibal""", +"""Srednyaya Ob-Ket""", +"""Taz""", +"""Tym""", +"""Mator""", +"""Taigi""", +"""Khatang""", +"""Kiksht""", +"""Klatsop""", +"""Chinuk Wawa""", +"""Wasco-Wishram""", +"""Southern Ninam""", +"""Western Yanomami""", +"""Nanomam""", +"""Yanamam""", +"""Yanomam""", +"""Yanomay""", +"""Yaroame""", +"""Yanoma""", +"""Huambisa""", +"""Shuar""", +"""Sliammon""", +"""Cowichan""", +"""Musqueam""", +"""Nanaimo""", +"""Southern Lushootseed""", +"""Muckleshoot""", +"""Nisqually""", +"""Puyallup""", +"""Snoqualmie""", +"""Suquh""", +"""Nooksack""", +"""Pentlatch""", +"""Sechelt""", +"""Squamish""", +"""Saanich""", +"""Samish""", +"""Semiahmoo""", +"""Songish""", +"""Sooke""", +"""Ts'ooke""", +"""Skokomish""", +"""Western Shuswap""", +"""Thompson""", +"""Wenatchi""", +"""Pend D'oreille""", +"""Spokane""", +"""Lake""", +"""Sanpoil""", +"""Southern Okanogan""", +"""Tillamook""", +"""Upper Chehalis""", +"""Marti Ke""", +"""Maridjabin""", +"""Marri Yedi""", +"""Marridan""", +"""Marrisjabin""", +"""Marithiel""", +"""Mariyedi""", +"""Marriammu""", +"""Manda""", +"""Maranunggu""", +"""Saburi""", +"""Tallau""", +"""Shatt""", +"""Eref""", +"""Gadjira""", +"""Sila""", +"""Njalgulgule""", +"""Nyala""", +"""Aka-Kede""", +"""Oko-Juwoi""", +"""Aka-Cari""", +"""Aka-Kora""", +"""Akar-Bale""", +"""San Francisco""", +"""Santa Clara""", +"""Santa Cruz""", +"""Soledad""", +"""Mutsun""", +"""Rumsen""", +"""Plains Miwok""", +"""Western Central Sierra Miwok""", +"""Northern Sierra Miwok""", +"""Southern Sierra Miwok""", +"""Huimen""", +"""Marin Miwok""", +"""Lake Miwok""", +"""Muguani""", +"""Akabafa""", +"""Averi""", +"""Chimona""", +"""Dea""", +"""Jimuni""", +"""Karira""", +"""Mesari""", +"""Minjori""", +"""Muaturaina""", +"""Nami""", +"""Numba""", +"""Oko""", +"""Wakue""", +"""Gora-Bomahouji""", +"""Zuwadza""", +"""Lahada""", +"""Omani""", +"""West Koita""", +"""Mountain Koiali""", +"""Viryal""", +"""Yakut""", +"""South Quchani""", +"""West Quchani""", +"""Cawdur""", +"""Esari""", +"""Goklen""", +"""Khasarli""", +"""Nerezim""", +"""Nokhurli""", +"""Salyr""", +"""Saryq""", +"""Teke""", +"""Yomud""", +"""Kuvakan""", +"""Yurmaty""", +"""Tevriz""", +"""Tobol""", +"""Tyumen""", +"""Zabolotny""", +"""Tom""", +"""Kasimov""", +"""Middle Tatar""", +"""Tepter""", +"""Ural""", +"""Western Tatar""", +"""Pecheneg""", +"""Southeastern Karakalpak""", +"""Southern Kazakh""", +"""Western Kazakh""", +"""Southern Kirghiz""", +"""Central Nogai""", +"""White Nogai""", +"""Northern Crimean""", +"""Southern Crimean""", +"""Urum""", +"""Karachay""", +"""Galits""", +"""Northwestern Karaim""", +"""Trakay""", +"""Krymchak""", +"""Khaikent""", +"""Khasavyurt""", +"""Mengda""", +"""Aynallu""", +"""Baharlu""", +"""Bayat""", +"""Karapapakh""", +"""Kars""", +"""Kirkuk""", +"""Moqaddam""", +"""Nafar""", +"""Pishagchi""", +"""Qajar""", +"""Qaragozlu""", +"""Shahsavani""", +"""Tabriz""", +"""Kipchak""", +"""Oghuz""", +"""Southern Uzbek""", +"""Baku""", +"""Borcala""", +"""Derbend""", +"""Ganja""", +"""Karapapak""", +"""Lenkaran""", +"""Nakhchivan""", +"""Nukha""", +"""Ordubad""", +"""Qabala""", +"""Qazakh""", +"""Quba""", +"""Qyzylbash""", +"""Salyan""", +"""Shamakhi""", +"""Shusha""", +"""Terekeme""", +"""Yerevan""", +"""Zaqatala""", +"""Salchuq""", +"""Maritime Gagauzi""", +"""Gerlovo Turks""", +"""Karamanli""", +"""Kyzylbash""", +"""Surguch""", +"""Tozluk Turks""", +"""Yuruk""", +"""Dinler""", +"""Edirne""", +"""Eskisehir""", +"""Gaziantep""", +"""Karamanli""", +"""Razgrad""", +"""Rumelian""", +"""Urfa""", +"""West Yugur""", +"""Ili Turki""", +"""Old Uighur""", +"""Akto Türkmen""", +"""Central Uyghur""", +"""Charchan""", +"""Dolan""", +"""Hotan""", +"""Ili""", +"""Kashgar-Yarkand""", +"""Khotan-Kerya""", +"""Kucha""", +"""Kumul""", +"""Lop""", +"""Lopnor""", +"""Qarashahr""", +"""Turfan""", +"""Urumqi""", +"""Yengi Hissar""", +"""Talangit""", +"""Middle Chulym""", +"""Northeastern Tuvin""", +"""Southeastern Tuvin""", +"""Tuba-Kizhi""", +"""Western Tuvin""", +"""Kacha""", +"""Kamassian""", +"""Kyzyl""", +"""Sagai""", +"""Shor""", +"""Mrassa""", +"""Turkic Khalaj""", +"""Dorasque""", +"""Sabanero""", +"""Valiente""", +"""Chuana""", +"""Teribe""", +"""Coroma""", +"""Salitre-Cabagra""", +"""Estrella""", +"""Telire""", +"""Ujarrás""", +"""Malayo""", +"""Chimila""", +"""Duit""", +"""Barro Negro Tunebo""", +"""Central Tunebo""", +"""Western Tunebo""", +"""Maléku Jaíka""", +"""Rama""", +"""Pech""", +"""Kusgilo""", +"""Chali""", +"""Koma of Begi""", +"""Koma of Daga""", +"""Uduk""", +"""Marensé""", +"""Koyraboro Senni Songhai""", +"""Tondi Songway Kiini""", +"""Koyra Chiini""", +"""Tadaksahak""", +"""Azawagh""", +"""Tasawaq""", +"""Cuchudua""", +"""Jurua""", +"""Mamoria""", +"""Pauini""", +"""Tukurina""", +"""Paumarm""", +"""Uaiai""", +"""Suruahá""", +"""Apalachee""", +"""Koasati""", +"""Seminole""", +"""Mikasuki""", +"""Choctaw""", +"""Mahas""", +"""Old Nubian""", +"""Haraza""", +"""Kenuzi""", +"""Kafir""", +"""Kuldaji""", +"""Kurtala""", +"""Kururu""", +"""Kadaru""", +"""Uncunwee""", +"""Dilling""", +"""El Hugeirat""", +"""Karko""", +"""Wali""", +"""Shelkota""", +"""Urrti""", +"""Ketiar Krau""", +"""Krau""", +"""Kuala Tembeling""", +"""Pulau Guai""", +"""Ulu Ceres""", +"""Ulu Tembeling""", +"""Jarum""", +"""Jeher""", +"""Kedah""", +"""Kensiu Batu""", +"""Kensiu Siong""", +"""Kentaq Nakil""", +"""Plus""", +"""Ulu Selama""", +"""Kintaq""", +"""Batek Iga""", +"""Batek Nong""", +"""Batek Teq""", +"""Jehai""", +"""Minriq""", +"""Mintil""", +"""Sabüm""", +"""Semnam""", +"""Kenderong""", +"""Kenering""", +"""Lanoh Kobak""", +"""Po-Klo""", +"""Sakai of Plus Korbu""", +"""Sungai Piah""", +"""Tanjong Rambutan""", +"""Tembe'""", +"""Ulu Kinta""", +"""Bidor""", +"""Bil""", +"""Cameron""", +"""Jelai""", +"""Lipis""", +"""Orang Tanjong of Ulu Langat""", +"""Perak I""", +"""Perak II""", +"""Sungkai""", +"""Telom""", +"""Ulu Kampar""", +"""Kuala Langot Besisi""", +"""Malakka Besisi""", +"""Selangor Sakai""", +"""Sisi""", +"""Ulu Langat Orang Bukit""", +"""Semelai""", +"""Temoq""", +"""Traw""", +"""Talieng""", +"""Bahnar Bonom""", +"""Golar""", +"""Jolong""", +"""Kontum""", +"""Krem""", +"""Tolo""", +"""Monom""", +"""Hre""", +"""Rabah""", +"""Sedang-Rengao""", +"""Western Rengao""", +"""Dak Sut Sedang""", +"""Greater Sedang""", +"""Kon Hring Sedang""", +"""Kotua Sedang""", +"""Todrah""", +"""Katua""", +"""Jeh Mang Ram""", +"""Kayong""", +"""Romam""", +"""Takua""", +"""Kalop""", +"""Kodu""", +"""Lac""", +"""Laya""", +"""Nop""", +"""Pru""", +"""Rion""", +"""Sop""", +"""Sre""", +"""Tala""", +"""Tring""", +"""Maa""", +"""Chalun""", +"""Dor""", +"""Jro""", +"""Mro""", +"""Prang""", +"""Tamun""", +"""Vajieng""", +"""Voqtwaq""", +"""Mnong Gar""", +"""Mnong Kwanh""", +"""Mnong Rolom""", +"""Bu Dang""", +"""Bu Nar""", +"""Bu Rung""", +"""Dih Bri""", +"""Préh""", +"""Kraol""", +"""Prang""", +"""Bulo""", +"""Tampuan""", +"""Kru'ng 2""", +"""Sou""", +"""Nyaheun""", +"""Kranyeu""", +"""Riyao""", +"""Tamal Euy""", +"""Sok""", +"""Trieng""", +"""Western Katu""", +"""Phuong""", +"""Tong""", +"""Ong""", +"""Kamuan'""", +"""Leem""", +"""Palee'n""", +"""Pasoom""", +"""Bru Kok Sa-At""", +"""Mangkong""", +"""Tri""", +"""Western Bru""", +"""So Phong""", +"""So Slouy""", +"""So Trong""", +"""Kuay""", +"""Kuy Anthua""", +"""Kuy Antra""", +"""Kuy May""", +"""Kuy Mlor""", +"""Nheu""", +"""Nyeu""", +"""Cherrapunji""", +"""Khynrium""", +"""Lyngngam""", +"""Khasi""", +"""War""", +"""Batau""", +"""Jowai""", +"""Lakadong""", +"""Martiang""", +"""Mynso""", +"""Nongtalang""", +"""Raliang""", +"""Rymbai""", +"""Shangpung""", +"""Sumer""", +"""Sutnga""", +"""Nongtung""", +"""Megam""", +"""War-Khasi""", +"""Man Met""", +"""Mok""", +"""Tai Loi""", +"""U""", +"""Kháng Clau""", +"""Upper Lamet""", +"""Phang""", +"""Samtao""", +"""Phang""", +"""Kentung Wa""", +"""La""", +"""Son""", +"""Wa Lon""", +"""Wu""", +"""Parauk""", +"""Palaung-Riang""", +"""Raojin""", +"""Shwe Palaung""", +"""Yinchia""", +"""Rumai Palaung""", +"""Southern Khmer""", +"""Sisaket""", +"""Surin""", +"""Old Khmer""", +"""Khroong""", +"""Luang Prabang""", +"""Lyy""", +"""Rok""", +"""Sayabury""", +"""U""", +"""Yuan""", +"""Khuen""", +"""Mlabri""", +"""Mal""", +"""Phai""", +"""Pray 3""", +"""Phong-Kniang""", +"""Theen""", +"""Puoc""", +"""Bugan""", +"""Kemiehua""", +"""Mang""", +"""Pegu""", +"""Ye""", +"""Nyahkur""", +"""Old Mon""", +"""Manjhi""", +"""Bijori""", +"""Birhor""", +"""Lohara""", +"""Mundari""", +"""Koda""", +"""Majhwar""", +"""Turi""", +"""Mahali""", +"""Karmali""", +"""Lohari-Santali""", +"""Mahali""", +"""Manjhi""", +"""Paharia""", +"""Bouriya""", +"""Mawasi""", +"""Ruma""", +"""Plains Geta'""", +"""Munda Orissa Gadaba""", +"""Upper Bondo""", +"""Juang""", +"""Dudh Kharia""", +"""Mirdha-Kharia""", +"""Sora""", +"""Katchal""", +"""Nancowry""", +"""Trinkut""", +"""Great Nicobar""", +"""Little Nicobar""", +"""Milo""", +"""Sambelong""", +"""Tafwap""", +"""Somray""", +"""Sa'och""", +"""Suoy""", +"""Ruc""", +"""Sach""", +"""Kha Phong""", +"""Malang""", +"""Malieng""", +"""Maleng""", +"""Pakatan""", +"""Ly Ha""", +"""Phong""", +"""Toum""", +"""Mon""", +"""Boi Bi""", +"""Moi 1""", +"""Mol""", +"""Mual""", +"""Thang""", +"""Wang""", +"""Nguôn""", +"""Northern Vietnamese""", +"""Southern Vietnamese""", +"""Western Isirawa""", +"""Kauwera""", +"""Kwerba Mamberamo""", +"""Sasawa""", +"""Serikenam""", +"""Trimuris""", +"""Samarokena""", +"""Charrúa""", +"""Güenoa""", +"""Gooniyandi""", +"""Buniabura""", +"""Doma""", +"""Jari""", +"""Mori""", +"""Moikodi""", +"""Nawaru""", +"""Yareba""", +"""Katawixi""", +"""Yameo""", +"""Yagua""", +"""Mena""", +"""Meni""", +"""Pimuru""", +"""Utabi""", +"""Mouwase""", +"""Southern Yukaghir""", +"""Northern Yukaghir""", +"""Yukaghir Omok""", +"""Ibaraki""", +"""Tochigi""", +"""Chichibu""", +"""Gunma""", +"""Kanagawa""", +"""Tama""", +"""Shitamachi""", +"""Morioka""", +"""Nambu""", +"""Shimokita""", +"""Shōnai""", +"""Tsugaru""", +"""Fukushima""", +"""Kesen""", +"""Mogami""", +"""Sendai""", +"""Yamagata""", +"""Yonezawa""", +"""Nagaoka""", +"""Niigata""", +"""Uonuma""", +"""Western Mikawa""", +"""Mino""", +"""Nagoya""", +"""Izu""", +"""Hokushin""", +"""Nanshin""", +"""Okushin""", +"""Tōshin""", +"""Shizuoka""", +"""Yamanashi""", +"""Hachijō""", +"""Ōmuta-ben""", +"""Chikuho-ben""", +"""Hakata-ben""", +"""Hita-ben""", +"""Kumamoto-ben""", +"""Sasebo-ben""", +"""Saga-ben""", +"""Tsushima-ben""", +"""Miyazaki-ben""", +"""Ōita-ben""", +"""Osumi-ben""", +"""Satsuma-ben""", +"""Hiroshima""", +"""Iwami""", +"""Okayama""", +"""Tajima""", +"""Tango""", +"""Tottori""", +"""Yamaguchi""", +"""Kanazawa""", +"""Noto""", +"""Sado""", +"""Toyama""", +"""Kobe""", +"""Gosho""", +"""Muromachi""", +"""Maizuru""", +"""Ise""", +"""Shima""", +"""Oku-yoshino""", +"""Shiga""", +"""Wakasa""", +"""Wakayama""", +"""Semba""", +"""Senshū""", +"""Iyo-ben""", +"""Kagawa-ben""", +"""Tokushima-ben""", +"""Yonago-ben""", +"""Yilan Creole Japanese""", +"""Old Japanese""", +"""West Oki-No-Erabu""", +"""Sani""", +"""Southern Amami-Oshima""", +"""Yoron""", +"""Naha""", +"""Shuri""", +"""Torishima""", +"""Hatoma""", +"""Ishigaki""", +"""Kabira""", +"""Kohama""", +"""Kuroshima""", +"""Shiraho""", +"""Sonai""", +"""Taketomi""", +"""Yonaguni""", +"""Miyako-Jima""", +"""Tarama-Minna""", +"""Xinka-Jumaytepeque""", +"""Xinca-Guazacapan""", +"""Xinca-Sinacantan""", +"""Xinca-Yupiltepeque""", +"""New River Shasta""", +"""Shasta""", +"""Woccon""", +"""Nakota""", +"""Southern Stoney""", +"""Ponca""", +"""Osage""", +"""Quapaw""", +"""Wisconsin""", +"""Missouria""", +"""Oto""", +"""Hidatsa""", +"""Ofo""", +"""Tutelo""", +"""NE Tasmanian Dialect Chain""", +"""Kaluli""", +"""Ologo""", +"""Walulu""", +"""Sonia""", +"""Kasua""", +"""Onobasulu""", +"""North Beami""", +"""Western Edolo""", +"""Moskona""", +"""Yugh""", +"""Pumpokol""", +"""Kott""", +"""Karitiâna""", +"""Kayabí""", +"""Xingú Asuriní""", +"""Tambéopé""", +"""Tembekuá""", +"""Teüi""", +"""Pai Tavytera""", +"""Izoceño""", +"""Tapieté""", +"""Western Bolivian Guaraní""", +"""Xetá""", +"""Pauserna""", +"""Sirionó""", +"""Yuqui""", +"""Cocamilla""", +"""Curacirari""", +"""Curucicuri""", +"""Paguana""", +"""Tupinambá""", +"""Tupí""", +"""Suruí Do Pará""", +"""Tocantins Asurini""", +"""Tembe""", +"""Turiwára""", +"""Apiaká""", +"""Júma""", +"""Karipúna""", +"""Paranawát""", +"""Kagwahiv""", +"""Karipuna Jaci Paraná""", +"""Mialát""", +"""Tenharim""", +"""Parintintín""", +"""Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau""", +"""Wiraféd""", +"""Guajá""", +"""Tacunyape""", +"""Urubú-Kaapor""", +"""Wajapuku""", +"""Zo'é""", +"""Xipaya""", +"""Sateré-Mawé""", +"""Cinta Larga""", +"""Zoró""", +"""Salamãi""", +"""Suruí""", +"""Mundurukú""", +"""Urumi""", +"""Sakirabia""", +"""Kepkiriwát""", +"""Tuparí""", +"""Wayoró""", +"""Tabajari""", +"""Tyrewuju""", +"""Mayongong""", +"""Wayumara""", +"""Palmela""", +"""Pauxi""", +"""Urucuiana""", +"""Yebarana""", +"""Matipuhy""", +"""Pimenteira""", +"""Coyaima""", +"""Rio Negro""", +"""Río Casacará""", +"""Río Maracas""", +"""Yrapa""", +"""De'cuana""", +"""Ihuruana""", +"""Pawiyana""", +"""Sikiana""", +"""Ikpeng""", +"""Pará Arára""", +"""Yaruma""", +"""Cumanagoto""", +"""Pémono""", +"""Wokiare""", +"""Pauxiana""", +"""Sapara""", +"""Tamanaku""", +"""Patamona""", +"""Macushi""", +"""Camaracota""", +"""Camaracoto""", +"""Ingariko""", +"""Taulipang""", +"""Taurepan""", +"""Jawaperi""", +"""Waimiri""", +"""Ferejdan""", +"""Fereydan""", +"""Gurian""", +"""Imeretian""", +"""Imerxev""", +"""Imerxev Kartlian""", +"""Ingilo""", +"""Kaxetian""", +"""Meskhur-Javakhuri""", +"""Moxev""", +"""Mtiul""", +"""Pshav""", +"""Racha-Lexchxum""", +"""Tush""", +"""Xevsur""", +"""Old Georgian""", +"""Chxala""", +"""Samurzakan-Zugdidi""", +"""Senaki""", +"""Vice-Arxava""", +"""Xopa""", +"""Mingrelian""", +"""Lentex""", +"""Lower Bal""", +"""Upper Bal""", +"""Parecís""", +"""Saraveca""", +"""Waurá""", +"""Yawalapití""", +"""Palikúr""", +"""Quirruba""", +"""Maipure""", +"""Yavitero""", +"""Apolista""", +"""Toa""", +"""Wayuu""", +"""Western Garifuna""", +"""Lokono""", +"""Taino""", +"""Baré""", +"""Guinau""", +"""Yabaâna""", +"""Siusy-Tapuya""", +"""Unhun""", +"""Tariana""", +"""Cabiyarí""", +"""Piapoco""", +"""Warekena Velha""", +"""Uainuma-Mariate""", +"""Yucuna""", +"""Resígaro""", +"""Passe""", +"""Maragua""", +"""Manao""", +"""Uirina""", +"""Xiriâna""", +"""Mapidian""", +"""Mawakwa""", +"""Atorai""", +"""Joaquiniano""", +"""Magiana""", +"""Loreto""", +"""Paunaca""", +"""Guana""", +"""Tereno""", +"""Ashéninka Pajonal""", +"""Ashéninka Perené""", +"""Pichis Ashéninka""", +"""Ucayali-Yurúa Ashéninka""", +"""Asháninka""", +"""Caquinte""", +"""Nanti""", +"""Nomatsiguenga""", +"""Pacaguara-Mercier""", +"""Machinere""", +"""Yine""", +"""Morike""", +"""Yanesha'""", +"""Southern Limba""", +"""Western Limba""", +"""Mansoanka""", +"""Mbulungish""", +"""Krim""", +"""Mmani""", +"""Peninsula Sherbro""", +"""Shenge Sherbro""", +"""Sitia Sherbro""", +"""Liaro""", +"""Teng""", +"""Tung""", +"""Tengia""", +"""Warn""", +"""Deng""", +"""Kongba""", +"""Kongbaa""", +"""Kpo""", +"""Managobla""", +"""Senje""", +"""Tee""", +"""Toldil""", +"""Baga Manduri""", +"""Bombali""", +"""Kholifa""", +"""Konike""", +"""Koya""", +"""Malal""", +"""Masingbi""", +"""Ribia""", +"""Sanda""", +"""Western Temne""", +"""Yoni""", +"""Nalu""", +"""Fjaalib""", +"""Kantohe""", +"""Mane""", +"""Naga""", +"""Cur""", +"""Likes-Utsia""", +"""Lund""", +"""Sarar""", +"""Teixeira Pinto""", +"""Tsaamo""", +"""Yu""", +"""Shadal""", +"""Papel""", +"""Bliss""", +"""Esulalu""", +"""Fluvial""", +"""Huluf""", +"""Selek""", +"""Kerak""", +"""Mlomp""", +"""Kuwaataay""", +"""Elun""", +"""Bandial""", +"""Gusilay""", +"""Fonyi""", +"""Kalounaye""", +"""Kombo""", +"""Narang""", +"""Kagbaaga""", +"""Kajoko""", +"""Kamona""", +"""Biafada""", +"""Padee""", +"""Saawii""", +"""Palor""", +"""Diobass""", +"""Hasab""", +"""Sebikotane""", +"""Sindia""", +"""Gunyamoolo""", +"""Bainouk-Gunyuno""", +"""Gubeeher-Gufangor-Gubelor""", +"""Northeast Bainounk""", +"""Kobiana""", +"""Kano-Katsina""", +"""Sokoto""", +"""Barkoundouba""", +"""Bitinkoore""", +"""Bogandé""", +"""Dallol""", +"""Fada Ngurma""", +"""Gourmantche""", +"""Jelgoore""", +"""Liptaakoore""", +"""Ouhiguyua""", +"""Seeba-Yaga""", +"""Garoua""", +"""Gombe""", +"""Kambariire""", +"""Maroua""", +"""Ngaondéré""", +"""Nomadic Fulfulde""", +"""Bagirmi Fulfulde""", +"""Bakuure""", +"""Djougoure""", +"""Korakuure""", +"""Tchabankeere""", +"""Western Macina""", +"""Kebu Fula""", +"""Krio Fula""", +"""Toucouleur""", +"""Fadyut-Palmerin""", +"""Niominka""", +"""Segum""", +"""Sine""", +"""Bassari""", +"""Bedik""", +"""Wamey""", +"""Lebu Wolof""", +"""Cayor""", +"""Dyolof""", +"""Jander""", +"""Lebou""", +"""Ndyanger""", +"""Ase""", +"""Daja""", +"""Efifa""", +"""Esuku""", +"""Gedegede""", +"""Ibaram""", +"""Ikorom""", +"""Iyani""", +"""Usokun""", +"""Inedua""", +"""Ogua""", +"""Zarama""", +"""Avianwu""", +"""Aviele""", +"""Ekperi""", +"""Ivhiadaobi""", +"""South Ibie""", +"""Uwepa-Uwano""", +"""Uzairue""", +"""Iuleha""", +"""Ivhimion""", +"""Ora""", +"""Igueben""", +"""Igwe""", +"""Ikpeshi""", +"""Sasaru""", +"""Ivbie North""", +"""Okpela""", +"""Ososo""", +"""Uhami""", +"""Ukue""", +"""Makeke""", +"""Oja""", +"""Ojirami""", +"""Oma""", +"""Bekuma""", +"""Ebunn-Oke""", +"""Ebunn-Ugbo""", +"""Eko""", +"""Ekpe""", +"""Igbo-Ola-Oke""", +"""Igbo-Ola-Sale""", +"""Ikaran-Ele""", +"""Ikaran-Oke""", +"""Ikpesa""", +"""Imoga""", +"""Lankpese""", +"""Ogbe-Oke""", +"""Ogbe-Sale""", +"""Ogugu""", +"""Onumo""", +"""Okpe""", +"""Oloma""", +"""Elu""", +"""Emede""", +"""Enhwe""", +"""Ibiede""", +"""Imiv""", +"""Irri""", +"""Itebiege""", +"""Iwire""", +"""Iyede""", +"""Iyede-Ami""", +"""Iyowo""", +"""Ofagbe""", +"""Ole""", +"""Olomoro""", +"""Owe""", +"""Oyede""", +"""Ozoro""", +"""Ume""", +"""Unogboko""", +"""Uti""", +"""Uzere""", +"""Okpe""", +"""Agbon""", +"""Udu""", +"""Ujevwe""", +"""Uvbie""", +"""Lamja""", +"""Tola""", +"""Samba Daka""", +"""Samba Jangani""", +"""Samba Nnakenyare""", +"""Samba of Mapeo""", +"""Taram""", +"""Gaa""", +"""Nyanjang""", +"""Nyasunda""", +"""Njanga""", +"""Ju Naare""", +"""Langa""", +"""Sunu Torbi""", +"""Njerep""", +"""Yeni""", +"""Somyev""", +"""Twendi""", +"""Ndunda""", +"""Kumbere""", +"""Nduvum""", +"""Ngoro""", +"""Nudoo""", +"""Nugane""", +"""Nujum""", +"""Vute Mbanjo""", +"""Nizaa""", +"""Gambai""", +"""Kong""", +"""Mankim""", +"""Nditam""", +"""Tige""", +"""Twumwu""", +"""Mashi""", +"""Naki""", +"""Ncane""", +"""Noone""", +"""Nsari""", +"""Bekwarra""", +"""Bete""", +"""Basua""", +"""Boje""", +"""Boki""", +"""Boorim""", +"""Eastern Bokyi""", +"""Irruan""", +"""Iruan""", +"""Kwakwagom""", +"""Nsadop""", +"""Oku""", +"""Osokom""", +"""Oyokom""", +"""Wula""", +"""Bumaji""", +"""Bebi""", +"""Bishiri""", +"""Bisu""", +"""Busi""", +"""Obe""", +"""Oboso""", +"""Okorogung""", +"""Okorotung""", +"""Utugwang""", +"""Ubang""", +"""Ukpe""", +"""Bishuo""", +"""Buru""", +"""Busuu""", +"""Ekajuk""", +"""Nnam""", +"""Nsele""", +"""Nta""", +"""Obang""", +"""Southern Ejagham""", +"""Bendeghe Etung""", +"""Ekwe""", +"""Northern Etung""", +"""Southern Etung""", +"""Nkum""", +"""Ekparabong""", +"""Ikumtale""", +"""Odaje""", +"""Fang""", +"""Nagumi""", +"""Labir""", +"""Guru""", +"""Gar Duguri""", +"""Northeast Duguri""", +"""Southwest Duguri""", +"""Bobar""", +"""Gingwak""", +"""Kanam""", +"""Ligri""", +"""Kulung""", +"""Mbaru""", +"""Ruhu""", +"""Mama""", +"""Mbula""", +"""Koshin""", +"""Basho""", +"""Bitieku""", +"""Takamanda""", +"""Kendem""", +"""Lower Kenyang""", +"""Upper Kenyang""", +"""Mbu'""", +"""Mundabli""", +"""Bakundumu""", +"""Bekeni""", +"""Bemili""", +"""Kyanzi""", +"""Suwa""", +"""Bera""", +"""Nyaku""", +"""Kaiku""", +"""Kango""", +"""Komo""", +"""Uélé""", +"""Buru""", +"""Hanga""", +"""Tungu""", +"""Benge""", +"""Kiba""", +"""Leboa-Le""", +"""Yewu""", +"""Mongbapele""", +"""Ndundusana""", +"""Liliká""", +"""Lilikó""", +"""Ngbee""", +"""Nyanga-li""", +"""Ngbinda""", +"""Boguru""", +"""Enenga""", +"""Galwa""", +"""Mpongwe""", +"""Nkomi""", +"""Orungu""", +"""Pinji""", +"""Simba""", +"""Tsogo""", +"""Viya""", +"""Kpa""", +"""Letia""", +"""Lefa""", +"""Tingong""", +"""Tibea""", +"""Barombi""", +"""Bisoo""", +"""Mbang""", +"""Yabyang""", +"""Yakalak""", +"""Yapoma""", +"""Yassuku""", +"""Basso""", +"""Bibeng""", +"""Bon""", +"""Diboum""", +"""Log""", +"""Mbang""", +"""Mpo""", +"""Ndokama""", +"""Ndokbele""", +"""Ndokpenda""", +"""Nyamtam""", +"""Mahongwe""", +"""Wumbvu""", +"""Osamayi""", +"""Ngom""", +"""Sake""", +"""Western Kele""", +"""Tombidi""", +"""Balong""", +"""Mwambong""", +"""Mwamenam""", +"""Ninong""", +"""Northern Bakossi""", +"""Southern Bakossi""", +"""Western Bakossi""", +"""Bafun""", +"""Balondo""", +"""Baneka""", +"""Manehas""", +"""Bakaka""", +"""Kekem""", +"""Melong""", +"""Santchou""", +"""Nkongho""", +"""Mvumbo""", +"""Kwasio""", +"""Shiwa""", +"""Besembo""", +"""Mbonjoku""", +"""Ngbako""", +"""Beten""", +"""Kwakum""", +"""Til""", +"""Bobili""", +"""Dondi""", +"""Mambaya""", +"""Pori Kinda""", +"""Jasoa""", +"""Mpyemo""", +"""Kamsili""", +"""Ukhwejo""", +"""Piiga""", +"""Kunabembe""", +"""Mbobyeng""", +"""Menzime""", +"""Mpomam""", +"""Bomwali""", +"""Byep""", +"""Bikeng""", +"""Kol North""", +"""Kol South""", +"""Mbwaanz""", +"""Sekunda""", +"""Melan So""", +"""Nzime""", +"""Njyem""", +"""Yambe""", +"""Bapuku""", +"""Batanga""", +"""Benga""", +"""Bomudi""", +"""Moganda""", +"""Bodele""", +"""Bomui""", +"""Bweko""", +"""Iyasa""", +"""Mapanga""", +"""Marry""", +"""Mogana""", +"""Mooma""", +"""One""", +"""Vendo""", +"""Mungo""", +"""Oli""", +"""Pongo""", +"""Malimba""", +"""Isu""", +"""Oli-Bidiman""", +"""Ekombe""", +"""Lokoko""", +"""Lokundu""", +"""Lolue""", +"""Londo""", +"""Longolo""", +"""Lotanga""", +"""Mbonge""", +"""Wumboko""", +"""Seki""", +"""Yelinda""", +"""Yembana""", +"""Yengono""", +"""Zaman""", +"""Essele""", +"""Mvo-Nangkok""", +"""Mvog-Namve""", +"""Manyok""", +"""Bebil""", +"""Bafeuk""", +"""Bamvele""", +"""Bane""", +"""Beti""", +"""Enoah""", +"""Evouzok""", +"""Fong""", +"""Mbida-Bani""", +"""Mvete""", +"""Mvog-Niengue""", +"""Omvang""", +"""Yabeka""", +"""Yabekanga""", +"""Yabekolo""", +"""Make""", +"""Mvae""", +"""Ntum""", +"""Ogowe""", +"""Southeast Bobe""", +"""Southwest Bobe""", +"""Mpongo""", +"""Nkole""", +"""Ntomba""", +"""Sakanyi""", +"""Saw""", +"""Soko""", +"""Sengele""", +"""Inja""", +"""Keembo""", +"""Nkimbe""", +"""Yaamba""", +"""Yaikole""", +"""Yaisu""", +"""Yangonda""", +"""Ekonda Mongo""", +"""Konda""", +"""Kutu""", +"""Longo""", +"""Longombe""", +"""Mpama""", +"""Nkundo""", +"""Ntomba-Bikoro""", +"""Ntomba-Inongo""", +"""Panga""", +"""Wangata""", +"""Yalima""", +"""Ngando""", +"""Ngende""", +"""Ngombe""", +"""Ngongo""", +"""Pianga""", +"""Lele""", +"""Wongo""", +"""Djia""", +"""Sakata""", +"""Dengese""", +"""Kusu""", +"""Tetela""", +"""Yela""", +"""Busu Djanga""", +"""Empesa Poko""", +"""Esumbu""", +"""Iliku""", +"""Kangana""", +"""Kumba""", +"""Kunda""", +"""Limpesa""", +"""Lipoto""", +"""Lusengo Poto""", +"""Mongala Poto""", +"""Mongo""", +"""Ngundi""", +"""Bwela""", +"""Tembo""", +"""Poko""", +"""South Lobala""", +"""Tanda""", +"""Zamba""", +"""Loi""", +"""Makutu""", +"""Mampoko""", +"""Lingala""", +"""Moi""", +"""Mpama""", +"""Hamba""", +"""Kongola-Meno""", +"""Lokalo""", +"""Ngongo""", +"""Saka""", +"""Songomeno""", +"""Bembe""", +"""Lipanja""", +"""Lobo""", +"""Mbinga""", +"""Ndobo""", +"""Kutu""", +"""Monia""", +"""Likila""", +"""Litoka""", +"""Bozaba""", +"""Maboko""", +"""Moliba""", +"""Molunga""", +"""Ebuku""", +"""Likaw""", +"""Lingonda""", +"""Bokoy""", +"""Bolupi""", +"""Elowa""", +"""Doko""", +"""Wiindza-Baali""", +"""Mbila""", +"""Monzamboli""", +"""Yaliambi""", +"""Egbuta""", +"""Ndolo""", +"""Kwanga""", +"""Mbowe""", +"""Mbumi""", +"""Mdundulu""", +"""Mishulundu""", +"""Mbowe""", +"""North Kwandu""", +"""South Kwandu""", +"""Mbukushu""", +"""Liyuwa""", +"""Makoma""", +"""Mulonga""", +"""Mwenyi""", +"""Simaa""", +"""Nyengo""", +"""Lombo""", +"""So""", +"""Likolo""", +"""Liutwa""", +"""Lombooki""", +"""Mbesa""", +"""Yari""", +"""Doondo""", +"""Ikeleve""", +"""Western Kituba""", +"""Central Kongo""", +"""East Kongo""", +"""Mboka""", +"""Ndingi""", +"""Nzamba""", +"""South Congo""", +"""South East Kongo""", +"""West Kongo""", +"""San Salvador Kongo""", +"""Suundi""", +"""Hungana""", +"""Suku""", +"""Yaka""", +"""Koyo""", +"""Likwala""", +"""Mbosi""", +"""Northern Bomitaba""", +"""Bonjo""", +"""Bonzio""", +"""Bwaka""", +"""Mbati of Mbaïki""", +"""Ngundi""", +"""Pande""", +"""Basese""", +"""Beka""", +"""Nzari""", +"""Northern Dibole""", +"""Southern Dibole""", +"""Mikaya-Bambengangale-Baluma""", +"""Dikuta""", +"""Luba-Katanga""", +"""Sanga""", +"""Kasenga""", +"""Mikebwe""", +"""Nonda""", +"""Bangubangu""", +"""Sanzi""", +"""Hemba""", +"""Bena Lulua""", +"""Kanyok""", +"""Luna""", +"""Lwalu""", +"""Mbagani""", +"""Western Kalebwe""", +"""Lushangi""", +"""Mashasha""", +"""Mbowela""", +"""Nkoya""", +"""Shasha""", +"""Kanandjoho""", +"""Kuya""", +"""Nyani""", +"""Ngul""", +"""Ombamba""", +"""Keteghe""", +"""Njiningi""", +"""Tegekali""", +"""Tchitchege""", +"""Tsaangi""", +"""Wandji""", +"""Vili of Ngounie""", +"""Sighu""", +"""Mosieno""", +"""Ngee""", +"""Wuumu""", +"""Teke-Kukuya""", +"""Teke-Ebo""", +"""Teke-Tsaayi""", +"""Yaka""", +"""Teke-Tyee""", +"""Yeci""", +"""Yongo""", +"""Phende""", +"""Sonde""", +"""Mbamba""", +"""Ngola""", +"""Njinga""", +"""Nsongo""", +"""Sama""", +"""Luvale""", +"""Mbunda""", +"""Mbwela""", +"""Nkangala""", +"""Nyemba""", +"""Kawiku""", +"""Kosa""", +"""Lunda Kalunda""", +"""Lunda Kambove""", +"""Lunda Ndembu""", +"""Ndembu""", +"""Ruund""", +"""Mbandieru""", +"""Zemba""", +"""Kwaludhi""", +"""Ngandyera""", +"""Mbalanhu""", +"""Ngandyera""", +"""Mwila""", +"""Ndombe""", +"""Umbundu""", +"""Vungunya""", +"""Lumbu""", +"""Ngubi""", +"""Vumbu""", +"""Sira""", +"""Tiene""", +"""Kempee""", +"""Ntswar""", +"""Mpuono""", +"""Songo""", +"""Lwel""", +"""Nzadi""", +"""Lundwe""", +"""Ila""", +"""Twa""", +"""Sala""", +"""Leya""", +"""Mala""", +"""Shanjo""", +"""Toka""", +"""Twa of Kafwe""", +"""We""", +"""Soli""", +"""Totela""", +"""Shanjo""", +"""Kabende""", +"""Lembue""", +"""Lomotua""", +"""Luunda""", +"""Mukula""", +"""Ng'umbo""", +"""Ngoma""", +"""Nwesi""", +"""Shila""", +"""Town Bemba""", +"""Twa of Bangweulu""", +"""Unga""", +"""Bisa""", +"""Lala""", +"""Luano""", +"""Swaka""", +"""Wulima""", +"""Lamba""", +"""Seba""", +"""Nsenga""", +"""Chipoka""", +"""Chitumbuka""", +"""Fililwa""", +"""Fungwe""", +"""Hewe""", +"""Kandawire""", +"""Nenya""", +"""Ngoni""", +"""Nthali""", +"""Poka""", +"""Senga""", +"""Wenya""", +"""Yombe""", +"""Malila""", +"""Nyika""", +"""Nyika""", +"""Mbwila""", +"""Poroto""", +"""Songwe""", +"""Kwa""", +"""Kwaafi""", +"""Nkwaamba""", +"""Ntili""", +"""Peemba""", +"""Siiwa""", +"""Sukuuma""", +"""Rungu""", +"""Tambo""", +"""Pimbwe""", +"""Tongwe""", +"""Rungwa""", +"""Mwamba""", +"""Ngonde""", +"""Nkonde""", +"""Nyakyusa""", +"""Selya""", +"""Kwange""", +"""Mamba""", +"""Semalinga""", +"""Semulu""", +"""Kolo""", +"""Kondoa""", +"""Mondo""", +"""Mbugwe""", +"""Mumoni""", +"""North Kitui""", +"""South Kitui""", +"""Igoji""", +"""Imenti""", +"""Miutini""", +"""Meru""", +"""Tigania""", +"""Ntugi""", +"""Tharaka""", +"""Thagichu""", +"""Embu""", +"""Mathira""", +"""Ndia""", +"""Northern Gikuyu""", +"""Southern Gikuyu""", +"""Mwimbi""", +"""Temi""", +"""Bukira""", +"""Bwirege""", +"""Kiroba""", +"""Nyabasi""", +"""Simbiti""", +"""Sweta""", +"""Suba""", +"""Suba-Simbiti""", +"""Ngurimi""", +"""Ndali""", +"""Siora""", +"""Kara""", +"""Isukha""", +"""Tiriki""", +"""Tachoni""", +"""Kabras""", +"""Ulubukusu""", +"""Ulubuya""", +"""Uludadiri""", +"""Ulukisu""", +"""Kisa""", +"""Marama""", +"""Nyore""", +"""Tachoni""", +"""Tsotso""", +"""Wanga""", +"""Marachi""", +"""Saamia""", +"""West Nyala""", +"""Menya""", +"""Sabi""", +"""Wesa""", +"""Gungu""", +"""Ludiopa""", +"""Luvuma""", +"""Sese""", +"""Gwere""", +"""Singa""", +"""Lamogi""", +"""Tenga""", +"""Syan""", +"""Hororo""", +"""Orutagwenda""", +"""Rutagwenda""", +"""Western Ruli""", +"""Talinga-Bwisi""", +"""Edangabo""", +"""Ekiziba""", +"""Ganda-Kiaka""", +"""Hamba""", +"""Hangiro""", +"""Mwani""", +"""Nyakisisa""", +"""Yoza""", +"""Longo""", +"""Joba""", +"""Nyindu""", +"""Havu""", +"""Hunde""", +"""Lindja""", +"""Longe-Longe""", +"""Ziba""", +"""Tembo""", +"""Shubi""", +"""Bwisha""", +"""Hutu""", +"""Igikiga""", +"""Mulenge""", +"""Rufumbira""", +"""Rutwa""", +"""Rundi""", +"""Rundi-Kitwa""", +"""Vinza""", +"""Sanza""", +"""Kumbule""", +"""Mate""", +"""Nande""", +"""Sanza""", +"""Shu""", +"""Swaga""", +"""Tangi""", +"""Yira""", +"""Mamba""", +"""Marangu""", +"""Mwika""", +"""Mashati""", +"""Mkuu""", +"""Usseri""", +"""Hai""", +"""Masama""", +"""Ng'uni""", +"""Siha""", +"""Gweno""", +"""Gimba""", +"""Kasigau""", +"""Kishamba""", +"""Mugange""", +"""Teri""", +"""Chawia""", +"""Mbale""", +"""Mbololo""", +"""Mwanda""", +"""Werugha""", +"""Ngazidja Comorian""", +"""Shindzwani""", +"""Ndzwani Comorian""", +"""Duruma""", +"""Jibana""", +"""Kambe""", +"""Kauma""", +"""Giryama""", +"""Rabai""", +"""Ribe""", +"""Segeju""", +"""Kinakomba""", +"""Malalulu""", +"""Ndera""", +"""Ndura""", +"""Zubaki""", +"""Katanga Swahili""", +"""Kivu Swahili""", +"""Lualaba Kingwana""", +"""Cutchi-Swahili""", +"""Interior Makwe""", +"""Nkojo""", +"""Nsimbwa""", +"""Wibo""", +"""Bajuni""", +"""Fundi""", +"""Matondoni""", +"""Mgao""", +"""Mrima""", +"""Mvita""", +"""Mwini""", +"""Pate""", +"""Pemba""", +"""Shamba""", +"""Siu""", +"""Unguja""", +"""Taveta""", +"""Zaramo""", +"""Kwere""", +"""Doe""", +"""Luguru""", +"""Megi""", +"""Tumba""", +"""Nyaugogo""", +"""Tumba""", +"""Shambala""", +"""Zigula""", +"""Kondoa""", +"""Kweny""", +"""Nkwifiya""", +"""Vidunda""", +"""Hehe""", +"""Ngoni""", +"""Vwanji""", +"""Konongo""", +"""Nyanyembe""", +"""Takama""", +"""Kiya""", +"""Sumbwa""", +"""Holoholo""", +"""North Binja""", +"""South Binja""", +"""Ibanda""", +"""Isopo""", +"""Iyoko""", +"""Lusenge""", +"""Mizulo""", +"""Kigyoma""", +"""Kinyabanga""", +"""Kinyamunsange""", +"""Kisede""", +"""Liliga""", +"""Mokpa""", +"""Ikumbure""", +"""Inyanga""", +"""Itiri""", +"""Ginyamunyinganyi""", +"""Girwana""", +"""Pogolo""", +"""Mpoto""", +"""Ngindo""", +"""Ndengereko""", +"""Mbunga""", +"""Nindi""", +"""Maviha""", +"""Vadonde""", +"""Vamakonde""", +"""Vamwalu""", +"""Vamwambe""", +"""Machinga""", +"""Makale""", +"""Mangoche""", +"""Massaninga""", +"""Tunduru Yao""", +"""Kunda""", +"""Manganja""", +"""Ngoni""", +"""Nyanja""", +"""Nyasa""", +"""Peta""", +"""Malawi Sena""", +"""Caia""", +"""Gombe""", +"""Gorongosa""", +"""Podzo""", +"""Rue""", +"""Sangwe""", +"""Nyungwe""", +"""Phimbi""", +"""Dondo""", +"""Garwe""", +"""Gova""", +"""Ndau""", +"""Shanga""", +"""Tonga""", +"""Govera""", +"""Jena""", +"""Mhari""", +"""Ngova""", +"""Nyubi""", +"""Gova""", +"""Nyongwe""", +"""Pfunde""", +"""Shan Gwe""", +"""Tande""", +"""Tavara""", +"""Toko""", +"""Harava""", +"""Kachikwakwa""", +"""Kwazwimba""", +"""Mbire""", +"""Njanja""", +"""Nobvu""", +"""Nohwe""", +"""Shawasha""", +"""Tsunga""", +"""Tawara-Daque""", +"""Bunji""", +"""Bvumba""", +"""Domba""", +"""Guta""", +"""Here""", +"""Hungwe""", +"""Jindwi""", +"""Karombe""", +"""Nyamuka""", +"""Nyatwe""", +"""Unyama""", +"""Tewe""", +"""Dema""", +"""Lilima""", +"""Nyai""", +"""Peri""", +"""Talahundra""", +"""Nambya""", +"""Khambani""", +"""Lambwe""", +"""Lengue""", +"""Ndonge""", +"""Tonga""", +"""Nyambe""", +"""Sewi""", +"""Hlubi""", +"""Phuthi""", +"""Bomvana""", +"""Cele""", +"""Gaika""", +"""Gealeka""", +"""Hlubi""", +"""Mfengu""", +"""Mpondo""", +"""Mpondomse""", +"""Ndlambe""", +"""Rhathabe""", +"""Thembu""", +"""Xesibe""", +"""Ngoni""", +"""Qwabe""", +"""South Ndebele""", +"""Konde""", +"""Putru""", +"""Changana""", +"""Gwamba""", +"""Hlave""", +"""Jonga""", +"""Kande""", +"""Luleke""", +"""N'walungu""", +"""Nhlanganu""", +"""Nkuma""", +"""Songa""", +"""Xonga""", +"""Mandla""", +"""Ndxhonge""", +"""Nhayi""", +"""Tshwa""", +"""Karungu""", +"""Maindo""", +"""Marale""", +"""Nyaringa""", +"""Lolo""", +"""Marenje""", +"""Takwane""", +"""Kokola""", +"""Enatthembo""", +"""Mitange""", +"""Malawi Lomwe""", +"""Empamela""", +"""Emwaja""", +"""Enaharra""", +"""Enlai""", +"""Enyara""", +"""Makhuwana""", +"""Naharra""", +"""Nampamela""", +"""Makhuwa-Moniga""", +"""Saka""", +"""Makhuwa-Shirima""", +"""Manyawa""", +"""Nathembo""", +"""Gananwa""", +"""Kgaga""", +"""Khutswe""", +"""Koni""", +"""Kopa""", +"""Lobedu""", +"""Masemola""", +"""Matlala-Moletshi""", +"""Pai""", +"""Phalaborwa""", +"""Pulana""", +"""Tlokwa""", +"""Tswene""", +"""Tswapong""", +"""Taung""", +"""Kenyi""", +"""Khakhae""", +"""Koma""", +"""Ngologa""", +"""Kgalagadi""", +"""Pedi""", +"""Phaleng""", +"""Rhiti""", +"""Shaga""", +"""Siwane""", +"""Kgatla""", +"""Kwena""", +"""Lete""", +"""Melete""", +"""Ngwaketse""", +"""Ngwatu""", +"""Rolong""", +"""Tawana""", +"""Thlaro""", +"""Tlahaping""", +"""Tlhaping""", +"""Tlharo""", +"""Tlokwa""", +"""Ilafuri""", +"""Lembetu""", +"""Manda""", +"""Mbedzi""", +"""Phani""", +"""Tavha-Tsindi""", +"""Belueli""", +"""East Bafwangada""", +"""Ineta""", +"""Mahaa""", +"""Makoda""", +"""Malamba""", +"""Wadimbisa""", +"""West Bafwangada""", +"""Mbo""", +"""Ndaka""", +"""Nyali""", +"""Vanuma""", +"""Kombe""", +"""Mbere""", +"""Ngoro""", +"""Tocenga""", +"""Tonjo""", +"""Tsinga""", +"""Nyokon""", +"""Tunen""", +"""Tuotomb""", +"""Nigii""", +"""Nubaca""", +"""Mmaala""", +"""Hijuk""", +"""Yangben""", +"""Southern Gunu""", +"""Oliti""", +"""Otank""", +"""Tiv""", +"""Batanga""", +"""Amayo""", +"""Olulu""", +"""Tinta""", +"""Esimbi""", +"""Ambo""", +"""Angwe""", +"""Kamino""", +"""Bitare""", +"""Modele""", +"""Befang""", +"""Obang""", +"""Okomanjang""", +"""Ushaku""", +"""Nee""", +"""Njee-Poantu""", +"""Nka'""", +"""Mkwet""", +"""Ngam""", +"""Ntii""", +"""Tungi'""", +"""Ghomálá North""", +"""Bameka""", +"""Bansoa""", +"""Ngemba""", +"""Kwa'""", +"""Bamendjing""", +"""Ungameha""", +"""Bamoungong""", +"""Batcham""", +"""Bamendjinda""", +"""Bamendjo""", +"""Bamenkumbo""", +"""Bamesso""", +"""Bamessingue""", +"""Ngwe""", +"""Yemba""", +"""Bamali""", +"""Bambalang""", +"""Bamun""", +"""Bangolan""", +"""Nde""", +"""Ti""", +"""Bafut""", +"""Beba""", +"""Bambui""", +"""Bamukumbit""", +"""Kpati""", +"""Nkwen""", +"""Anyang""", +"""Bagangu""", +"""Mangkunge""", +"""Mankon""", +"""Mbrerewi""", +"""Mbutu""", +"""Njong""", +"""Shomba""", +"""Songwa""", +"""Pinyin""", +"""Wat""", +"""Wiyeh""", +"""Mbe'""", +"""Jui""", +"""Koffa""", +"""Kom""", +"""Lus""", +"""Manang""", +"""Mbah""", +"""Mballa""", +"""Mbat""", +"""Mbibji""", +"""Ncha""", +"""Mfe""", +"""Nkot""", +"""Ntem""", +"""Ntong""", +"""Bangang""", +"""Banti""", +"""Bechati""", +"""Besali""", +"""Folepi""", +"""Iguambo""", +"""Nko""", +"""Njen""", +"""Ngoshie""", +"""Banya""", +"""Basa""", +"""Ikweri""", +"""Konda""", +"""Ngwo""", +"""Okorobi""", +"""Zang""", +"""Moghamo""", +"""Ngamambo""", +"""Ndemli""", +"""Bum""", +"""Kung""", +"""Fungom""", +"""Nyos""", +"""Oku""", +"""Lamnso'""", +"""Vengo""", +"""Bamunka""", +"""Wushi""", +"""Isu""", +"""Kuk""", +"""Laimbue""", +"""Weh""", +"""Zhoa""", +"""Busam""", +"""Manta""", +"""Menka""", +"""Osatu""", +"""Nde-Gbite""", +"""Viti""", +"""Tesu""", +"""Sambe""", +"""Toro""", +"""Eggon""", +"""Lijili""", +"""Tanjijili""", +"""Firan""", +"""Ganang""", +"""Izere""", +"""Kachichere""", +"""Kafanchan""", +"""Kagoro""", +"""Katab""", +"""Sholio""", +"""Cen""", +"""Du-Ropp-Rim""", +"""Fan-Foron-Heikpang""", +"""Gyell-Kuru-Vwang""", +"""Hoss""", +"""Eten""", +"""Zwall""", +"""Mbeci""", +"""Mbeji""", +"""Ikulu""", +"""Idon""", +"""Iku-Gora-Ankwa""", +"""Kachia""", +"""Kajuru""", +"""Minna""", +"""Kuturmi""", +"""Rukul""", +"""Horom""", +"""Legeri""", +"""Vaghat""", +"""Ya""", +"""Itarok""", +"""Itarok Oga Asa""", +"""Izini""", +"""Selyer""", +"""Yangkam""", +"""Bu""", +"""Che""", +"""Nindem""", +"""Kanufi""", +"""Mada""", +"""Ninzo""", +"""Numana""", +"""Numbu""", +"""Nunku""", +"""Rindre""", +"""Kamantan""", +"""Hyam""", +"""Kurmin Dangana""", +"""Shamang""", +"""Shang""", +"""Zhire""", +"""Koron Ache""", +"""Koron Panda""", +"""Gwara""", +"""Idun""", +"""Buzi""", +"""Nyenkpa""", +"""Panda""", +"""Tattara""", +"""Beezen""", +"""Lufu""", +"""Kapya""", +"""Yukuben""", +"""Aje""", +"""Arigidí""", +"""Erúsú""", +"""Ese""", +"""Igasi""", +"""Ojo""", +"""Oyin""", +"""Udo""", +"""Uro""", +"""Òge""", +"""Àhàn""", +"""Ede Nago""", +"""Awori""", +"""Aworo""", +"""Bunu""", +"""Egba""", +"""Ekiti""", +"""Gbedde""", +"""Igbonna""", +"""Ijebu""", +"""Ijesha""", +"""Ikale""", +"""Ila""", +"""Ilaje""", +"""Iworro""", +"""Jumu""", +"""Ondo""", +"""Owe""", +"""Oyo""", +"""Wo""", +"""Yagba""", +"""Ulukwumi""", +"""Mokole""", +"""Ilodji""", +"""Ede Idaca""", +"""Djama""", +"""Tschetti""", +"""Manigri-Kambolé Ede Nago""", +"""Isekiri""", +"""Anyugba""", +"""Ebu""", +"""Ibaji""", +"""Idah""", +"""Ife""", +"""Ogugu""", +"""Emughan""", +"""Okpeden""", +"""Otapha""", +"""Arughunya""", +"""Kugbo""", +"""Obulom""", +"""Anyama""", +"""Oloibiri""", +"""Ogbogolo""", +"""Ogbronuagum""", +"""Ikot Ekpene""", +"""Ukanafun""", +"""Efik""", +"""Enyong""", +"""Itak""", +"""Nsit""", +"""Ukwa""", +"""Etebi""", +"""Ito""", +"""Itu Mbon Uzo""", +"""Nkari""", +"""Ebughu""", +"""Uda""", +"""Ibino""", +"""Iko""", +"""Ilue""", +"""Idere""", +"""Ibot Obolo""", +"""Ngo""", +"""Okoroete""", +"""Unyeada""", +"""Okobo""", +"""Oro""", +"""Usaghade""", +"""Bomu""", +"""Dere""", +"""Kibangha""", +"""Boúe""", +"""Ken-Khana""", +"""Norkhana""", +"""Nyo-Kana""", +"""Yeghe""", +"""Tee""", +"""Kesari""", +"""Eleme""", +"""Bakpinka""", +"""Doko-Uyanga""", +"""Ugep""", +"""Nkukoli""", +"""Apiapum""", +"""Ekama""", +"""Oferikpe""", +"""Ofombonga""", +"""Ofonokpan""", +"""Okom""", +"""Osopong""", +"""Leyigha""", +"""Okuni""", +"""Olulumo""", +"""Mtezi""", +"""Ugbala""", +"""Uzekwe""", +"""Ufia""", +"""Ufiom""", +"""Abini""", +"""Adim""", +"""Erei""", +"""Etono""", +"""Agwagwune""", +"""Orum""", +"""Kohumono""", +"""Umon""", +"""Etono""", +"""Ikun""", +"""Ugbem""", +"""Utuma""", +"""Korop""", +"""Ukpet""", +"""Assaikio""", +"""Doma""", +"""Keana""", +"""Idoma South""", +"""Idoma West""", +"""Okpogu""", +"""Nkum Akpambe""", +"""Yala Ogoja""", +"""Ito""", +"""Oju""", +"""Worku""", +"""Ijiegu""", +"""Igbuduya""", +"""Ubye""", +"""Upata""", +"""Aluu""", +"""Apani""", +"""Egbedna""", +"""Elele""", +"""Emowhua""", +"""Ibaa""", +"""Igwuruta""", +"""Ipo""", +"""Isiokpo""", +"""Ndele""", +"""Obio""", +"""Ogbakiri""", +"""Omagwna""", +"""Omerelu""", +"""Omudioga""", +"""Rumuji""", +"""Ubima""", +"""Ikwo""", +"""Izi""", +"""Mgbo""", +"""Aniocha""", +"""Bonny-Opobo""", +"""Eche""", +"""Egbema""", +"""Mbaise""", +"""Ngwa""", +"""Nsa""", +"""Nsuka""", +"""Oguta""", +"""Ohuhu""", +"""Oka""", +"""Onitsha""", +"""Orlu""", +"""Owerri""", +"""Umuahia""", +"""Unwana""", +"""Igburu-Usomini""", +"""Ndoni""", +"""Ukwuani""", +"""Pindiga""", +"""Jan-Awei""", +"""Jiba""", +"""Garbabi""", +"""Gayam""", +"""Takum""", +"""Wannu""", +"""Wãpha""", +"""Eneeme""", +"""Kporo""", +"""Nama""", +"""Nzare""", +"""Jiru""", +"""Nye""", +"""Shoo""", +"""Bissaula""", +"""Donga""", +"""Eregba""", +"""Kente""", +"""Kumbo""", +"""Takum""", +"""Jenuwa""", +"""Kentin""", +"""Kunabe""", +"""Lissam""", +"""Bassa-Kontagora""", +"""Dungu""", +"""Niragu""", +"""Kaivi""", +"""Kinuku""", +"""Kono""", +"""Kurama""", +"""Mala""", +"""Ruma""", +"""Shuwa-Zamani""", +"""Surubu""", +"""Tumi""", +"""Vono""", +"""Shau""", +"""Si""", +"""Takaya""", +"""Ningi""", +"""Kudu""", +"""Gusu""", +"""Jere""", +"""Ribina""", +"""Panawa""", +"""Iguta""", +"""Janji""", +"""Tunzu""", +"""Ziriya""", +"""Tsuvadi""", +"""Ashen""", +"""Dabai""", +"""Lila""", +"""Ribah""", +"""Damakawa""", +"""Western Duka""", +"""Wuri""", +"""Jiir""", +"""Kag""", +"""Koor""", +"""Kur""", +"""Ror""", +"""Zuksun""", +"""Regi""", +"""Tiyal""", +"""Shama""", +"""Supana""", +"""Wayam-Rubu""", +"""Fungwa""", +"""Gurmana""", +"""Asebi""", +"""Awege""", +"""Azhiga""", +"""Cagere""", +"""Camajere""", +"""Cansu""", +"""Caundu""", +"""Ubwebwe""", +"""Lopa""", +"""Koto""", +"""Okene""", +"""Gade""", +"""Kaduna""", +"""Karu""", +"""Kuta""", +"""Louome""", +"""Ngenge""", +"""Tawari""", +"""Vwezhi""", +"""Gayegi""", +"""Gbagyi Nkwa""", +"""Izem""", +"""Jezhu""", +"""Kong""", +"""Kwali""", +"""Kwange""", +"""Paiko""", +"""Wahe""", +"""Gupa""", +"""Gbanmi-Sokun Kakanda""", +"""Kami""", +"""Kupa""", +"""Nupe Tako""", +"""Oko""", +"""Osayen""", +"""Ishe""", +"""Kakumo""", +"""Tita""", +"""Ega""", +"""Mobumrin Aizi""", +"""Tiagbamrin Aizi""", +"""Defa""", +"""Deple""", +"""Nigagba""", +"""Nyinagbi""", +"""Wané""", +"""Guebie""", +"""Kpakolo""", +"""Nekedi""", +"""Niabre""", +"""Zadie""", +"""Zebie""", +"""Kouya""", +"""Dlogo""", +"""Glibe""", +"""Jluko""", +"""Kagbo""", +"""Koyo""", +"""Nugbo""", +"""Nyago""", +"""Tiglu""", +"""Soubré""", +"""Kodia""", +"""Lozoua""", +"""Neyo""", +"""Kuwaa""", +"""Kplor""", +"""Gba Sor""", +"""Gbor""", +"""Hwen Gba Kon""", +"""Mabahn""", +"""Rivercess Bassa""", +"""Wedebo""", +"""Dorobo""", +"""Globo""", +"""Nyenebo""", +"""Trembo""", +"""Dediebo""", +"""Gederobo""", +"""Nyanoun""", +"""Tuobo""", +"""E Je""", +"""Fopo-Bua""", +"""Gbepo""", +"""Jedepo""", +"""Klepo""", +"""Nitiabo""", +"""Sabo""", +"""Tuobo""", +"""Webo""", +"""Palipo""", +"""Tienpo""", +"""Jabo""", +"""Nyabo""", +"""Wrelpo""", +"""Gbowe-Hran""", +"""Pie""", +"""Trepo""", +"""Wlepo""", +"""Wluwe-Hawlo""", +"""Yapo""", +"""Yrewe""", +"""Dapo""", +"""Glawlo""", +"""Honpo""", +"""Plapo""", +"""Tepo""", +"""Wlopo""", +"""Yrepo""", +"""Eastern Klaoh""", +"""West Central Klaoh""", +"""Western Klaoh""", +"""Tajuasohn""", +"""Kanneh""", +"""Konobo""", +"""Tchien""", +"""Twabo""", +"""Glio-Oubi""", +"""Fleo""", +"""Gboo""", +"""Neao""", +"""Nyeo""", +"""Zaa""", +"""Zagna""", +"""Zagne""", +"""Zibiao""", +"""Nidrou""", +"""Kabade""", +"""Nomopo""", +"""Putu""", +"""Sinkon""", +"""Waya""", +"""Gbaeson""", +"""Gbarbo""", +"""Gbo""", +"""Gborbo""", +"""Kpeaply""", +"""Pewa""", +"""Plo""", +"""Nyedebwa""", +"""Sémien""", +"""Tao""", +"""Gbugbla""", +"""Krobo""", +"""Ningo""", +"""Osu""", +"""Shai""", +"""Ga""", +"""Dogo""", +"""Hwe""", +"""Sikpi""", +"""Tado""", +"""Tala""", +"""Ayizo-Seto""", +"""Ayizo-Tori""", +"""Kadagbe""", +"""Ci Gbe""", +"""Defi Gbe""", +"""Eastern Xwla Gbe""", +"""Arohun""", +"""Gbekon""", +"""Kpase""", +"""Alada""", +"""Asento""", +"""Gbekon""", +"""Gun""", +"""Phela""", +"""Savi""", +"""Seto""", +"""Toli""", +"""Weme""", +"""Kotafon Gbe""", +"""Maxi Gbe""", +"""Saxwe""", +"""Se""", +"""Tofin Gbe""", +"""Weme Gbe""", +"""Western Xwla Gbe""", +"""Wudu""", +"""Xwela Gbe""", +"""Aguna""", +"""Agu""", +"""Anglo""", +"""Aveno""", +"""Awuna""", +"""Be""", +"""Gbin""", +"""Ho""", +"""Hudu""", +"""Kotafoa""", +"""Kpelen""", +"""Togo""", +"""Vlin""", +"""Vo""", +"""Anexo""", +"""Gliji""", +"""Gen""", +"""Kpessi""", +"""Waci Gbe""", +"""Tafi""", +"""Animere""", +"""Ikponu""", +"""Iwi""", +"""Litime""", +"""Logbo""", +"""Uma""", +"""Tuwuli""", +"""Upper Adele""", +"""Ananjubi""", +"""Balanka""", +"""Gikolodjya""", +"""Gilempla""", +"""Giseda""", +"""Gisème""", +"""Boro""", +"""Lolobi""", +"""Sekwa""", +"""Selee""", +"""Logba""", +"""Ogbru""", +"""Kos""", +"""Morie""", +"""Tioffo""", +"""Adioukrou""", +"""Ketin""", +"""Naindin""", +"""Avikam""", +"""Mbato""", +"""Ahafo""", +"""Akuapem""", +"""Akyem Bosome""", +"""Asante""", +"""Asen""", +"""Dankyira""", +"""Fante""", +"""Kwawu""", +"""Fianse""", +"""Alangua""", +"""Ano""", +"""Aowin""", +"""Barabo""", +"""Bini""", +"""Bona""", +"""Djuablin""", +"""Indenie""", +"""Moronou""", +"""Sanvi""", +"""Anyin Morofo""", +"""Baoulé""", +"""Sehwi""", +"""Pepesa""", +"""Gonja""", +"""Nkonya""", +"""Nterato""", +"""Ginyanga""", +"""Nawuri""", +"""Southern Chumburung""", +"""Yeji""", +"""Kenyen""", +"""Wiase""", +"""Kplang""", +"""Krache""", +"""Nchumbulu""", +"""Tchumbuli""", +"""Awutu""", +"""Senya""", +"""Boso""", +"""Larteh""", +"""Krobu""", +"""Beti""", +"""Bolgo Kubar""", +"""Bon Gula""", +"""Kawaway""", +"""Southern Fania""", +"""Patool""", +"""Pongaal""", +"""Tiaala""", +"""Tiitaal""", +"""Koke""", +"""Niellim""", +"""Tchini""", +"""Noy""", +"""Tunya""", +"""Zan""", +"""Bouna""", +"""Ngalo""", +"""Takawa-Béngoro""", +"""Goundo""", +"""Gerep""", +"""Kolop""", +"""Kosop""", +"""Ngomi""", +"""Karang""", +"""Sakpu""", +"""Tale""", +"""Nzakambay""", +"""Zoli""", +"""Man""", +"""Pana""", +"""Pondo""", +"""Kuo""", +"""Mboum""", +"""Ndai""", +"""Imbana""", +"""Kiziere""", +"""Kiziere""", +"""Torrock-Kaélé""", +"""Pam""", +"""Bang-Were""", +"""Faale-Piyew""", +"""Podokge""", +"""Mussau""", +"""Thai""", +"""Oblo""", +"""Kumba""", +"""Gnoore""", +"""Gola""", +"""Gongla""", +"""Jalingo""", +"""Jeng""", +"""Kasaa""", +"""Kugong""", +"""Kwaji""", +"""Lankaviri""", +"""Mang""", +"""Meeka""", +"""Nyaaja""", +"""Saawa""", +"""Sagbee""", +"""Shaari""", +"""Yaa""", +"""Yakoko""", +"""Yoro""", +"""Zinna""", +"""Komo""", +"""Pangseng""", +"""Rang""", +"""Kpasam""", +"""Yotti""", +"""Yendang""", +"""Goom""", +"""Home""", +"""Mambe'""", +"""Mamna'a""", +"""Ngbang""", +"""Nyok""", +"""Sagzee""", +"""Vaazin""", +"""Saan""", +"""Duupa""", +"""Duli""", +"""Wom""", +"""Deenu""", +"""Samba Leko""", +"""Samba de Wangai""", +"""Sampara""", +"""Nimbari""", +"""Peer Muure""", +"""Zongbi""", +"""Sewe""", +"""Teere""", +"""Gomme""", +"""Gomnome""", +"""Koma Damti""", +"""Leelu""", +"""Liu""", +"""Ndera""", +"""Koma Ndera""", +"""Yeru""", +"""Zanu""", +"""Mom Jango""", +"""Joto""", +"""Linda""", +"""Ndokpa""", +"""Ngapo""", +"""Buru""", +"""Gbaga-South""", +"""Gbambiya""", +"""Govoro""", +"""Hai""", +"""Ka""", +"""Mbi""", +"""Ndi""", +"""Ngalabo""", +"""Ngola""", +"""Banda-Banda""", +"""Vidiri""", +"""Wundu""", +"""Mbre""", +"""Moruba""", +"""Sabanga""", +"""Wada""", +"""Banda-Ndélé""", +"""Junguru""", +"""Ngao""", +"""Ngbala""", +"""Tangbago""", +"""Kpagua""", +"""Dukpu""", +"""Wasa""", +"""Yakpa""", +"""Bubanda""", +"""Galaba""", +"""Kaga""", +"""Mpaka""", +"""Ngundu""", +"""Vara""", +"""Kala""", +"""Ngbundu""", +"""Ngbugu""", +"""Gbaga-Nord""", +"""Gbi""", +"""Vita""", +"""Wojo""", +"""Mbangi""", +"""Northern Ngbandi""", +"""Sango""", +"""Southern Ngbandi""", +"""Yakoma""", +"""Ndunga""", +"""Tora""", +"""Madipia""", +"""Ngbaka Ma'bo""", +"""Gbanziri""", +"""Yaka""", +"""Gundi""", +"""Limassa""", +"""Yango""", +"""Monzombo""", +"""Mangayat""", +"""Togoyo""", +"""Belanda Viri""", +"""Sere""", +"""Tagbu""", +"""Ngala-Santandrea""", +"""Pambia""", +"""Geme Tulu""", +"""Nzakara""", +"""Makaraka""", +"""Gbaya of Boda""", +"""Bokoto""", +"""Bozom""", +"""Diabe""", +"""Gbabana""", +"""Suma""", +"""North Bangato""", +"""Southwest Gbaya""", +"""Bodoe""", +"""Gaymona""", +"""Gbaya Kara""", +"""Gbeya""", +"""Lai""", +"""Lombu""", +"""Mbai""", +"""Mbere""", +"""Mombe""", +"""Yaáyuwee""", +"""Gbagiri""", +"""Gbanu""", +"""Ngbaka Manza""", +"""Ngbaka""", +"""Gbaya-Mbodomo""", +"""Koniko""", +"""Mandiakuy""", +"""Mao""", +"""Togo""", +"""Wahu""", +"""Cwi Bwamu""", +"""Láá Láá Bwamu""", +"""Konni""", +"""Northern Gourmanchema""", +"""Southern Gourmanchema""", +"""Ligbeln""", +"""Likoonli""", +"""Limonkpel""", +"""Linafiel""", +"""Motiem""", +"""Ceemba""", +"""Linangmanli""", +"""Ncanm""", +"""Ntaapum""", +"""Yom""", +"""Frafra""", +"""Gudeni""", +"""Gurune""", +"""Nabt""", +"""Nankana""", +"""Nankani""", +"""Talni""", +"""Nabit""", +"""Saremdé""", +"""Taolendé""", +"""Yaadré""", +"""Yaande""", +"""Yana""", +"""Zaore""", +"""'Dolimi""", +"""Cherii""", +"""Fufula""", +"""Yeri Waali""", +"""Southern Dagaare""", +"""Wile""", +"""Southern Birifor""", +"""Nura""", +"""Wule""", +"""Safaliba""", +"""Yazori""", +"""Langantere""", +"""Murugu""", +"""Kamara""", +"""Toende""", +"""Western Mampruli""", +"""Miyobe""", +"""Gouande""", +"""Materi""", +"""Pingou""", +"""Porga""", +"""Tangeta""", +"""Tihoun""", +"""Western Ditammari""", +"""Mbelime""", +"""Nateni""", +"""Okoni""", +"""Tayari""", +"""Tangamma""", +"""Fulse""", +"""Koromba""", +"""Western Koromfe""", +"""Khe""", +"""Gbogorose""", +"""Klamaasise""", +"""Lutise""", +"""Mesise""", +"""Sukurase""", +"""Khisa""", +"""Kaansa""", +"""Kewe""", +"""Kijang""", +"""Lama-Tissi""", +"""Kadjala""", +"""Kande""", +"""Lukpa""", +"""Kusuntu""", +"""Delo""", +"""Tem""", +"""Tampulma""", +"""Buge""", +"""Longoro""", +"""Mangum""", +"""Western Sisaala""", +"""Pasaali""", +"""Isala""", +"""Nsihaa""", +"""Potule""", +"""Siti""", +"""Winyé""", +"""Logremma""", +"""Kandéré""", +"""Northern Lyélé""", +"""Southern Lyélé""", +"""Fere""", +"""Lela""", +"""Kasem""", +"""Nunuma""", +"""West Kasem""", +"""Northwestern Nuni""", +"""Bwana""", +"""Gori""", +"""Micari""", +"""Sankura""", +"""Yatini""", +"""Pana South""", +"""Gouindougouba""", +"""Niangoloko-Diarabakoko""", +"""Soubakanedougou""", +"""Douna""", +"""Lala""", +"""Roba""", +"""Voro""", +"""Kaan""", +"""Handa""", +"""Mboi""", +"""Leelau""", +"""Moo""", +"""Loo""", +"""Zo""", +"""Mághdì""", +"""Kaigama""", +"""Laredo""", +"""Mingang Doso""", +"""Tha""", +"""Kwa""", +"""Nya Dele""", +"""Nya Guyuwa""", +"""Nya Gwanda""", +"""Nya Tariya""", +"""Kamo""", +"""Naaban""", +"""Loofaa""", +"""Loofiyo""", +"""Tunga""", +"""Dijim""", +"""Kutule""", +"""Yili""", +"""Gusubou""", +"""Swabou""", +"""Waja""", +"""Sekwa""", +"""Téén""", +"""Kaouara-Timba-Sindou-Koroni""", +"""Palen""", +"""Negueni-Klani""", +"""Ouatourou-Niasogoni""", +"""Soulani""", +"""Noumoudara-Koumoudara""", +"""Ter""", +"""Tru""", +"""Wenteene""", +"""Southern Toussian""", +"""Viemo""", +"""Kafire""", +"""Kandere""", +"""Kasara""", +"""Kufuru""", +"""Kulere""", +"""Nafara""", +"""Papara""", +"""Patara""", +"""Pogara""", +"""Southwest Senari""", +"""Tagara""", +"""Tagbari""", +"""Takpasyeeri""", +"""Tenere""", +"""Tyebara""", +"""Senara Sénoufo""", +"""Tenyer""", +"""Kle Noehmõ""", +"""Koloo""", +"""Kujaa""", +"""Mìjuu""", +"""Nafãã""", +"""Nejuu""", +"""Suõõ""", +"""Sõghoo""", +"""Nanerigé Sénoufo""", +"""Sìcìté Sénoufo""", +"""Djafolo""", +"""Dofana""", +"""Foolo""", +"""Singala""", +"""Pantera""", +"""Nyarafolo Senoufo""", +"""Palaka Senoufo""", +"""Fondebougou""", +"""Fourgoula""", +"""Gbo""", +"""Katiara""", +"""Katiola""", +"""Niakaramadougou""", +"""Niangbo""", +"""Niediekaha""", +"""Tafire""", +"""Bveri""", +"""Dourbeye""", +"""Fali-Tinguelin""", +"""Kangou""", +"""Mbre""", +"""Mpra""", +"""Northern Emberá""", +"""Emberá-Tadó""", +"""Caramanta""", +"""Woun Meu""", +"""Kamma So""", +"""Toro So Dogon""", +"""Ben Tey Dogon""", +"""Nanga""", +"""Nadjamba""", +"""Tebul Ure Dogon""", +"""Yanda Dom Dogon""", +"""Domno""", +"""Gono""", +"""Guru""", +"""Toro Tegu Dogon""", +"""Sagara""", +"""Tengu Tingi""", +"""Togo Kan""", +"""Tomo Kan Dogon""", +"""Bunoge Dogon""", +"""Mombo Dogon""", +"""Penange""", +"""Tiranige Diga Dogon""", +"""Abu""", +"""Sabu""", +"""Gorovu""", +"""Southern Ambakich""", +"""Chambri""", +"""Yimas""", +"""Murik""", +"""Anor""", +"""Ndramini'o""", +"""Tanggu""", +"""Tanguat""", +"""Sepen""", +"""Boroi""", +"""Botbot""", +"""Awar""", +"""Bosngun""", +"""Watam""", +"""Romkun""", +"""Inapang""", +"""Kominimung""", +"""ǂHua""", +"""Sekele""", +"""Nogau""", +"""Mara""", +"""Wandarang""", +"""Ixil""", +"""Tektiteko""", +"""Tz'utujil""", +"""K'iche'""", +"""Sacapulteco""", +"""Sipacapense""", +"""Kekchí""", +"""Poqomchi'""", +"""Uspanteco""", +"""Miramar Chontal""", +"""Tamulté de las Sábanas Chontal""", +"""Chortí""", +"""Epigraphic Mayan""", +"""Tenango""", +"""Tzotzil""", +"""Tojolabal""", +"""Q'anjob'al""", +"""Western Kanjobal""", +"""Tuzanteco""", +"""Mopán Maya""", +"""Najá""", +"""Yucatec Maya""", +"""Huastec""", +"""Coatlín Mixe""", +"""Isthmus Mixe""", +"""Mazatlán Mixe""", +"""Ocotepec Mixe""", +"""Cotzocón Mixe""", +"""Mixe de San Juan Cotzocón""", +"""Mixistlan""", +"""Olotepec""", +"""Puxmetecín""", +"""Zacatepec""", +"""Tlahuitoltepec Mixe""", +"""Totontepec Mixe""", +"""Ulterior-Mixe""", +"""Oluta Popoluca""", +"""Sayula Popoluca""", +"""Tapachultec""", +"""Ostuacín""", +"""San Pedro Yaspac""", +"""Jitotolteco""", +"""Rayón Zoque""", +"""Chimalapa Zoque""", +"""Tabasco Zoque""", +"""Texistepec Popoluca""", +"""Krenak""", +"""Djeoromitxí""", +"""Xakriabá""", +"""Xavánte""", +"""Xerénte""", +"""Kimda""", +"""Paraná Kaingang""", +"""Southeast Kaingang""", +"""Southwest Kaingang""", +"""São Paulo Kaingáng""", +"""Xokleng""", +"""Kayapó-Kradaú""", +"""Xikrin""", +"""Panará""", +"""Yaruma""", +"""Ramkokamekra""", +"""Krahô""", +"""Kreye""", +"""Timbira""", +"""Pará Gavião""", +"""Malali""", +"""Pataxó Hã-Ha-Hãe""", +"""Macuni""", +"""Maxakalí""", +"""Ofayé""", +"""Rikbaktsa""", +"""Ipalapa Amuzgo""", +"""San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo""", +"""Teutila Cuicatec""", +"""Ixtayutla Mixtec""", +"""Jamiltepec Mixtec""", +"""San Juan Colorado Mixtec""", +"""Santa María Zacatepec Mixtec""", +"""Mitlatongo Mixtec""", +"""Santa María Peñoles""", +"""Santiago Tlazoyaltepec""", +"""San Miguel Piedras Mixtec""", +"""Sindihui Mixtec""", +"""Tamazola Mixtec""", +"""Yutanduchi Mixtec""", +"""Tlazoyaltepec Mixtec""", +"""Cuatzoquitengo""", +"""Plan de Guadalupe""", +"""Potoichan""", +"""Tototepec""", +"""Xochapa Mixtec""", +"""Metlatónoc Mixtec""", +"""Yoloxochitl Mixtec""", +"""Mixtepec Mixtec""", +"""Southeastern Nochixtlán Mixtec""", +"""Soyaltepec Mixtec""", +"""Cuyamecalco Mixtec""", +"""Tidaá Mixtec""", +"""Chazumba Mixtec""", +"""Chigmecatitlán Mixtec""", +"""Southern Puebla Mixtec""", +"""Juxtlahuaca Mixtec""", +"""San Juan Piñas""", +"""San Martín Peras""", +"""Yucu Ñuti""", +"""Itundujia Mixtec""", +"""San Cristóbal Amoltepec Mixtec""", +"""San Mateo Peñasco Mixtec""", +"""San Miguel Achiutla Mixtec""", +"""Santo Domingo Heundío Mixtec""", +"""Yosoñama""", +"""San Pedro Molinos""", +"""Santa Catarina Ticuá""", +"""Santa María Yosoyúa""", +"""Santa Lucía Monteverde Mixtec""", +"""Sinicahua Mixtec""", +"""Yucuhiti""", +"""Tacahua Mixtec""", +"""Tijaltepec Mixtec""", +"""Yosondúa Mixtec""", +"""Yucuañe Mixtec""", +"""Copala Triqui""", +"""San Martín Itunyoso Triqui""", +"""San Vicente Coyotepec Popoloca""", +"""Mezontla Popoloca""", +"""Santa María Nativitas""", +"""San Juan Atzingo Popoloca""", +"""San Luís Temalacayuca Popoloca""", +"""San Marcos Tlalcoyalco Popoloca""", +"""Todos Santos Almolonga Popoloca""", +"""Ixcatec""", +"""San Francisco Huehuetlán Mazatec""", +"""San Lorenzo Cuanecuiltitla Mazatec""", +"""San Lucas Zoquiapan Mazatec""", +"""San San Jerónimo Mazatec""", +"""Santa Ana Ateixtlahuaca Mazatec""", +"""Santa Cruz Ocopetatillo Mazatec""", +"""Soyaltepec Mazatec""", +"""Ixcatlán Mazatec""", +"""Chiquihuitlán Mazatec""", +"""Jalapa De Díaz Mazatec""", +"""San Miguel""", +"""Zoyaltitla""", +"""Nopala Chatino""", +"""San Juan Quiahije Chatino""", +"""Yaitepec Chatino""", +"""Zacatepec Chatino""", +"""Tataltepec Chatino""", +"""Zenzontepec Chatino""", +"""Teojomulco Chatino""", +"""San Baltazar Loxicha Zapotec""", +"""San Vicente Coatlán Zapotec""", +"""Ayoquesco Zapotec""", +"""Chichicapan Zapotec""", +"""Guevea De Humboldt Zapotec""", +"""Güilá Zapotec""", +"""Isthmus Zapotec""", +"""Lachiguiri Zapotec""", +"""Mazaltepec Zapotec""", +"""Ocotlán Zapotec""", +"""Petapa Zapotec""", +"""Quiavicuzas Zapotec""", +"""San Martín Tilcajete Zapotec""", +"""Teotitlán del Valle Zapotec""", +"""San Pedro Quiatoni Zapotec""", +"""Santa Catarina Albarradas Zapotec""", +"""Santa María Quiegolani Zapotec""", +"""Santo Domingo Albarradas Zapotec""", +"""Tejalapan Zapotec""", +"""Tilquiapan Zapotec""", +"""Zaachila Zapotec""", +"""Yaganiza-Xagacía Zapotec""", +"""Choapan Zapotec""", +"""Rincón Zapotec""", +"""Sierra de Juárez Zapotec""", +"""Southeastern Ixtlán Zapotec""", +"""Southern Rincon Zapotec""", +"""Tabaa Zapotec""", +"""Yalálag Zapotec""", +"""Yareni Zapotec""", +"""Yatee Zapotec""", +"""Yatzachi Zapotec""", +"""Yalina""", +"""Zoogocho""", +"""Coatecas Altas Zapotec""", +"""Lapaguía-Guivini Zapotec""", +"""San Agustín Loxicha Zapotec""", +"""Miahuatlan Zapotec""", +"""San Marcial Ozolotepec Zapotec""", +"""San Agustín Mixtepec Zapotec""", +"""Yautepec Zapotec""", +"""Quioquitani Zapotec""", +"""Santiago Xanica Zapotec""", +"""Tlacolulita Zapotec""", +"""Xadani Zapotec""", +"""Xanaguía Zapotec""", +"""Texmelucan Zapotec""", +"""Zaniza Zapotec""", +"""Lachixío Zapotec""", +"""Sochiapam Chinantec""", +"""Tlacoatzintepec Chinantec""", +"""Usila Chinantec""", +"""Tepetotutla Chinantec""", +"""Valle Nacional Chinantec""", +"""Lealao Chinantec""", +"""Tepinapa Chinantec""", +"""San Francisco Matlatzinca""", +"""San Miguel Tenoxtitlán""", +"""Santa María Citendejé-Banos""", +"""Michoacán Mazahua""", +"""Ixtenco Otomi""", +"""Tenango Otomi""", +"""Texcatepec Otomi""", +"""Tilapa Otomi""", +"""Querétaro Otomi""", +"""Temoaya Otomi""", +"""Northern Pame""", +"""Southern Pame""", +"""Mangue""", +"""Platanillo""", +"""Zapotitlán Tablas""", +"""Azoyú Me'phaa""", +"""Malinaltepec""", +"""Zilacayotitlán""", +"""Tlacoapa Me'phaa""", +"""Subtiaba""", +"""Amal""", +"""Sepik Iwam""", +"""Wogamusin""", +"""Bongos""", +"""Tau""", +"""Wasambu""", +"""Mende""", +"""Nukuma""", +"""Karawa""", +"""Pouye""", +"""Nigilu""", +"""Wagu""", +"""Kapriman""", +"""Watakataui""", +"""Mari""", +"""Sumariup""", +"""Kuvenmas""", +"""Kaningra""", +"""Lower Lagaip""", +"""North Hewa""", +"""Upper Lagaip""", +"""Meiyari""", +"""Setiali""", +"""Piame""", +"""Saniyo""", +"""Yawu""", +"""Kalou""", +"""Pasi""", +"""Pahi""", +"""Awun""", +"""Namia""", +"""Ha""", +"""Meifu""", +"""Qi""", +"""En""", +"""Langnian Buyang""", +"""Yerong""", +"""Qabiao""", +"""Laha""", +"""Red Gelao""", +"""Gelao Mulao""", +"""Qau""", +"""White Gelao""", +"""Liputiõ""", +"""White Lachi""", +"""Nong Zhuang""", +"""Khen Lài""", +"""Nùng An""", +"""Nùng Cháo""", +"""Nùng Inh""", +"""Nùng Lòi""", +"""Nùng Phan Slình""", +"""Nùng Qúy Rin""", +"""Xuòng""", +"""Yang Zhuang""", +"""Thai Song""", +"""Yong""", +"""Tai Mene""", +"""Tày Tac""", +"""North Burma Khamti""", +"""Sinkaling Hkamti""", +"""Khamyang""", +"""Phake""", +"""Turung""", +"""Tai Mao""", +"""Tai Pong""", +"""Yongren""", +"""Nan""", +"""Tai Wang""", +"""Tai Long""", +"""Tai Laing""", +"""Tai Ya""", +"""Tai Thanh""", +"""Lao-Khrang""", +"""Luang Prabang""", +"""Pakse""", +"""Savannakhet""", +"""Vientiane""", +"""Northern Isan""", +"""Southern Isan. Korat""", +"""Yoy""", +"""Thai Malay""", +"""Phuan""", +"""Tày Sa Pa""", +"""Eastern Tày""", +"""Northern Tày""", +"""Southern Tày""", +"""Tày Bao Lac""", +"""Tày Trung Khanh""", +"""Qianxi""", +"""Qianzhong""", +"""Cao Lan""", +"""Central Hongshuihe Zhuang""", +"""E""", +"""Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang""", +"""Guibei Zhuang""", +"""Guibian Zhuang""", +"""Kuan""", +"""Lianshan Zhuang""", +"""Liujiang Zhuang""", +"""Liuqian Zhuang""", +"""Qiubei Zhuang""", +"""Na Kadok""", +"""Tay Khang""", +"""Ts'ün-Lao""", +"""Youjiang Zhuang""", +"""Yongnan Zhuang""", +"""Zuojiang Zhuang""", +"""Rien""", +"""Qiongshan""", +"""Naxi Yao""", +"""Northern Dong""", +"""Southern Dong""", +"""Mulam""", +"""Di'e""", +"""Ching""", +"""Hwa""", +"""Lyo""", +"""Mak""", +"""Maonan""", +"""Pandong""", +"""Sandong""", +"""Hexi""", +"""Huishi""", +"""Dagang-Baoshan-Liangcun""", +"""Yonggu Biao""", +"""Lakkia""", +"""Kitemoka""", +"""Kuyubi""", +"""Torá""", +"""Yaru""", +"""Wari'""", +"""Rocorona""", +"""Lenca-Salvador""", +"""Rawo""", +"""Womo-Sumararu""", +"""Vanimo""", +"""Wutung""", +"""Warapu""", +"""Urartian""", +"""Ticuna""", +"""Wintu""", +"""Patwin""", +"""Rembarunga""", +"""Ngandi""", +"""Nunggubuyu""", +"""Gundjeipme""", +"""Gunei""", +"""Muralidban""", +"""Naiali""", +"""Ngalkbun""", +"""Kunbarlang""", +"""Waray""", +"""Wulwulam""", +"""Önge""", +"""Maregaon""", +"""Pulgaon""", +"""Wani""", +"""Metla-Kinwat""", +"""Naiki""", +"""Utnur""", +"""Kukanar""", +"""Nethanar""", +"""Tiriya""", +"""Mudhili Gadaba""", +"""Pottangi Ollar Gadaba""", +"""Khirwar""", +"""Kalat""", +"""Sarawan""", +"""Oraon""", +"""Nepali Kurux""", +"""Hiranpur""", +"""Litipara""", +"""Sahibganj""", +"""Betta Kurumba""", +"""Holiya""", +"""Jennu Kurumba""", +"""Bijapur""", +"""Jeinu Kuruba""", +"""Old Kannada""", +"""Pani Yerava""", +"""Panjiri Yerava""", +"""Sholaga""", +"""Mele Nadu Irula""", +"""Northern Irula""", +"""Vette Kada Irula""", +"""Muduga""", +"""Aranadan""", +"""Kadar""", +"""Kaikadi""", +"""Kalanadi""", +"""Kanikkaran""", +"""Kurichiya""", +"""Malaryan""", +"""Vettuvan""", +"""Kayavar""", +"""Malabar""", +"""Moplah""", +"""Nagari-Malayalam""", +"""Namboodiri""", +"""Nasrani""", +"""Nayar""", +"""North Kerala""", +"""Malayalam""", +"""Pulaya""", +"""South Kerala""", +"""Mannan""", +"""Mullu Kurumba""", +"""Pathiya""", +"""Thachanadan""", +"""Ullatan""", +"""Urali""", +"""Vishavan""", +"""Wayanad Chetti""", +"""Eravallan""", +"""Kunduvadi""", +"""Mala Malasar""", +"""Malapandaram""", +"""Western""", +"""Old Tamil""", +"""Paniya""", +"""Aiyangar""", +"""Aiyar""", +"""Arava""", +"""Burgandi""", +"""Burma Tamil""", +"""Harijan""", +"""Hebbar""", +"""Kongar""", +"""Madrasi""", +"""Malaya Tamil""", +"""Mandyam Brahmin""", +"""Tamil""", +"""Pattapu Bhasha""", +"""Sanketi""", +"""Secunderabad Brahmin""", +"""South Africa Tamil""", +"""Sri Lanka Tamil""", +"""Tigalu""", +"""Sankara-Yerukala""", +"""Toda""", +"""Mudu""", +"""Onti""", +"""Tappu""", +"""Mudu Koraga""", +"""Kudiya""", +"""Tulu""", +"""Betul""", +"""Bhandara""", +"""Chhindwara""", +"""Mandla""", +"""Nagpur""", +"""Seoni""", +"""Yavatmal""", +"""Bhamragarh""", +"""Etapally Gondi""", +"""Nirmal""", +"""Rajura""", +"""Sironcha""", +"""Utnoor""", +"""Sukma""", +"""Raigarh""", +"""Far Western Muria""", +"""Dhanora""", +"""Sonapal""", +"""Jaganathapuram Koya""", +"""Malakanagiri Koya""", +"""Podia Koya""", +"""Adewada""", +"""Bhamani Maria""", +"""Etapally Maria""", +"""Konda-Dora""", +"""Khondi""", +"""Kuvi""", +"""Indi""", +"""Kumbaran""", +"""Manna-Dora""", +"""Mukha-Dora""", +"""Old Telugu""", +"""Dasaru""", +"""Dommara""", +"""East Godaweri""", +"""Golari""", +"""Guntur""", +"""Kamathi""", +"""Komtao""", +"""Nellore""", +"""Rayalseema""", +"""Salewari""", +"""Srikakula""", +"""Telangana""", +"""Vadaga""", +"""Vadari""", +"""Vishakhapatnam""", +"""Yanadi""", +"""Waddar""", +"""Campo Marino Albanian""", +"""Central Mountain Albanian""", +"""Sicilian Albanian""", +"""South Central Arvanitika""", +"""Thracean Arvanitika""", +"""Camerija""", +"""Korca""", +"""Srem""", +"""Gheg Albanian""", +"""Hieroglyphic Luwian""", +"""Milyan""", +"""Palaic""", +"""Pisidian""", +"""Sidetic""", +"""Akn""", +"""Arabkir""", +"""Artvin""", +"""Ashkharik""", +"""Astrakhan""", +"""Constantinople Armenian""", +"""Crimea""", +"""Dzhulfa""", +"""Eastern Armenian""", +"""Erevan""", +"""Ewdokia""", +"""Hamshen""", +"""Jolfâ""", +"""Karabagh""", +"""Karabagh Shamakhi""", +"""Karin""", +"""Kharberd""", +"""Khoi-Salmst""", +"""Kilikien""", +"""Malatya""", +"""Mus""", +"""North Komedia""", +"""Rodosto""", +"""Sebaste""", +"""Shabin-Karahissar""", +"""Shamakhi""", +"""Smyrna Armenian""", +"""Syria""", +"""Tbilisi""", +"""Tigranakert""", +"""Trabzon""", +"""Urmia-Maragheh""", +"""Van""", +"""Western Armenian""", +"""Tamian""", +"""East Aukštaitian""", +"""Suvalkietiskai""", +"""South Samogitian""", +"""West Samogitian""", +"""Prussian""", +"""Northeast Belarusan""", +"""Southwest Belarusan""", +"""Old Russian""", +"""South Russian""", +"""Northwest Ukrainian""", +"""Southwest Ukrainian""", +"""Pomak""", +"""Southeastern Macedonian""", +"""Western Macedonian""", +"""Old Church Slavonic""", +"""Slavomolisano""", +"""Lower Carniola""", +"""Prekmurski""", +"""Primorski""", +"""Resia""", +"""Stajerski""", +"""Upper Carniola""", +"""Windisch""", +"""Chakavski""", +"""Kaykavski""", +"""Croatian""", +"""Shtokavski""", +"""Shtokavski""", +"""Czecho-Moravian""", +"""Hanak""", +"""Lach""", +"""Northeast Bohemian""", +"""Southwest Bohemian""", +"""Silesian""", +"""Slovak""", +"""Slovincian""", +"""Polabian""", +"""Kamenz""", +"""Lepontic""", +"""Leonais""", +"""Tregorrois""", +"""Vannetais""", +"""Cornish""", +"""Patagonian Welsh""", +"""Southern Welsh""", +"""Manx""", +"""East Sutherlandshire""", +"""Donegal""", +"""Munster-Leinster""", +"""Old Irish""", +"""Noric""", +"""Transalpine Gaulish""", +"""Venetic""", +"""Dacian""", +"""Ostrogoth""", +"""Visigoth""", +"""Jutish""", +"""Jamtska""", +"""Bornholmsk""", +"""Hallaendska""", +"""Skånska""", +"""Laumal""", +"""Northern Swedish""", +"""Nyland Swedish""", +"""Southwest Finland Swedish""", +"""Standard Swedish""", +"""Svea""", +"""Uusimaa Swedish""", +"""Åland Islands Swedish""", +"""Österbotten""", +"""Icelandic""", +"""Norwegian""", +"""Old Norse""", +"""Older Runic""", +"""Hessian Middle High German""", +"""Old Low Franconian""", +"""Mainfränkisch""", +"""Yiddish""", +"""Western""", +"""South Rhine Franconian""", +"""West Franconian""", +"""Limburgish""", +"""Lower Silesian""", +"""Mainfränkisch""", +"""Non-Amish Pennsylvania German""", +"""Berlin German""", +"""Hannover German""", +"""Mansfeld German""", +"""Unserdeutsch""", +"""Thuringian""", +"""Wymysorys""", +"""East Cape Afrikaans""", +"""Orange River Afrikaans""", +"""Oorlams""", +"""Brabants""", +"""Northern North Hollandish""", +"""Oost-Vlaams""", +"""South Guelderish""", +"""Negerhollands""", +"""Javindo""", +"""Petjo""", +"""Frans Vlaams""", +"""Limburgs""", +"""Oostvlaams""", +"""Westvlaams""", +"""Bevelands""", +"""Duvelands""", +"""Flakkees""", +"""Fluplands""", +"""Goerees""", +"""Kezands""", +"""Schouws""", +"""Walchers""", +"""Old Dutch""", +"""Swabian""", +"""Graubenden-Grisons""", +"""Low Alemannic""", +"""Lucerne""", +"""Obwald""", +"""St. Gallen""", +"""Wallis""", +"""Walser""", +"""Viennese German""", +"""Central Bavarian""", +"""North Bavarian""", +"""Northern Bavarian""", +"""South Bavarian""", +"""Southern Bavarian""", +"""Sette Comuni Cimbrian""", +"""Tredici Communi Cimbrian""", +"""Hutterite German""", +"""Frassilongo""", +"""Palú""", +"""Mideastern Yiddish""", +"""Northeastern Yiddish""", +"""Southeastern Yiddish""", +"""Northwestern Yiddish""", +"""Southwestern Yiddish""", +"""Old High German""", +"""South Drente""", +"""East Pomeranian""", +"""Eastphalian""", +"""High East Prussian""", +"""Low East Prussian""", +"""Mecklenburgish""", +"""Schleswig-Holstein Low German""", +"""West Pomeranian""", +"""Mecklenburg-Anterior Pomerania""", +"""Northern Low Saxon""", +"""Veenkoloniaals""", +"""West Groningen""", +"""Westerwolds""", +"""Plautdietsch""", +"""Sallands""", +"""Stellingwerfs""", +"""Twents""", +"""North Veluws""", +"""Westphalien""", +"""Middle Low German""", +"""Old Saxon""", +"""Creolese""", +"""Trinidadian Creole English""", +"""Virgin Islands Creole English""", +"""Turks And Caicos Creole English""", +"""Gullah""", +"""Tobagonian Creole English""", +"""Vincentian Creole English""", +"""Limonese Creole""", +"""Nicaragua Creole English""", +"""San Andres Creole English""", +"""Saramaccan""", +"""Paramaccan""", +"""Sranan Tongo""", +"""Ghanaian Pidgin English""", +"""Krio""", +"""Nigerian Pidgin""", +"""Pijin""", +"""Tok Pisin""", +"""Torres Strait Creole""", +"""Hawai'i Creole English""", +"""Kriol""", +"""Pitcairn-Norfolk""", +"""Maltese English""", +"""New Zealand English""", +"""Pakistani English""", +"""Sri Lankan English""", +"""Middle English""", +"""Northern Scots""", +"""Southern Scots""", +"""Ulster""", +"""Helgoland""", +"""Mooringer""", +"""Sölreng""", +"""Old Frisian""", +"""Saterfriesisch""", +"""Súdhoeksk""", +"""Westerlauwers Fries""", +"""Wâldfrysk""", +"""Cypriot Greek""", +"""Cargese""", +"""Cypriot Greek""", +"""Dimotiki""", +"""Katharevousa""", +"""Mariupol Greek""", +"""Macedonian Greek""", +"""Rumelian""", +"""Thracian""", +"""Salento""", +"""Saracatsan""", +"""Athens""", +"""Megara""", +"""Cycladian""", +"""Ionian Islands""", +"""Northern Epirus""", +"""Peloponnese""", +"""Smyrna Greek""", +"""Dodecanese""", +"""Sille""", +"""Western Cappadocian""", +"""Pontic""", +"""Yevanic""", +"""Mycenaean Greek""", +"""Propontis Tsakonian""", +"""Southern Tsakonian""", +"""Northern Magahi""", +"""Southern Magahi""", +"""Panchpargania""", +"""Barei""", +"""Barmeli""", +"""Central Colloquial Maithili""", +"""Dehati""", +"""Eastern Maithili""", +"""Jolaha""", +"""Kawar""", +"""Kisan""", +"""Kyabrat""", +"""Makrana""", +"""Musar""", +"""Sadri""", +"""Southern Standard Maithili""", +"""Standard Maithili""", +"""Tati""", +"""Western Maithili""", +"""Pali""", +"""Bardiya""", +"""Dang""", +"""Deokhuri""", +"""Kailali""", +"""Kanchanpur""", +"""Surkhet""", +"""Kathoriya Tharu""", +"""Mahottari""", +"""Morangia""", +"""Morangiya""", +"""Saptari""", +"""Sarlahi""", +"""Siraha""", +"""Sunsari""", +"""Udayapur""", +"""Rana Tharu""", +"""Majhi""", +"""Sonha""", +"""Darai""", +"""Dhanwar""", +"""Bojpury""", +"""Domra""", +"""Madhesi""", +"""Mauritian Bhojpuri""", +"""Musahari""", +"""Gorakhpuri""", +"""Sarawaria""", +"""Southern Standard Bhojpuri""", +"""Teli""", +"""Tharu""", +"""Purbi""", +"""Trinidad Bhojpuri""", +"""Mokkan Tila Sadri""", +"""Nurpur Sadri""", +"""Uchai Sadri""", +"""Lower Sadri""", +"""Sadani""", +"""Beirut""", +"""Beludji""", +"""Churi-Wali""", +"""Domaki""", +"""Helebi""", +"""Karachi""", +"""Koli""", +"""Kurbat""", +"""Kurbati""", +"""Luli""", +"""Marashi""", +"""Maznoug""", +"""Nablos""", +"""Nawar""", +"""Nawari""", +"""Qinati""", +"""Wogri-Boli""", +"""Yürük""", +"""Lomavren""", +"""Dzambazi""", +"""East Bulgarian Romani""", +"""Greek Romani""", +"""Ironworker Romani""", +"""Paspatian""", +"""Tinners Romani""", +"""Tinsmiths""", +"""Ursári""", +"""Zargari""", +"""Latvian Romani""", +"""Lithuanian Romani""", +"""North Russian Romani""", +"""Polish Romani""", +"""White Russia Romani""", +"""White Russian Romani""", +"""Galician""", +"""Moravian Romani""", +"""Transylvanian""", +"""West Slovakian Romani""", +"""Eftawagaria""", +"""Estracharia""", +"""Gadschkene""", +"""Kranaria""", +"""Krantiki""", +"""Lallere""", +"""Manouche""", +"""Manuche""", +"""Piedmont Sintí""", +"""Praistiki""", +"""Serbian Romani""", +"""Slovenian-Croatian""", +"""Slovenian-Croatian Romani""", +"""Welsh Romani""", +"""Churari""", +"""Eastern""", +"""Ghagar""", +"""Grekurja""", +"""Kalderash""", +"""Lovari""", +"""Machvano""", +"""North Albanian""", +"""Sedentary Bulgaria""", +"""Sedentary Romania""", +"""Serbo-Bosnian""", +"""South Albanian""", +"""Southern Vlax""", +"""Southern Vlax Romani""", +"""Ukraine-Moldavia""", +"""Ukrainian Vlax Romani""", +"""Zagundzi""", +"""Sauraseni Prakrit""", +"""Seb Seliyer""", +"""Anarya""", +"""Bhilodi""", +"""Bhim""", +"""Charani""", +"""Habura""", +"""Konkani""", +"""Kotali""", +"""Magra Ki Boli""", +"""Nahari""", +"""Naikdi""", +"""Panchali""", +"""Patelia""", +"""Ranawat""", +"""Rani Bhil""", +"""Siyalgir""", +"""Chodri""", +"""Dhodia""", +"""Gamit""", +"""Dungra Bhil""", +"""Rajput Garasia""", +"""Bhoyari""", +"""Dholewari""", +"""Hoshangabad""", +"""Jamral""", +"""Katiyai""", +"""Malvi Proper""", +"""Patvi""", +"""Rajawadi""", +"""Rangari""", +"""Rangri""", +"""Sondhwadi""", +"""Sondwari""", +"""Ujjaini""", +"""Umadwadi""", +"""Mawchi""", +"""Padvi""", +"""Nahali""", +"""Palya Bareli""", +"""Pittala Bhasha""", +"""Takari""", +"""Pauri Bareli""", +"""Rathawi""", +"""Rathwi Bareli""", +"""Vaagri Booli""", +"""Kherwara""", +"""Sagwara""", +"""Gangapari""", +"""Mirzapuri""", +"""Pardesi""", +"""Tharu""", +"""Uttari""", +"""Gahore""", +"""Godwani""", +"""Ojhi""", +"""Powari""", +"""Sonpari""", +"""Tirhari""", +"""Bhulia""", +"""Binjhwari""", +"""Chhattisgarhi Proper""", +"""Kalanga""", +"""Kavardi""", +"""Khairagarhi""", +"""Sadri Korwa""", +"""Surgujia""", +"""Govari of Seoni""", +"""Khalari""", +"""Koshti""", +"""Kumbhari""", +"""Lodhi""", +"""Marari""", +"""Vyneganga Powari""", +"""Kakari""", +"""Kathiyawadi""", +"""Kharwa""", +"""Standard Gujarati""", +"""Tarimuki""", +"""Southern Saurashtra""", +"""Dehvali""", +"""Dogri""", +"""Khatalia""", +"""Kotni""", +"""Jikrio Goth Aer""", +"""Kachi Bhil""", +"""Katai Meghwar""", +"""Rabari""", +"""Vagri""", +"""Zalavaria Koli""", +"""Vaghri""", +"""Hasoria Koli""", +"""Mewasi""", +"""Nairya Koli""", +"""Wadiyara Koli""", +"""Rardro Bhil""", +"""Tharadari Bhil""", +"""Tharadari Koli""", +"""Jandavra""", +"""Central Dhatki""", +"""Eastern Dhatki""", +"""Malhi""", +"""Southern Dhatki""", +"""Dhundari""", +"""Sipari""", +"""Kabutra""", +"""Karnataka Lamani""", +"""Maharashtra Lamani""", +"""Merwari""", +"""Khairari""", +"""Sarwari""", +"""Khuni""", +"""Madahaddi""", +"""Sirohi""", +"""Eastern Gujari""", +"""Western Gujari""", +"""Mewati""", +"""Od""", +"""Parya""", +"""Sikar""", +"""Goaria""", +"""Marwari Bhil""", +"""Marwari Meghwar""", +"""Northern Marwari""", +"""Southern Marwari""", +"""Parkari Koli""", +"""Kotali Bhil""", +"""Kundi""", +"""Khandesi""", +"""Rangari""", +"""Middle Indo-Aryan""", +"""Bhuksa""", +"""Braj Bhasha""", +"""Dangi""", +"""Jadobafi""", +"""Sikarwari""", +"""Banaphari""", +"""Bhadauri""", +"""Chhatapur""", +"""Chhindwara Bundeli""", +"""Gaoli""", +"""Khatola""", +"""Kirari""", +"""Kundri""", +"""Lodhanti""", +"""Nagpuri Hindi""", +"""Nibhatta""", +"""Pawari""", +"""Raghobansi""", +"""Southern Bharatpur""", +"""Southern Morena""", +"""Standard Braj of Bulandshahr""", +"""Standard Braj of Eastern Agra""", +"""Standard Braj of Mathura""", +"""Standard Bundeli""", +"""Tirhari""", +"""Western Agra""", +"""Bangaru Proper""", +"""Deswali""", +"""Khadar""", +"""Mewati""", +"""Fiji Hindi""", +"""Literary Hindi""", +"""Hindi""", +"""Rekhta""", +"""Urdu""", +"""Pinjari""", +"""Tirhari""", +"""Transitional Kanauji""", +"""Gurgula""", +"""Bhunjia""", +"""Bastari""", +"""Bhunjia""", +"""Chandari""", +"""Gachikolo""", +"""Kawari""", +"""Mehari""", +"""Muri""", +"""Sundi""", +"""Kamar""", +"""Nahari""", +"""Barik""", +"""Bhatiari""", +"""Central Bengali""", +"""Chirmar""", +"""Chittagonian""", +"""Sylhetti""", +"""Ganda""", +"""Haijong""", +"""Kachari-Bengali""", +"""Lohari-Malpaharia""", +"""Musselmani""", +"""Siripuria""", +"""Rajbanshi""", +"""Rajshahi""", +"""Samaria""", +"""Saraki""", +"""Siripuria""", +"""Southeastern Bengali""", +"""Southwestern Bengali""", +"""Vanga""", +"""Mal Paharia""", +"""Saraki""", +"""Rajar Gang""", +"""Sylheti""", +"""Kharia Thar""", +"""Lodhi""", +"""Mal Paharia""", +"""Rohingya""", +"""Chittagonian""", +"""Tangchangya""", +"""Mayang""", +"""Standard Assamese""", +"""Western Assamese""", +"""Naga Pidgin""", +"""Kurmukar""", +"""Rangpuri""", +"""Surjapuri""", +"""Bodo Parja""", +"""Kupia""", +"""Midnapore Oriya""", +"""Mughalbandi""", +"""North Balasore Oriya""", +"""Northwestern Oriya""", +"""Southern Oriya""", +"""Western Oriya""", +"""Oriya""", +"""Reli""", +"""Bangani""", +"""Bhattiani""", +"""Chandpuri""", +"""Dessaulya""", +"""Gangadi""", +"""Jaunpuri""", +"""Lohbya""", +"""Majh-Kumaiya""", +"""Nagpuriya""", +"""Parvati""", +"""Rathi""", +"""Ravai""", +"""Salani""", +"""Srinagaria""", +"""Tehri""", +"""Northeastern Kumauni""", +"""Southeastern Kumauni""", +"""Western Kumauni""", +"""Chaudhabis""", +"""Paachsai""", +"""Sinja""", +"""Baitadi""", +"""Bajhangi""", +"""Bajurali""", +"""Darjula""", +"""Doteli""", +"""Gorkhali""", +"""Nepali""", +"""Palpa""", +"""Soradi""", +"""Palpa""", +"""Padar""", +"""Padari""", +"""Churahi""", +"""Bhattiyali""", +"""Bilaspuri""", +"""Bansyari""", +"""Gadi Chameali""", +"""Macleod Ganj""", +"""Pangwali""", +"""East Dogri""", +"""Kandiali""", +"""North Dogri""", +"""Dogri""", +"""Palampuri""", +"""Mandeali""", +"""Kllui""", +"""Outer Seraji""", +"""Baghliani""", +"""Kiunthali""", +"""Rohruri""", +"""Shimla Siraji""", +"""Sodochi""", +"""Pahari Kinnauri""", +"""Giripari""", +"""Southern Kalasha""", +"""North Khowar""", +"""South Khowar""", +"""Swat Khowar""", +"""Bunjwali""", +"""Kishtwari""", +"""Miraski""", +"""Poguli""", +"""Rambani""", +"""Riasi""", +"""Shah-Mansuri""", +"""Siraji of Doda""", +"""Siraji-Kashmiri""", +"""Standard Kashmiri""", +"""Zayoli""", +"""Zirak-Boli""", +"""Kalam""", +"""Lamuti""", +"""Rajkoti""", +"""Thal""", +"""Ushu""", +"""Chail""", +"""Wotapuri-Katarqalai""", +"""Indus""", +"""Chilisso""", +"""Gowro""", +"""Tirahi""", +"""Grangali""", +"""Zemiaki""", +"""Shumashti""", +"""Paisaci Prakrit""", +"""Chalas""", +"""Kandak""", +"""Kurangal""", +"""Kurdar""", +"""Darrai Nur""", +"""Kunar""", +"""Laghman""", +"""Wegal""", +"""Bolaghain""", +"""Gulbahar""", +"""Kohnadeh""", +"""Laurowan""", +"""Najil""", +"""Nangarach""", +"""Pachagan""", +"""Pandau""", +"""Parazhghan""", +"""Pashagar""", +"""Sanjan""", +"""Shamakot""", +"""Shutul""", +"""Uzbin""", +"""Wadau""", +"""Isken""", +"""Tagau""", +"""Kolai""", +"""Palasi""", +"""Ushojo""", +"""Kundal Shahi""", +"""Dras""", +"""Gurezi""", +"""Kharmangi""", +"""Satpara""", +"""Darel""", +"""Harban""", +"""Sazin""", +"""Tangir""", +"""Drasi""", +"""Bunji""", +"""Gilgit""", +"""Haramosh""", +"""Hunza-Nagar""", +"""Punial""", +"""Rondu""", +"""Gurezi""", +"""Northern Phalura""", +"""Savi""", +"""Bhatyiana""", +"""Doab""", +"""Majhi""", +"""Malwa""", +"""Panjabi Proper""", +"""Powadhi""", +"""Kohat Hindko""", +"""Peshawar Hindko""", +"""Rural Peshawar Hindko""", +"""Mirpuri""", +"""Pahari""", +"""Pothwari""", +"""Punchhi""", +"""Western Panjabi""", +"""Derawali""", +"""Jafri""", +"""Jangli""", +"""Jatki""", +"""Multani""", +"""Siraiki Hindki""", +"""Thali""", +"""Khetrani""", +"""Lasi""", +"""Luwati""", +"""Memoni""", +"""Dukslinu""", +"""Jadeji""", +"""Kachchi""", +"""Kayasthi""", +"""Lari""", +"""Lasi""", +"""Macharia""", +"""Sindhi Musalmani""", +"""Thareli""", +"""Thari""", +"""Viccholi""", +"""Vicholo""", +"""Visholi""", +"""Mohrano""", +"""Sindhi Bhil""", +"""Sindhi Meghwar""", +"""Chitpavani""", +"""Daldi""", +"""Kudali""", +"""Mangalore""", +"""Sarasvat Brahmin""", +"""Standard Konkani""", +"""Northern Katkari""", +"""Southern Katkari""", +"""Bhandari""", +"""Dhanagari""", +"""Ghati""", +"""Karhadi""", +"""Kiristav""", +"""Koli""", +"""Mahari""", +"""Parabhi""", +"""Sangamesvari""", +"""Thakuri""", +"""Kukna""", +"""Phudagi""", +"""Samvedi""", +"""Govari""", +"""Jhadpi""", +"""Katia""", +"""Kosti""", +"""Kunban""", +"""Kunbi""", +"""Mahari""", +"""Marheti""", +"""Natakani""", +"""Raipur""", +"""Eastern Nihiri""", +"""Western Nihiri""", +"""Kalvadi""", +"""Gawdi of Goa""", +"""Kasargod""", +"""Kosti""", +"""Kudali""", +"""Nagpuri Marati""", +"""Old Marathi""", +"""Sanskrit""", +"""Veddah""", +"""Lahul Lohar""", +"""Bactrian""", +"""Khwarezmian""", +"""Digor""", +"""Iron""", +"""Jassic""", +"""Kurtat""", +"""Tagaur""", +"""Tual""", +"""Western Yagnobi""", +"""Logar""", +"""Nijrau""", +"""Shutul""", +"""Waciri""", +"""Ghilzai""", +"""Ningraharian Pashto""", +"""Kohat""", +"""Mohmand""", +"""Shilmani""", +"""Shinwari""", +"""Yusufzai""", +"""Northwestern Pakhto""", +"""Quetta Pashto""", +"""Southeastern Pashto""", +"""Southwestern Pashto""", +"""Waneci""", +"""Tumshuqese""", +"""Sanglechi""", +"""Sanglich""", +"""Zebak""", +"""Sarikoli""", +"""Khufi""", +"""Shughni""", +"""Oroshor""", +"""Roshani""", +"""Rushani""", +"""Upper Yazgulyam""", +"""Eastern Wakhi""", +"""Gojal""", +"""Ishkoman""", +"""Western Wakhi""", +"""Yarkhun""", +"""Yasin""", +"""Mamalgha Munji""", +"""Northern Munji""", +"""Southern Munji""", +"""Yidgha""", +"""Koroshi""", +"""Bashgaadi""", +"""Coastal Balochi""", +"""Huuti""", +"""Kechi""", +"""Makrani""", +"""Sarawani""", +"""Rashti""", +"""Rudbari""", +"""Mazanderani""", +"""Shahmirzadi""", +"""Soi""", +"""Khunsari""", +"""Northwestern Fars""", +"""Sivandi""", +"""Khuri""", +"""Nayini""", +"""Zoroastrian Dari""", +"""Garmiyani""", +"""Hewleri""", +"""Kerkuki""", +"""Mukri""", +"""Pijdari""", +"""Pizhdar""", +"""Rewandiz""", +"""Sanandaji""", +"""Southern Jafi""", +"""Suleimani""", +"""Warmawa""", +"""Xoshnaw""", +"""Laki""", +"""Amadiye""", +"""Ashiti""", +"""Barwari Jor""", +"""Bayezidi""", +"""Boti""", +"""Gulli""", +"""Hekari""", +"""Khorasani Kurmanji""", +"""Marashi""", +"""Mhallami""", +"""Sheikhan""", +"""Shemdinani""", +"""Surchi""", +"""Zakho""", +"""Feyli""", +"""Garrusi""", +"""Kalhori""", +"""Kermanshahi""", +"""Kolyai""", +"""Kordali""", +"""Luri""", +"""Maleksh ahi""", +"""Malekshahi""", +"""Sanjabi""", +"""Parthian""", +"""Sangisari""", +"""Semnani""", +"""Sorkhei""", +"""Koresh-e Rostam""", +"""Shahrudi""", +"""Kho'ini""", +"""Central Talyshi""", +"""Lenkoran""", +"""Lerik""", +"""Massali""", +"""Northern Talyshi""", +"""Southern Talyshi""", +"""Kalas""", +"""Upper Taromi""", +"""Karingani""", +"""Vidar""", +"""Kharaqan""", +"""Ramand""", +"""Tarom""", +"""Zanjan""", +"""Tafresh""", +"""Vafsi""", +"""Razajerdi""", +"""Hawraman-I Luhon""", +"""Hawraman-I Taxt""", +"""Kakai""", +"""Kandula""", +"""Gurani""", +"""Sarli""", +"""Shabak""", +"""Hazzu""", +"""Kori""", +"""Motki""", +"""Sivereki""", +"""Varto""", +"""Southern Bashaka""", +"""Aruskush-Daqqushchu""", +"""Balakhani""", +"""Devechi""", +"""Lahyj""", +"""Malham""", +"""Northern Tats""", +"""Qonaqkend""", +"""Quba""", +"""Qyzyl Qazma""", +"""Surakhani""", +"""Firozkohi""", +"""Jamshidi""", +"""Maliki""", +"""Mizmast""", +"""Taimani""", +"""Taimuri""", +"""Teimuri""", +"""Zainal""", +"""Zohri""", +"""Parsiwan""", +"""Darwazi""", +"""Dehwari""", +"""Hazaragi""", +"""Pahlavani""", +"""Tajik""", +"""Judeo-Persian""", +"""Bandari""", +"""Basseri""", +"""Esfahani""", +"""Kashani""", +"""Kermani""", +"""Ketabi""", +"""Mahalhamadani""", +"""Mashadi""", +"""Old Shirazi""", +"""Qazvini""", +"""Sedehi""", +"""Shahrudi Kazeruni""", +"""Shirazi""", +"""Shirazjahromi""", +"""Tehrani""", +"""Yazdi""", +"""Kumzari""", +"""Bikha""", +"""Evaz""", +"""Gerash""", +"""Khonj""", +"""Lari""", +"""Chelgerd""", +"""Haft-Lang""", +"""Kuhrang""", +"""Bala-Gariva'i""", +"""Borujerdi""", +"""Cagani""", +"""Khorramabadi""", +"""Mahali""", +"""Nahavandi""", +"""Kohgiluyeh""", +"""Mamasani""", +"""Shuli""", +"""Yasuji""", +"""Old Persian""", +"""Pahlavi""", +"""Southwestern Fars""", +"""Gramsukraviri""", +"""Suruviri""", +"""Shekhani""", +"""Mumviri""", +"""Western Kativiri""", +"""Lower Prasun""", +"""Upper Wasi-Weri""", +"""Varjan""", +"""Istro Romanian""", +"""Megleno Romanian""", +"""Bayash""", +"""Bayash Romanian""", +"""Crishana""", +"""Maramuresh""", +"""Moldavan""", +"""Moldavian""", +"""Muntenian""", +"""Oltenia-Lesser Wallachia""", +"""Transylvanian""", +"""Istriot""", +"""Cicolano-Reatino-Aquilano""", +"""Fiorentino""", +"""Laziale""", +"""Napoletano""", +"""Northern Calabrese-Lucano""", +"""Pugliese""", +"""Eastern Nonmetafonetica""", +"""Isole Eolie""", +"""Messinese""", +"""Pantesco""", +"""Southeast Metafonetica""", +"""Southern Calabro""", +"""Western Sicilian""", +"""Central Emiliano""", +"""Eastern Emiliano""", +"""Lunigiano""", +"""Vogherese-Pavese""", +"""Western Emiliano""", +"""Sammarinese""", +"""Southern Romagnolo""", +"""Judeo-Italian""", +"""Monégasque""", +"""Bergamasco""", +"""Eastern Lombard""", +"""Eastern Lombard""", +"""Insubric""", +"""Latin Anaunico""", +"""Latin Fiamazzo""", +"""Mantovano""", +"""Milanese""", +"""Novarese Lombard""", +"""Ticinese""", +"""Trentino Western""", +"""Western Lombard""", +"""Low Piemontese""", +"""Turinese""", +"""Sassarese Sardinian""", +"""Istrian""", +"""Tretine""", +"""Triestino""", +"""Venetian Proper""", +"""East Central Friulian""", +"""Western Friulian""", +"""Atesino""", +"""Badiotto""", +"""Cadorino""", +"""Fassano""", +"""Gardenese""", +"""Livinallese""", +"""Marebbano""", +"""Nones""", +"""Marsh French""", +"""Prairie French""", +"""Karipúna Creole French""", +"""Plateau Haitian Creole""", +"""St. Barth Creole French""", +"""Patwa""", +"""San Miguel Creole French""", +"""Louisiana Creole French""", +"""Angevin""", +"""Berrichon""", +"""Bourbonnais""", +"""Bourguignon""", +"""Dgernesiais""", +"""Franco-Ontarien""", +"""Gallo""", +"""Jerriais""", +"""Lorraine""", +"""Norman""", +"""Poitevin""", +"""Québécois""", +"""Santongeais""", +"""Seselwa Creole French""", +"""Réunion Creole French""", +"""Tayo""", +"""Artois""", +"""Belgian Picard""", +"""Boulonnais""", +"""Calaisis""", +"""Cambresis""", +"""Hainaut""", +"""Lillois""", +"""Ponthieu""", +"""Santerre""", +"""Vermandois""", +"""Vimeu""", +"""Dauphinois""", +"""Faeto""", +"""Franche-Comtois""", +"""Lyonnais""", +"""Neuch-Telois""", +"""Neuchatelais""", +"""Savoyard""", +"""Valaisan""", +"""Valle D'aosta""", +"""Vaudois""", +"""Faeto and Celle San Vito Francoprovencal""", +"""Middle French""", +"""Old French""", +"""Eastern Walloon""", +"""Southern Walloon""", +"""Western Walloon""", +"""Puter""", +"""Rumantsch Grischun""", +"""Surmiran-Albula""", +"""Sursilvan""", +"""Sursilvan-Oberland""", +"""Upper Engadine""", +"""Vallader""", +"""Baish Aranés""", +"""Béarnais""", +"""Landais""", +"""Mijaranés Aranés""", +"""Naut Aranés""", +"""Haut-Auvergnat""", +"""Haut-Limousin""", +"""Vivaro-Alpine Occitan""", +"""Guyennais""", +"""Haut-Languedocien""", +"""Languedocien Moyen""", +"""Gavot""", +"""Maritime Provençal""", +"""Niçard""", +"""Rhodanien""", +"""Transalpin""", +"""Old Provençal""", +"""Nonstandard Central Catalan""", +"""Eastern Asturian""", +"""Leonese""", +"""Western Asturian""", +"""Mirandese""", +"""Northern Extremaduran""", +"""Southern Extremaduran""", +"""Old Spanish""", +"""Judezmo""", +"""Ladino""", +"""Loreto-Ucayali Spanish""", +"""Palenquero""", +"""Cotobato Chavacano""", +"""Davawenyo Zamboanguenyo""", +"""Ermitaño""", +"""Ternateño""", +"""Zamboangueño""", +"""Ternateño""", +"""Andalusian""", +"""Aragonese""", +"""Canary Islands Spanish""", +"""Castilian""", +"""Murcian""", +"""Navarrese""", +"""Mañegu""", +"""Valvideiru""", +"""Galician""", +"""Brazilian Portuguese""", +"""Estremenho""", +"""Galician Portuguese""", +"""Madeira-Azores""", +"""Korlai Creole Portuguese""", +"""Fa D'ambu""", +"""Sãotomense""", +"""Macanese""", +"""Português de Bidau""", +"""Kabuverdianu Sotavento""", +"""Sotavento""", +"""Papiamento""", +"""Bissau-Bolama Creole""", +"""Cacheu-Ziguinchor Creole""", +"""Minderico""", +"""Eastern Aragonese""", +"""Southern Aragonese""", +"""Western Aragonese""", +"""Mozarabic""", +"""Sartenais""", +"""Venaco""", +"""Vico-Ajaccio""", +"""Gallurese Sardinian""", +"""Cagliare""", +"""Central Campidanese""", +"""Meridionale""", +"""Ogliastrino""", +"""Sarrabense""", +"""Sub-Barbaricino""", +"""Sulcitano""", +"""Western Campidenese""", +"""Northern Logudorese""", +"""Nuorese""", +"""Southwestern Logudorese""", +"""South Lucanian""", +"""Old Latin""", +"""Umbrian""", +"""Sabine""", +"""South Picene""", +"""Volscian""", +"""Lusitanian""", +"""Messapic""", +"""Thracian""", +"""Tocharian B""", +"""Elt Ulid""", +"""Guanche""", +"""South Oran""", +"""Senhaja De Srair""", +"""Western Kabyle""", +"""Jerba""", +"""Jerbi""", +"""Tamezret""", +"""Zuara""", +"""Siwi""", +"""Hoggar""", +"""Tadhaq""", +"""Timbuktu""", +"""Tawallammat Tan Ataram""", +"""Tawallammat Tan Dannag""", +"""Tanassfarwat""", +"""Zenaga""", +"""Tariyit""", +"""Temacin""", +"""Temacine Tamazight""", +"""Touat""", +"""Tit""", +"""Tumzabt""", +"""Tmagourt""", +"""Tachawit""", +"""Beni Iznassen""", +"""Igzennaian""", +"""Urrighel""", +"""Tunisian-Zuwara Berber""", +"""Gwendele""", +"""Hurza""", +"""Mayo-Plata""", +"""Mberem""", +"""Jilbe""", +"""Gili""", +"""Kirya-Konzel""", +"""Wula""", +"""Zlenge""", +"""Kajire-'dulo""", +"""Majera""", +"""Logone-Birni""", +"""Logone-Gana""", +"""Houlouf""", +"""Kabe""", +"""Kalo""", +"""Mser""", +"""Hedkala""", +"""Waga""", +"""Ghudavan""", +"""Gwoza""", +"""Leghva""", +"""Zaladeva""", +"""Zaladva""", +"""Visik""", +"""Marghi South""", +"""Gwara""", +"""Lassa""", +"""Mulgwe""", +"""Wurga""", +"""Pabir""", +"""Pela""", +"""Cibak""", +"""Nggwahyi""", +"""Putai""", +"""Dghwede""", +"""Chikide""", +"""Gava""", +"""Gvoko""", +"""Parkwa""", +"""Ngoshie""", +"""Glavda""", +"""Gwanje""", +"""Jampalam""", +"""Kamburwama""", +"""Kirawa""", +"""Masfeima""", +"""Mazagwa""", +"""Mura""", +"""Wandala""", +"""Ziogba""", +"""Mineo""", +"""Zulgo""", +"""Gudur""", +"""Massagal""", +"""Mokong""", +"""Njeleng""", +"""Zidim""", +"""Wazan""", +"""Moloko""", +"""Muyang""", +"""Wuzlam""", +"""Muturami""", +"""Rum""", +"""Luggoy""", +"""Maniling""", +"""Mpus""", +"""Muzuk""", +"""Ngilemong""", +"""Vulum""", +"""Muskum""", +"""Northern Buduma""", +"""Buduma""", +"""Southern Buduma""", +"""Dro""", +"""Goulfey""", +"""Mara""", +"""Malgbe""", +"""Walia""", +"""Sao""", +"""Digam""", +"""Makari""", +"""Mpade""", +"""Shoe""", +"""Woulki""", +"""Ngala of Lake Chad""", +"""Ga'anda""", +"""Hwana""", +"""Nyimatli""", +"""Pidlimndi""", +"""Gavar""", +"""Musgoi""", +"""Mbedam""", +"""Gamdugun""", +"""Jingjing""", +"""Nive""", +"""Pologozom""", +"""Opalo""", +"""Wa-Duku""", +"""Bacama-Yimburu""", +"""Garoua""", +"""Jirai""", +"""Kobotachi""", +"""Malabu""", +"""Ndeewe""", +"""Ribaw""", +"""Wadi""", +"""Zumu""", +"""Fali of Mubi""", +"""Fali of Mucella""", +"""Fali of Vimtim""", +"""Holma""", +"""Jimo""", +"""Malabu""", +"""Wadi""", +"""Zumo""", +"""Ngwaba""", +"""Holma""", +"""Hoode""", +"""Lovi""", +"""Magara""", +"""Maiha""", +"""Mutidi""", +"""Nggwoli""", +"""Paka""", +"""Rogede""", +"""Tsuvan""", +"""Zizilivakan""", +"""Ldamtsai""", +"""Mokola""", +"""Mokolo""", +"""Ouzal""", +"""Soulede""", +"""Mafa""", +"""Mavoumay""", +"""Mefele""", +"""Serak""", +"""Shugule""", +"""Sukur""", +"""Nancere""", +"""Kimruwa""", +"""Tchire""", +"""Moonde""", +"""Tobanga""", +"""Gaya""", +"""Kawalké""", +"""Mindéra""", +"""Mobou""", +"""Ngam""", +"""Kwang""", +"""Tchagin""", +"""Ndam-Ndam""", +"""Somrai""", +"""Tumak""", +"""Gadang""", +"""Miltu""", +"""Sarua""", +"""Jalkia""", +"""Komi""", +"""Sakaya""", +"""Agrab""", +"""Duguri""", +"""Eastern Birgit""", +"""Mogum Diguimi""", +"""Mogum Déle""", +"""Mogum Urmi""", +"""Toram""", +"""Garawgino""", +"""Jekkino""", +"""Nalguno""", +"""Oboyguno""", +"""East Dangaleat""", +"""West Dangaléat""", +"""Musunye""", +"""Doga""", +"""Gamiya""", +"""Migaama""", +"""Mabire""", +"""Masmaje""", +"""Mubi""", +"""Zirenkel""", +"""Sokoro""", +"""Tamki""", +"""Ubi""", +"""Gugiko""", +"""Mezimko""", +"""Mokilko""", +"""Moriko""", +"""Seginki""", +"""Jaraw-Domo""", +"""Lew""", +"""Pe""", +"""Pe-Holom-Gamé""", +"""Bongor""", +"""Budugum""", +"""Bugudum""", +"""Wina""", +"""Gumay""", +"""Ham""", +"""Walia""", +"""Yagwa""", +"""Zumaya""", +"""Zamre""", +"""Ngete""", +"""Doe""", +"""Lamé""", +"""Gwandara Gitata""", +"""Gwandara Karashi""", +"""Gwandara Koro""", +"""Gwandara Southern""", +"""Nimbia""", +"""Damagaram""", +"""Dawra""", +"""Kano""", +"""Katagum""", +"""Gaya""", +"""Kurfey""", +"""Arewa""", +"""Gobirawa""", +"""Katsina""", +"""Kebbawa""", +"""Sokoto""", +"""Zamfarawa""", +"""Tambas""", +"""Richa""", +"""Tof""", +"""Mangar""", +"""Mundat""", +"""Daffo-Butura""", +"""Sha""", +"""Jalalam""", +"""Kwarta Mataci""", +"""Bole""", +"""Ngamo""", +"""Gamsawa""", +"""Sum""", +"""Kubi""", +"""Maaka""", +"""Nyam""", +"""Shani""", +"""Shellen""", +"""Pero""", +"""Piya""", +"""Kwaami""", +"""Kaltungo""", +"""Shongom""", +"""Ture""", +"""Montol""", +"""Tal""", +"""Pyapun""", +"""Jorto""", +"""Dimmuk""", +"""Gworam""", +"""Jipal""", +"""Kwagallak""", +"""Mirriam""", +"""Kofyar""", +"""Mwaghavul""", +"""Plain Angas""", +"""Yiwom""", +"""Shirawa""", +"""Southern Bade""", +"""Western Bade""", +"""Teshenawa""", +"""Ciwogai""", +"""Diri""", +"""Mburku""", +"""Pa'a""", +"""Siri""", +"""Faishang""", +"""Federe""", +"""Fursum""", +"""Gala""", +"""Warji""", +"""Zumbun""", +"""Mangas""", +"""Gar""", +"""Gayar""", +"""Jimi""", +"""Karakara""", +"""Kuuku""", +"""Lungu""", +"""Mbaaru""", +"""Tala""", +"""Zangwal""", +"""Geji""", +"""Zaranda""", +"""Buli""", +"""Dir""", +"""Langas""", +"""Polchi""", +"""Zul""", +"""Durr-Baraza""", +"""Wandi""", +"""Zumbul""", +"""Zari""", +"""Zakshi""", +"""Lushi""", +"""Zeem""", +"""Amara""", +"""Beni-Amir""", +"""Bisharin""", +"""Hadareb""", +"""Hadendoa""", +"""Xamtanga""", +"""Dembiya""", +"""Hwarasa""", +"""Kayla""", +"""Kwolasa""", +"""Qimant""", +"""Semyen""", +"""Dahalo""", +"""Soro""", +"""Libido""", +"""Tambaro""", +"""Timbaro""", +"""Sidamo""", +"""Baadu""", +"""Central Afar""", +"""Northern Afar""", +"""Jiiddu""", +"""Dabarre""", +"""Tunni""", +"""Girirra""", +"""Garre""", +"""Rendille""", +"""Benaadir""", +"""Degodia""", +"""Northern Somali""", +"""Ogaden""", +"""Daasanach""", +"""El Molo""", +"""Konso""", +"""Boran""", +"""Borana""", +"""Gabra""", +"""Guji""", +"""Kereyu""", +"""Sakuye""", +"""Salale""", +"""Orma""", +"""Orma""", +"""Waata""", +"""Mecha""", +"""Raya""", +"""Tulema""", +"""Wello""", +"""Western Oromo""", +"""Gergere""", +"""Gobeze""", +"""Gollango""", +"""Gorose""", +"""Harso""", +"""Tsamai""", +"""Yaaku""", +"""Kw'adza""", +"""Oxyrhynchite""", +"""Old Coptic""", +"""Lycopolitan""", +"""Sahidic""", +"""Egyptian""", +"""Eblan""", +"""Dumaitic""", +"""Hasaitic""", +"""Hismaic""", +"""Safaitic""", +"""Taymanitic""", +"""Dhofari Arabic""", +"""Al-Hasâ""", +"""Bahraini Gulf Arabic""", +"""Khamseh""", +"""Kuwaiti Hadari Arabic""", +"""North Qatari Arabic""", +"""South Qatari Arabic""", +"""Zubair-Faau Arabic""", +"""Hadrami Arabic""", +"""North Hijazi""", +"""South Hijazi""", +"""Valley Tihaamah""", +"""Beda""", +"""Habban""", +"""San'a""", +"""North Najdi""", +"""South Anjdi""", +"""Omani Arabic""", +"""Sanaani Arabic""", +"""Shihhi Arabic""", +"""Ta'izzi""", +"""Uzbeki Arabic""", +"""Khorasan Arabic""", +"""Euphrates Cluster""", +"""Tigris Cluster""", +"""North Mesopotamian Arabic""", +"""Northeast Egyptian Bedawi Arabic""", +"""Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic""", +"""South Levantine Bedawi Arabic""", +"""North Delta Arabic""", +"""South Central Delta Arabic""", +"""Upper Egypt Arabic""", +"""Chari-Baguirmi""", +"""Nubi""", +"""Khartoum""", +"""North Kordofan Arabic""", +"""Shukri""", +"""Western Sudanese""", +"""Sudanese Creole Arabic""", +"""Beqaa Arabic""", +"""Iqlim-Al-Kharrub Sunni Arabic""", +"""Jdaideh Arabic""", +"""North Lebanese Arabic""", +"""North-Central Lebanese Arabic""", +"""Saida Sunni Arabic""", +"""South Lebanese Arabic""", +"""South-Central Lebanese Arabic""", +"""Standard Lebanese Arabic""", +"""Sunni Beiruti Arabic""", +"""Madani""", +"""Constantine""", +"""Oran""", +"""Algerian Saharan Arabic""", +"""Hassaniyya""", +"""Judeo-Moroccan Arabic""", +"""Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic""", +"""Southern Libyan Arabic""", +"""Tripolitanian Arabic""", +"""Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic""", +"""Port Maltese""", +"""Rural Central Maltese""", +"""Rural East Maltese""", +"""Rural West Maltese""", +"""Standard Maltese""", +"""Zurrieq""", +"""Jebli""", +"""Marrakech""", +"""Oujda""", +"""Rabat-Casablanca Arabic""", +"""Southern Morocco Arabic""", +"""Tangier""", +"""Sahil""", +"""Sfax""", +"""South-Eastern Tunisian""", +"""South-Western Tunisian""", +"""Tunis""", +"""Standard Arabic""", +"""Jinet""", +"""Umraya""", +"""Mar Bishu""", +"""Nochiya""", +"""Tergawar""", +"""Iranian Koine""", +"""Dez""", +"""Gavar""", +"""Jilu""", +"""Qudshanis""", +"""Salamas""", +"""Upper Barwari""", +"""Van""", +"""Benatha""", +"""Daudiya""", +"""Inishke""", +"""Tina""", +"""Solduz""", +"""Urmi""", +"""Lower Barwari""", +"""Tal""", +"""Tkhuma""", +"""Bartille""", +"""Dihok""", +"""Mangesh""", +"""Shirnak-Chizre""", +"""Tel Kepe""", +"""Tisqopa""", +"""Jewish Babylonian Aramaic""", +"""Bijil""", +"""Sandu""", +"""Shahe""", +"""Atrush""", +"""Barashe""", +"""Bétanure""", +"""Dohuk""", +"""Nerwa""", +"""Shukho""", +"""Zakho""", +"""Salmas""", +"""Urmi""", +"""Naghada""", +"""Ushno""", +"""Sanandaj""", +"""Saqiz""", +"""Suleimaniya""", +"""Senaya""", +"""Rwanduz""", +"""Qaladze""", +"""Ranye""", +"""Shaqlawa""", +"""Dobe""", +"""Iwardo""", +"""Kfarze""", +"""Midin""", +"""Midyat""", +"""Raite""", +"""Western Syriac""", +"""Iraqi Neo-Mandaic""", +"""Shushtar""", +"""Old Aramaic""", +"""Samaritan Aramaic""", +"""Jub-'adin""", +"""Ma'lula""", +"""Standard Hebrew""", +"""Samaritan""", +"""Ugaritic""", +"""Jabal Razih""", +"""Minaean""", +"""Qatabanian""", +"""Sabaean""", +"""Soddo""", +"""Gyeto""", +"""Mesmes""", +"""Mesqan""", +"""Ezha""", +"""Gumer""", +"""Gura""", +"""Gyeto""", +"""Argobba""", +"""Wolane""", +"""Zay""", +"""Tigrinya""", +"""Kuria Muria""", +"""Western Jibbali""", +"""Central Soqotri""", +"""Northwest Central Soqotri""", +"""Southern Soqotri""", +"""Western Soqotri""", +"""Hobyót""", +"""Harsusi""", +"""Nagdi""", +"""Western Mehri""", +"""Quileute""", +"""Lipan Apache""", +"""Navajo""", +"""Western Apache""", +"""Babine""", +"""Beaver""", +"""Southern Carrier""", +"""Chilcotin""", +"""Chipewyan""", +"""Degexit'an""", +"""Gwich'in""", +"""Han""", +"""South Slavey""", +"""Holikachuk""", +"""Koyukon""", +"""Lower Tanana""", +"""Sarsi""", +"""Sekani""", +"""Tagish""", +"""Tahltan""", +"""Tanacross""", +"""Tanaina""", +"""Tsetsaut""", +"""Southern Tutchone""", +"""Upper Kuskokwim""", +"""Upper Tanana""", +"""Kato""", +"""Mattole""", +"""Wailaki""", +"""Galice""", +"""Tututni""", +"""Tolowa""", +"""Upper Umpqua""", +"""Eyak""", +"""Tlingit""", +"""Wurrugu""", +"""Turumsa""", +"""Puri""", +"""Nguburindi""", +"""Nyangga""", +"""Atimelang""", +"""Kobola""", +"""Lembur""", +"""Kamang""", +"""Sibo""", +"""Tiayai""", +"""Watang""", +"""Iramang""", +"""Kula Watena""", +"""Kulatela""", +"""Larena""", +"""Kula""", +"""Sumang""", +"""Watena""", +"""Lona""", +"""Sawila""", +"""Salimana""", +"""Sileba""", +"""Langkuru""", +"""Maneta""", +"""Kiramang""", +"""Kui""", +"""Halerman""", +"""Panggar""", +"""Probur""", +"""Hamap""", +"""Meibuil""", +"""Otvai""", +"""Pintumbang""", +"""Tang'ala""", +"""Bakalang""", +"""Limarahing""", +"""Pura""", +"""Retta""", +"""Tereweng""", +"""Kaera""", +"""Kalondama""", +"""Tubal""", +"""Nedebang""", +"""Lebang""", +"""Madar""", +"""Oirata""", +"""Maklere""", +"""Sqoleq""", +"""Tekedaya""", +"""Teruku""", +"""North Bunun""", +"""Randai""", +"""Shibukun""", +"""South Bunun""", +"""Takopulan""", +"""Tondai""", +"""Chengkung-Kwangshan""", +"""Northern Amis""", +"""Southern Amis""", +"""Tavalong-Vataan""", +"""Kaliyawan""", +"""Nataoran""", +"""Natawran""", +"""Pokpok""", +"""Ridaw""", +"""Sakizaya""", +"""Trobiawan""", +"""Ketangalan""", +"""Makatao""", +"""Siraya""", +"""Pangsoia-Dolatok""", +"""Taivoan""", +"""Saaroa""", +"""Malay""", +"""Itbayaten""", +"""Southern Ivatan""", +"""Yami""", +"""Sarangani Blaan""", +"""Southern Tboli""", +"""Western Tboli""", +"""Tiruray""", +"""West Banggai""", +"""Saluan""", +"""Bobongko""", +"""Bungku""", +"""Routa""", +"""Torete""", +"""Tulambatu""", +"""Waia""", +"""Koroni""", +"""Kulisusu""", +"""Nahina""", +"""Petasia""", +"""Soroako""", +"""Tambe'e""", +"""Taloki""", +"""Wawonii""", +"""Rumbia""", +"""Padoe""", +"""Tomadino""", +"""Rahambuu""", +"""Konawe""", +"""Konio""", +"""Laiwui""", +"""Mekongga""", +"""Norio""", +"""Tamboki""", +"""Wiwirano""", +"""Waru""", +"""Masiri""", +"""Sampolawa""", +"""Holimombo""", +"""Kondowa""", +"""Wabula""", +"""Takimpo""", +"""Wali""", +"""Lasalimu""", +"""Lantoi""", +"""Kioko""", +"""Liabuku""", +"""Gu""", +"""Kadatua""", +"""Kalia-Lia""", +"""Katobengke""", +"""Lakudo""", +"""Laompo""", +"""Lawama""", +"""Lawela""", +"""Lowu-Lowu""", +"""Mawasangka""", +"""Salaa""", +"""Topa""", +"""Wale-Ale""", +"""Siompu""", +"""Katobu""", +"""Lawa""", +"""Tobea Besar""", +"""Tungkuno""", +"""Tiworo""", +"""Kapontori""", +"""Labuandiri""", +"""Bonerate""", +"""Wanci""", +"""Tomea""", +"""Inde""", +"""Tado""", +"""Moma""", +"""Doi""", +"""Edo""", +"""Ija""", +"""Ledo""", +"""Rai""", +"""Raio""", +"""Taa""", +"""Tado""", +"""Tara""", +"""Sedoa""", +"""Topoiyo""", +"""Unde Kaili""", +"""Tombelala""", +"""Bada""", +"""Besoa""", +"""Napu""", +"""Rato""", +"""Nunu'""", +"""Benggaulu""", +"""Kantewu""", +"""Southern Uma""", +"""Tobaku""", +"""Tolee'""", +"""Winatu""", +"""Laiyolo""", +"""Wolio""", +"""Wotu""", +"""Totoli""", +"""Tomini""", +"""Dampelas""", +"""Pendau""", +"""Taje""", +"""Tajio""", +"""Remontado Agta""", +"""Sambali Botolan""", +"""Ambala Ayta""", +"""Bataan Ayta""", +"""Mag-Indi Ayta""", +"""Masinloc""", +"""Santa Cruz""", +"""Mariri""", +"""Southeast Dobel""", +"""Straits Dobel""", +"""Warabal""", +"""Lorang""", +"""Manombai""", +"""East Tarangan""", +"""Barakai""", +"""Karey""", +"""Kompane""", +"""Ujir""", +"""Southwestern Tarangan""", +"""Dawera-Daweloor""", +"""North Babar""", +"""East Masela""", +"""Serili""", +"""Southeast Babar""", +"""West Masela""", +"""Imroing""", +"""Tela-Masbuar""", +"""West Damar""", +"""Mbojo""", +"""Bima""", +"""Sangar""", +"""Toloweri""", +"""Eli""", +"""Kelimuri""", +"""Mina Mina Gorong""", +"""Tamher Timur""", +"""Masiwang""", +"""Lesa""", +"""Benggoi""", +"""Hoti""", +"""Seti""", +"""Wahakaim""", +"""Salas""", +"""Lumaete""", +"""Kayeli""", +"""Kanikeh""", +"""Maneo""", +"""South Manusela""", +"""South Nuaulu""", +"""West Teluti""", +"""Seit""", +"""Mamala""", +"""Morela""", +"""Hitu""", +"""Wakal""", +"""Tulehu""", +"""Tengah-Tengah""", +"""Tial""", +"""Kaibobo""", +"""Kailolo""", +"""Pelauw""", +"""Rohomoni""", +"""Rutah""", +"""Soahuku""", +"""Nusa Laut""", +"""Iha-Seram""", +"""Kulur""", +"""Siri-Sori""", +"""Kamarian""", +"""Asilulu""", +"""Ureng""", +"""Larike""", +"""Wakasihu""", +"""Kelang""", +"""Luhu""", +"""Manipa""", +"""Lisabata-Timur""", +"""Nuniali""", +"""Sukaraja""", +"""Loun""", +"""Saleman""", +"""Central West Alune""", +"""Kairatu""", +"""North Coastal Alune""", +"""South Alune""", +"""Naka'ela""", +"""Yalahatan""", +"""Kasieh""", +"""Uwenpantai""", +"""Ut""", +"""Fogi""", +"""Masarete""", +"""Wae Sama""", +"""Hukumina""", +"""Tagalisa""", +"""Fagudu""", +"""Falahu""", +"""Mangei""", +"""Padang""", +"""Lamalera""", +"""West Lamaholot""", +"""West Solor""", +"""Lewotobi""", +"""East Solor""", +"""West Adonara""", +"""South Ile Ape""", +"""West Lembata""", +"""Levuka""", +"""South Lembata""", +"""Lewo Eleng""", +"""Lamatuka""", +"""Sikka Natar""", +"""Tana Ai""", +"""Eastern Manggarai""", +"""West-Central Manggarai""", +"""Western Manggarai""", +"""Rajong""", +"""Rembong""", +"""Wangka""", +"""Riung""", +"""Wae Rana""", +"""Ende""", +"""Li'o""", +"""Nage""", +"""Central Ngada""", +"""South Ngada""", +"""Rongga""", +"""So'a""", +"""Palu'e""", +"""Mesara""", +"""Raijua""", +"""Seba""", +"""Timu""", +"""Rua""", +"""Lewa""", +"""Mangili-Waijelo""", +"""Melolo""", +"""Kambera""", +"""Southern Sumba""", +"""Uma Ratu Nggai""", +"""Mamboru""", +"""Kodi Bokol""", +"""Nggaro""", +"""Lamboya""", +"""Tana Righu""", +"""Weyewa""", +"""Fordata-Larat II""", +"""Molo""", +"""Sera""", +"""Kei Kecil""", +"""Ta'am""", +"""Tanimbar Kei""", +"""Tayando""", +"""Ogar""", +"""Patipi""", +"""Sepa""", +"""Sekar""", +"""Uruangnirin""", +"""South Yamdena""", +"""Keroi""", +"""Namatota""", +"""Waikala""", +"""Seluwasan""", +"""Northern Tetun""", +"""Southern Tetun""", +"""Tetun Dili""", +"""Midiki""", +"""Oso Moko""", +"""Waima'a""", +"""Roma""", +"""Moa""", +"""Luang""", +"""Wetan""", +"""Maku'a""", +"""Dadua""", +"""Edi""", +"""Hahak""", +"""Na Nahek""", +"""Galoli""", +"""Serua""", +"""Te'un""", +"""Esulit""", +"""Ilmaumau""", +"""Karbubu""", +"""Klishatu""", +"""Nabar""", +"""Telemar""", +"""Ustutun""", +"""Lurang""", +"""Welemur""", +"""Uhak""", +"""Ilpokil""", +"""Kahailin Ilway""", +"""Mahuan""", +"""Masapua""", +"""Tomliapat""", +"""Helong Darat""", +"""Helong Pulau""", +"""Tai Boko""", +"""Uis Tasae""", +"""Amfoan-Fatule'u-Amabi""", +"""Biboki-Insana""", +"""Kusa-Manlea""", +"""Mollo-Miomafo""", +"""Oenale""", +"""Lelain""", +"""Western Dengka""", +"""Ro'is""", +"""Ro'is Hero""", +"""Ro'is Tais Nonof""", +"""Lelenuk""", +"""Bilba""", +"""North Lole""", +"""South Lole""", +"""Ringgou""", +"""Oe Pao""", +"""Korbafo""", +"""Pa'da""", +"""Pa'da Kona""", +"""Tii""", +"""Lakalei""", +"""Lolei""", +"""Mambai""", +"""Manua""", +"""Kemak""", +"""Tukudede""", +"""Papitalai""", +"""Titan""", +"""Kele""", +"""Kurti""", +"""Leipon""", +"""Ponam""", +"""Mokerang""", +"""Tong""", +"""Hermit""", +"""Sori""", +"""Drehet""", +"""Levei""", +"""Likum""", +"""Mondropolon""", +"""Keli""", +"""Tulu""", +"""Pam""", +"""Nauna""", +"""Penchal""", +"""Southern Kaniet""", +"""Seimat""", +"""Wuvulu""", +"""Central Vanua Levu""", +"""Kadavu""", +"""Northeast Vanua Levu""", +"""Northeast Viti Levu""", +"""Southeast Vanua Levu""", +"""Southeast Viti Levu""", +"""West Vanua Levu""", +"""Gone Dau""", +"""Vanua Balavu""", +"""Lomaiviti""", +"""East Futuna""", +"""Niuatoputapu""", +"""Wallisian""", +"""Tokelau""", +"""South Tuvaluan""", +"""Nukuoro""", +"""Pelau""", +"""Nukuria""", +"""Takuu""", +"""Atiu""", +"""Mangaia""", +"""Mauke""", +"""Mitiaro""", +"""Rarotonga""", +"""Mangareva""", +"""Moriori""", +"""North Auckland""", +"""Rotorua-Taupo""", +"""South Island""", +"""Taranaki""", +"""Wanganui""", +"""Nuku Hiva""", +"""Ua Huka""", +"""Ua Pou""", +"""Hiva Oa""", +"""Tahuta""", +"""Penrhyn""", +"""Rakahanga-Manihiki""", +"""Rimatara""", +"""Rurutu""", +"""Tubuai""", +"""Tahitian""", +"""Marangai""", +"""Napuka""", +"""Parata""", +"""Reao""", +"""Tapuhoe""", +"""Vahitu""", +"""Rapanui""", +"""Sikaiana""", +"""Matema""", +"""Pileni""", +"""Nukapu""", +"""Nupani""", +"""Taumako""", +"""Pukapuka""", +"""Mungiki""", +"""Tikopia""", +"""West Futuna""", +"""Mele""", +"""West Uvean""", +"""Tonga""", +"""Rotuman""", +"""Nalea""", +"""Tubai""", +"""Waya""", +"""Wete""", +"""Iaai""", +"""Nengone""", +"""Nui""", +"""Rälik""", +"""Pingelapese""", +"""Ponapean""", +"""Sapwuahfik""", +"""Fayichuck""", +"""Mid Mortlock""", +"""Upper Mortlock""", +"""Pulapese""", +"""Pulusukese""", +"""Tanapag""", +"""Namonuito""", +"""Satawalese""", +"""Mapia""", +"""Woleaian""", +"""Sonsorolese""", +"""Tobian""", +"""Ulithian""", +"""Malen-Utwe""", +"""Nauru""", +"""Olal""", +"""Port Vato""", +"""Penapo""", +"""Taveak""", +"""Toak""", +"""Emau""", +"""Livara""", +"""Nguna""", +"""Paunangis""", +"""Sesake""", +"""Pang Pang""", +"""South Efate""", +"""Bierebo""", +"""Vovo""", +"""Maii""", +"""Tasiko""", +"""Onesso""", +"""Axamb""", +"""Burmbar""", +"""Katbol""", +"""Lingarak""", +"""Maskelynes""", +"""Vivti""", +"""Nese""", +"""Vao""", +"""Port Sandwich""", +"""Navwien""", +"""Nisvai""", +"""Uripiv""", +"""Wala-Rano""", +"""Nati""", +"""Larevat""", +"""Maragus""", +"""South West Bay""", +"""Letemboi""", +"""Nasarian""", +"""Repanbitip""", +"""Makura""", +"""Mataso""", +"""Tongariki Island""", +"""Tongoa Island""", +"""South Paama""", +"""Loltong""", +"""Melsisi""", +"""Suru-Bo""", +"""Suru-Marani""", +"""Ninebulo""", +"""Ponorwal""", +"""Sowa""", +"""Lombaha""", +"""Longana""", +"""Walaha""", +"""Morouas""", +"""Roria""", +"""Navut""", +"""Tiale""", +"""Lorediakarkar""", +"""Tutuba""", +"""Avunatari""", +"""Shark Bay""", +"""Polonombauk""", +"""Tambotalo""", +"""Piamatsina""", +"""Tasmate""", +"""Tolomako""", +"""Valpei""", +"""Vunapu""", +"""Araki""", +"""Narango""", +"""Tangoa""", +"""Wailapa""", +"""Wusi""", +"""Hano""", +"""Nasawa""", +"""Talise""", +"""Peterara""", +"""Tanoriki""", +"""Marino""", +"""Lo-Toga""", +"""Lakon""", +"""Lehali""", +"""Lehalurup""", +"""Vera'a""", +"""Mwerig""", +"""West Mwerelawa""", +"""Mota""", +"""Nume""", +"""Vetumboso""", +"""Wetamut""", +"""Vulava""", +"""Gela""", +"""Geri""", +"""Ndi""", +"""Nginia""", +"""Ghari""", +"""Tandai-Nggaria""", +"""Ghaimuta""", +"""Lengo""", +"""Paripao""", +"""Malango""", +"""Malagheti""", +"""Moli""", +"""Talise""", +"""Poleo""", +"""Tolo""", +"""Baelelea""", +"""Fataleka""", +"""Gula'alaa""", +"""Kwaio""", +"""Kwara'ae""", +"""Lau""", +"""Suafa""", +"""To'abaita""", +"""Wala""", +"""'Are'are""", +"""Dori'o""", +"""Oroha""", +"""Ulawa""", +"""Wango""", +"""Bauro""", +"""Rawo""", +"""Fagani""", +"""Rihu'a""", +"""Kahua""", +"""Santa Catalina""", +"""Tawarafa""", +"""Pouébo""", +"""Kumak""", +"""Yalayu""", +"""Thuanga""", +"""Numee""", +"""Ouen""", +"""Nemi""", +"""Jawe""", +"""Pije""", +"""Pwaamei""", +"""Pwapwa""", +"""Haeke""", +"""Haveke""", +"""Hmwaveke""", +"""Vamale""", +"""Waamwang""", +"""Paicî""", +"""Arhâ""", +"""Arhö""", +"""Neku""", +"""Orowe""", +"""Tiri""", +"""Xaragure""", +"""Xârâcùù""", +"""Zire""", +"""Potnariven""", +"""Yoku""", +"""Ura""", +"""Itonga""", +"""Loanatit""", +"""Nerauya""", +"""Imafin""", +"""West Tanna""", +"""Weasisi""", +"""Nvhal""", +"""Emira""", +"""Southern Mussau""", +"""Western Mussau""", +"""Tenis""", +"""Nanggu""", +"""Natügu""", +"""Teanu""", +"""Asumboa""", +"""Tanimbili""", +"""Vano""", +"""Uneapa""", +"""Usen""", +"""Lamusong""", +"""Lavatbura""", +"""Ugana""", +"""Katingan""", +"""Lelet""", +"""Malom""", +"""Mesi""", +"""Konomala""", +"""Makada""", +"""Molot""", +"""Label""", +"""Kininanggunan""", +"""Kokopo""", +"""Livuan""", +"""Masawa""", +"""Matupit""", +"""Nodup""", +"""Rakunei""", +"""Raluana""", +"""Rapitok""", +"""Rebar""", +"""Vanumami""", +"""Vunadidir""", +"""Watom""", +"""Minigir""", +"""Pala""", +"""Sokirik""", +"""Katazi""", +"""Kuboro""", +"""Lömaumbi""", +"""Babatana""", +"""Sengan""", +"""Sisiqa""", +"""Varisi""", +"""Fauro""", +"""Mono""", +"""Torau""", +"""Uruava""", +"""Hangan""", +"""Selau""", +"""Touloun""", +"""Matsungan""", +"""Sumoun""", +"""Taiof""", +"""Kurur""", +"""Ratsua""", +"""Melilup""", +"""Petspets""", +"""Taunita""", +"""Wainanana""", +"""Vado-Vaene'""", +"""Vaene'""", +"""Vapopeo'""", +"""Vapopeo'-Rausaura""", +"""Vasui""", +"""Vavoehpoa'""", +"""Pinipel""", +"""Papapana""", +"""Solos""", +"""Kusaghe""", +"""Marovo""", +"""Roviana""", +"""Ughele""", +"""Vangunu""", +"""Kazukuru""", +"""Ghanongga""", +"""Lungga""", +"""Simbo""", +"""Zazao""", +"""Maringe""", +"""Gao""", +"""Zabana""", +"""Siar-Lak""", +"""Sursurunga""", +"""Maket""", +"""Tanga""", +"""Tabar""", +"""Tatau""", +"""Notsi""", +"""Tomoip""", +"""Lauan-Nonopai""", +"""Luburua""", +"""Ngavalus-Lossuk""", +"""West Kara""", +"""Nalik""", +"""Tiang""", +"""Island Tigak""", +"""South Tigak""", +"""West Tigak""", +"""Tungag""", +"""Bola""", +"""Bulu""", +"""Losa""", +"""Maututu""", +"""Ubae""", +"""Vere""", +"""Aribwaung""", +"""Duwet""", +"""Musom""", +"""Nafi""", +"""Labu""", +"""Wampar""", +"""Sarasira""", +"""Sukurum""", +"""Wampur""", +"""North Watut""", +"""Maralango""", +"""Kela""", +"""Yabem""", +"""Numbami""", +"""Kapin""", +"""Lagis""", +"""Chimbuluk""", +"""Mambump""", +"""Mapos""", +"""Papakene""", +"""Wagau""", +"""Wins""", +"""Kumalu""", +"""Piu""", +"""Vehes""", +"""Hote""", +"""Yamap""", +"""Iwal""", +"""Mutu""", +"""Tuam""", +"""Galeg""", +"""Suit""", +"""Yamai""", +"""Yori""", +"""Mindiri""", +"""Wab""", +"""Gedaged""", +"""Southern Marik""", +"""Western Marik""", +"""Matukar""", +"""Serang""", +"""Nanaya""", +"""Ronji""", +"""Lokep""", +"""Karnai""", +"""Singorokai""", +"""Mur Pano""", +"""Maleu""", +"""Northern Mbula""", +"""Mbula""", +"""Sakar""", +"""Mamusi""", +"""North Coast Mengen""", +"""South Coast Mengen""", +"""Sio""", +"""Lesing""", +"""Apalik""", +"""Gimi""", +"""Umua""", +"""Apsokok""", +"""Bao""", +"""Karore""", +"""Kaulong""", +"""Miu""", +"""Sengseng""", +"""Lomogai""", +"""Musen""", +"""Paret""", +"""Pulie-Rauto""", +"""Tourai""", +"""Wanam""", +"""Ormu""", +"""Tobati""", +"""Podena""", +"""Bonggo""", +"""Kaptiau""", +"""Masimasi""", +"""Sobei""", +"""Wakde""", +"""Tarpia""", +"""Yamna""", +"""Terebu""", +"""Kairiru""", +"""Sepa""", +"""Wogeo""", +"""Medebur""", +"""Yakamul""", +"""Tumleo""", +"""Malol""", +"""Sissano""", +"""Ulau-Suain""", +"""Maisin""", +"""Miniafia""", +"""Doga""", +"""Gapapaiwa""", +"""Ghayavi""", +"""Kaninuwa""", +"""Ubir""", +"""Naura""", +"""Taupota""", +"""Wa'ema""", +"""Maiwala""", +"""Minaveha""", +"""Bohilai""", +"""Diwinai""", +"""Huhuna""", +"""Kehelala""", +"""Labe""", +"""Lelehudi""", +"""Sideya""", +"""Yaleba""", +"""Lavora""", +"""Topura""", +"""Yapoa""", +"""Yakaikeke""", +"""Belebele I""", +"""Bwaidoga""", +"""Faiyava""", +"""Kalauna""", +"""Kilia""", +"""Kiliva""", +"""Lauwela""", +"""Mataitai""", +"""Wagifa""", +"""Central Vivigani""", +"""Goiala""", +"""Idakamenai""", +"""Kalauna""", +"""Ufaufa""", +"""Ufufu""", +"""Waibula""", +"""Central Diodio""", +"""Iauiaula""", +"""Utalo""", +"""Didigavu""", +"""Gwabegwabe""", +"""Masimasi""", +"""Southern Yamalele""", +"""Maiadomu""", +"""Koluwawa""", +"""Tala'ai""", +"""Tosila'ai""", +"""Gameta""", +"""Garea""", +"""Sebutuia""", +"""Urua""", +"""Wadalei""", +"""Kasikasi""", +"""Kerorogea""", +"""Kumalahu""", +"""Lomitawa""", +"""Meudana""", +"""Bunama""", +"""Sawabwala""", +"""Sawatupwa""", +"""Sipupu""", +"""Weyoko""", +"""Mwatebu""", +"""Galubwa""", +"""Loboda""", +"""Sanaroa""", +"""Ubuia""", +"""Guleguleu""", +"""Mwalukwasia""", +"""Siausi""", +"""Somwadina""", +"""Central Sewa Bay""", +"""Darubia""", +"""Maiabare""", +"""Miadeba""", +"""Sewataitai""", +"""Sibonai""", +"""Gumawana""", +"""South Kakabai""", +"""Buhutu""", +"""Wale""", +"""Oya'oya""", +"""Saliba""", +"""Bonarua""", +"""Dahuni""", +"""Daui""", +"""Leileiafa""", +"""Suau""", +"""Sinaki""", +"""Unubahe""", +"""Wagawaga""", +"""Magori""", +"""Yoba""", +"""Ouma""", +"""Babaga""", +"""Kalo""", +"""Kapari""", +"""Lalaura""", +"""Maopa""", +"""Keapara""", +"""Wanigela""", +"""Babagarupu""", +"""Balawaia""", +"""Boku""", +"""Buaga""", +"""Ikega""", +"""Ikolu""", +"""Kubuli""", +"""Kwaibida""", +"""Kwaibo""", +"""Omene""", +"""Oruone""", +"""Saroa""", +"""Taboro""", +"""Tubulamo""", +"""Vora""", +"""Wiga""", +"""Western Motu""", +"""Lala""", +"""North Mekeo""", +"""Northwest Mekeo""", +"""West Mekeo""", +"""Toura""", +"""Paitana""", +"""Roro""", +"""Sinaketa""", +"""Vakuta""", +"""Lougaw""", +"""Nawyem""", +"""Wamwan""", +"""Yanaba""", +"""Tewatewa""", +"""Panawina""", +"""Sabari""", +"""Western Point""", +"""Griffin Point""", +"""Jelewaga""", +"""Pamela""", +"""Rambuso""", +"""Yapese""", +"""Kuri""", +"""Bedoanas""", +"""Erokwanas""", +"""Bo'o""", +"""Bosnik""", +"""Dwar""", +"""Fairi""", +"""Jenures""", +"""Kamer""", +"""Korido""", +"""Korim""", +"""Mandusir""", +"""Mapia""", +"""Mios Num""", +"""Mofu""", +"""Monoarfu""", +"""Opif""", +"""Padoa""", +"""Penasifu""", +"""Rumberpon""", +"""Samberi""", +"""Sampori""", +"""Sor""", +"""Sorendidori""", +"""Sorido""", +"""Sundei""", +"""Vogelkop""", +"""Wadibu""", +"""Wardo""", +"""Wari""", +"""Warsa""", +"""Roon""", +"""Dusner""", +"""Meoswar""", +"""Yaur""", +"""Yeretuar""", +"""Ambai""", +"""Randawaya""", +"""Ansus""", +"""Ambumi""", +"""Bintuni""", +"""Dasener""", +"""Wamesa""", +"""Wasior""", +"""Windesi""", +"""Woi""", +"""Papuma""", +"""Serui-Laut""", +"""Wabo""", +"""Yoke""", +"""Mor""", +"""Metsam""", +"""As""", +"""Kawe""", +"""Legenyem""", +"""Batanta Island""", +"""Ma'ya""", +"""Wauyai""", +"""Wayamli""", +"""Maba""", +"""Patani""", +"""Kobe""", +"""Messa-Dote""", +"""Sawai""", +"""Weda""", +"""East Makian""", +"""Tandia""", +"""Napan""", +"""Waropen Kai""", +"""Rotanese Chamorro""", +"""Enggano""", +"""Pahu""", +"""Tunjung Linggang""", +"""Tunjung Londong""", +"""Bezanozano""", +"""Merina""", +"""Sihanaka""", +"""Tanala""", +"""Southern Betsimisaraka""", +"""Tesaka Malagasy""", +"""Kibushi-Kimaore""", +"""Vezo""", +"""Tsimihety Malagasy""", +"""Tanosy Malagasy""", +"""Tandroy-Mahafaly Malagasy""", +"""Bakoi""", +"""Bantian""", +"""Banuwang""", +"""Bawu""", +"""Benua""", +"""Kali""", +"""Karau""", +"""Lawa""", +"""Lolang""", +"""Mantararen""", +"""Njumit""", +"""Pasir""", +"""Purai""", +"""Purung""", +"""Tuwang""", +"""Tawoyan""", +"""Dusun Malang""", +"""Dusun Witu""", +"""Samihim""", +"""Sihong""", +"""Paku""", +"""Jaya Bakti""", +"""Kajoa""", +"""Matalaang""", +"""Poso""", +"""Roti""", +"""Same'""", +"""Sulamu""", +"""Tongian 1""", +"""Tongian 2""", +"""Wallace""", +"""Mapun""", +"""Kawang""", +"""Kota Belud""", +"""Papar""", +"""Pitas Bajau""", +"""Putatan""", +"""Sandakan Bajau""", +"""Kabinga'an""", +"""Lutangan""", +"""Balangingi""", +"""Sibuco-Vitali""", +"""Sibuguey""", +"""Bajau Darat""", +"""Bajau Laut""", +"""Bajau Semporna""", +"""Balimbing""", +"""Bongao""", +"""Laminusa""", +"""Languyan""", +"""Obian""", +"""Sama""", +"""Sapa-Sapa""", +"""Sibutu'""", +"""Sikubung""", +"""Simunul""", +"""Sitangkai""", +"""Tandubas""", +"""Ubian""", +"""Pangutaran Sama""", +"""Yakan""", +"""Kadorih""", +"""Ot Balawan""", +"""Ot Banu'u""", +"""Ot Murung 1""", +"""Ot Olang""", +"""Ot Tuhup""", +"""Sarawai""", +"""Sebaung""", +"""Ulu Ai'""", +"""Siang""", +"""Bakumpai""", +"""Mantangai""", +"""Pulopetak""", +"""Camarines Norte Agta""", +"""Naga""", +"""Southern Catanduanes Bicolano""", +"""Mt. Iraya Agta""", +"""Mt. Iriga Agta""", +"""Daraga""", +"""Libon""", +"""Ligao""", +"""Oas""", +"""Iriga Bicolano""", +"""Northern Catanduanes Bicolano""", +"""Calatravanhon""", +"""Odionganon""", +"""Sibalenhon""", +"""Simaranhon""", +"""Cebu""", +"""Leyte""", +"""Mindanao Visayan""", +"""Kari""", +"""Kawayan""", +"""Hiligaynon""", +"""Masbatenyo""", +"""Porohanon""", +"""Romblon""", +"""Sibuyan""", +"""Kinabalian""", +"""Samar-Leyte""", +"""Waray""", +"""Waray Sorsogon""", +"""Magahat""", +"""Tausug""", +"""Tandaganon""", +"""Malaynon""", +"""Bulalakaw""", +"""Dispoholnon""", +"""Looknon""", +"""Guimaras Island""", +"""Hamtik""", +"""Lambunao""", +"""Miag-Ao""", +"""Pandan""", +"""Pototan""", +"""Sulod""", +"""Santa Teresa""", +"""Mamanwa""", +"""Mansaka""", +"""South Kamayo""", +"""Lactan""", +"""Piso""", +"""Tumuaong""", +"""Tagakaulu Kalagan""", +"""Batangas""", +"""Bulacan""", +"""Lubang""", +"""Manila""", +"""Marinduque""", +"""Tanay-Paete""", +"""Tayabas""", +"""Ilud""", +"""Iranun""", +"""Laya""", +"""Sibugay""", +"""Tagakawanan""", +"""Maranao""", +"""Bolango""", +"""Buol""", +"""Gorontalo Kota""", +"""Limboto""", +"""Tilamuta""", +"""West Gorontalo""", +"""Kaidipan""", +"""Lolak""", +"""Lolayan""", +"""Pasia""", +"""Ponosakan""", +"""Matig-Salud""", +"""Tala Ingod""", +"""Tigwa""", +"""Surigao""", +"""Umayam""", +"""Dibabawon Manobo""", +"""Rajah Kabunsuwan Manobo""", +"""Kidapawan Manobo""", +"""Magpet Manobo""", +"""Livunganen""", +"""Puleniyan""", +"""Kiriyenteken""", +"""Pulangiyen""", +"""Tasaday""", +"""Tagabawa""", +"""Higaonon""", +"""Cinamiguin Manobo""", +"""Central Tagbanwa""", +"""Tagbanwa""", +"""Southwest Palawano""", +"""Central Palawano""", +"""Taut Batu""", +"""Western Tawbuid""", +"""Buhid""", +"""Bulalakawnon""", +"""Gubatnon""", +"""Kagankan""", +"""Waigan""", +"""Wawan""", +"""Eastern Subanen""", +"""Dikayu""", +"""Salog""", +"""Lapuyan Subanun""", +"""Palaui Island Agta""", +"""Ibatan""", +"""Surabaya""", +"""Indramayu""", +"""Jawa Halus""", +"""Manuk""", +"""Pasisir""", +"""Tembung""", +"""Cirebon""", +"""Solo""", +"""Tegal""", +"""New Caledonian Javanese""", +"""Osing""", +"""Tengger""", +"""Lampung Api""", +"""Kota Bumi""", +"""Menggala""", +"""Rara Bakati'""", +"""Sara""", +"""Benyadu'""", +"""Dongay""", +"""Empawa""", +"""Grogo""", +"""Gumbang""", +"""Krokong""", +"""Serambau""", +"""Singge""", +"""Stenggang Jagoi""", +"""Suti""", +"""Taup""", +"""Tengoh""", +"""Stang""", +"""Tibia""", +"""Bukar Sadong""", +"""Mentuh Tapuh""", +"""Lebong""", +"""Musi""", +"""Pasisir""", +"""Rawas""", +"""Tringgus""", +"""Sanggau""", +"""Kembayan""", +"""Ribun""", +"""Bihak""", +"""Gerai""", +"""Semandang""", +"""Bawean""", +"""Pamekesan""", +"""Sampang""", +"""Sapudi""", +"""Sumenep""", +"""Baruh""", +"""Bueng""", +"""Daja""", +"""Pase""", +"""Pidie""", +"""Tunong""", +"""Western Cham""", +"""Haroi""", +"""Rai""", +"""Tsat""", +"""Chuty""", +"""Golar""", +"""Habau""", +"""Hodrung""", +"""Jhue""", +"""Pleikly""", +"""Puan""", +"""Sesan""", +"""To-Buan""", +"""Bih""", +"""Blo""", +"""Kodrao""", +"""Krung 1""", +"""Ndhur""", +"""Rde Kpa""", +"""Lowland Bali""", +"""Nusa Penida""", +"""Meno-Mene""", +"""Mriak-Mriku""", +"""Ngeno-Ngene""", +"""Ngeto-Ngete""", +"""Sumbawa""", +"""Cocos Islands Malay""", +"""Peranakan Indonesian""", +"""Sabah Malay""", +"""Kuala""", +"""Bukit Malay""", +"""Kampong Ayer""", +"""Kedayan""", +"""Kota Bangun Kutai Malay""", +"""Northern Kutai""", +"""Tenggarong Kutai""", +"""Gorap""", +"""Bugau""", +"""Dau""", +"""Lemanak""", +"""Skrang""", +"""Ulu Ai""", +"""Undup""", +"""Mualang""", +"""Remun""", +"""Seberuang""", +"""Sebuyau""", +"""Loncong""", +"""Duano""", +"""Indonesian""", +"""Suku Batin""", +"""Ulu""", +"""Dawas""", +"""Djambi""", +"""Lalang""", +"""Nomadic Kubu""", +"""Ridan""", +"""Supat""", +"""Tungkal""", +"""Tungkal Ilir""", +"""Ulu Lako""", +"""Standard Malay""", +"""Mamaq""", +"""Sakei""", +"""Talang""", +"""Ulu""", +"""Lembak Sindang""", +"""Haji""", +"""Kaur""", +"""Aneuk Jamee""", +"""Batu Sangkar-Pariangan""", +"""Kerinci-Minangkabau""", +"""Orang Mamak""", +"""Pajokumbuh""", +"""Penghulu""", +"""Si Junjung""", +"""Singkarak""", +"""Tanah""", +"""Ulu""", +"""Negeri Sembilan Malay""", +"""Pekal""", +"""Kedah Malay""", +"""Malay""", +"""Old Malay""", +"""Orang Kanaq""", +"""Orang Seletar""", +"""Pattani Malay""", +"""Belanda""", +"""Berembun""", +"""Mantra""", +"""Temuan""", +"""Udai""", +"""Urak Lawoi'""", +"""Banda Malay""", +"""Larantuka Malay""", +"""North Moluccan Malay""", +"""Papuan Malay""", +"""Makassar Malay""", +"""Malaccan Creole Malay""", +"""Sri Lanka Malay""", +"""Kendayan""", +"""Keninjal""", +"""Banana'""", +"""Belantikan""", +"""Delang""", +"""Kayung""", +"""Lamandau""", +"""Mentebah-Suruk""", +"""Riam""", +"""Semitau""", +"""Suhaid""", +"""Sukamara""", +"""Tapitn""", +"""Bogor""", +"""Cirebon""", +"""Pringan""", +"""Tomohon""", +"""Tondano""", +"""Remboken""", +"""Kalabat Atas""", +"""Kauditan""", +"""Likupang""", +"""Maumbi""", +"""Sonder""", +"""Tompaso""", +"""Tonsawang""", +"""Ja-It""", +"""L'be""", +"""Moklen""", +"""Nasal""", +"""East Berawan""", +"""West Berawan""", +"""Long Kiput""", +"""Long Tutoh""", +"""Tutong""", +"""Lelak""", +"""Narom""", +"""Bintulu""", +"""Brung""", +"""Lepu Potong""", +"""Libbung""", +"""Lon Bangag""", +"""Lengilu""", +"""Sa'ban""", +"""Tring""", +"""Balait""", +"""Kolur""", +"""Lepu Potong""", +"""Lun Bawang""", +"""Lun Dayah""", +"""Lun Daye""", +"""Padas""", +"""Trusan""", +"""Long Atip""", +"""Long Bleh""", +"""Mahakam Busang""", +"""Kayan Mahakam""", +"""Mendalam Kayan""", +"""Wahau Kayan""", +"""Uma Lakan""", +"""Lugat""", +"""Long Wat""", +"""Lisum""", +"""Long Badan""", +"""Long Geng""", +"""Long Kehobo""", +"""Long Murun""", +"""Ma'aging""", +"""Uma Daro""", +"""Uma Juman""", +"""Kelingan""", +"""Liah Bing""", +"""Long Bento'""", +"""Long Glat""", +"""Nahes""", +"""Segah""", +"""Semukung Uheng""", +"""Long Semiang""", +"""Uma Bem""", +"""Uma Jalam""", +"""Uma Tau""", +"""Kemena Penan""", +"""Long Bangan""", +"""Lunan""", +"""Uma Bakah""", +"""Uma' Lung""", +"""Punan Tubu""", +"""Lirong""", +"""Long Atun""", +"""Long Ekang""", +"""Long Luyang""", +"""Long Pokun""", +"""Tinjar Sibop""", +"""Jelalong Penan""", +"""Nibong""", +"""Penan Apo""", +"""Penan Gang""", +"""Penan Lanying""", +"""Penan Lusong""", +"""Penan Silat""", +"""Sipeng""", +"""Ida'an""", +"""Subpan""", +"""Lahanan""", +"""Sekapan""", +"""Bruit""", +"""Dalat""", +"""Igan""", +"""Mukah-Oya""", +"""Prehan""", +"""Sarikei""", +"""Segahan""", +"""Segalang""", +"""Siteng""", +"""Matu""", +"""Seduan""", +"""Punan Batu 1""", +"""Punan Merah""", +"""Sian""", +"""Punan Ukit""", +"""Ukit""", +"""Binatang""", +"""Bulungan""", +"""Dumaring""", +"""Jembayan""", +"""Karangan""", +"""Punan Biau""", +"""Punan Batu 2""", +"""Punan Sajau""", +"""Lotud""", +"""Sabah Bisaya""", +"""Bundu""", +"""Dusun Sinulihan""", +"""Kadazan-Tagaro""", +"""Kiundu""", +"""Kuala Monsok Dusun""", +"""Luba""", +"""Menggatal""", +"""Pahu'""", +"""Ranau""", +"""Sokid""", +"""Tindal""", +"""Coastal Kadazan""", +"""Minokok""", +"""Tinagas""", +"""Tambunan Dusun""", +"""Tempasuk Dusun""", +"""Sandayo""", +"""Sonsogon""", +"""Tandek""", +"""Klias River Kadazan""", +"""Kota Marudu Talantang""", +"""Kuijau""", +"""Lamag Sungai""", +"""Mangkaak""", +"""Sukang""", +"""Rungus""", +"""Nulu""", +"""Tobilung""", +"""Serudung Murut""", +"""Rumanau""", +"""Tampias Lobu""", +"""Kalabuan""", +"""Makiang""", +"""Sinabu'""", +"""Okolod""", +"""Sembakung Murut""", +"""Kokoroton Murut""", +"""Tengara""", +"""Gana""", +"""Dusun Murut""", +"""Nabay""", +"""Makaheeliga""", +"""Paluan""", +"""Pandewan""", +"""Sook Murut""", +"""Takapan""", +"""Maligan""", +"""Pensiangan Murut""", +"""Rundum""", +"""Salalir""", +"""Sapulot Murut""", +"""Sumambu""", +"""Tagal""", +"""Tawan""", +"""Tolokoson""", +"""Tomani""", +"""Penchangan""", +"""Sedalir""", +"""Sesayap""", +"""Sibuku""", +"""Tarakan""", +"""Tidung""", +"""Bukau""", +"""Dabugus""", +"""Kapagalan""", +"""Lower Murut""", +"""Murut Padas""", +"""Poros""", +"""Sandiwar""", +"""Timugon""", +"""Papar""", +"""Tatana""", +"""Alag-Bako""", +"""Pagbahan""", +"""Palauan-Calavite""", +"""Pambuhan""", +"""Santa Cruz""", +"""Tadyawan""", +"""Western Addasen""", +"""Pamplona Atta""", +"""Pudtol Atta""", +"""Gaddang""", +"""Central Cagayan Agta""", +"""Malaweg""", +"""Yogad""", +"""South Ibanag""", +"""Malaweg""", +"""Calanasan""", +"""Dibagat-Kabugao""", +"""Karagawan""", +"""Talifugu-Ripang""", +"""Dicamay Agta""", +"""Iloko""", +"""Inlaod Itneg""", +"""Balatok-Kalinga""", +"""Balbalasang""", +"""Guinaang""", +"""Lubuagan""", +"""Pinangol""", +"""Tinaloctoc""", +"""Mallango""", +"""Sumadel""", +"""Tinglayan""", +"""Masadiit Sallapadan""", +"""Moyadan Itneg""", +"""Gubang Itneg""", +"""Malibcong Banao""", +"""Mabaka Valley Kalinga""", +"""Guinaang Bontoc""", +"""Sadanga""", +"""Kadaklan""", +"""Lias""", +"""Guinzadan""", +"""Kapangan""", +"""Mankayan-Buguias""", +"""Northern Kankanay""", +"""Burnay Ifugao""", +"""Ducligan Ifugao""", +"""Batad Ifugao""", +"""Mayoyao Ifugao""", +"""Hungduan Ifugao""", +"""Lagawe Ifugao""", +"""Egongot""", +"""Ibalao""", +"""Italon""", +"""Iyongut""", +"""Daklan""", +"""Kabayan""", +"""Tinoc Kallahan""", +"""Ya-Tuka""", +"""Karao""", +"""Pangasinan""", +"""Southern Alta""", +"""Bolos Point""", +"""Camonayan""", +"""Palaui Island""", +"""Peñablanca""", +"""Roso""", +"""Santa Ana-Gonzaga""", +"""Santa Margarita""", +"""Tanglagan""", +"""Valley Cove""", +"""Yaga""", +"""Dorot""", +"""Serbodjadi""", +"""Tampur""", +"""Pagai""", +"""Sakalagan""", +"""Saumanganja""", +"""Silabu""", +"""Simalegi""", +"""Sipura""", +"""South Siberut""", +"""Taikaku""", +"""Nias""", +"""Tapah""", +"""Simeulue""", +"""Batak Dairi""", +"""Batak Mandailing""", +"""Batak Toba""", +"""Palauan""", +"""Sarangani""", +"""North Tabukang""", +"""Siau""", +"""South Tabukang""", +"""Tamako""", +"""Awit""", +"""Beo""", +"""Dapalan""", +"""Essang""", +"""Kaburuang""", +"""Lirang""", +"""Nenusa-Maingas""", +"""South Karakelong""", +"""Ratahan""", +"""Konjo Pesisir""", +"""Tana Toa""", +"""Highland Konjo""", +"""Maros-Pangkep""", +"""Turatea""", +"""Selayar""", +"""Padang""", +"""Sinyonyoi""", +"""Sumare-Rangas""", +"""Majene""", +"""Malunda""", +"""Pamboang""", +"""Sendana""", +"""Kalosi""", +"""Pattinjo""", +"""Ranga""", +"""Maiwa""", +"""Malimpung""", +"""Mambi""", +"""Tabulahan""", +"""Bumal""", +"""Issilita'""", +"""Matangnga""", +"""Mehalaan""", +"""Pakkau""", +"""Pattae'""", +"""Salu Mokanam""", +"""Sondoang""", +"""Tappalang""", +"""Tapango""", +"""Karataun""", +"""Mablei""", +"""Mangki""", +"""Northern Mamasa""", +"""Pattae'""", +"""Northeast Luwu""", +"""Rongkong""", +"""South Luwu""", +"""Talondo'""", +"""Rantepao""", +"""Toraja Barat""", +"""Panasuan""", +"""Lodang""", +"""Seko Tengah""", +"""Bone""", +"""Camba""", +"""Luwu""", +"""Pangkep""", +"""Pasangkayu""", +"""Sawitto""", +"""Sidrap""", +"""Sinjai""", +"""Soppeng""", +"""Wajo""", +"""Campalagian""", +"""Taman""", +"""Tungho""", +"""Paiwan""", +"""Taokas""", +"""Papora""", +"""Shtafari""", +"""Pinan""", +"""Labuan""", +"""Maga""", +"""Mantauran""", +"""Tanan""", +"""Tona""", +"""Iimutsu""", +"""Luhtu""", +"""Tapangu""", +"""Tfuea""", +"""Eastern Aleut""", +"""Western Aleut""", +"""Labrador Eskimo""", +"""Quebec Eskimo""", +"""North Slope Inupiatun""", +"""Point Hope Inupiatun""", +"""West Arctic Inupiatun""", +"""King Island Inupiatun""", +"""Kobuk River Inupiatun""", +"""Kotzebue Sound Inupiatun""", +"""Northern Malimiut Inupiatun""", +"""Seward Peninsula Inupiatun""", +"""Southern Malimiut Inupiatun""", +"""Polar Eskimo""", +"""West Greenlandic""", +"""Tunumiisiut""", +"""Copper Inuktitut""", +"""Netsilik""", +"""Siglit""", +"""Koniag""", +"""Chaplino""", +"""Noohalit""", +"""Wooteelit""", +"""Naukan Yupik""", +"""Sirenik Yupik""", +"""Ligo""", +"""Nyangbara""", +"""Nyepu""", +"""Pöjulu""", +"""Kakwa""", +"""Mandari""", +"""Lango""", +"""Lokoya""", +"""Lopit""", +"""Logiri""", +"""Logotok""", +"""Lomya""", +"""Lorwama""", +"""Lowudo""", +"""Damat""", +"""Iloodokilani""", +"""Kaputiei""", +"""Keekonyokie""", +"""Kisonko""", +"""Kore""", +"""Laitokitok""", +"""Loitai""", +"""Matapo""", +"""Moitanik""", +"""Parakuyo""", +"""Purko""", +"""Siria""", +"""Orom""", +"""Jie""", +"""Karamojong""", +"""Nyangatom""", +"""Jiye""", +"""Western Toposa""", +"""Southern Turkana""", +"""Nandi""", +"""Terik""", +"""Tugen""", +"""Sabiny""", +"""Sor""", +"""Book""", +"""Koony""", +"""Sambirir""", +"""West Pokot""", +"""Sogoo""", +"""Suiei""", +"""Barabayiiga""", +"""Bianjiida""", +"""Buraadiiga""", +"""Gisamjanga""", +"""Rootigaanga""", +"""Tsimajeega""", +"""Ageer""", +"""Dongjol""", +"""Luac""", +"""Ngok-Sobat""", +"""Rut""", +"""Thoi""", +"""Ngok-Kordofan""", +"""Pan Aru""", +"""Pawany""", +"""Aliap""", +"""Ciec""", +"""Gok""", +"""Bor""", +"""Ghol""", +"""Nyarweng""", +"""Tuic""", +"""Aguok""", +"""Apuk""", +"""Awan""", +"""Lau""", +"""Luac""", +"""Malual""", +"""Paliet""", +"""Palioupiny""", +"""Rek""", +"""Tuic""", +"""Cien""", +"""Dor""", +"""Eastern Jikany""", +"""Eastern Nuer""", +"""Lou""", +"""Nyuong""", +"""Thiang""", +"""Thognaath""", +"""Western Jikany""", +"""Reel""", +"""Maiak""", +"""Mufwa""", +"""Mughaja""", +"""Ragreig""", +"""Mabaan""", +"""Coro""", +"""Lul""", +"""Opëno""", +"""Belanda Bor""", +"""Luwo""", +"""Päri""", +"""Shilluk""", +"""Colo""", +"""Manangeer""", +"""Labwor""", +"""Nyakwai""", +"""Luo""", +"""Jonam""", +"""Mambisa""", +"""Wanyoro""", +"""Lango""", +"""Lower Bamu""", +"""Nuhiro""", +"""Sisiame""", +"""Upper Bamu""", +"""Gibaio""", +"""Kope""", +"""Urama""", +"""Daru Kiwai""", +"""Doumori""", +"""Eastern Kiwai""", +"""Island Kiwai""", +"""Southern Coast Kiwai""", +"""Morigi""", +"""Waboda""", +"""Djadha""", +"""Njawlo""", +"""Pidha""", +"""Tadha""", +"""Ngiti""", +"""Malele""", +"""Meje""", +"""Mangbetu""", +"""Popoi""", +"""Efe""", +"""Fare""", +"""Lese Karo""", +"""Ndese""", +"""Vukutu""", +"""Mvuba""", +"""Mamvu""", +"""Angwe""", +"""Makutana""", +"""Membi""", +"""Oke'bu""", +"""Avokaya Pur""", +"""Northern Ogambi""", +"""Ojila""", +"""Dogo""", +"""Eastern Keliko""", +"""Western Keliko""", +"""Omi""", +"""Bhagira""", +"""Doka""", +"""Lolya""", +"""Obilebha""", +"""Ogambi""", +"""Aluru""", +"""Arua""", +"""Lu""", +"""Maracha""", +"""Nio""", +"""Otsho""", +"""Terego""", +"""Zaki""", +"""Agi""", +"""Andri""", +"""Kadiro""", +"""Lakama'di""", +"""Miza""", +"""Moruwa'di""", +"""Burulo""", +"""Lokai""", +"""Moyo""", +"""Pandikeri""", +"""Olu'bo""", +"""Okollo""", +"""Rigbo""", +"""Sopi""", +"""Wulu""", +"""Mo'da""", +"""Ma'du""", +"""Morokodo""", +"""Modo""", +"""Wetu""", +"""Wira""", +"""Nyamusa""", +"""Busere Bongo""", +"""Tonj Bongo""", +"""Mele""", +"""Mere""", +"""Molo""", +"""Mot-Mar""", +"""Nguru""", +"""Sar""", +"""Zura""", +"""Kara""", +"""Nduga""", +"""Nduka""", +"""Lutos""", +"""Wada""", +"""Tana""", +"""Dam""", +"""Gol""", +"""Kibar""", +"""Disa""", +"""Banama""", +"""Bidjir""", +"""Bolong""", +"""Cenge""", +"""Morbo""", +"""Morom""", +"""Jaya""", +"""Manawadji""", +"""Mondogossou""", +"""Yiryo""", +"""Kuka""", +"""Medogo""", +"""Pen""", +"""Horo""", +"""Nar""", +"""No""", +"""Goula""", +"""Mang""", +"""Maïngao""", +"""Paï""", +"""Benoye""", +"""Kere""", +"""Lara""", +"""Murum""", +"""Bedjond""", +"""Yom""", +"""Yamod""", +"""Mango""", +"""Bédjou""", +"""Bédégué""", +"""Kan""", +"""Mougo""", +"""Ngoka""", +"""Kon Ngam""", +"""Ngam Gir Bor""", +"""Ngam Tel""", +"""Ngam Tira""", +"""Mara""", +"""Siime""", +"""Dunje""", +"""Na""", +"""Tie""", +"""So""", +"""Yulu""", +"""Sinyar""", +"""Millcayac""", +"""Nanubae""", +"""Tapei""", +"""Luofu""", +"""Jiongnai Bunu""", +"""Northern Qiandong Miao""", +"""Southern Qiandong Miao""", +"""Western Xiangxi Miao""", +"""Dongnu""", +"""Naogelao""", +"""Numao""", +"""Nunu""", +"""Hmong Xi""", +"""Mong Leng""", +"""Petchabun Miao""", +"""Hmong Shua""", +"""Horned Miao""", +"""Northern Hmong""", +"""Hmong Dô""", +"""Small Flowery Miao""", +"""Southern Guiyang Hmong""", +"""Southwestern Guiyang Hmong""", +"""Eastern Huishui Hmong""", +"""Northern Huishui Hmong""", +"""Southwestern Huishui Hmong""", +"""Large Flowery Miao""", +"""Luopohe Hmong""", +"""Northern Mashan Hmong""", +"""Southern Mashan Hmong""", +"""Western Mashan Hmong""", +"""Wunai Bunu""", +"""Younuo Bunu""", +"""Jiaogong Mian""", +"""Dzao Min""", +"""Shi Mun""", +"""Chiangrai""", +"""Dao Do""", +"""Dao Lan Tien""", +"""Dao Lo Gang""", +"""Deo Tien""", +"""Quan Chet""", +"""Quan Trang""", +"""Dao Quan Trang""", +"""Soo""", +"""Western Highland Purepecha""", +"""Layana""", +"""Southern Lengua""", +"""Sanapana""", +"""Toba-Maskoy""", +"""Western Jicaque""", +"""Gogodala""", +"""Waruna""", +"""Suki""", +"""Hibito""", +"""Kimiai""", +"""Tipai""", +"""Paipai""", +"""Walapai""", +"""Yavapai""", +"""Maricopa""", +"""Mohave""", +"""Quechan""", +"""Kiliwa""", +"""Southern Aymara""", +"""Xatia""", +"""Kham""", +"""Vaal-Orange""", +"""Bu'u""", +"""Miyatnu""", +"""Sawuve""", +"""Wiyagwa""", +"""Wunavai""", +"""Tainae""", +"""Baruya""", +"""Usirampia""", +"""Wantakia""", +"""Simbari""", +"""Kaintiba""", +"""Hamtai""", +"""Pmasa'a""", +"""Wenta""", +"""Menya""", +"""Susuami""", +"""Kawacha""", +"""Wajakes""", +"""Yagwoia""", +"""Chayahuita""", +"""Jesuit-Maynas""", +"""Makolkol""", +"""Mali""", +"""Qaqet""", +"""Simbali""", +"""Ura""", +"""Wulna""", +"""Gun-narta""", +"""Gun-nartpa""", +"""Guragone""", +"""Nakara""", +"""Djeebbana""", +"""Otuke""", +"""Umotína""", +"""Riantana""", +"""Ndom""", +"""Weriagar""", +"""Negri Besar""", +"""Tarof""", +"""Kaburi""", +"""Kais""", +"""Puragi""", +"""Toaripi""", +"""Sepoe""", +"""Opao""", +"""Orokolo""", +"""Semimi""", +"""Teushen""", +"""Selk'nam""", +"""Wardaman""", +"""Yangman""", +"""Seget""", +"""Moraid""", +"""Imyan""", +"""Mbol Fle""", +"""Saifi""", +"""Sawiat Salmeit""", +"""Sfa Riere""", +"""Tehit Jit""", +"""East Sentani""", +"""West Sentani""", +"""Yewena-Yongsu""", +"""Yokari""", +"""Karaginskij""", +"""Palanskij""", +"""Enmylinskij""", +"""Enurmin""", +"""Nunligranskij""", +"""Pevekskij""", +"""Uellanskij""", +"""Xatyrskij""", +"""Yanrakinot""", +"""Mainypilgino""", +"""Cavcuvenskij""", +"""Gin""", +"""Itkan""", +"""Kamenskij""", +"""Palan""", +"""Paren""", +"""Xatyrskij""", +"""Napanskij""", +"""Itelmen""", +"""Sedanka""", +"""Sopocnovskij""", +"""Xajrjuzovskij""", +"""Rapoisi""", +"""Atsilima""", +"""Pipipaia""", +"""Point Arena""", +"""Ukiah""", +"""Sherwood Valley""", +"""Southern Pomo""", +"""Southeastern Pomo""", +"""Ineseño""", +"""Purisimeño""", +"""Ventureño""", +"""Cruzeño""", +"""South Band""", +"""Waco""", +"""Murrinhkura""", +"""Murrinhpatha""", +"""Ngangi-Wumeri""", +"""Ngenkiwumerri""", +"""Tyemeri""", +"""Dima""", +"""Ginuman""", +"""Kanasi""", +"""Gwareta""", +"""Maiwa""", +"""Manigara""", +"""Oren""", +"""Mapena""", +"""Onjob""", +"""Turaka""", +"""Upper Ugu River""", +"""Irupi-Drageli""", +"""Kunini""", +"""Masingle""", +"""Sebe""", +"""Sogal""", +"""Tate""", +"""Western Gizra""", +"""Buglial""", +"""Bulgai""", +"""Tagota""", +"""Dorogori""", +"""Gamaewe""", +"""Guiam""", +"""Iamega""", +"""Kapal""", +"""Kuru""", +"""Peawa""", +"""Podari""", +"""Rual""", +"""Ume""", +"""Wipim""", +"""Woigo""", +"""Wonie""", +"""Yuta""", +"""North Awin""", +"""South Awin""", +"""Pare""", +"""Mongol""", +"""Yaul""", +"""Yidinich""", +"""Tishena""", +"""Tirma""", +"""Narim""", +"""Lotilla""", +"""Olam""", +"""Tennet""", +"""Kacipo""", +"""Kichepo""", +"""Suri""", +"""Western Suri""", +"""Zilmamu""", +"""Samanai""", +"""Lihen""", +"""Mengau""", +"""North Kamberataro""", +"""South Kamberataro""", +"""Mararit""", +"""Girga""", +"""Murasi""", +"""Sebunkik""", +"""Sungor""", +"""Walad Dulla""", +"""Haura""", +"""Orra""", +"""Tama""", +"""Iha""", +"""Gayil""", +"""Karo""", +"""Dime""", +"""Ebitoso""", +"""Zamuco""", +"""Yongolei""", +"""North-South Udab""", +"""Northeast Fuyug""", +"""West Fuyug""", +"""Karuama""", +"""Kأƒآ¢te""", +"""Tauade""", +"""Ono""", +"""Sim""", +"""San Felipe""", +"""Santa Ana""", +"""Santo Domingo""", +"""Zia""", +"""Bayono""", +"""Urningangg""", +"""Tuba""", +"""Dor""", +"""Kobe""", +"""Berti""", +"""Mando""", +"""Nguri""", +"""Tarjumo""", +"""Sugurti""", +"""Tumari""", +"""Guvja""", +"""Kabari""", +"""Kaga""", +"""Kwayam""", +"""Lare""", +"""Maiduguri""", +"""Mao""", +"""Movar""", +"""Mowor""", +"""Ngazar""", +"""Njesko""", +"""Sugurti""", +"""Temageri""", +"""Yerwa""", +"""Fachi""", +"""Manga""", +"""Dazaga""", +"""Ooku""", +"""Neme""", +"""Binahari-Ma""", +"""Domu""", +"""Laua""", +"""Baibara""", +"""Borebo""", +"""Darava""", +"""Derebai""", +"""Domara""", +"""Geagea""", +"""Ilai""", +"""Island""", +"""Morawa""", +"""Small Nyikina""", +"""Warrwa""", +"""Northern Yawuru""", +"""Southern Coastal Yawuru""", +"""Bardi""", +"""Djawi""", +"""Nimanbur""", +"""Nyulnyul""", +"""Nyaro""", +"""Warnang""", +"""Tunduli""", +"""Logol""", +"""Dorobe""", +"""Dugujur""", +"""Dukwara""", +"""Nginyukwur""", +"""Ngirere""", +"""Ngunduna""", +"""Nguqwurang""", +"""Ndano""", +"""Shabun""", +"""Nderre""", +"""Nubwa""", +"""Ulba""", +"""Umm Dorein""", +"""Umm Gabralla""", +"""Werria""", +"""Tira El Akhdar""", +"""Tira Lumum""", +"""Tira Mandi""", +"""Vaupés Cacua""", +"""Nukak Makú""", +"""River Nivaclé""", +"""Iyojwa'ja Chorote""", +"""Wichí Lhamtés Nocten""", +"""Pisaflores Tepehua""", +"""Tlachichilco Tepehua""", +"""Highland Totonac""", +"""Papantla Totonac""", +"""Upper Necaxa Totonac""", +"""Western Totonac""", +"""Yecuatla Totonac""", +"""Terei""", +"""Uisai""", +"""Koromira""", +"""Naasioi""", +"""Orami""", +"""Pakia-Sideronsi""", +"""Ounge""", +"""Sibe""", +"""Mainoki""", +"""Kitja""", +"""Miriwung""", +"""Madngele""", +"""Kalabari""", +"""Kirike""", +"""Nkoroo""", +"""Nembe""", +"""Okodia""", +"""Oruma""", +"""Arogbo""", +"""Basan""", +"""Bumo""", +"""East Olodiama""", +"""East Tarakiri""", +"""Egbema""", +"""Ekpetiama""", +"""Furupagha""", +"""Gbarain""", +"""Iduwini""", +"""Ikibiri""", +"""Kabo""", +"""Kolokuma-Opokuma""", +"""Koluama""", +"""Kumbo""", +"""Mein""", +"""Ogbe Ijo""", +"""Ogboin""", +"""Ogulagha""", +"""Operemo""", +"""Oporomo""", +"""Oporoza""", +"""Oyiakiri""", +"""Tuomo""", +"""West Olodiama""", +"""West Tarakiri""", +"""Taworta""", +"""Saponi""", +"""Iau""", +"""Turu""", +"""Western Duvle""", +"""Kaiy""", +"""Kwerisa""", +"""Papasena""", +"""Waritai""", +"""Eritai""", +"""Obokuitai""", +"""Sikaritai""", +"""Kirikiri""", +"""Tause""", +"""Weirate""", +"""Chiquián Ancash Quechua""", +"""Huallaga Huánuco Quechua""", +"""Panao Huánuco Quechua""", +"""Southern Conchucos Ancash Quechua""", +"""Corongo Ancash Quechua""", +"""Monzón""", +"""Northern Dos de Mayo""", +"""Huaraz""", +"""Yungay""", +"""Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha Quechua""", +"""Sihuas Ancash Quechua""", +"""Waycha""", +"""West Waylla""", +"""Jauja Wanca Quechua""", +"""North Junín Quechua""", +"""Santa Ana de Tusi Pasco Quechua""", +"""Yanahuanca Pasco Quechua""", +"""Azángaro-Huangáscar-Chocos""", +"""Cacra-Hongos""", +"""Huancaya-Vitis""", +"""Laraos""", +"""Madean-Viñac""", +"""San Pedro de Huacarpana""", +"""Tana-Lincha""", +"""Tomñs-Alis""", +"""Pacaraos Quechua""", +"""Western Cajamarca""", +"""Chincha Quechua""", +"""Incahuasi""", +"""La Jalca""", +"""Lamud""", +"""Llakwash Chachapoyas""", +"""Cañar Highland Quichua""", +"""Chimborazo Highland Quichua""", +"""Imbabura Highland Quichua""", +"""San Andrés Inga""", +"""Santiago Inga""", +"""Yunguillo-Condagua""", +"""Loja Highland Quichua""", +"""Salasaca Highland Quichua""", +"""Southern Pastaza Quechua""", +"""Tena Lowland Quichua""", +"""San Martín Quechua""", +"""Cotahuasi""", +"""Highland Arequipa""", +"""Northern Arequipa""", +"""Huancavelica""", +"""Charazani""", +"""Chuma""", +"""Cochabamba""", +"""Northwest Jujuy""", +"""Oruro""", +"""Potosí""", +"""Sucre""", +"""Classical Quechua""", +"""Eastern Apurímac Quechua""", +"""Puno Quechua""", +"""Antabamba""", +"""Cotabambas""", +"""North Bolivian Quechua""", +"""Santiago del Estero Quichua""", +"""Pamoa Bara""", +"""Yohoraa""", +"""Pisamira""", +"""Yurutí""", +"""Wa'ikhana""", +"""Tanimuca""", +"""Opaina""", +"""Siriano""", +"""Janera""", +"""Taiwano""", +"""Macuna""", +"""Miriti""", +"""Ecuadorian Siona""", +"""Siona""", +"""Tama""", +"""Julud""", +"""Karoka""", +"""Kateik""", +"""Kiddu""", +"""Kirkpong""", +"""Koldrong""", +"""Tima""", +"""Kelo""", +"""Molo""", +"""Kukur""", +"""Kulang""", +"""Soda""", +"""Kedi""", +"""Damara""", +"""Gimsbok Nama""", +"""Nama""", +"""Namidama""", +"""Sesfontein Damara""", +"""Xiri""", +"""Danisi""", +"""Deti""", +"""Ganádi""", +"""Shua-Khwe""", +"""Tshidi-Khwe""", +"""Tsoa""", +"""Ts'ixa""", +"""Buma-Kxoe""", +"""Kxoedam""", +"""G!inkwe""", +"""G!okwe""", +"""Qabekhoe""", +"""Ts'aokhoe""", +"""Tserekwe""", +"""Tsorokwe""", +"""North Waibuk""", +"""South Waibuk""", +"""Pinai""", +"""Lowland Oaxaca Chontal""", +"""Western Acheron""", +"""Tocho""", +"""Talodi""", +"""Daloka""", +"""Masakin Gusar""", +"""Masakin Tuwal""", +"""Torona""", +"""Gitxsan""", +"""Nisga'a""", +"""Southern Tsimshian""", +"""Northern Masalit""", +"""Nyala""", +"""Southern Masalit""", +"""Western Masalit""", +"""Surbakhal""", +"""Kashmere""", +"""Koniéré""", +"""Karanga""", +"""Yaali""", +"""Bakha""", +"""Dondongo""", +"""Kajanga""", +"""Kelingan""", +"""Kodoo""", +"""Kujinga""", +"""Malanga""", +"""Mandaba""", +"""Mandala""", +"""Nyabadan""", +"""Ouled Djemma""", +"""Marfa""", +"""Murru""", +"""Kibet""", +"""Runga""", +"""Mimi-Nachtigal""", +"""Bambassi""", +"""Seze""", +"""Northeast Maidu""", +"""Northwest Maidu""", +"""Valley Maidu""", +"""Western Kilmeri""", +"""Western Pagi""", +"""Umeda""", +"""Taikat""", +"""Auwe""", +"""Daonda""", +"""Imonda""", +"""Manem""", +"""Senggi""", +"""Waina""", +"""Waris""", +"""East Yawa""", +"""North Yawa""", +"""South Yawa""", +"""West Yawa""", +"""Saweru""", +"""Ngkâlmpw Kanum""", +"""Sota Kanum""", +"""Smärky Kanum""", +"""Namat""", +"""Nambo""", +"""Namo""", +"""Neme""", +"""Nen""", +"""Ránmo""", +"""Rema""", +"""Kamã""", +"""Kánchá""", +"""Semariji""", +"""Kómnjo""", +"""Wára""", +"""Wèré""", +"""Upper Yei""", +"""Konai""", +"""Gobasi""", +"""Oiba""", +"""Kubo""", +"""Samo""", +"""Odoodee""", +"""Namunka""", +"""Orichen""", +"""Tez""", +"""Bikin""", +"""Iman""", +"""Khor""", +"""Khungari""", +"""Samargin""", +"""Sikhota Alin""", +"""Birar""", +"""Kila""", +"""Kuro-Urmi""", +"""Samagir""", +"""Sunggari""", +"""Torgon""", +"""Ussuri""", +"""Val-Nogliki""", +"""Ulch""", +"""Bala""", +"""Jing""", +"""Lalin""", +"""Xibe""", +"""Indigirka""", +"""Kamchatka""", +"""Kolyma-Omolon""", +"""Lamunkhin""", +"""Okhotsk""", +"""Ola""", +"""Sakkyryr""", +"""Tompon""", +"""Upper Kolyma""", +"""Chenba'erhu""", +"""Haila'er""", +"""Huihe""", +"""Morigele""", +"""Verkhovsk""", +"""Heilongjiang Oroqen""", +"""Chiricoa""", +"""Chiripo""", +"""Masiguare""", +"""Masiware""", +"""Mayayero""", +"""Mochuelo-Casanare-Cuiba""", +"""Tampiwi""", +"""Yarahuuraxi-Capanapara""", +"""Guahibo""", +"""Tigrero""", +"""Playero""", +"""Guayabero""", +"""Macaguán""", +"""Pei""", +"""Tuwari""", +"""Yawiyo""", +"""Toba-Pilagá""", +"""Southeast Toba""", +"""Kadiwéu""", +"""Atsugewi""", +"""Tyaraity""", +"""Uru""", +"""Tumtum""", +"""Talassa""", +"""Chiroro-Kursi""", +"""Krongo Abdalla""", +"""Kufa-Lima""", +"""Kanga""", +"""Kadugli""", +"""Katcha""", +"""Miri""", +"""Tumma""", +"""Kamda""", +"""Tulishi""", +"""Keiga""", +"""San Mateo del Mar Huave""", +"""Santa María del Mar Huave""", +"""Siawi""", +"""Siawi""", +"""Kafa""", +"""Kutubu""", +"""Mubi""", +"""Humene""", +"""Uare""", +"""Mulaha""", +"""Ooweekeeno""", +"""Kwakiutl""", +"""Nuu-chah-nulth""", +"""Tamagario""", +"""Southern Haida""", +"""Yelmek""", +"""Kamakan""", +"""Menien""", +"""North Central Yuri""", +"""Usari""", +"""Yafi""", +"""Towei""", +"""Taulil""", +"""Nikiyama""", +"""Umuruta""", +"""Iteri""", +"""Nakwi""", +"""Nimo""", +"""Owiniga""", +"""Suabo""", +"""Kadina""", +"""Morotai""", +"""Sopi""", +"""South Modole""", +"""Pagu""", +"""Toliwiku""", +"""Nyeku""", +"""Dodinga""", +"""Tobelo""", +"""Teluk Lili""", +"""Tala'i""", +"""Waioli""", +"""Tidore""", +"""West Makian""", +"""Bara""", +"""Boro""", +"""Keba-Wopasali""", +"""Kewah""", +"""Pupitau""", +"""Ro""", +"""Sesa""", +"""Siligi""", +"""Sopese""", +"""Suri""", +"""Tebera""", +"""Waraga""", +"""Fur""", +"""Bench""", +"""She""", +"""Gamila""", +"""Guba""", +"""Wembera""", +"""Kafa""", +"""Shekkacho""", +"""Ganta""", +"""Kachama""", +"""Koorete""", +"""Zergulla""", +"""Gamo""", +"""Gofa""", +"""Dorze""", +"""Melo""", +"""Oyda""", +"""Male""", +"""Toba""", +"""Kokila""", +"""Koriko""", +"""Didigaru""", +"""Gebi""", +"""Imila""", +"""Maria""", +"""Oibu""", +"""Uderi""", +"""Momuna""", +"""Monumbo""", +"""Yuki""", +"""Huachipaire""", +"""Sapiteri""", +"""Toyeri""", +"""Gbaya-Dara""", +"""Gbaya-Gboko""", +"""Gbaya-Ndogo""", +"""Gbaya-Ngbongbo""", +"""Naka""", +"""Orlo""", +"""Ama""", +"""East Boikin""", +"""Haripmor""", +"""Island Boikin""", +"""Kunai""", +"""Kwusaun""", +"""Munji""", +"""West Boikin""", +"""Ngala""", +"""Wingei""", +"""Wosera-Kamu""", +"""Wosera-Mamu""", +"""Hanga Hundi""", +"""Yelogu""", +"""Gaikundi""", +"""Koiwat""", +"""Palimbei""", +"""Keak""", +"""Sos Kundi""", +"""Sengo""", +"""Yahadian""", +"""Tese""", +"""Bora""", +"""Muinane""", +"""Mombum""", +"""West Central Kwomtari""", +"""Ende""", +"""Kawam""", +"""Tame""", +"""Western Fas""", +"""Nayi""", +"""Dorsha""", +"""Ilgar""", +"""Maung""", +"""Raetic""", +"""Cha ndani""", +"""Caspian and eastern Persia Gypsy""", +"""Central-Southern Persian Gypsy""", +"""Magati""", +"""Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic""", +"""Pidgin Gulf Arabic""", +"""Pidgin Madam""", +"""Romanian Pidgin Arabic""", +"""Turku""", +"""Bonin English Pidgin""", +"""Butler English""", +"""Chinese Pidgin English""", +"""New South Wales Pidgin""", +"""Papuan Pidgin English""", +"""Queensland Kanaka English""", +"""Samoan Plantation Pidgin""", +"""Solombala English""", +"""South Australian Pidgin English""", +"""West Greenlandic Eskimo Pidgin""", +"""Belle-Isle Pidgin""", +"""Broken Slavey""", +"""Burundi Pidgin French""", +"""Francais Tirailleur""", +"""Jargon Loucheux""", +"""New Caledonian Pidgin French""", +"""Tay Boi""", +"""Pidgin Carib""", +"""WW2 Pidgin German""", +"""Gibanawa""", +"""Ioi Trade Jargon""", +"""Papuan Hiri Motu""", +"""Hiri-Motu-Trading-Eleman""", +"""Hiri-Motu-Trading-Koriki""", +"""Russenorsk""", +"""Taimyr Pidgin Russian""", +"""Roquetas Pidgin Spanish""", +"""Settla""", +"""Yimas-Arafundi-Pidgin""", +"""Yimas-Iatmul Pidgin""", +"""Yimas-Karawari Pidgin""", +"""Cikabanga""", +"""Augustinian Sign Language""", +"""Benedictine Sign Language""", +"""Cistercian Sign Language""", +"""Trappist Sign Language""", +"""Plains Indian Sign Language""", +"""Jamaican Sign Language""", +"""Chilean Sign Language""", +"""Colombian Sign Language""", +"""Costa Rican Sign Language""", +"""Dominican Sign Language""", +"""Ethiopian Sign Language""", +"""Gambian Sign Language""", +"""Ghanaian Sign Language""", +"""Guinean Sign Language""", +"""Malaysian Sign Language""", +"""Nigerian Sign Language""", +"""Panamanian Sign Language""", +"""Peruvian Sign Language""", +"""Puerto Rican Sign Language""", +"""Quebec Sign Language""", +"""Sierra Leone Sign Language""", +"""Trinidad and Tobago Sign Language""", +"""Ugandan Sign Language""", +"""Afghan Sign Language""", +"""Albanian Sign Language""", +"""Kuwaiti Sign Language""", +"""Jordanian Sign Language""", +"""Libyan Sign Language""", +"""Yemeni Sign Language""", +"""Argentine Sign Language""", +"""Armenian Sign Language""", +"""Papua New Guinean Sign Language""", +"""British Sign Language""", +"""New Zealand Sign Language""", +"""Maritime Sign Language""", +"""South African Sign Language""", +"""Bamako Sign Language""", +"""Brazilian Sign Language""", +"""Burkina Faso Sign Language""", +"""Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language""", +"""Hong Kong Sign Language""", +"""Thai Sign Language""", +"""Israeli Sign Language""", +"""Polish Sign Language""", +"""Swiss-German Sign Language""", +"""Ecuadorian Sign Language""", +"""Estonian Sign Language""", +"""Guatemalan Sign Language""", +"""Hausa Sign Language""", +"""Pakistan Sign Language""", +"""Nepalese Sign Language""", +"""Korean Sign Language""", +"""Tainan""", +"""Taipei""", +"""Kenyan Sign Language""", +"""Austrian Sign Language""", +"""Bolivian Sign Language""", +"""Valencian Sign Language""", +"""Czech Sign Language""", +"""Debrecen""", +"""Eger""", +"""Miskolc""", +"""Sopron""", +"""Szeged""", +"""Romanian Sign Language""", +"""Slovakian Sign Language""", +"""Icelandic Sign Language""", +"""Vlaamse Gebarentaal""", +"""Dutch Sign Language""", +"""Greek Sign Language""", +"""Hawai'i Pidgin Sign Language""", +"""Irish Sign Language""", +"""Swiss-Italian Sign Language""", +"""Latvian Sign Language""", +"""Moroccan Sign Language""", +"""Oslo""", +"""Trondheim""", +"""Philippine Sign Language""", +"""Selangor Sign Language""", +"""Swiss-French Sign Language""", +"""Tunisian Sign Language""", +"""Yugoslavian Sign Language""", +"""Lyons Sign Language""", +"""Maltese Sign Language""", +"""Mauritian Sign Language""", +"""Mofu-Gudur Sign Language""", +"""Mozambican Sign Language""", +"""Old Bangkok Sign Language""", +"""Uruguayan Sign Language""", +"""Penang Sign Language""", +"""Persian Sign Language""", +"""Lithuanian Sign Language""", +"""Moldova Sign Language""", +"""Mongolian Sign Language""", +"""Russian Sign Language""", +"""Ukrainian Sign Language""", +"""Salvadoran Sign Language""", +"""Saudi Arabian Sign Language""", +"""Mexican Sign Language""", +"""Spanish Sign Language""", +"""Sri Lankan Sign Language""", +"""Finnish Sign Language""", +"""Oporto""", +"""Swedish Sign Language""", +"""Tanzanian Sign Language""", +"""Tijuana Sign Language""", +"""Turkish Sign Language""", +"""Guyana Sign Language""", +"""Venezuelan Sign Language""", +"""Yoruba Sign Language""", +"""Zambian Sign Language""", +"""Zimbabwe Community Sign""", +"""Zimbabwe School Sign""", +"""Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language""", +"""Alipur Sign Language""", +"""Amami O Shima Sign Language""", +"""Angami Naga Sign Language""", +"""Ban Khor Sign Language""", +"""Bengkala Sign Language""", +"""Bribri Sign Language""", +"""Brunca Sign Language""", +"""Bura Sign Language""", +"""Chatino Sign Language""", +"""Enga Sign Language""", +"""Ghandruk Sign Language""", +"""Ghardaia Sign Language""", +"""Guinea-Bissau Sign Language""", +"""Inuit Sign Language""", +"""Jamaican Country Sign Language""", +"""Jhankot Sign Language""", +"""Jumla Sign Language""", +"""Kafr Qasem Sign Language""", +"""Kajana Sign Language""", +"""Keresan Pueblo Indian Sign Language""", +"""Mardin Sign Language""", +"""Martha's Vineyard Sign Language""", +"""Mbour Sign Language""", +"""Nanabin Sign Language""", +"""Nicaraguan Sign Language""", +"""Old Kentish Sign Language""", +"""Original Costa Rican Sign Language""", +"""Providencia Sign Language""", +"""Tebul Sign Language""", +"""Urubú-Kaapor Sign Language""", +"""Yolngu Sign Language""", +"""Yucatec Maya Sign Language""", +"""La'bi""", +"""Medefidrin""", +"""Ngatik Men's Creole""", +"""Tsotsitaal""", +"""Fika""", +"""Apoto""", +"""Aguano""", +"""Arusha""", +"""Esuma""", +"""Nshi""", +"""Ware""", +"""Sorsogon Ayta""", +"""Tayabas Ayta""", +"""Villa Viciosa Agta""", +"""Runa""", +"""Nagarchal""", +"""Pardhan""", +"""Flecheiros""", +"""Giyug""", +"""Guale""", +"""Harappan""", +"""Jumano""", +"""Kwisi""", +"""Lumbee""", +"""Mawa""", +"""Miarrã""", +"""Moksela""", +"""Tawendê""", +"""Yalakalore""", +"""Yelelihre""", +"""Palumata""", +"""Pankararé""", +"""Mayo""", +"""Papavô""", +"""Pisabo""", +"""Shinabo""", +"""Xipináwa""", +"""Rer Bare""", +"""Sentinel""", +"""Tremembé""", +"""Truká""", +"""Tukumanféd""", +"""Wakoná""", +"""Wasu""", +"""Weyto""", +"""Yamasee""", +"""Áncá""", +"""Ambermo""", +"""Ancient Ligurian""", +"""Aracaju""", +"""Aranama""", +"""Aruba""", +"""Baenan""", +"""Bagua""", +"""Bazigar""", +"""Bhatola""", +"""Bidai""", +"""Calchaqui""", +"""Calusa""", +"""Camunic""", +"""Carabayo""", +"""Catuquinaru-Bach""", +"""Chacha""", +"""Chholo""", +"""Colima""", +"""Copallen""", +"""Cueva""", +"""Cusabo""", +"""Cushitic Taita""", +"""Dama""", +"""Degere""", +"""Dima-Bottego""", +"""Dume""", +"""Elymian""", +"""Envuelto""", +"""Eteocretan""", +"""Eteocypriot""", +"""Fayjatases""", +"""Gail""", +"""Gamella""", +"""Guachipas""", +"""Guaicaro""", +"""Gutian""", +"""Haitian Vodoun Culture Language""", +"""Hamba""", +"""Hoxa""", +"""Idabaez""", +"""Imbabura""", +"""Meherrin""", +"""Neutral-Atiouandaronk""", +"""Wenro""", +"""Jenipapo-Kanindé""", +"""Kaimbé""", +"""Kambiwá""", +"""Kantaruré""", +"""Kapinawá""", +"""Kara""", +"""Kamurú""", +"""Kipeá""", +"""Sabujá""", +"""Kassite""", +"""Koguryo""", +"""Komta""", +"""Lemnian""", +"""Malibu""", +"""Mangio""", +"""Mangree""", +"""Minoan""", +"""Monqui""", +"""Muellamues""", +"""Muzo""", +"""Naolan""", +"""Natú""", +"""North Picene""", +"""Ná-Meo""", +"""Okwa""", +"""Pacahuaras-Castillo""", +"""Paekche""", +"""Pamunkey""", +"""Panche""", +"""Panzaleo""", +"""Pasto""", +"""Patagon""", +"""Payaya""", +"""Pericú""", +"""Pictish""", +"""Pijao""", +"""Pitaguary""", +"""Polari""", +"""Poya""", +"""Puruguay""", +"""Quepos""", +"""Querandi""", +"""Quignam""", +"""Quillacinga""", +"""Quinigua""", +"""Quinqui""", +"""Sacata""", +"""San Francisco Solano""", +"""Sansimoniano""", +"""Serengeti-Dorobo""", +"""Silla""", +"""Concho""", +"""Tanpachoa""", +"""South-Arabian-Unknown-k""", +"""Tabancal""", +"""Tapajó""", +"""Tarairiu""", +"""Tartessian""", +"""Tembey""", +"""Traveller Scottish""", +"""Uamué""", +"""Uru-Pa-In""", +"""Urucucús""", +"""Vazimba""", +"""Wavu-II""", +"""Xoco""", +"""Yanacona""", +"""Mekmek""", +"""Bun""", +"""Kyenele""", +"""Kemtuik""", +"""Mlap""", +"""Northern Yana""", +"""Southern Yana""", +"""Yahi""", +"""Jebel Tekeim""", +"""Lafofa""", +"""Piaroa""", +"""Saliba""", +"""Yuwana""", +"""Nagar""", +"""Yasin""", +"""Cacataibo de Sinchi Roca""", +"""Cashibo""", +"""Kaxararí""", +"""Chácobo""", +"""Karipuna""", +"""Pacahuara""", +"""Cashinawa-Tarauaca-River""", +"""Sensi""", +"""Pisquibo""", +"""Shetebo""", +"""Shipibo""", +"""Shipibo del Madre de Dios""", +"""Viwivakeu""", +"""Cashinahua""", +"""Remo""", +"""Marinahua""", +"""Mastanahua""", +"""Yaminahua""", +"""Yawanawa""", +"""Yora""", +"""Atsahuaca""", +"""Ararapina""", +"""Ararawa""", +"""Sanainawa""", +"""Nawa""", +"""Poyanáwa""", +"""Remo-Jaquirana""", +"""Remo-Blanco-River""", +"""Tuxináwa""", +"""Mayoruna-Amazon""", +"""Mayoruna-Jandiatuba""", +"""Korubo""", +"""Kulina Pano""", +"""Matsés""", +"""Mayoruna-Tabatinga""", +"""Mabenaro""", +"""Toromono""", +"""Ese Ejja""", +"""Tacana""", +"""Munga""", +"""Laal""", +"""Latundê""", +"""Tawandê""", +"""Galera""", +"""Hahaintesu""", +"""Halotesu""", +"""Khithaulhu""", +"""Manduka""", +"""Sarare""", +"""Saxwentesu""", +"""Serra Azul""", +"""Waikisu""", +"""Wakalitesu""", +"""Wasusu""", +"""Sabanê""", +"""Tagoi""", +"""Tumale""", +"""Rashad""", +"""Cabo""", +"""Honduran Mískito""", +"""Tawira""", +"""Wanki""", +"""Matagalpa""", +"""Ulwa""", +"""Yakima""", +"""Umatilla""", +"""Ibo'tsa""", +"""Nüpode Huitoto""", +"""Coeruna""", +"""Esperanto""", +"""Interlingua""", +"""Kotava""", +"""Ladakhi Sign""", +"""Lingua Franca Nova""", +"""Neo""", +"""Rennellese Sign Language""", +"""Talossan""", +"""Kuril""", +"""Sakhalin""", +"""Taraika""", +"""Kuril Ainu""", +"""Sakhalin Ainu""", +"""Hoyahoya""", +"""Mahigi""", +"""Minanibai""", +"""Mubami""", +"""Ingias""", +"""Khoamak""", +"""Kuni""", +"""Sengeze""", +"""Wamak""", +"""Dea""", +"""Zimakani""", +"""Halifoersch""", +"""Southeast Marind""", +"""Tugeri""", +"""Nambiomon-Mabur""", +"""Oba-Miwamon""", +"""Bitur""", +"""Were""", +"""Algonquian""", +"""Allegheny""", +"""America""", +"""American""", +"""Americas""", +"""Amerindian""", +"""Antonio""", +"""Apache""", +"""Asia""", +"""Assiniboine""", +"""Atakapa""", +"""August""", +"""Bidanwe""", +"""Biloxi""", +"""Blackwell""", +"""British""", +"""Caddoan""", +"""Catawba""", +"""Catawban""", +"""Chiwere""", +"""Choctaw""", +"""Ciudad""", +"""Coahuiltecan""", +"""Colegio""", +"""Columbus""", +"""Coyote""", +"""Creek""", +"""Crow""", +"""Cruz""", +"""Dakota""", +"""Dakotan""", +"""Dutch""", +"""English""", +"""Euchee""", +"""European""", +"""Finnish""", +"""Fox""", +"""German""", +"""Grande""", +"""Hawaiian""", +"""Hebrew""", +"""Hidatsa""", +"""Hocank""", +"""Hopi""", +"""Huallaga""", +"""Huanuco""", +"""Imbabura""", +"""Indian""", +"""Indonesian""", +"""Iowa""", +"""Ioway""", +"""Iroquois""", +"""Jan""", +"""Japanese""", +"""Jewish""", +"""Ka""", +"""Kansa""", +"""Kanza""", +"""Kaw""", +"""Korean""", +"""Lakhota""", +"""Lakota""", +"""Louisiana""", +"""Maliseet""", +"""Mam""", +"""Man""", +"""Mandan""", +"""Mayan""", +"""Melanesia""", +"""Mexico""", +"""Miami""", +"""Michigamea""", +"""Missiones""", +"""Missouria""", +"""Mobilian""", +"""Na""", +"""Nakoda""", +"""Natchez""", +"""Navajo""", +"""Nemaha""", +"""Northeast""", +"""Ofo""", +"""Oklahoma""", +"""Omaha""", +"""Ontario""", +"""Osage""", +"""Oto""", +"""Otoe""", +"""Pennsylvania""", +"""Ponca""", +"""Ponka""", +"""Quapaw""", +"""Quechua""", +"""Russian""", +"""Sac""", +"""San""", +"""Sauk""", +"""Saul""", +"""Siberian""", +"""Siouan""", +"""Sioux""", +"""Slave""", +"""Southeast""", +"""Spanish""", +"""Sprachtheorie""", +"""Stoney""", +"""Teton """, +"""Timucua""", +"""Tomahitans""", +"""Toronto""", +"""Torricelli""", +"""Tunica""", +"""Turkic""", +"""Tutelo""", +"""Walman""", +"""Western""", +"""Wh""", +"""WH""", +"""Whitman""", +"""Wichita""", +"""Winnebago""", +"""Wisconsin""", +"""Wiyot""", +"""Woccon""", +"""Yehuda""", +"""Yuchi""", +"""Yurok""" + ] + +OCCURREDREPLACEMENTS=[ """Aachen""", + """Aargau""", + """Aaron""", + """Aboriginal""", + """Abschnitten""", + """Achim""", + """Actas""", + """Adige""", + """Africa""", + """African""", + """Afrikaans""", + """Aires""", + """Aix""", + """Akateko""", + """Alabama""", + """Albrecht""", + """Albrechts""", + """Aleksander""", + """Alemannischen""", + """Algonquian""", + """Allegheny""", + """Allgäus""", + """Almeida""", + """Almone""", + """Alsfeld""", + """Amelia""", + """America""", + """American""", + """Americas""", + """Amerindian""", + """Amin""", + """Amsterdam""", + """Amtlichen""", + """Anatolian""", + """Andalucía""", + """Andler""", + """Antonio""", + """Aotearoa""", + """Apache""", + """Appalachian""", + """Applecross""", + """April""", + """Arabic""", + """Arnim""", + """Aron""", + """Aryan""", + """Ashkenaz""", + """Ashkenazic""", + """Ashret""", + """Asia""", + """Asian""", + """Askhenazit""", + """Assiniboine""", + """Atakapa""", + """Athpare""", + """Atlantic""", + """Atti""", + """August""", + """Auricher""", + """Australasia""", + """Australia""", + """Australian""", + """Austria""", + """Austronesian""", + """Autorin""", + """Awadhi""", + """Azad""", + """Babel""", + """Balti""", + """Baltic""", + """Bamberg""", + """Bantawa""", + """Bantu""", + """Barasano""", + """Barbara""", + """Bashkarik""", + """Basse""", + """Bavaria""", + """Bavarian""", + """Baxoje-Jiwere""", + """Bayesian""", + """Bayreuth""", + """Bechtel""", + """Beḥinatan""", + """Belgium""", + """Belhara""", + """Belhare""", + """Beranek""", + """Berkeley""", + """Berlin""", + """Berliner""", + """Betina""", + """Bidanwe""", + """Bilingual""", + """Biloxi""", + """Birmingham""", + """Blackwell""", + """Boe""", + """Bohemia""", + """Bonferroni""", + """Boston""", + """Bottom""", + """Brazilian""", + """Brésil""", + """Breslau""", + """Bretagne""", + """Breton""", + """Britain""", + """British""", + """Broca""", + """Budapest""", + """Buenos""", + """Bulgarian""", + """Bunim""", + """Bura""", + """Burgenland""", + """Burushaski""", + """Caddoan""", + """Cahans""", + """California""", + """Cambridge""", + """Cameroon""", + """Camling""", + """Canada""", + """Canadian""", + """Canadiens""", + """Cantonese""", + """Capetians""", + """Carry-the-Kettle""", + """Cartography""", + """Casamance""", + """Castilian""", + """Catalan""", + """Catawba""", + """Catawban""", + """Caucasus""", + """Celtic""", + """Changana""", + """Charles""", + """Chepang""", + """Chicago""", + """Chinese""", + """Chintang""", + """Chitral""", + """Chiwere""", + """Choctaw""", + """Cholan""", + """Chom""", + """Christian""", + """Christians""", + """Christmas""", + """Cincinnati""", + """Clovis""", + """Coahuiltecan""", + """Coatzospan""", + """Colombian""", + """Columbus""", + """Corrientes""", + """Creoles""", + """Cronbach""", + """Croom""", + """Crow""", + """Crusca""", + """Daan""", + """Daems""", + """Dakota""", + """Dakotan""", + """Dameli""", + """Damerau""", + """Danelaw""", + """Dangari""", + """Dani""", + """Dardic""", + """Dardistan""", + """Dene-Yeniseian""", + """Devon""", + """Dhankuta""", + """Diegueño""", + """Distanz""", + """Dumi""", + """Dungmali""", + """Dutch""", + """East""", + """Eastern""", + """Eifel""", + """Elsass""", + """Elsässer""", + """England""", + """English""", + """Englishes""", + """Englishness""", + """Euchee""", + """Euchel""", + """Euchels""", + """Eurasia""", + """Europe""", + """European""", + """Evolang""", + """Faetar""", + """Farnworth""", + """Feitel""", + """Fens""", + """Fès""", + """Finistère""", + """Finnish""", + """Fischl""", + """Fishman""", + """Flanders""", + """Flemish""", + """Fouesnant""", + """Fouladou""", + """Fowler""", + """France""", + """Franken""", + """Frankfurt""", + """Frankreich""", + """Frans""", + """Freiburg""", + """French""", + """Friedberg""", + """Friese""", + """Frisian""", + """Gabon""", + """Gaelic""", + """Gailinger""", + """Galac""", + """Garner""", + """Gärtner""", + """Garwi""", + """Gascogne""", + """Gaulish""", + """Gawar-Bati""", + """Georgia""", + """Georgian""", + """Germain""", + """German""", + """Germanic""", + """Gilgit""", + """Gilgiti""", + """Gilles""", + """Glasgow""", + """Glückel""", + """Godoberi""", + """Goeman""", + """Gojri""", + """Gorkha""", + """Görlach""", + """Göttingen""", + """Gottlieb""", + """Gottsched""", + """Gravenberc""", + """Greek""", + """Grewendorf""", + """Gricean""", + """Grobsdorf""", + """Groningen""", + """Gruschka""", + """Guatemala""", + """Gujarai""", + """Gujarati""", + """Gujars""", + """Gultari""", + """Günther""", + """Gustav""", + """Gutenberg""", + """Haeckel""", + """Haider""", + """Halle""", + """Hameln""", + """Hans""", + """Harold""", + """Hartwig""", + """Hattori""", + """Haugen""", + """Hawaiian""", + """Hawick""", + """Hayu""", + """Hebräisch""", + """Hebraisms""", + """Hebreeuws""", + """Hebrew""", + """Hegauer""", + """Heine""", + """Heiyô""", + """Helmut""", + """Henoch""", + """Hermann""", + """Herzberg""", + """Herzogthum""", + """Hessian""", + """Heymanns""", + """Hida""", + """Hidatsa""", + """Hilsenrath""", + """Himalaya""", + """Himalayan""", + """Himalayas""", + """Hindi""", + """Hindu""", + """Hindukush""", + """Hirsch""", + """Hispanic""", + """Hocąk""", + """Hocank""", + """Hôhô""", + """Holland""", + """Hopi""", + """Horst""", + """Hougen""", + """Huallaga""", + """Huambisa""", + """Huanuco""", + """Hungarian""", + """Iberian""", + """Ibérica""", + """Icelandic""", + """Ieper""", + """Ieperlingen""", + """Igbo""", + """Ìgbò""", + """Ihalainen""", + """Imbabura""", + """India""", + """Indian""", + """Indians""", + """Indiens""", + """Indo""", + """Indo-Aryan""", + """Indochine""", + """Indo-European""", + """Indo-Iranian""", + """Indo-Nepal""", + """Indonesian""", + """Indosphere""", + """Indus""", + """Iowa""", + """Iowa-Oto""", + """Iowa/Otoe""", + """Ioway""", + """Iranian""", + """Irazazábal""", + """Ireland""", + """Irish""", + """Iroquoian""", + """Iroquois""", + """Isaac""", + """Isaak""", + """Italia""", + """Italian""", + """Italiana""", + """Italy""", + """Itsekeri""", + """Itzig""", + """Ivrit""", + """Ixil""", + """Jacques""", + """James""", + """Jan""", + """Jandls""", + """January""", + """Japan""", + """Japanese""", + """Jean""", + """Jena""", + """Jespersen""", + """Jew""", + """Jewish""", + """Jewishness""", + """Jewry""", + """Jews""", + """Jiwere-Nut'achi""", + """Johannes""", + """John""", + """Jokan""", + """Jonaz""", + """Jörn""", + """Joseph""", + """Joshua""", + """Josy""", + """Juan""", + """Judaica""", + """July""", + """Jürgen""", + """Kafka""", + """Kagoshima""", + """Kaiser""", + """Kalam""", + """Kalasha""", + """Kalkatak""", + """Kalkoti""", + """Kami""", + """Kansa""", + """Kansai""", + """Kanza""", + """Karakorum""", + """Karanga""", + """Karel""", + """Kasai""", + """Kashmir""", + """Kashmiri""", + """Katarqala""", + """Kaw""", + """Kayne""", + """Kham""", + """Kharia""", + """Khowar""", + """Kiel""", + """Kiranti""", + """Kirat""", + """Kleiber""", + """Kluender""", + """Kohistan""", + """Kohistani""", + """Kohistanis""", + """Koinaí""", + """Kolmogorov""", + """Koppelmans""", + """Korean""", + """Kotoba""", + """Kristol""", + """Krogh""", + """Kulung""", + """Kundal""", + """Kurdish""", + """Kurmanji""", + """Kurt""", + """Kurtöp""", + """Kush""", + """Kyoju""", + """Kyôju""", + """Kyûshû""", + """Lahu""", + """Lakhota""", + """Lakota""", + """Lancashire""", + """Languedoc""", + """Latin""", + """Latina""", + """Laurence""", + """Layul""", + """LCAAJ""", + """Lehiste""", + """Lendu""", + """Leshonenu""", + """Levenshtein""", + """Levis""", + """Levys""", + """Lewisohns""", + """Lezgian""", + """Liechtenstein""", + """Liechtensteiner""", + """Limbu""", + """Lisbon""", + """Livelli""", + """Lohorung""", + """London""", + """Lotegorisch""", + """Lothringen""", + """Louis""", + """Louisiana""", + """Machoke""", + """Macquarie""", + """Macro-Siouan""", + """Macushi""", + """Mago""", + """Mainz""", + """Malay""", + """Malayalam""", + """Malay-Indonesian""", + """Malayo-Sumbawan""", + """Mam""", + """Manchester""", + """Mandan""", + """Manfred""", + """Manguean""", + """Manische""", + """Marburger""", + """Marion""", + """März""", + """Matisoff""", + """Matthias""", + """Matti""", + """Max""", + """Maya""", + """Mayan""", + """Melanesia""", + """Mesoamerican""", + """Mesquakie-Sauk""", + """Messias""", + """Mewahang""", + """Mexico""", + """Meyer""", + """Mia""", + """Miami""", + """Michigamea""", + """Mid-America""", + """Middle""", + """Minnesota""", + """Misantla""", + """Missouria""", + """Mixe""", + """Mixtec""", + """Mobilian""", + """Mohammad""", + """Mokum""", + """Mong""", + """Montevideo""", + """Moravia""", + """Mulamuds""", + """Munske""", + """Münster""", + """Murter""", + """Murtera""", + """Murteru""", + """Nakoda""", + """Natchez""", + """Navajo""", + """Neanderthal""", + """Neckar""", + """Nederland""", + """Nederlands""", + """Nederlandse""", + """Nemaha""", + """Nepal""", + """Nepalese""", + """Nespital""", + """Netherlandic""", + """Netherlands""", + """Netzen""", + """Nevada""", + """Newar""", + """Newari""", + """Niedersachsen""", + """Niger-Congo""", + """Nigerian""", + """Nihon""", + """Niigata""", + """Nobel""", + """Norddeutschland""", + """Norfolk""", + """North""", + """Northeast""", + """Northern""", + """Northwest""", + """Norwegian""", + """Nottingham""", + """Noun""", + """Nuristani""", + """Nuu""", + """Ofo""", + """Ojibwe""", + """Oklahoma""", + """Olten""", + """Omaha""", + """Omruwa""", + """Ontario""", + """Orkney""", + """Orton""", + """Osage""", + """Ossi""", + """Ostfriesland""", + """Oto""", + """Otoe""", + """Otoe-Missouria""", + """Owerri""", + """Oxford""", + """Pakistan""", + """Pakistani""", + """Palula""", + """Pamir""", + """Panama""", + """Panjabi""", + """Paris""", + """Parisian""", + """Pashai""", + """Pashto""", + """Passau""", + """Pedee""", + """Pennsylvania""", + """Peristan""", + """Peristân""", + """Persian""", + """Peterle""", + """Phalûra""", + """Philadelphia""", + """Phoca""", + """Pitcairn""", + """Pitkern""", + """Poguli""", + """Poláčeks""", + """Poland""", + """Ponca""", + """Ponka""", + """Portugal""", + """Português""", + """Portuguese""", + """Prakrit""", + """Preston""", + """Proto-Gulf""", + """Proto-Siouan""", + """Proto-Tibeto-Burman""", + """Pyrenbitz""", + """Pyrenean""", + """Quapaw""", + """Québec""", + """Quechua""", + """Querétaro""", + """Radlof""", + """Radowsky""", + """Rai""", + """Rajdeu""", + """Rawang""", + """Reenen""", + """Rgyalrongic""", + """Rhin""", + """Rhodesia""", + """Riflessioni""", + """Río""", + """Rissanen""", + """Robert""", + """Roberts""", + """Roland""", + """Romance""", + """Romania""", + """Románica""", + """Rosenthal""", + """Roshe""", + """Roths""", + """Rotwelsch""", + """Routledge""", + """Rozier""", + """Russian""", + """Saharan""", + """Saija""", + """Salish""", + """Salzbourg""", + """Salzburg""", + """Samaná""", + """Samuel""", + """Sanderson""", + """Sanskrit""", + """Santa""", + """Santíssima""", + """Sardegna""", + """Saul""", + """Savosavo""", + """Schlesischen""", + """Schwaben""", + """Schwabens""", + """Schwäbisch""", + """Schweiz""", + """Schweizerdeutschen""", + """SchweizerDeutschen""", + """Scots""", + """Scottish""", + """Seereer""", + """Sefar""", + """Sénégal""", + """Seoul""", + """September""", + """Shahi""", + """Shakespeare""", + """Shetland""", + """Shevchenko""", + """Shevoroshkin""", + """Shina""", + """Shiro""", + """Shlomo""", + """Shmuel""", + """Shona""", + """Siberian""", + """Sidak""", + """Siin""", + """Simon""", + """Sinclair""", + """Singlish""", + """Sinosphere""", + """Siouan""", + """Siouan-Catawban-Yuchi""", + """Sioux""", + """Siraiki""", + """Skardu""", + """Slavic""", + """Smirnov""", + """Somerset""", + """South""", + """Southeast""", + """South-East""", + """Southeastern""", + """Southern""", + """Spanish""", + """Spokane""", + """Steffen""", + """Stewart""", + """Stokholm""", + """Stoney""", + """Stxolilal""", + """Sudanic""", + """Südtirol""", + """Südwestdeutschland""", + """Sundanese""", + """Sunwar""", + """Surbtaler""", + """Surface""", + """Svartvik""", + """Swat""", + """Swedish""", + """Swish""", + """Swiss""", + """Sydney""", + """Szulc""", + """Tacheles""", + """Taeldeman""", + """Tajik""", + """Talmud""", + """Tangut""", + """Targumim""", + """Teke""", + """Teton""", + """Thulung""", + """Tibetan""", + """Tibeto-Burman""", + """Tibeto-Burman""", + """Tibeto-Kinnauri""", + """Timucua""", + """Tirahi""", + """Tiroler""", + """Tohfa-e-Dil""", + """Tomahitans""", + """Toronto""", + """Torricelli""", + """Torwali""", + """Toscana""", + """Totanac""", + """Totonaco""", + """Trobriand""", + """Trumai""", + """Tsez""", + """Tsonga""", + """Tswana""", + """Tübingen""", + """Tucson""", + """Turkic""", + """Turkish""", + """Tuscan""", + """Tussentaal""", + """Tutelo""", + """Tyneside""", + """Tyrol""", + """Tzeltal""", + """Ukish""", + """Ukrainian""", + """Ukranian""", + """Umbundu""", + """Umoⁿhoⁿ""", + """Ungarn""", + """Urdu""", + """Ushojo""", + """Viehhändlersprache""", + """Viking""", + """Vitalij""", + """Vlaamse""", + """Vlaanderen""", + """Vorarlberger""", + """Walderbach""", + """Wales""", + """Wallis""", + """Walman""", + """Walter""", + """Wambule""", + """Warps""", + """Wasco-Wishram""", + """Washington""", + """Wave""", + """Weinreich""", + """Welshness""", + """Wenker""", + """Wenkers""", + """Wenkersatz""", + """Wenkersätzen""", + """Wenzel""", + """West""", + """Western""", + """Westgermaanse""", + """Westgermania""", + """Westhoek""", + """Whitman""", + """Wichita""", + """Widdowson""", + """Widuwilt""", + """Wiener""", + """Wigalois""", + """Wilhelm""", + """Wilson""", + """Windsor""", + """Winnebago""", + """Wirnt""", + """Wisconsin""", + """Wittlich""", + """Wiyot""", + """Wolfgang""", + """Wolfssohn""", + """Wordenboeckje""", + """Wotapur""", + """Würzburg""", + """Wyclifite""", + """Xhosa""", + """Yakha""", + """Yakkha""", + """Yakkhas""", + """Yehuda""", + """Yekl""", + """Yerushalmi""", + """Yiddish""", + """Yidish""", + """York""", + """YouTube""", + """Yuchi""", + """Yurok""", + """Yvi""", + """Zaire""", + """Zealand""", + """Zipfs""", + """Zirndorf""", + """Zoquean""", + """Zores""", + """Zuid""", + """Zürichdeutschen"""] + +REPLACEMENTS=[ + ('Œ','oe'), + ('œ','oe'), + ('ß','ss'), + ('Ð','Th'), + ('ð','th'), + ('Þ','Th'), + ('þ','th') + ] + +INITD={'A':"ÀÁÂẦẤẪẨÃÃ̀Ã́Ã̂Ã̌Ã̍Ã̎ĀĀ̀Ā́Ā̂Ā̃Ā̃Ā̄Ā̆Ā̆Ā̈Ā̊Ā̌ĂẰẮẴẲȦȦ́ǠÄÄ́Ä̀Ä̂Ä̃ǞǞ̆Ä̆Ä̌ẢÅǺÅ̂Å̃Å̄Å̄Å̆A̋ǍA̍A̎ȀȂA̐A̓A̧À̧Á̧Â̧Ǎ̧A̭A̰À̰Á̰Ä̰Ä̰ĄĄ̀Ą́Ą̂Ą̃Ą̄Ą̄Ą̄Ą̄Ą̄Ą̇Ą̈Ą̈Ą̈Ą̈Ą̈Ą̈Ą̊Ą̌Ą̋Ą̱Ą̱Ą̱A᷎A̱À̱Á̱Â̱Ã̱Ā̱Ā̱Ā̱Ā̱Ä̱Ä̱Ä̱Ä̱Ä̱Å̱Ǎ̱A̱ẠẠ́Ạ̀ẬẠ̃Ạ̄ẶẠ̈Ạ̈Ạ̈Ạ̈Ạ̈Ạ̌Ạ̍A̤À̤Á̤Â̤Ä̤ḀḀ̂Ḁ̈A̯A̩A͔Ā͔ȺȺ̀Ⱥ́ᶏⱭ̀Ɑ́Ɑ̂Ɑ̃Ɑ̄Ɑ̆Ɑ̇Ɑ̈Ɑ̊Ɑ̌ᶐ", +'B':"B́B̂B̃B̄ḂB̈B̕ḆḆ̂ḄB̤B̥B̬ɃᵬᶀƁƂʙ̇ʙ̣", +'C':'C̀ĆĈC̃C̄C̄C̆ĊC̈ČČ́Č͑ČČ̕Č͑C̋C̓C̕C̔C͑ÇÇḈÇ̆Ç̇Ç̌C̦C̭C̱C̮C̣Ć̣Č̣C̥C̬C̯C̨ȻȻ̓ꞒƇɕꜾ', +'D':'D́D̂D̃D̄ḊD̊ĎD̑D̓D̕ḐD̦ḒḎD̮ḌḌ́D̤D̥D̬D̪ĐᵭᶁƉƊᶑƋȡꝹ́Ꝺ̇ᴅ̇ᴅ̣Ð́Ð̣', +'E':'ÈÉÊỀẾỄÊ̄Ê̌ỂẼẼ̀Ẽ́Ẽ̂Ẽ̌Ẽ̍Ẽ̎ĒḔḖĒ̂Ē̃Ē̃Ē̄Ē̆Ē̆Ē̌Ē̑ĔĔ̀Ĕ́Ĕ̄ĖĖ́Ė̃ËË̀Ë́Ë̂Ë̃Ë̄Ë̌ẺE̊E̊E̋ĚĚ́Ě̃Ě̋Ě̑E̍E̎ȄȆE̓E᷎ȨȨ̀Ȩ́Ȩ̂ḜȨ̌Ẽ̦ĘĘ̀Ę́Ę̂Ę̃Ę̃Ę̄Ę̄Ę̄Ę̄Ę̄Ę̄Ę̆Ę̇Ę̇Ę̈Ę̈Ę̈Ę̈Ę̈Ę̈Ę̋Ę̌Ę̑Ę̱Ę̱Ę̱Ę̣Ę᷎ȨḜḘḚE̱È̱É̱Ê̱Ẽ̱Ē̱Ḕ̱Ḗ̱Ē̱Ë̱Ë̱Ë̱Ë̱Ë̱Ě̱E̮Ē̮ẸẸ̀Ẹ́ỆẸ̃Ẹ̄Ẹ̄Ẹ̄Ẹ̄Ẹ̆Ẹ̆Ẹ̆Ẹ̈Ẹ̈Ẹ̈Ẹ̈Ẹ̈Ẹ̍Ẹ̌Ẹ̑E̤È̤É̤Ê̤Ë̤E̥E̯E̩È͕Ê͕Ẽ͕Ē͕Ḕ͕E̜E̹È̹É̹Ê̹Ẽ̹Ē̹Ḕ̹Ɇᶒⱸᶕᶓɚᶔɝ', +'F':'F̀F́F̄ḞF̓F̧ᵮᶂƑF̱F̣ꜰ̇Ꝼ́Ꝼ̇Ꝼ', +'G':'G̀ǴǴ̄ĜG̃G̃ḠḠ́ĞĠG̈G̈G̊G̋ǦǦ̈G̑G̒G̓G̕G̔ĢG̦G̱G̱G̮G̣G̤G̥G̫ꞠǤᶃƓɢ̇ɢ̣ʛƔ̓', +'H':'H̀H́ĤH̄ḢḦȞH̐H̓H̕ḨH̨H̭H̱ḪḤḤ̣H̤H̥H̬H̯ĦĦ̥ꞪⱧʜ̇Ꜧɧ', +'I':'ÌÍÎÎ́ĨĨ́Ĩ̀Ĩ̂Ĩ̌Ĩ̍ĪĪ́Ī̀Ī̂Ī̌Ī̃Ī̄Ī̆Ī̆ĬĬ̀Ĭ́İIİ́ÏÏ̀ḮÏ̂Ï̃Ï̄Ï̌Ï̑I̊I̋ǏỈȈȊI᷎ĮĮ̀Į́Į̂Į̃Į̄Į̄Į̄Į̄Į̄Į̄Į̈Į̈Į̈Į̈Į̈Į̈Į̋Į̌Į̱Į̱Į̱I̍I̐I̓I̧Í̧Ì̧Î̧I̭Ī̭ḬḬ́Ḭ̈Ḭ̈I̱Í̱Ì̱Î̱Ǐ̱Ĩ̱Ï̱Ḯ̱Ï̱Ï̱Ï̱Ī̱Ī̱Ī̱Ī̱I̮ỊỊ̀Ị́Ị̂Ị̃Ị̄Ị̈Ị̈Ị̈Ị̈Ị̈Ị̌Ị̍I̤Ì̤Í̤Î̤Ï̤I̥Í̥Ï̥I̯Í̯Ĩ̯I͔Ī͔ƗƗ̀Ɨ́Ɨ̂Ɨ̌Ɨ̃Ɨ̄Ɨ̈Ɨ̧Ɨ̧Ɨ̧Ɨ̧Ɨ̱Ɨ̱Ɨ̱Ɨ̱Ɨ̱Ɨ̱Ɨ̯ᶖ', +'J':'Ɩ̀Ɩ́Ɩ̃ᵼJ́ĴJ̃J̄J̇J̈J̈J̊J̋J̌J̌J̓J᷎J̱J̣J̣J̥ɈɈ̱ʝȷɟʄ', +'K':'K̀ḰK̂K̃K̄K̆K̇K̈ǨK̑K̓K̕K̔K͑ĶK̦K̨ḴḴ̓ḲK̮K̥K̬K̫ᶄƘⱩꝀꝂꝄꞢᴋ', +'L':'̇L̀ĹL̂L̃L̄L̇L̈L̋ĽL̐L̑L̓L̕ĻĻ̂Ļ̃L̦ḼḺḺ̓L̮ḶḶ̀Ḷ́ḸḸ́Ḹ̆Ḷ̓Ḷ̕Ḷ̣L̤L̤L̥L̥Ĺ̥L̥L̥L̥L̥L̩L̯ŁŁ̇Ł̓Ł̣Ł̱ꝈȽⱠⱢɬᶅɭꞎȴʟ̇ʟ̣ƛƛ̓λ̴λ̴', +'M':'̇M̀ḾM̂M̃M̄M̆ṀṀ̇M̈M̋M̍M̌M̐M̑M̓M̕M͑ᵯM̧M̨M̦M̱Ḿ̱M̮ṂṂ́Ṃ̄Ṃ̓M̥Ḿ̥M̥M̥M̥M̬M̩M̯ᶆⱮᴍ̇ᴍ̣', +'N':'ǸŃN̂ÑÑ̈N̄N̆ṄṄ̇N̈N̋ŇN̐N̑N̍N̓N̕ꞤᵰŅŅ̂Ņ̃N̦N̨ṊN̰ṈṈ́N̮ṆṆ́Ṇ̄Ṇ̄Ṇ̓N̤N̥Ǹ̥Ń̥Ñ̥Ñ̥N̥N̥N̥N̥Ṅ̥N̥N̥N̥N̯N̩N̲ƝȠꞐᶇɳȵɴ̇ɴ̣', +'O':'ÒÓÔỐỒỖỔÕÕ̍Õ̀ṌÕ̂Õ̌ṎȬŌṒṐŌ̂Ō̃Ō̃Ō̄Ō̆Ō̆Ō̈Ō̌ŎŎ̀Ŏ́Ŏ̈ȮȮ́ȰO͘Ó͘Ò͘Ō͘O̍ÖÖ́Ö̀Ö̂Ö̌Ö̃ȪȪ̆Ö̆ỎO̊ŐǑO̐ȌȎØØ̀ǾØ̂Ø̃Ø̄Ø̄Ø̄Ø̆Ø̇Ø̇Ø̈Ø̋Ø̌Ø᷎Ø̨Ǿ̨Ø̨Ø̣Ø̥Ø̰Ǿ̰ƟꝊƠỚỜỠỞO̍O̓O᷎Ó᷎O̧Ó̧Ò̧Ô̧Ǒ̧ǪǪ̀Ǫ́Ǫ̂Ǫ̃ǬǬ̀Ǭ́Ǭ̂Ǭ̃Ǭ̆Ǭ̌Ǫ̆Ǫ̆Ǫ̇Ǫ̇Ǫ̈Ǫ̈Ǫ̈Ǫ̈Ǫ̈Ǫ̈Ǫ̋Ǫ̌Ǫ̑Ǫ̣Ǫ̱Ǫ̱Ǫ̱Ǫ᷎O̭O̰Ó̰O̱Ò̱Ó̱Ô̱Ǒ̱Õ̱Ō̱Ṓ̱Ṑ̱Ō̱Ö̱Ö̱Ö̱Ö̱Ö̱O̮ỌỌ̀Ọ́ỘỌ̃Ọ̄Ọ̄Ọ̄Ọ̄Ọ̄Ọ̆Ọ̈Ọ̈Ọ̈Ọ̈Ọ̈Ọ̈Ọ̌Ọ̑ỢỌO̤Ò̤Ó̤Ô̤Ö̤O̥Ō̥O̬O̯Õ͔Ō͔O̜O̹Ó̹O̲ᴓᶗꝌⱺꝊƆ́Ɔ̀Ɔ̂Ɔ̌Ɔ̄Ɔ̃Ɔ̃Ɔ̃Ɔ̃Ɔ̃Ɔ̃Ɔ̄Ɔ̆Ɔ̈Ɔ̈Ɔ̈Ɔ̈Ɔ̈Ɔ̍Ɔ̇Ɔ̣Ɔ̣Ɔ̣Ɔ̣Ɔ̣Ɔ̣Ɔ̣Ɔ̣Ɔ̣Ɔ̣Ɔ̣Ɔ̤Ɔ̤Ɔ̤Ɔ̤Ɔ̤Ɔ̱Ɔ̱Ɔ̱Ɔ̱Ɔ̱Ɔ̱Ɔ̱Ɔ̱Ɔ̱Ɔ̧Ɔ̧Ɔ̧Ɔ̧Ɔ̧Ɔ̨Ɔ̨Ɔ̨Ɔ̨Ɔ̨Ɔ̨Ɔ̨Ɔ̨Ɔ̱', +'P':'̇P̀ṔP̃P̄P̆ṖP̈P̋P̑P̓P̕P̔P͑P̱P̣P̤P̬ⱣꝐᵱᶈƤꝒꝔᴘ', +'Q':'̇Q́Q̃Q̄Q̇Q̈Q̋Q̓Q̕Q̧Q̣Q̣Q̣Q̱ꝖꝖ̃ꝘʠɊ', +'R':'R̀ŔR̂R̃R̄R̆ṘR̋ŘR̍ȐȒR̓R̕ŖR̦R̨R̨ꞦR̭ṞṚṚ̀Ṛ́ṜṜ́Ṝ̃Ṝ̆R̤R̥R̥Ŕ̥R̥R̥R̥R̥R̥Ř̥R̬R̩R̯ɌᵲɺᶉɻⱹɼⱤɾᵳɿʀ̇ʀ̣Ꝛ́Ꝛ', +'S':'̣S̀ŚŚ̀ŚṤŜS̃S̄S̆ṠṠ̃S̈S̋ŠŠ̀Š́ṦŠ̓S̑S̓S̕ŞȘS̨Š̨ꞨS̱Ś̱S̮ṢṢ́Ṣ̄ṨṢ̌Ṣ̕Ṣ̱S̤Š̤S̥Ś̥S̬S̪ꜱ̇ꜱ̣ſ́ẛſ̣ẞᶊʂⱾẜẝᶋᶘʆ', +'T':'T̀T́T̃T̄T̆T̆ṪT̈ŤT̑T̓T̕T̔T͑ŢȚT̨T̗ṰT̰ṮT̮ṬṬ́T̤T̥T̬T̯T̪ƾŦȾᵵƫƬƮȶᴛ̇ᴛ','U':'̣̇ÙÚÛŨŨ̀ṸŨ̂Ũ̊Ũ̌Ũ̍ŪŪ̀Ū́Ū̂Ū̌Ū̃Ū̄Ū̆Ū̆ṺŬŬ̀Ŭ́U̇U̇U̇ÜǛǗÜ̂Ü̃ǕǕ̆Ü̆ǙỦŮŮ́Ů̃ŰǓU̍ȔȖU̓U᷎ỦƯỨỪỮỬỰU̧Ú̧Ù̧Û̧Ǔ̧ŲŲ̀Ų́Ų̂Ų̌Ų̄Ų̄Ų̄Ų̄Ų̄Ų̄Ų̈Ų̈Ų̈Ų̈Ų̈Ų̈Ų̋Ų̱Ų̱Ų̱ṶṴṴ́Ṵ̈U̱Ù̱Ú̱Û̱Ũ̱Ū̱Ū̱Ū̱Ū̱Ü̱Ǘ̱Ǜ̱Ü̱Ǚ̱Ǔ̱ỤỤ̀Ụ́Ụ̂Ụ̃Ụ̄Ụ̈Ụ̈Ụ̈Ụ̈Ụ̈Ụ̌Ụ̍ṲṲ̀Ṳ́Ṳ̂Ṳ̈U̥Ü̥U̯Ũ̯Ü̯U͔Ũ͔Ū͔ɄɄ̀Ʉ́Ʉ̂Ʉ̃Ʉ̄Ʉ̈Ʉ̌Ʉ̧Ʉ̰Ʉ̰Ʉ̱Ʉ̱Ʉ̱Ʉ̱Ʉ̱Ʉ̱Ʉ̥ᵾᶙʮʯɰᵿ','V':'V̀V́V̂ṼṼ̀Ṽ́Ṽ̂Ṽ̌V̄V̄V̄V̄V̄V̄V̄V̄V̆V̆V̇V̈V̈V̈V̈V̈V̈V̊V̋V̌V̍V̏V̐V̓V̧V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̱V̱V̱V̱V̱Ṽ̱V̱V̱V̱V̱V̱ṾV̥ꝞᶌƲⱱⱴꝨ́Ꝩ̇Ꝩ̣', +'W':'ẀẂŴW̃W̄W̆ẆẄW̊W̋W̌W̍W̓W̱ẈW̥W̬Ⱳ', +'X':'X̀X́X̂X̃X̄X̆X̆ẊẌX̊X̌X̓X̕X̱X̱X̣X̣X̥ᶍ', +'Y':'ỲÝŶỸȲȲ̀Ȳ́Ȳ̃Ȳ̆Y̆Y̆Y̆ẎẎ́ŸŸ́Y̊Y̋Y̌Y̍Y̐Y̓ỶY᷎Y̱ỴỴ̣Y̥Y̯ɎƳỾ', +'Z':'Z̀ŹẐZ̃Z̄ŻZ̈Z̋ŽŽ́Ž̏Z̑Z̓Z̕Z̨Z̗ẔZ̮ẒẒ́Ẓ̌Ẓ̣Z̤Z̥ƵᵶᶎȤʐʑⱿⱫƷ́Ʒ̇ǮǮ́Ʒ̥ᶚƺʓ', +'_':'Þ́Þ̣ꝤꝦƻꜮʡʢǀǁǃǂʘ', +# +'a':'àáâầấẫẩãã̀ã́ã̂ã̌ã̍ã̎āā̀ā́ā̂ā̃́ā̃́ā̄ā̆́ā̆́ā̈ā̊ā̌ăằắẵẳȧȧ́ǡää́ä̀ä̂ä̃ǟǟ̆ä̆ä̌ảåǻå̂å̃å̄̆å̄̆å̆a̋ǎa̍a̎ȁȃa̐a̓a̧à̧á̧â̧ǎ̧a̭a̰à̰á̰ä̰́ä̰́ąą̀ą́ą̂ą̃ą̄̀ą̄̀́ą̄́̂ą̄̂̌ą̄̌ą̇ą̈̀ą̈̀́ą̈́̂ą̈̂̌ą̈̌̄ą̈̄ą̊ą̌ą̋ą̱̀ą̱̀̀ą̱̀a᷎a̱à̱á̱â̱ã̱ā̱̀ā̱̀́ā̱́̂ā̱̂ä̱̀ä̱̀́ä̱́̂ä̱̂̌ä̱̌å̱ǎ̱̥a̱̥ạạ́ạ̀ậạ̃ạ̄ặạ̈̀ạ̈̀́ạ̈́̂ạ̈̂̌ạ̈̌ạ̌ạ̍a̤à̤á̤â̤ä̤ḁḁ̂ḁ̈a̯a̩a͔ā͔ⱥⱥ̀ⱥ́ɑ̀ɑ́ɑ̂ɑ̃ɑ̄ɑ̆ɑ̇ɑ̈ɑ̊ɑ̌', +'b':'b́b̂b̃b̄ḃb̈b̕ḇḇ̂ḅb̤b̥b̬ƀɓƃ', +'c':'c̀ćĉc̃c̄́c̄́c̆ċc̈čč́č͑č̓č̕č͑c̋c̓c̕c̔c͑çḉç̆ç̇ç̌c̦c̭c̱c̮c̣ć̣č̣c̥c̬c̯c̨ȼȼ̓ꞓƈꜿ', +'d':'d́d̂d̃d̄ḋd̊ďd̑d̓d̕ḑd̦ḓḏd̮ḍḍ́d̤d̥d̬d̪đɖɗƌꝺ́ꝺ̇ð́ð̣', +'e':'èéêềếễê̄ê̌ểẽẽ̀ẽ́ẽ̂ẽ̌ẽ̍ẽ̎ēḕḗē̂ē̃́ē̃́ē̄ē̆́ē̆́ē̌ē̑ĕĕ̀ĕ́ĕ̄ėė́ė̃ëë̀ë́ë̂ë̃ë̄ë̌ẻe̊̄e̊̄e̋ěě́ě̃ě̋ě̑e̍e̎ȅȇe̓e᷎ȩȩ̀ȩ́ȩ̂ḝȩ̌ẽ̦ęę̀ę́ę̂ę̃́ę̃́ę̄̀ę̄̀́ę̄́̂ę̄̂̃ę̄̃̌ę̄̌ę̆ę̇́ę̇́ę̈̀ę̈̀́ę̈́̂ę̈̂̌ę̈̌̄ę̈̄ę̋ę̌ę̑ę̱̀ę̱̀́ę̱́ę̣ę᷎ȩḝḙḛe̱è̱é̱ê̱ẽ̱ē̱ḕ̱ḗ̱̂ē̱̂ë̱̀ë̱̀́ë̱́̂ë̱̂̌ë̱̌ě̱e̮ē̮ẹẹ̀ẹ́ệẹ̃ẹ̄̀ẹ̄̀́ẹ̄́̃ẹ̄̃ẹ̆̀ẹ̆̀́ẹ̆́ẹ̈̀ẹ̈̀́ẹ̈́̂ẹ̈̂̌ẹ̈̌ẹ̍ẹ̌ẹ̑e̤è̤é̤ê̤ë̤e̥e̯e̩è͕ê͕ẽ͕ē͕ḕ͕e̜e̹è̹é̹ê̹ẽ̹ē̹ḕ̹ɇ', +'f':'f̀f́f̄ḟf̓f̧ƒf̱f̣ꝼ́ꝼ̇ꝼ̣', +'g':'g̀ǵǵ̄ĝg̃́g̃́ḡḡ́ğġg̈̇g̈̇g̊g̋ǧǧ̈g̑g̒g̓g̕g̔ģg̦g̱̓g̱̓g̮g̣g̤g̥g̫ꞡǥɠɣ̓', +'h':'h̀h́ĥh̄ḣḧȟh̐h̓h̕ḩh̨h̭ẖḫḥḥ̣h̤h̥h̬h̯ħħ̥ɦⱨꜧ', +'i':'ìíîî́ĩĩ́ĩ̀ĩ̂ĩ̌ĩ̍īī́ī̀ī̂ī̌ī̃ī̄ī̆́ī̆́ĭĭ̀ĭ́iıi̇́ïï̀ḯï̂ï̃ï̄ï̌ï̑i̊i̋ǐỉȉȋi᷎įį̀į́į̇́į̂į̃į̇̃į̄̀į̄̀́į̄́̂į̄̂̆į̄̆̌į̄̌į̈̀į̈̀́į̈́̂į̈̂̌į̈̌̄į̈̄į̋į̌į̱́į̱́̀į̱̀i̍i̐i̓i̧í̧ì̧î̧i̭ī̭ḭḭ́ḭ̈́ḭ̈́i̱í̱ì̱î̱ǐ̱ĩ̱ï̱ḯ̱̀ï̱̀̂ï̱̂̌ï̱̌ī̱́ī̱́̀ī̱̀̂ī̱̂i̮ịị̀ị́ị̂ị̃ị̄ị̈̀ị̈̀́ị̈́̂ị̈̂̌ị̈̌ị̌ị̍i̤ì̤í̤î̤ï̤i̥í̥ï̥i̯í̯ĩ̯i͔ī͔ɨɨ̀ɨ́ɨ̂ɨ̌ɨ̃ɨ̄ɨ̈ɨ̧̀ɨ̧̀̂ɨ̧̂̌ɨ̧̌ɨ̱̀ɨ̱̀́ɨ̱́̂ɨ̱̂̈ɨ̱̈̌ɨ̱̌ɨ̯ɩ̀ɩ́ɩ̃', +'j':'j́ĵj̃j̇̃j̄j̈̇j̈̇j̊j̋ǰ́ǰ́j̓j᷎j̱ǰ̣ǰ̣j̥ɉɉ', +'k':'̱k̀ḱk̂k̃k̄k̆k̇k̈ǩk̑k̓k̕k̔k͑ķk̦k̨ḵḵ̓ḳk̮k̥k̬k̫ƙⱪꝁꝃꝅꞣ', +'l':'l̀ĺl̂l̃l̄l̇l̈l̋ľl̐l̑l̓l̕ļļ̂ļ̃l̦ḽḻḻ̓l̮ḷḷ̀ḷ́ḹḹ́ḹ̆ḷ̓ḷ̕ḷ̣l̤̄l̤̄l̥̀l̥̀ĺ̥̄l̥̄̄́l̥̄́̄̆l̥̄̆̕l̥̕l̩l̯łł̇ł̓ł̣ł̱ꝉƚⱡɫ̓', +'m':'m̀ḿm̂m̃m̄m̆ṁṁ̇m̈m̋m̍m̌m̐m̑m̓̕m̕m͑m̧m̨m̦m̱ḿ̱m̮ṃṃ́ṃ̄ṃ̓m̥ḿ̥̄m̥̄̄́m̥̄́̄̆m̥̄̆m̬m̩m̯ɱ', +'n':'ǹńn̂ññ̈n̄n̆ṅṅ̇n̈n̋ňn̐n̑n̍n̓n̕ꞥņņ̂ņ̃n̦n̨ṋn̰ṉṉ́n̮ṇṇ́ṇ̄́ṇ̄́ṇ̓n̤n̥ǹ̥ń̥ñ̥́ñ̥́̄n̥̄̄́n̥̄́̄̆n̥̄̆̄̑n̥̄̑ṅ̥̑n̥̑̑́n̥̑́̑̄n̥̑̄n̯n̩n̲ɲƞꞑ', +'o':'òóôốồỗổõõ̍õ̀ṍõ̂õ̌ṏȭōṓṑō̂ō̃́ō̃́ō̄ō̆́ō̆́ō̈ō̌ŏŏ̀ŏ́ŏ̈ȯȯ́ȱo͘ó͘ò͘ō͘͘o̍͘öö́ö̀ö̂ö̌ö̃ȫȫ̆ö̆ỏo̊őǒo̐ȍȏøø̀ǿø̂ø̃ø̄́ø̄́̆ø̄̆ø̆ø̇́ø̇́ø̈ø̋ø̌ø᷎ø̨ǿ̨̄ø̨̄ø̣ø̥ø̰ǿ̰ɵꝋơớờỡởo̍o̓o᷎ó᷎o̧ó̧ò̧ô̧ǒ̧ǫǫ̀ǫ́ǫ̂ǫ̃ǭǭ̀ǭ́ǭ̂ǭ̃ǭ̆ǭ̌ǫ̆́ǫ̆́ǫ̇́ǫ̇́ǫ̈̀ǫ̈̀́ǫ̈́̂ǫ̈̂̄ǫ̈̄̌ǫ̈̌ǫ̋ǫ̌ǫ̑ǫ̣ǫ̱́ǫ̱́̀ǫ̱̀ǫ᷎o̭o̰ó̰o̱ò̱ó̱ô̱ǒ̱õ̱ō̱ṓ̱ṑ̱̂ō̱̂ö̱́ö̱́̀ö̱̀̂ö̱̂̌ö̱̌o̮ọọ̀ọ́ộọ̃ọ̄̀ọ̄̀́ọ̄́̃ọ̄̃̆ọ̄̆ọ̆ọ̈̀ọ̈̀́ọ̈́̂ọ̈̂̄ọ̈̄̌ọ̈̌ọ̌ọ̑ợọo̤ò̤ó̤ô̤ö̤o̥ō̥o̬o̯õ͔ō͔o̜o̹ó̹o̲ꝍꝋɔ́ɔ̀ɔ̂ɔ̌ɔ̄ɔ̃́ɔ̃́̀ɔ̃̀̂ɔ̃̂̌ɔ̃̌̍ɔ̃̍ɔ̄ɔ̆ɔ̈̀ɔ̈̀́ɔ̈́̂ɔ̈̂̌ɔ̈̌ɔ̍ɔ̇ɔ̣̀ɔ̣̀́ɔ̣́̂ɔ̣̂̌ɔ̣̌̈ɔ̣̈̈̀ɔ̣̈̀̈́ɔ̣̈́̈̂ɔ̣̈̂̈̌ɔ̣̈̌̃ɔ̣̃ɔ̤̀ɔ̤̀́ɔ̤́̂ɔ̤̂̈ɔ̤̈ɔ̱̀ɔ̱̀́ɔ̱́̂ɔ̱̂̌ɔ̱̌̃ɔ̱̃̈ɔ̱̈̈̀ɔ̱̈̀̈́ɔ̱̈́ɔ̧́ɔ̧́̀ɔ̧̀̂ɔ̧̂̌ɔ̧̌ɔ̨́ɔ̨́̀ɔ̨̀̂ɔ̨̂̌ɔ̨̌̄ɔ̨̄̆ɔ̨̆̈ɔ̨̈ɔ̱', +'p':'p̀ṕp̃p̄p̆ṗp̈p̋p̑p̓p̕p̔p͑p̱p̣p̤p̬ᵽꝑƥꝓꝕ', +'q':'q́q̃q̄q̇q̈q̋q̓q̕q̧q̣̇q̣̇̈q̣̈q̱ꝗꝗ̃ꝙɋ', +'r':'r̀ŕr̂r̃r̄r̆ṙr̋řr̍ȑȓr̓r̕ŗr̦r̨̄r̨̄ꞧr̭ṟṛṛ̀ṛ́ṝṝ́ṝ̃ṝ̆r̤r̥̀r̥̀ŕ̥̂r̥̂̃r̥̃̄r̥̄̄́r̥̄́̄̆r̥̄̆ř̥r̬r̩r̯ɍɽꝛ́ꝛ̣', +'s':'s̀śś̀śṥŝs̃s̄s̆ṡṡ̃s̈s̋šš̀š́ṧš̓s̑s̓s̕şșs̨š̨ꞩs̱ś̱s̮ṣṣ́ṣ̄ṩṣ̌ṣ̕ṣ̱s̤š̤s̥ś̥s̬s̪ᵴȿ', +'t':'t̀t́t̃t̄t̆̀t̆̀ṫẗťt̑t̓t̕t̔t͑ţțt̨t̗ṱt̰ṯt̮ṭṭ́t̤t̥t̬t̯t̪ŧⱦƭʈ', +'u':'ùúûũũ̀ṹũ̂ũ̊ũ̌ũ̍ūū̀ū́ū̂ū̌ū̃ū̄ū̆́ū̆́ṻŭŭ̀ŭ́u̇́u̇́̄u̇̄üǜǘü̂ü̃ǖǖ̆ü̆ǚủůů́ů̃űǔu̍ȕȗu̓u᷎ủưứừữửựu̧ú̧ù̧û̧ǔ̧ųų̀ų́ų̂ų̌ų̄́ų̄́̀ų̄̀̂ų̄̂̌ų̄̌̌ų̄̌ų̈́ų̈́̀ų̈̀̂ų̈̂̌ų̈̌̄ų̈̄ų̋ų̱́ų̱́̀ų̱̀ṷṵṵ́ṵ̈u̱ù̱ú̱û̱ũ̱ū̱́ū̱́̀ū̱̀̂ū̱̂ü̱ǘ̱ǜ̱̂ü̱̂ǚ̱ǔ̱ụụ̀ụ́ụ̂ụ̃ụ̄ụ̈̀ụ̈̀́ụ̈́̂ụ̈̂̌ụ̈̌ụ̌ụ̍ṳṳ̀ṳ́ṳ̂ṳ̈u̥ü̥u̯ũ̯ü̯u͔ũ͔ū͔ʉʉ̀ʉ́ʉ̂ʉ̃ʉ̄ʉ̈ʉ̌ʉ̧ʉ̰́ʉ̰́ʉ̱́ʉ̱́̀ʉ̱̀̂ʉ̱̂̈ʉ̱̈̌ʉ̱̌ʉ̥', +'v':'v̀v́v̂ṽṽ̀ṽ́ṽ̂ṽ̌v̄̀v̄̀́v̄́̂v̄̂̃v̄̃̄v̄̄̆v̄̆̌v̄̌v̆́v̆́v̇v̈̀v̈̀́v̈́̂v̈̂̄v̈̄̌v̈̌v̊v̋v̌v̍v̏v̐v̓v̧v̨̀v̨̀́v̨́̂v̨̂̌v̨̌̄v̨̄̄́v̨̄́̄̀v̨̄̀̄̂v̨̄̂̄̌v̨̄̌̈v̨̈̈́v̨̈́̈̀v̨̈̀̈̂v̨̈̂̈̌v̨̈̌̈̄v̨̈̄̋v̨̱̋v̨̱̱́v̨̱̱́̀v̨̱̱̀̂v̨̱̱̂̌v̨̱̌v̱̀v̱̀́v̱́̂v̱̂̌v̱̌ṽ̱̈v̱̈̈́v̱̈́̈̀v̱̈̀̈̂v̱̈̂̈̌v̱̈̌ṿv̥ꝟʋꝩ́ꝩ̇ꝩ̣', +'w':'ẁẃŵw̃w̄w̆ẇẅẘw̋w̌w̍w̓w̱ẉw̥w̬ⱳ', +'x':'x̀x́x̂x̃x̄x̆́x̆́ẋẍx̊x̌x̓x̕x̱̓x̱̓x̣̓x̣̓x̥', +'y':'ỳýŷỹȳȳ̀ȳ́ȳ̃ȳ̆y̆̀y̆̀́y̆́ẏẏ́ÿÿ́ẙy̋y̌y̍y̐y̓ỷy᷎y̱ỵỵ̣y̥y̯ɏƴỿ', +'z':'z̀źẑz̃z̄żz̈z̋žž́ž̏z̑z̓z̕z̨z̗ẕz̮ẓẓ́ẓ̌ẓ̣z̤z̥ƶȥɀⱬʒ́ʒ̇ǯǯ́ʒ̥', +'_':'þ́þ̣ꝥꝧꜯ' +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/initd.py b/initd.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..763a9dc --- /dev/null +++ b/initd.py @@ -0,0 +1,11738 @@ +CONTINENTNAMES=["""Africa""", +"""Asia""", +"""America""", +"""Australia""", +"""Europe""", +"""African""", +"""Asian""", +"""American""", +"""Australian""", + ] + +OCEANNAMES=["""Atlantic Ocean""", +"""Pacific Ocean""", +"""Indian Ocean""", +"""Atlantic""", +"""Pacific""", +"""Mediterranean""" + ] + +COUNTRIES=[ + """Afghanistan""", +"""Albania""", +"""Algeria""", +"""Andorra""", +"""Angola""", +"""Antigua""", +"""Barbuda""", +"""Argentina""", +"""Armenia""", +"""Aruba""", +"""Australia""", +"""Austria""", +"""Azerbaijan""", +"""Bahamas""", +"""Bahrain""", +"""Bangladesh""", +"""Barbados""", +"""Belarus""", +"""Belgium""", +"""Belize""", +"""Benin""", +"""Bermuda""", +"""Bhutan""", +"""Bolivia""", +"""Bosnia""", +"""Herzegovina""", +"""Botswana""", +"""Brazil""", +"""Brunei""", +"""Bulgaria""", +"""Burkina Faso""", +"""Upper Volta""", +"""Myanmar""", +"""Burma""", +"""Burundi""", +"""Cambodia""", +"""Cameroon""", +"""Canada""", +"""Cape Verde""", +"""Central African Republic""", +"""Chad""", +"""Chile""", +"""China""", +"""Colombia""", +"""Comoros""", +"""Congo""", +"""Costa Rica""", +"""Côte d'Ivoire""", +"""Croatia""", +"""Cuba""", +"""Cyprus""", +"""Czech Republic""", +"""Denmark""", +"""Djibouti""", +"""Dominica""", +"""Dominican Republic""", +"""East Timor""", +"""Ecuador""", +"""Egypt""", +"""El Salvador""", +"""Equatorial Guinea""", +"""Eritrea""", +"""Estonia""", +"""Ethiopia""", +"""Fiji""", +"""Finland""", +"""France""", +"""Faroe Islands""", +"""Gabon""", +"""The Gambia""", +"""Georgia""", +"""Germany""", +"""Ghana""", +"""Greece""", +"""Grenada""", +"""Guatemala""", +"""Guinea""", +"""Guinea-Bissau""", +"""Guyana""", +"""Haiti""", +"""Honduras""", +"""Hungary""", +"""Iceland""", +"""India""", +"""Indonesia""", +"""Iran""", +"""Iraq""", +"""Ireland""", +"""Israel""", +"""Italy""", +"""Ivory Coast""", +"""Côte d'Ivoire""", +"""Jamaica""", +"""Japan""", +"""Jordan""", +"""Kazakhstan""", +"""Kenya""", +"""Kiribati""", +"""Korea""", +"""North Korea""", +"""South Korea""", +"""Kuwait""", +"""Kyrgyzstan""", +"""Laos""", +"""Latvia""", +"""Lebanon""", +"""Lesotho""", +"""Liberia""", +"""Libya""", +"""Liechtenstein""", +"""Lithuania""", +"""Luxembourg""", +"""Republic of Macedonia""", +"""Madagascar""", +"""Malawi""", +"""Malaysia""", +"""Maldives""", +"""Mali""", +"""Malta""", +"""Marshall Islands""", +"""Mauritania""", +"""Mauritius""", +"""Mexico""", +"""Federated States of Micronesia""", +"""Moldova""", +"""Monaco""", +"""Mongolia""", +"""Montenegro""", +"""Morocco""", +"""Mozambique""", +"""Myanmar""", +"""Namibia""", +"""Nauru""", +"""Nepal""", +"""Netherlands""", +"""New Zealand""", +"""Aotearoa""", +"""Nicaragua""", +"""Niger""", +"""Nigeria""", +"""Niue""", +"""North Korea""", +"""Norway""", +"""Oman""", +"""Pakistan""", +"""Palau""", +"""Panama""", +"""Papua New Guinea""", +"""Paraguay""", +"""Peru""", +"""Philippines""", +"""Poland""", +"""Portugal""", +"""Puerto Rico""", +"""Qatar""", +"""Romania""", +"""Russia""", +"""Rwanda""", +"""Saint Kitts""", +"""Nevis""", +"""Saint Lucia""", +"""Saint Vincent""", +"""the Grenadines""", +"""Samoa""", +"""San Marino""", +"""São Tomé""", +"""Príncipe""", +"""Saudi Arabia""", +"""Senegal""", +"""Serbia""", +"""Seychelles""", +"""Sierra Leone""", +"""Singapore""", +"""Slovakia""", +"""Slovenia""", +"""Solomon Islands""", +"""Somalia""", +"""South Africa""", +"""South Korea""", +"""South Sudan""", +"""Spain""", +"""Sri Lanka""", +"""Sudan""", +"""Suriname""", +"""Swaziland""", +"""Sweden""", +"""Switzerland""", +"""Syria""", +"""Taiwan""", +"""Republic of China""", +"""Tajikistan""", +"""Tanzania""", +"""Tatarstan""", +"""Thailand""", +"""Tibet""", +"""Togo""", +"""Tonga""", +"""Trinidad""", +"""Tobago""", +"""Tunisia""", +"""Turkey""", +"""Turkmenistan""", +"""Tuvalu""", +"""Uganda""", +"""Ukraine""", +"""United Arab Emirates""", +"""United Kingdom""", +"""United States""", +"""Uruguay""", +"""Uzbekistan""", +"""Vanuatu""", +"""Vatican City """, +"""Holy See""", +"""Venezuela""", +"""Vietnam""", +"""Yemen""", +"""Zaire""", +"""Democratic Republic of the Congo""", +"""Zambia""", +"""Zimbabwe""" + ] + +LANGUAGENAMES=[ +"""English""", +"""French""", +"""Spanish""", +"""German""", +"""Dutch""", +"""Japanese""", +"""Aariya""", +"""Adap""", +"""Aduge""", +"""Adzera""", +"""Ahe""", +"""Ahirani""", +"""Aiku""", +"""Alaguilac""", +"""Amapá Creole""", +"""Amerax""", +"""Amikoana""", +"""Ammonite""", +"""Anasi""", +"""Arafundi""", +"""Arakanese""", +"""Arakwal""", +"""Aramanik""", +"""Atuence""", +"""Auvergnat""", +"""Ayi""", +"""Baga Binari""", +"""Baga Kaloum""", +"""Baga Sobané""", +"""Bahau River Kenyah""", +"""Bainouk-Samik""", +"""Bakung Kenyah""", +"""Balau""", +"""Banawá""", +"""Bandjigali""", +"""Belgian Sign Language""", +"""Bemba""", +"""Bengkulu""", +"""Berawan""", +"""Beti""", +"""Bhalay""", +"""Bikaru""", +"""Bisu""", +"""Borna""", +"""Bubia""", +"""Bugan""", +"""Buso""", +"""Buxinhua""", +"""Buya""", +"""Buyang""", +"""Cagua""", +"""Brazilian Calão""", +"""Catalonian Calo""", +"""Portuguese Calão""", +"""Spanish Caló""", +"""Carútana""", +"""Cataelano Mandaya""", +"""Cauca""", +"""Chamari""", +"""Chaungtha""", +"""Chetco""", +"""Chilean Quechua""", +"""Chimakum""", +"""Chipiajes""", +"""Chittagonian""", +"""Chol""", +"""Tila""", +"""Nagrandan""", +"""Nicoya""", +"""Chorotega""", +"""Orisi""", +"""Orotinya""", +"""Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao""", +"""Chuj""", +"""Ixtatán""", +"""Chumash""", +"""Coxima""", +"""Coyaima""", +"""Cumeral""", +"""Darang Deng""", +"""Dayao Yi""", +"""Degaru""", +"""Desiya""", +"""Dhanwar""", +"""Dombe""", +"""Dororo""", +"""Durango Nahuatl""", +"""Eastern Lalu""", +"""Edomite""", +"""Elpaputih""", +"""Emiliano-Romagnolo""", +"""Enim""", +"""Europanto""", +"""Falam Chin""", +"""Foma""", +"""Gabutamon""", +"""Gamo-Gofa-Dawro""", +"""Garreh-Ajuran""", +"""Gascon""", +"""Gbati-ri""", +"""Duoluo""", +"""Hagei""", +"""Qau""", +"""Geman Deng""", +"""Gengle""", +"""Gey""", +"""Gowlan""", +"""Lingaayat""", +"""Nand""", +"""Ranya""", +"""Pindare""", +"""Tembe of Gurupi""", +"""Zutiua""", +"""Gugu Mini""", +"""Guliguli""", +"""Gyalrong""", +"""Hmong Njua""", +"""Horuru""", +"""Huastec""", +"""San Luís Potosí""", +"""Huastec""", +"""Southeastern""", +"""Iapama""", +"""Ibilo""", +"""Idesa""", +"""Ihievbe""", +"""Imeraguen""", +"""Indo-Portuguese""", +"""Inpui Naga""", +"""Ipeka-Tapuia""", +"""Ir""", +"""Itutang""", +"""Ixil""", +"""Chajul""", +"""Ixil""", +"""Nebaj""", +"""Izere""", +"""Jakalteko""", +"""Western""", +"""Jaruára""", +"""Judeo-Berber""", +"""K'iche'""", +"""Cunén""", +"""K'iche'""", +"""Eastern""", +"""K'iche'""", +"""Joyabaj""", +"""K'iche'""", +"""San Andrés""", +"""K'iche'""", +"""West Central""", +"""Kabixí""", +"""Kahayan""", +"""Kahumamahon Saluan""", +"""Kakauhua""", +"""Kakihum""", +"""Kamba""", +"""Kang""", +"""Kannada Kurumba""", +"""Kaqchikel""", +"""Akatenango Southwestern""", +"""Kaqchikel""", +"""Eastern""", +"""Kaqchikel""", +"""Northern""", +"""Kaqchikel""", +"""Santa María de Jesús""", +"""Kaqchikel""", +"""Santo Domingo Xenacoj""", +"""Kaqchikel""", +"""South Central""", +"""Kaqchikel""", +"""Southern""", +"""Kaqchikel""", +"""Western""", +"""Kaqchikel""", +"""Yepocapa Southwestern""", +"""Karipuna""", +"""Karon Dori""", +"""Katingan""", +"""Kayan River Kenyah""", +"""Kayort""", +"""Kayu Agung""", +"""Kela""", +"""Khalaj""", +"""Khao""", +"""Khiamniungan Naga""", +"""Khlor""", +"""Khua""", +"""Khuai""", +"""Khumi Awa Chin""", +"""Kiorr""", +"""Kisankasa""", +"""Kofa""", +"""Kohoroxitari""", +"""Kolum So Dogon""", +"""Kon Keu""", +"""Kpatili""", +"""Krui""", +"""Kuanhua""", +"""Kuku-Mangk""", +"""Kukura""", +"""Kunfal""", +"""Kunggara""", +"""Kwak""", +"""Laba""", +"""Lachirioag Zapotec""", +"""Lahta Karen""", +"""Lahu Shi""", +"""Lalia""", +"""Lama""", +"""Lamam""", +"""Lambichhong""", +"""Land Dayak""", +"""Lang'e""", +"""Languedocien""", +"""Laopang""", +"""Laos Sign Language""", +"""Laura""", +"""Lematang""", +"""Lenca""", +"""Limousin""", +"""Lingkhim""", +"""Lintang""", +"""Loarki""", +"""Lonzo""", +"""Lopi""", +"""Lower Pokomo""", +"""Lui""", +"""Lumba-Yakkha""", +"""Madang""", +"""Mahakam Kenyah""", +"""Mahei""", +"""Malakhel""", +"""Malay""", +"""Maligo""", +"""Malinguat""", +"""Mam""", +"""Central""", +"""Mam""", +"""Southern""", +"""Mam""", +"""Tajumulco""", +"""Mam""", +"""Todos Santos Cuchumatán""", +"""Maramba""", +"""Maskoy Pidgin""", +"""Mawayana""", +"""Maya""", +"""Chan Santa Cruz""", +"""Mea""", +"""Mediak""", +"""Mengisa""", +"""Mimi""", +"""Mina""", +"""Mirgan""", +"""Moabite""", +"""Moinba""", +"""Muji Yi""", +"""Muko-Muko""", +"""Munda""", +"""Mundari""", +"""N'Ko""", +"""Natagaimas""", +"""Natügu""", +"""Navarro-Labourdin Basque""", +"""Naxi""", +"""Ndonde Hamba""", +"""Ngombe""", +"""Ngong""", +"""Bangni""", +"""Nishang""", +"""Tagin""", +"""Nocamán""", +"""Nootka""", +"""Kizolo""", +"""Nora""", +"""North Korowai""", +"""Northern Nambikuára""", +"""Northern Zhuang""", +"""Northwestern Tamang""", +"""Norwegian Bokmål""", +"""Nyadu""", +"""Nyeng""", +"""Occidental""", +"""Odut""", +"""Ogan""", +"""Old Indic""", +"""Old Persian""", +"""Old Turkish""", +"""Omati""", +"""Omejes""", +"""Ontenu""", +"""Orokaiva""", +"""Oropom""", +"""Palembang""", +"""Palu""", +"""Pamona""", +"""Panang""", +"""Pao""", +"""Parsi""", +"""Parsi-Dari""", +"""Patla-Chicontla Totonac""", +"""Pelende""", +"""Penesak""", +"""Phangduwali""", +"""Piru""", +"""Pokangá""", +"""Ponares""", +"""Pongyong""", +"""Poqomam""", +"""Eastern""", +"""Poqomam""", +"""Southern""", +"""Poqomchi'""", +"""Western""", +"""Potiguára""", +"""Provençal""", +"""Pu Ko""", +"""Pubian""", +"""Puimei Naga""", +"""Pula Yi""", +"""Punan Merap""", +"""Purum Naga""", +"""Pa Kembaloh""", +"""Puwa Yi""", +"""Quetzaltepec Mixe""", +"""Rajbanshi""", +"""Ranau""", +"""Rawas""", +"""Rufiji""", +"""Sakan""", +"""Sangab Mandaya""", +"""Sansu""", +"""Sara Dunjo""", +"""Sarawak Bisaya""", +"""Savara""", +"""Selako""", +"""Semendo""", +"""Serawai""", +"""Seru""", +"""Shakara""", +"""Shempire Senoufo""", +"""Shuadit""", +"""Silt'e""", +"""Sindang Kelingi""", +"""Singapore Sign Language""", +"""Sizaki""", +"""Skagit""", +"""Snohomish""", +"""Songa""", +"""Souletin Basque""", +"""South Ucayali Ashéninka""", +"""South Wemale""", +"""Southeastern Puebla Nahuatl""", +"""Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy""", +"""Southern Lolopo""", +"""Southern Marakwet""", +"""Southern Pesisir""", +"""Southern Zhuang""", +"""Southwest Gbaya""", +"""Southwestern Nisu""", +"""Southwestern Tamang""", +"""Suba""", +"""Subi""", +"""Kukra""", +"""Nicaraguan Tawahka""", +"""Panamahka""", +"""Ulwa""", +"""Sungkai""", +"""Jaun-Jaun""", +"""Naturalis""", +"""Surigaonon""", +"""Syenara Senoufo""", +"""Tacanec""", +"""Taensa""", +"""Tai Pao""", +"""Takpa""", +"""Ilputih""", +"""Ilwaki""", +"""Tangshewi""", +"""Tanjong""", +"""Tapeba""", +"""Tareng""", +"""Tarpia""", +"""Tasmanian""", +"""Tawang Monpa""", +"""Teke-Nzikou""", +"""Tetete""", +"""Thu Lao""", +"""Thudam""", +"""Tingal""", +"""Tingui-Boto""", +"""Tlalitzlipa Nahuatl""", +"""Toala'""", +"""Tobo""", +"""Tomedes""", +"""Tomyang""", +"""Itundu""", +"""Logananga""", +"""Mese""", +"""Ndogbang""", +"""Ndokbiakat""", +"""Ndoktuna""", +"""Ni Nyo'o""", +"""Tupinikin""", +"""Tushan Names""", +"""Tutong 1""", +"""Tz'utujil""", +"""Western""", +"""Tzeltal""", +"""Bachajón""", +"""Tzotzil""", +"""Chamula""", +"""Tzotzil""", +"""Chenalhó""", +"""Tzotzil""", +"""Huixtán""", +"""Tzotzil""", +"""San Andrés Larrainzar""", +"""Tzotzil""", +"""Zinacantán""", +"""Uokha""", +"""Upper Baram Kenyah""", +"""Upper Tanudan Kalinga""", +"""Uradhi""", +"""Vasekela Bushman""", +"""Pak""", +"""Sasar""", +"""Wagawaga""", +"""Walo Kumbe Dogon""", +"""Warduji""", +"""Welaung""", +"""Western Frisian""", +"""Wirangu""", +"""Wumeng Yi""", +"""Xiandao""", +"""Xinca""", +"""Yamongeri""", +"""Sibao-Yamphe""", +"""Yangbye""", +"""Yangho""", +"""Yarsun""", +"""Yarí""", +"""Yauma""", +"""Poli""", +"""Yofo""", +"""Yoti""", +"""Yiddish Sign Language""", +"""Yinglish""", +"""Gorminang""", +"""Jir'jorond""", +"""Yola""", +"""Yos""", +"""Yuanjiang-Mojiang Yi""", +"""Yugh""", +"""Zarphatic""", +"""Kala""", +"""No-Penge""", +"""Miyemu""", +"""Narak""", +"""Eastern Maring""", +"""Kambegl""", +"""Karamba""", +"""Timbunki""", +"""Tsuwenki""", +"""Gomia""", +"""Kebai""", +"""Chuave""", +"""Sua""", +"""Nomane""", +"""Kia""", +"""Marigl""", +"""Golin""", +"""Yuri""", +"""Salt-Yui""", +"""Tabare""", +"""Kuman""", +"""Yongomugi""", +"""Kunjip""", +"""Kup-Minj""", +"""Mid-Wahgi""", +"""Pukamigl-Andegabu""", +"""Sapan""", +"""Misman""", +"""Simai""", +"""Yaosakor Asmat""", +"""Esaun""", +"""Komasma""", +"""Pirabanak""", +"""Senggo""", +"""Tiau""", +"""Vakam""", +"""Diuwe""", +"""Tamnim Citak""", +"""North Asmat""", +"""Tarya""", +"""Yamur""", +"""Kamberau""", +"""Sempan""", +"""Edera Awyu""", +"""Jair Awyu""", +"""Central Awyu""", +"""North Awyu""", +"""South Awyu""", +"""Wambon""", +"""Mandobo Atas""", +"""Mandobo Bawah""", +"""Tayan""", +"""Wanggom""", +"""Sawi""", +"""Tsakwambo""", +"""Tokuni""", +"""Kwer""", +"""Kasuwa""", +"""Toemoetoe""", +"""Yonggom""", +"""Nimtep Weng""", +"""Faiwolmin""", +"""Wopkeimin""", +"""Upper August River""", +"""Usage""", +"""Suganga""", +"""Setaman""", +"""Telefol""", +"""Tifal""", +"""Urapmin""", +"""Ngalum""", +"""Sibil""", +"""Tangko""", +"""Oksapmin""", +"""Lower Grand Valley Hitigima""", +"""Lower Kimbin""", +"""Upper Bele""", +"""Upper Pyramid""", +"""Mid Grand Valley Dani""", +"""Upper Grand Valley Dani""", +"""Western Dani of Pyramid""", +"""Sinak Nduga""", +"""Ninia Yali""", +"""Landikma""", +"""Pass Valley""", +"""Nggem""", +"""Wano""", +"""Kandepe""", +"""Kapona""", +"""Laiagam""", +"""Lapalama 1""", +"""Lapalama 2""", +"""Layapo""", +"""Mae""", +"""Maramuni""", +"""Sari""", +"""Sau""", +"""Tayato""", +"""Yandapo""", +"""Porgera""", +"""Tipinini""", +"""Kyaka""", +"""Lembena""", +"""Nete""", +"""Nipa""", +"""Waola""", +"""Erave""", +"""West Kewa""", +"""Samberigi""", +"""South Nakama""", +"""West Nek""", +"""South Nuk""", +"""West Numanggang""", +"""Gusan""", +"""Mamaa""", +"""Sauk""", +"""West Urii""", +"""Nekgini""", +"""Neko""", +"""Ngaing""", +"""Rawa""", +"""Ufim""", +"""Som""", +"""Weliki""", +"""Northern Yau""", +"""Central Wantoat""", +"""Wapu""", +"""Yagawak""", +"""Degenan""", +"""Forak""", +"""Guya""", +"""Gwahamere""", +"""Gwapti""", +"""Gwahatike""", +"""Molet""", +"""Muratayak""", +"""Yagomi""", +"""Kewieng""", +"""Nokopo""", +"""Wandabong""", +"""Nankina""", +"""Yout Wam""", +"""Fanic""", +"""Parec""", +"""Wamora""", +"""Wana""", +"""Wemo""", +"""Naga""", +"""Nigac""", +"""Mape""", +"""Sene""", +"""Kovai""", +"""Yoangen""", +"""North Migabac""", +"""South Migabac""", +"""Momare""", +"""Kumukio""", +"""Yangeborong""", +"""Somba""", +"""West-Central Mese""", +"""Zezagi""", +"""Nabak""", +"""Nomu""", +"""Ziwe""", +"""Sialum""", +"""Central Komba""", +"""East Komba""", +"""West Central Komba""", +"""West Komba""", +"""South Selepet""", +"""North Timbe""", +"""South Timbe""", +"""Zia""", +"""Ambasi""", +"""Binandere Proper""", +"""Mado""", +"""Baruga""", +"""Tafota Baruga""", +"""Doghoro""", +"""Yega""", +"""Gaina""", +"""Hunjara-Kaina Ke""", +"""Orokaiva""", +"""Yekora""", +"""Isabi""", +"""Pamusa""", +"""West Gimi""", +"""Bohena""", +"""Kongi""", +"""Lunube Mado""", +"""Upper Asaro""", +"""Zuhuzuho""", +"""Inoke-Yate""", +"""Kamano""", +"""Kanite""", +"""Keyagana""", +"""Hira""", +"""Hua""", +"""Kamate""", +"""Kami-Kulaka""", +"""Kotom""", +"""Move""", +"""Ologuti""", +"""Fowe""", +"""Kemanimowe""", +"""Keto""", +"""Kolepa""", +"""Komoigaleka""", +"""Komongu""", +"""Laiya""", +"""Lambau""", +"""Olumba""", +"""Ona""", +"""Wando""", +"""Yamofowe""", +"""Yandime""", +"""Yaweyuha""", +"""Kosena""", +"""Usarufa""", +"""Northeast Awa""", +"""South Awa""", +"""Tauna""", +"""Owenia""", +"""Oyana""", +"""Kambaira""", +"""Arau-Varosia""", +"""Arokaara""", +"""Saiqora""", +"""Tairora""", +"""Haaviqinra-Oraura""", +"""Omwunra-Toqura""", +"""Vaira-Ntosara""", +"""Veqaura""", +"""Vinaata-Konkompira""", +"""Waffa""", +"""Kenati""", +"""Malas""", +"""Brem""", +"""Mauwake""", +"""Moere""", +"""Musar""", +"""Huar""", +"""Jagahala""", +"""Bau""", +"""Gumalu""", +"""Isebe""", +"""Urukun""", +"""Panim""", +"""Sihan""", +"""Baimak""", +"""Gal""", +"""Garus""", +"""Matepi""", +"""Mawan""", +"""Nake""", +"""Rapting""", +"""Rempi""", +"""Saruga""", +"""Utu""", +"""Wagi""", +"""Murupi""", +"""Samosa""", +"""Wamas""", +"""Yoidik""", +"""Kare""", +"""Kein""", +"""Munit""", +"""Maiani""", +"""Mala""", +"""Miani""", +"""Yaben""", +"""Ukuriguma""", +"""Yarawata""", +"""Pal""", +"""Mawak""", +"""Pamosu""", +"""Wanambre""", +"""Tai""", +"""Kobon""", +"""Anamgura""", +"""Moresada""", +"""Utarmbung""", +"""Wadaginam""", +"""Nend""", +"""Aki""", +"""Paynamar""", +"""Sileibi""", +"""Gants""", +"""Musak""", +"""Dumpu""", +"""Sausi""", +"""Kolom""", +"""Lemio""", +"""Pulabu""", +"""Siroi""", +"""Bongu""", +"""Male""", +"""Sam""", +"""Jilim""", +"""Kwato""", +"""Ogea""", +"""Rerau""", +"""Uya""", +"""Yangulam""", +"""Sop""", +"""Sumau""", +"""Urigina""", +"""Tauya""", +"""Wasembo""", +"""Dumun""", +"""Ganglau""", +"""Saep""", +"""Yabong""", +"""Waskia""", +"""Okbap""", +"""Omban""", +"""Onya""", +"""Una""", +"""Deibula""", +"""Korupun""", +"""Sela""", +"""Sisibna""", +"""Kosarek""", +"""Tiple""", +"""Nalca""", +"""Nipsan""", +"""Dao""", +"""Mee""", +"""Simori""", +"""Yabi""", +"""Wolani""", +"""Abun Ji""", +"""Abun Tat""", +"""Cheju Island""", +"""Chollado""", +"""Hamgyongdo""", +"""Hwanghaedo""", +"""Kyongsangdo""", +"""P'yong'ando""", +"""Seoul""", +"""Porome""", +"""Pele""", +"""Hruso""", +"""Namome""", +"""Some""", +"""Alto Navarro Septentrional""", +"""Avalan""", +"""Labourdin""", +"""Western Low Navarrese""", +"""Basque""", +"""Souletin""", +"""Biscayan""", +"""Guipuzcoan""", +"""Roncalese""", +"""Fly River""", +"""Kandoashi""", +"""Sui""", +"""Hauruha""", +"""Bou""", +"""Daminyu""", +"""Jaru""", +"""Jinjo""", +"""Wulanga""", +"""Barka""", +"""Bitama""", +"""Ilit""", +"""Marda""", +"""Sokodasa""", +"""Takazze-Setiit""", +"""Tigray""", +"""Tika""", +"""Koyta""", +"""Mogareb""", +"""Santora""", +"""Maisawiet""", +"""Maisefa""", +"""Maite""", +"""Maiyah""", +"""Sirir""", +"""Dakunza""", +"""Dekoka""", +"""Dewiya""", +"""Disoha""", +"""Gombo""", +"""Guba""", +"""Jemhwa""", +"""Kukwaya""", +"""Mandura""", +"""Metemma""", +"""Modea""", +"""Sai""", +"""Sese""", +"""Sirba""", +"""Wenbera""", +"""Yaso""", +"""Dabuso""", +"""Fadashi""", +"""Gobato""", +"""Mayu""", +"""Shuru""", +"""Undu""", +"""Santa Rosa""", +"""San Ignacio de Velazco""", +"""San Javier""", +"""San Miguel""", +"""Santiago""", +"""Münkü""", +"""East Sakhalin Gilyak""", +"""North Sakhalin Gilyak""", +"""Pitayo""", +"""Amung""", +"""Enggipilu""", +"""Damal""", +"""Yatê""", +"""Soloto""", +"""Kipea""", +"""Miluk""", +"""Sipisi""", +"""Sauri""", +"""Gesda Dae""", +"""Neao""", +"""Tunggare""", +"""Demisa""", +"""Nisa""", +"""Tefaro""", +"""Woria""", +"""Tualatin-Yamhill""", +"""Yoncalla""", +"""Gros Ventre""", +"""Nawathinehena""", +"""Cheyenne""", +"""Northern East Cree""", +"""Plains Cree""", +"""Western York Cree""", +"""Southern East Cree""", +"""Western Swampy Cree""", +"""Woods Cree""", +"""Western Montagnais""", +"""Western Naskapi""", +"""Unami""", +"""Mahican""", +"""Loup A""", +"""Passamaquoddy""", +"""Southern Micmac""", +"""Narrangansett""", +"""Pequot-Mohegan""", +"""Stockbridge""", +"""Piscataway""", +"""Powhatan""", +"""Wampano""", +"""Wampanoag""", +"""Western Abenaki""", +"""Meskwakie""", +"""Sac""", +"""Peoria""", +"""Minnesota Border Chippewa""", +"""Red Lake Chippewa""", +"""Turtle Mountain Chippewa""", +"""Upper Michigan-Wisconsin Chippewa""", +"""Eastern Ojibwa""", +"""Berens River Ojibwa""", +"""Lac Seul Ojibwa""", +"""Lake of the Woods Ojibwa""", +"""Rainy River Ojibwa""", +"""Western Ojibwa""", +"""Ottawa""", +"""Winisk River Ojibwa""", +"""Potawatomi""", +"""Shawnee""", +"""Menominee""", +"""Piegan""", +"""Wiyot""", +"""Yurok""", +"""Narau""", +"""Murkim""", +"""Barka""", +"""Lebir""", +"""Lere""", +"""Village Bokobaru""", +"""New Busa""", +"""Wawa""", +"""Shanga""", +"""Bounou""", +"""Gomboro""", +"""Kiembara""", +"""Gweetaawu""", +"""Lower Gio""", +"""River Cess Gio""", +"""Upper Gio""", +"""Guse""", +"""Gwéò""", +"""Naò""", +"""Wáádú""", +"""Yiligele""", +"""Klan""", +"""Taan""", +"""Yaan""", +"""Yoo""", +"""Mann""", +"""Ngen""", +"""Bokwa""", +"""N'da""", +"""Tuka""", +"""Gbin""", +"""Miamu""", +"""Jeli""", +"""Bungase""", +"""Dwera""", +"""Gyogo""", +"""Hwela""", +"""Ntoleh""", +"""Tonjon""", +"""Ganadugu""", +"""San""", +"""Segou""", +"""Sikasso""", +"""Somono""", +"""Standard Bambara""", +"""Wasulu""", +"""White Bolon""", +"""Kong Jula""", +"""Tagboussikan""", +"""Bö""", +"""Koulounkalan""", +"""Maninka-Mori""", +"""Wasulu""", +"""Konyanka Maninka""", +"""Manya""", +"""Sankaran Maninka""", +"""Koyaga""", +"""Sagaka""", +"""Siaka""", +"""Finanga""", +"""Koroka""", +"""Mahouka""", +"""Tenenga""", +"""Nafana""", +"""Odienneka""", +"""Sienkoka""", +"""Toudougouka""", +"""Vandougouka""", +"""Wasulu""", +"""Karanjan""", +"""Worodougouka""", +"""Nouna""", +"""Safané""", +"""Mandinka""", +"""Kenieba Maninka""", +"""Nyoxolonkan""", +"""Xaasongaxango""", +"""Mankaliya""", +"""Mongo""", +"""Ney""", +"""Nieni""", +"""Sambaya""", +"""Sengbe""", +"""Kounte Lele""", +"""Tangalto Lele""", +"""Yombiro Lele""", +"""Mixifore""", +"""Northern Kono""", +"""Vai""", +"""Musaia""", +"""Sulima""", +"""Kono""", +"""Liberia Kpelle""", +"""Bunde""", +"""Gizima""", +"""Wubomei""", +"""Ziema""", +"""Toma""", +"""Hembeh""", +"""Lukasa""", +"""Tahamba""", +"""Wawana""", +"""Wulukoha""", +"""Zialo""", +"""Gbendembu""", +"""Koya""", +"""Laia""", +"""Libisegahun""", +"""Magbiambo""", +"""Nagbanmba""", +"""Ngoahu""", +"""Ribbi""", +"""Sanda""", +"""Kpa""", +"""Sewawa""", +"""Waanjama""", +"""Jèrè""", +"""Kukoma""", +"""Kure""", +"""Sankuma""", +"""Sogokiri""", +"""Sya""", +"""Tankri""", +"""Vore""", +"""Yaba""", +"""Sogokiré""", +"""Syabéré""", +"""Voré""", +"""Zara""", +"""Duungooma""", +"""Kpango""", +"""Kpeego""", +"""Southern Seeku""", +"""Korondougou""", +"""Kotya""", +"""Pondori""", +"""Tiéyaxo Bozo""", +"""Gadyaga""", +"""Kinbakka""", +"""Xenqenna""", +"""Wapi""", +"""Beli""", +"""Sinagen""", +"""Gnau""", +"""Timingir""", +"""Urita""", +"""Weril""", +"""Werir""", +"""Bukiyip""", +"""Filifita""", +"""Iwam-Nagalemb""", +"""Nagipaem""", +"""Supari""", +"""South Kombio""", +"""West-Central Kombio""", +"""West Torricelli""", +"""West Yambes""", +"""Wasep Yam""", +"""Wusyep Tep""", +"""Wusyep Yehre""", +"""Laeko-Libuat""", +"""Masan""", +"""Bungain""", +"""Hagi""", +"""Segi""", +"""Urimo""", +"""Wiarumus""", +"""Minidien""", +"""Nabi""", +"""Yil""", +"""Yahang""", +"""Siliput""", +"""Aruop""", +"""Bragat""", +"""Yangum Gel""", +"""Yangum Mon""", +"""Yangkolen""", +"""Wanap""", +"""Yeri""", +"""Walman""", +"""Kabore One""", +"""North Aunalei""", +"""South Aunalei""", +"""Northern One""", +"""Kwamtim One""", +"""Southern One""", +"""Seta""", +"""Seti""", +"""Wom""", +"""Yis""", +"""Andegerebinha""", +"""Western Anmatyerre""", +"""Antekerrepenh""", +"""Ikngerripenhe""", +"""Mparntwe Arrernte""", +"""Kaytetye""", +"""Lower Southern Aranda""", +"""Banggarla""", +"""Guyani""", +"""Turra""", +"""Ngadjuri""", +"""Nugunu""", +"""Wirangu""", +"""Nangu""", +"""Nawurtu""", +"""Mangala""", +"""Southern inland Nyangumarta""", +"""Hansen River Warlpiri""", +"""Lander River Warlpiri""", +"""North-western Warlpiri""", +"""South-western Warlpiri""", +"""Southern Warlpiri""", +"""Western Warlpiri""", +"""Wanyjirra""", +"""Mudbura""", +"""Eastern Ngarinman""", +"""Wurlayi""", +"""Nyininy""", +"""Ngardi""", +"""Warumungu""", +"""Manyjilyjara""", +"""Puditara""", +"""Wangkajunga""", +"""Yulparitja""", +"""Wanman""", +"""Yulparija""", +"""Yankunytjatjara""", +"""Yankunytjatjara""", +"""Kokata""", +"""Pini""", +"""Girramy""", +"""Gulnguy""", +"""Mamu""", +"""Ngadjan""", +"""Yugambal""", +"""Yalarnnga""", +"""Ganai""", +"""Yanda""", +"""Gangulu""", +"""Giya""", +"""Warungu""", +"""Gungabula""", +"""Guwamu""", +"""Kunggari""", +"""Mandandanyi""", +"""Margany""", +"""Wadjigu""", +"""Yirandhali""", +"""Bindal-Gorton""", +"""Bindal-Mount Elliot""", +"""Gugu Warra""", +"""Mithaka""", +"""Dirari""", +"""Ngamini""", +"""Pirlatapa""", +"""Yawarawarga""", +"""Bidjara""", +"""Dhiraila""", +"""Garandala""", +"""Kalali""", +"""Mambangura""", +"""Mingbari""", +"""Ngurawarla""", +"""Punthamara""", +"""Wongkumara""", +"""Yarumarra""", +"""Wangganguru""", +"""Wanggamala""", +"""Pirriya""", +"""Nganyaywana""", +"""Yindjilandji""", +"""Warluwara""", +"""Yanyuwa""", +"""Wulguru""", +"""Yuru""", +"""Kuuku-Ya'u""", +"""Umpila""", +"""Umbindhamu""", +"""Pakanha""", +"""Flinders Island""", +"""Kuku-Muminh""", +"""Kuku-Ugbanh""", +"""Kuku-Uwanh""", +"""Wik-Iiyanh""", +"""Wik-Mungkan""", +"""Wik-Epa""", +"""Wik-Me'anha""", +"""Wik-Ngandjara""", +"""Wikngenchera""", +"""Wamin""", +"""Gugadj""", +"""Mbariman-Gudhinma""", +"""Umbuygamu""", +"""Ngawun""", +"""Mbara""", +"""Gurdjar""", +"""Walangama""", +"""Aritinngitigh""", +"""Gudang""", +"""Leningitij""", +"""Mbiywom""", +"""Mpalityan-Lutigh""", +"""Ngkot""", +"""Tyanngayt-Mamngayt-Ntrwangayt-Ntrangit""", +"""Atampaya""", +"""Yadhaykenu""", +"""Wuthathi""", +"""Yinwum""", +"""Ikaranggal""", +"""Thaypan""", +"""Koko Dhawa""", +"""Yir-Yoront""", +"""Tagalaka""", +"""Kawarrang-Ogh Undjan""", +"""Oykangand""", +"""Ulkulu""", +"""Kuuk-Yak""", +"""Thayore""", +"""Dharumbal""", +"""Malgana""", +"""Wajarri""", +"""Nhanda""", +"""Kalarko""", +"""Ngadjunmaya""", +"""Pinigura""", +"""Dhalandji""", +"""Thiin""", +"""Wariyangga""", +"""Jaburarra""", +"""West Ngarluma""", +"""Nijadali""", +"""Pantikura""", +"""Tjurruru""", +"""Yindjibarndi""", +"""Nhuwala""", +"""Nyamal""", +"""Southern Inggarda""", +"""Yugumbir""", +"""Guwar""", +"""Muruwari""", +"""Cameeragal""", +"""Wonarua""", +"""Worimi""", +"""Sydney""", +"""Northern Inland Yuin""", +"""Southern Coastal Yuin""", +"""Southern Inland Yuin""", +"""Yaygir""", +"""Kabikabi""", +"""Wagawaga""", +"""Wuliwuli""", +"""Pallanganmiddang""", +"""Yorta Yorta""", +"""Western Victoria""", +"""Woiwurrung""", +"""Warrnambool""", +"""Upper Riverland""", +"""Narrinyeri""", +"""Northern Sunraysia""", +"""Guyinbaraay""", +"""Waalaraay""", +"""Wirriyaraay""", +"""Yuwaalaraay""", +"""Yuwaalayaay""", +"""Wangaaybuwan""", +"""Wayilwan""", +"""Wiradhuri""", +"""Warrgamay""", +"""Kula""", +"""Wiljakali""", +"""Yarli""", +"""Kuku-Nyungkul""", +"""Muluridyi""", +"""Njakali""", +"""Dyaabugay""", +"""Madyay""", +"""Yidiny""", +"""Djarrwark""", +"""Gaalpu""", +"""Golumala""", +"""Ngaymil""", +"""Rirratjingu""", +"""Wangurri""", +"""Manggalili""", +"""Munyuku""", +"""Gupapuyngu""", +"""Walangu""", +"""Wubulkarra""", +"""Dhuwaya""", +"""Djapu""", +"""Liyagalawumirr""", +"""Liyagawumirr""", +"""Marrakulu""", +"""Marrangu""", +"""Dhuwal""", +"""Djadiwitjibi""", +"""Manyarring""", +"""Mildjingi""", +"""Murrungun""", +"""Wulaki""", +"""Ganalbingu""", +"""Mandjalpingu""", +"""Gurjindi""", +"""Rongba""", +"""Rongmahbrogpa""", +"""Rtahu""", +"""Southern Baima""", +"""Western Baima""", +"""Zhongu""", +"""Hbrugchu""", +"""Jone""", +"""Northern Khams""", +"""Southern Khams""", +"""Western Khams""", +"""Tseku""", +"""Nubra Ladakhi""", +"""Shamma""", +"""Purik""", +"""Zangskari""", +"""Spiti Bhoti""", +"""Mayar""", +"""Stod""", +"""Tukpa""", +"""Tichurong""", +"""Humla""", +"""Namrung""", +"""Prok""", +"""Sama""", +"""Tsum""", +"""Western Helambu Sherpa""", +"""Kagate""", +"""Lhomi""", +"""Upper Mustang""", +"""Mugali""", +"""Ramechap""", +"""Solu""", +"""Walungge""", +"""Brokpake""", +"""Upper Groma""", +"""Northern Thimphu""", +"""Wang-The""", +"""Layakha""", +"""Lunanakha""", +"""Sikkimese""", +"""Lakha""", +"""Dartsemdo""", +"""Dbus""", +"""Dru""", +"""Gtsang""", +"""Hanniu""", +"""Jad""", +"""Kongbo""", +"""Marchha""", +"""Mngahris""", +"""Nganshuenkuan""", +"""Panakha-Panags""", +"""Paurong""", +"""Takpa""", +"""Utsang""", +"""Chunmat""", +"""Tang""", +"""Ura""", +"""Nupbikha""", +"""Middle Kheng""", +"""Upper Kheng""", +"""Kurtokha""", +"""Chalikha""", +"""Phobjikha""", +"""Olekha""", +"""Tshangla""", +"""Chak""", +"""Rana""", +"""Khorla""", +"""Nyak""", +"""Philim""", +"""Uiya""", +"""Kyaura""", +"""Laprak""", +"""Lamjung Gurung""", +"""Tamu Kyi""", +"""Southern Gurung""", +"""Phu""", +"""Syang""", +"""Tukche""", +"""Kerounja""", +"""Outer-Eastern Tamang""", +"""Rasuwa""", +"""Southwestern""", +"""Trisuli""", +"""Tangbe""", +"""Tetang""", +"""Kaike""", +"""Tolchha""", +"""Sunam""", +"""Zhangzhung""", +"""Pangjungkho Boli""", +"""Yerjungkhu Boli""", +"""Darma""", +"""Rangkas""", +"""Kanashi""", +"""Kinnauri""", +"""Shumcho""", +"""Chamba-Lahuli""", +"""Eastern Pattani""", +"""Tinani""", +"""Mech""", +"""Dimasa""", +"""Kachari""", +"""Halam""", +"""Jamatia""", +"""Noatia""", +"""Riang""", +"""Riang""", +"""Tippera""", +"""Usui""", +"""Tiwa""", +"""Deori""", +"""A'chick""", +"""A'we""", +"""Abeng""", +"""Achik""", +"""Chisak""", +"""Dacca""", +"""Ganching""", +"""Kamrup""", +"""Matchi""", +"""Harigaya""", +"""Satpariya""", +"""Tintekiya""", +"""Wanang""", +"""Rangdania""", +"""Ruga""", +"""Chairel""", +"""Dzili""", +"""Enkun""", +"""Hkaku""", +"""Kauri""", +"""Shidan""", +"""Singpho""", +"""Taman""", +"""Sengmai""", +"""Burma Pyu""", +"""Chak""", +"""Chakpa""", +"""Ganaan""", +"""Kadu""", +"""Phayeng""", +"""Sengmai""", +"""Makyan Naga""", +"""Changnyu""", +"""Chen""", +"""Chingkao""", +"""Chinglang""", +"""Choha""", +"""Gelekidoria""", +"""Hopao""", +"""Jakphang""", +"""Kongon""", +"""Longching""", +"""Longkhai""", +"""Longmein""", +"""Longwa""", +"""Mohung""", +"""Mon""", +"""Mulung""", +"""Ngangching""", +"""Sang""", +"""Shamnyuyanga""", +"""Shanlang""", +"""Shengha""", +"""Shunyuo""", +"""Sima""", +"""Sowa""", +"""Tableng""", +"""Tabu""", +"""Tamkhungnyuo""", +"""Tang""", +"""Tobunyuo""", +"""Tolamleinyua""", +"""Totok""", +"""Changnoi""", +"""Horu Muthun""", +"""Kulung Muthun""", +"""Laju""", +"""Ponthai""", +"""Higsho""", +"""Higtsii""", +"""Hkaluk""", +"""Kimsin""", +"""Langshin""", +"""Longphi""", +"""Longri""", +"""Lungchang""", +"""Lungri""", +"""Mawrang""", +"""Miti""", +"""Moklum""", +"""Mosang""", +"""Mungray""", +"""Myimu""", +"""Ngemu""", +"""Ponthai""", +"""Rongrang""", +"""Ronrang""", +"""Sangche""", +"""Sangtai""", +"""Sangwal""", +"""Sanke""", +"""Saukrang""", +"""Taipi""", +"""Tikhak""", +"""Tonglim""", +"""Tulim""", +"""Yogli""", +"""Yongkuk""", +"""Tutsa Naga""", +"""Longchuan""", +"""Luxi""", +"""Maingtha""", +"""Lashi""", +"""Zaiwa""", +"""Polo""", +"""South Hpon""", +"""Gawan Naw'""", +"""Hlo'lan""", +"""Laking""", +"""Lawng Hsu""", +"""Wa Khawk""", +"""Zagaran Mran""", +"""Pela""", +"""Rakhine""", +"""Danu""", +"""Merguese""", +"""Palaw""", +"""Yaw""", +"""Old Burmese""", +"""Tavoyan""", +"""Taungyo""", +"""Laomian""", +"""Pyen""", +"""Hwethom""", +"""Khaskhong""", +"""Mung""", +"""White Khoany""", +"""Sangkong""", +"""Cosao""", +"""Enu""", +"""Kaduo""", +"""Mpi""", +"""Asong""", +"""Chepya""", +"""Muda""", +"""Haohai""", +"""Haya""", +"""Phana'""", +"""Sila""", +"""Youle Jinuo""", +"""Na""", +"""Nyi""", +"""Shehleh""", +"""Lahu Shi""", +"""Samatao""", +"""Miqie""", +"""Shuangbo Lolopho""", +"""Yao'an Lolopho""", +"""Kuamasi""", +"""Sonaga""", +"""Xishanba Lalo""", +"""Dongshanba Lalo""", +"""Xuzhang Lalo""", +"""Southern Lalo""", +"""Yangliu""", +"""Talu""", +"""Hua Lisu""", +"""Hwa Lisu""", +"""Lu Shi Lisu""", +"""Pai Lisu""", +"""White Lisu""", +"""Tanglang""", +"""Lamu""", +"""Lawu""", +"""Limi""", +"""Mili""", +"""Naluo Yi""", +"""Samatu""", +"""Phuma""", +"""Muzi""", +"""Southern Muji""", +"""Qila Muji""", +"""Thopho""", +"""Moji""", +"""Labo Phowa""", +"""Zokhuo""", +"""Phukha""", +"""Nisi""", +"""Xinping Nisu""", +"""Southern Nisu""", +"""Nyisu""", +"""Southern Awu Yi""", +"""Samei""", +"""Sanie""", +"""Chesu""", +"""Wuding Naisu""", +"""Hezhang Yi""", +"""Weining Yi""", +"""Dafang""", +"""Qian Xi""", +"""Huili Yi""", +"""Yinuo Yi""", +"""Yishengzha Yi""", +"""Phuza""", +"""Phupha""", +"""Phola""", +"""Southern Sani""", +"""Azhe""", +"""Northern Nusu""", +"""Southern Nusu""", +"""Wupijiang""", +"""Pholo""", +"""Sadu""", +"""Mango""", +"""Mantsi""", +"""Maza""", +"""Mondzi""", +"""Muangphe""", +"""Pai-lang""", +"""Suphanburi""", +"""Lisu""", +"""Ersu""", +"""Lizu""", +"""Tosu""", +"""Guiqiong""", +"""Narua""", +"""Lichiang""", +"""Lutien""", +"""Western Namuyi""", +"""Shixing""", +"""Western Muya""", +"""Luhua""", +"""Weigu""", +"""Yadu""", +"""Heihu""", +"""Jiaochang""", +"""Longxi""", +"""Mianchi""", +"""Sanlong""", +"""Taoping""", +"""Queyu""", +"""Tshobdun""", +"""Lixian""", +"""Maerkang""", +"""Xiaojin""", +"""Rtau""", +"""Puxi""", +"""Zongke""", +"""Ergali""", +"""Guanyingqiao""", +"""Muerzong""", +"""Siyaowu""", +"""Taiyanghe""", +"""Xiaoyili""", +"""Yelong""", +"""Tangut""", +"""Zhaba""", +"""Western Dhimal""", +"""Toto""", +"""Zakhring""", +"""Gongduk""", +"""Rengjongmu""", +"""Tamsangmu""", +"""Lhokpu""", +"""Western Chepang""", +"""Tamali""", +"""Takale""", +"""Thabanggi""", +"""Wale""", +"""Tapnanggi""", +"""Western Magar""", +"""Khambu""", +"""Mahakulung""", +"""Namlung""", +"""Pelmung""", +"""Pidisoi""", +"""Sotang""", +"""Tamachhang""", +"""Dimali""", +"""Hedangpa""", +"""Kharlali""", +"""Parali""", +"""Rakheli""", +"""Sambya""", +"""Halumbung""", +"""Khartamche""", +"""Khotang""", +"""Phali""", +"""Samarung""", +"""Tana""", +"""Tongeccha""", +"""Southern Bantawa""", +"""Western Bantawa""", +"""Waling""", +"""Camling""", +"""Puma""", +"""Belhariya""", +"""Chhulung""", +"""Chintang""", +"""Northern Yakha""", +"""Southern Yakha""", +"""Mulgaon-Wangtang""", +"""Sunsari""", +"""Bumdemba""", +"""Panthare""", +"""Phedappe""", +"""Taplejunge""", +"""Madhavpur""", +"""Ratnawati""", +"""Ubu""", +"""Dobo Lo""", +"""Khaling""", +"""Namber Sacha""", +"""Proca Lo""", +"""Rokhung""", +"""Wayu""", +"""Eastern Thulung""", +"""Lannachyo""", +"""Northern Thulung""", +"""Southern Thulung""", +"""Dorunkecha""", +"""Kharbari""", +"""Lamdija""", +"""Makpa""", +"""Khaling""", +"""Sungdel""", +"""Baktapur""", +"""Citlang""", +"""Dolkhali""", +"""Kathmandu-Pathan-Kirtipur""", +"""Sindhupalchok Pahri""", +"""Totali""", +"""Sindhupalcok""", +"""Western Thami""", +"""Geba Karen""", +"""Geko Karen""", +"""Western Kayah""", +"""Manumanaw Karen""", +"""Yinbaw Karen""", +"""Yintale Karen""", +"""Zayein Karen""", +"""Southern Pa'o""", +"""Kawkareik""", +"""Pa'an""", +"""Ratchaburi Pwo Karen""", +"""Tavoy""", +"""Tuan Tet""", +"""Mae Sarieng""", +"""Omkoi""", +"""Dermuha""", +"""Panapu""", +"""Wewaw""", +"""Lish""", +"""Sherdukpen""", +"""Bualkhaw Chin""", +"""Falam Chin""", +"""Shonshe""", +"""Zokhua""", +"""Hmar""", +"""Sakechep""", +"""Thangkachep""", +"""Le""", +"""Mizo""", +"""Ngente""", +"""Ralte""", +"""Tlau""", +"""Pankhu""", +"""Tawr Chin""", +"""Tlongsai""", +"""Shendu""", +"""Upper Zyphe""", +"""Senthang Chin""", +"""Zotung Chin""", +"""Syriem""", +"""Mulsom""", +"""Chiru""", +"""Chothe Naga""", +"""Koireng""", +"""Lamkang""", +"""Moyon Naga""", +"""Ranglong""", +"""Sorbung""", +"""Tarao Naga""", +"""Vaiphei""", +"""Ngawn Chin""", +"""Simte""", +"""Siyin Chin""", +"""Zou""", +"""Dapzal""", +"""Dim""", +"""Dimpi""", +"""Lamzang""", +"""Lousau""", +"""Saizang""", +"""Sihzang""", +"""Telzang""", +"""Tuichiap""", +"""Purum""", +"""Ralte""", +"""Sokte""", +"""Changsen""", +"""Hawkip""", +"""Jangshen""", +"""Kaokeep""", +"""Khongzai""", +"""Kipgen""", +"""Langiung""", +"""Sairang""", +"""Shithlou""", +"""Singson""", +"""Thangngen""", +"""Matupi Daai""", +"""Paletwa Daai""", +"""Thui Phum""", +"""Tlam Tlaih""", +"""Va Lang""", +"""Khyang""", +"""Lemyo""", +"""Minbu""", +"""Saingbaun""", +"""Sandoway""", +"""Thayetmyo""", +"""Sumtu Chin""", +"""Mro Chin""", +"""Khami""", +"""Khimi""", +"""Khumi""", +"""Khuni""", +"""Khweymi""", +"""Kumi""", +"""Ngala""", +"""Yindi""", +"""Rengmitca""", +"""Dzuna""", +"""Kehena""", +"""Khonoma""", +"""Kohima""", +"""Mima""", +"""Mozome""", +"""Nali""", +"""Tengima""", +"""Tenyidie""", +"""Chokri Naga""", +"""Khezha Naga""", +"""Poumei Naga""", +"""Pochuri Naga""", +"""Keteneneyu""", +"""Lazemi""", +"""Zhimomi""", +"""Zumomi""", +"""Chongli""", +"""Dordar""", +"""Longla""", +"""Mongsen Khari""", +"""Kyon""", +"""Kyong""", +"""Kyou""", +"""Live""", +"""Ndreng""", +"""Tsontsu""", +"""Phelongre""", +"""Photsimi""", +"""Pirr""", +"""Purr""", +"""Thukumi""", +"""Makuri Naga""", +"""Para Naga""", +"""Pherrongre""", +"""Yimchungru""", +"""Tikhir""", +"""Wai""", +"""Mirlong""", +"""Rong Kethang""", +"""Meitei""", +"""Pangal""", +"""Maring Naga""", +"""Khunggoi""", +"""Kupome""", +"""Phadang""", +"""Ukhrul""", +"""Ngatan""", +"""T. Khullen""", +"""Willong Circle""", +"""Mzieme Naga""", +"""Paren""", +"""Thangal Naga""", +"""Heqing""", +"""Jianchuan""", +"""Lanping""", +"""Yunlong""", +"""Nujiang""", +"""Xiangyun""", +"""Caijia""", +"""Longjia""", +"""Milang""", +"""Komkar""", +"""Pasi""", +"""Shimong""", +"""Padam""", +"""Tangam""", +"""Pailibo""", +"""Ramo""", +"""Tagin""", +"""Galo""", +"""Nyishi""", +"""Sajalong""", +"""Idu-Mishmi""", +"""Mru""", +"""Nu River""", +"""Gwaza""", +"""Miko""", +"""Hpungsi""", +"""Htiselwang""", +"""Kunlang""", +"""Longmi""", +"""Matwanly""", +"""Mutwang""", +"""Rawang""", +"""Serhta""", +"""Serwang""", +"""Tangsarr""", +"""Taron""", +"""Wadamkong""", +"""Wahke""", +"""Zithung""", +"""Raute""", +"""Rawat""", +"""Fu-Guang""", +"""Ji-Cha""", +"""Yi-Liu""", +"""Ying-Yi""", +"""Qujiang Hakka-Shibei Shaoguan Tuhua""", +"""Longqu""", +"""Jinhua""", +"""Oujiang""", +"""Lin-Shao""", +"""Piling""", +"""Su-Hu-Jia""", +"""Tiaoxi""", +"""Yongjiang""", +"""Taizhou""", +"""Wuzhou""", +"""Taigao""", +"""Tongjing""", +"""Jishu""", +"""Luoshao""", +"""Shaanxi""", +"""Yage""", +"""Jixi""", +"""Qide""", +"""Xiuyi""", +"""Yanzhou""", +"""Jinyu Chinese""", +"""Literary Chinese""", +"""Gangou""", +"""Hezhou""", +"""Ho""", +"""Huabei Guanhua""", +"""Jinghuai Guanhua""", +"""Taibei Mandarin""", +"""Xibei Guanhua""", +"""Xinan Guanhua""", +"""Tangwang""", +"""Wutunhua""", +"""Middle Chinese""", +"""Old Chinese""", +"""Huizhou""", +"""Ning-Long""", +"""Sanhsien""", +"""Tingzhou""", +"""Tonggu""", +"""Yue-Tai""", +"""Yuebei""", +"""Yuezhong""", +"""Yugui""", +"""Min Bei""", +"""Min Dong""", +"""Min Nan""", +"""Mn Zhong""", +"""Pu-Xian""", +"""Fuzhou""", +"""Xinghua""", +"""Shantou""", +"""Chaochow""", +"""Chaozhou""", +"""Fukienese""", +"""Hainan""", +"""Sanso""", +"""Hokkien""", +"""Leizhou""", +"""Longdu""", +"""Teochew""", +"""Fujian""", +"""Zhenan Min""", +"""Min Zhong Chinese""", +"""Putian""", +"""Xianyou""", +"""Xinghua""", +"""Gaolei""", +"""Guinan""", +"""Qinlian""", +"""Siyi""", +"""Toishanese""", +"""Vancouver Cantonese""", +"""Yuehai""", +"""Waxianghua""", +"""Longshan""", +"""Southern Tujia""", +"""Nam""", +"""Timur""", +"""Yapsi-Taja""", +"""Vitou""", +"""Bonerif""", +"""Dabe""", +"""Jofotek-Bromnya""", +"""Keder""", +"""Kwinsu""", +"""Ittik-Tor""", +"""Kwesten""", +"""Mander""", +"""Maremgi""", +"""Cupeño""", +"""Island Takic""", +"""Luiseño""", +"""Tongva""", +"""Tübatulabal""", +"""Hopi""", +"""Panamint""", +"""Northern Shoshoni""", +"""Western Shoshoni""", +"""Southern Paiute""", +"""Ute""", +"""North Northern Paiute""", +"""South Northern Paiute""", +"""Omomil""", +"""Yaqui""", +"""Highland Puebla Nahuatl""", +"""Huaxcaleca Nahuatl""", +"""Isthmus-Mecayapan Nahuatl""", +"""Isthmus-Pajapan Nahuatl""", +"""Tabasco Nahuatl""", +"""Northern Oaxaca Nahuatl""", +"""Ometepec Nahuatl""", +"""Pipil""", +"""Santa María La Alta Nahuatl""", +"""Sierra Negra Nahuatl""", +"""Southeastern Puebla Nahuatl""", +"""Zacatlán-Ahuacatlán-Tepetzintla Nahuatl""", +"""Classical Nahuatl""", +"""Morelos Nahuatl""", +"""Northern Puebla Nahuatl""", +"""Tetelcingo Nahuatl""", +"""Tlamacazapa Nahuatl""", +"""Pochutec""", +"""Temascaltepec Nahuatl""", +"""Western Durango Nahuatl""", +"""Michoacán Nahuatl""", +"""La Mesa del Nayar Cora""", +"""Presidio de los Reyes Cora""", +"""San Francisco Cora""", +"""Santa Teresa Cora""", +"""Rosarito Cora""", +"""San Blasito Cora""", +"""San Juan Corapan Cora""", +"""San Andrés Cohamiata""", +"""San Sebastián-Santa Catarina""", +"""Jova""", +"""Opata""", +"""Lowland Huarijío""", +"""Lowland Tarahumara""", +"""Northern Tarahumara""", +"""Southwestern Tarahumara""", +"""Sonora Pima Bajo""", +"""Tohono O'odam""", +"""Southwestern Tepehuan""", +"""Tepecano""", +"""Tubar""", +"""Wanyi""", +"""South-Eastern-Tasmanian-Hinterland""", +"""Guwidj""", +"""Munumburru""", +"""Ngarnawu""", +"""Wolyamidi""", +"""Wurla""", +"""Kwini""", +"""Miwa""", +"""Wilawila""", +"""Miwa""", +"""Wunambal""", +"""Unggumi""", +"""Winjarumi""", +"""Unggumi""", +"""Worrorra""", +"""Nëhup""", +"""Tuhup""", +"""Yuhup""", +"""Nadëb""", +"""Tofanma""", +"""Haila'er""", +"""Qiqiha'er""", +"""Bargu""", +"""Khori""", +"""Khori""", +"""Barguzin""", +"""Bohaan""", +"""Bulagat""", +"""Ekhirit""", +"""Ninzne-Udinsk""", +"""Oka""", +"""Tunka""", +"""Unga""", +"""Halh""", +"""Khotogoit""", +"""Sartul""", +"""Tsongol""", +"""Ejine""", +"""Jirim""", +"""Jo-Uda""", +"""Jostu""", +"""Ordos""", +"""Shilingol""", +"""Tumut""", +"""Ulanchab""", +"""Dörböt""", +"""Oirat""", +"""Sart Qalmaq""", +"""Torgut""", +"""Kitan""", +"""Middle Mongol""", +"""Kundur""", +"""Tongren""", +"""Suonanba""", +"""Wangjiaji""", +"""Kangjia""", +"""Minhe""", +"""Pehuenche""", +"""Picunche""", +"""Southern Foothill Yokuts""", +"""Valley Yokuts""", +"""Palewyami Yokuts""", +"""Bezshagh""", +"""Tapanta""", +"""Bzyb""", +"""Samurzakan""", +"""Bezhedukh""", +"""Natuzaj""", +"""Shapsug""", +"""Xakuchi""", +"""Ubykh""", +"""Kituhwa""", +"""Otali""", +"""Overhill-Middle Cherokee""", +"""Laurentian""", +"""Oneida""", +"""Onondaga""", +"""Seneca""", +"""Susquehannock""", +"""Tuscarora""", +"""Wyandot""", +"""Tsafiki""", +"""Totoro""", +"""Canari""", +"""Miriei""", +"""Moi""", +"""Tinam""", +"""Uran""", +"""Mansim""", +"""Western Coastal Tasmanian""", +"""Kiowa""", +"""Nambe""", +"""Pojoaque""", +"""San Ildefonso""", +"""San Juan""", +"""Santa Clara""", +"""Tesuque""", +"""Sandia""", +"""Taos""", +"""Picuris Northern Tiwa""", +"""Arabela""", +"""Záparo""", +"""Nungali""", +"""Ngarnga""", +"""Gudandji""", +"""Wambaya""", +"""Kvanxidatl""", +"""Munin""", +"""Rikvani""", +"""Zilo""", +"""Tindi""", +"""Zibirkhalin""", +"""Godoberi""", +"""Gakvari""", +"""Gigatl""", +"""Tokita""", +"""Andalal-Gxdatl""", +"""Bacadin""", +"""Batlux""", +"""Hid""", +"""Karax""", +"""Kaxib""", +"""Keleb""", +"""Kunzakh""", +"""Salatav""", +"""Shulanin""", +"""Untib""", +"""Zakataly""", +"""Zaqatala""", +"""Bezhta""", +"""Tlyadaly""", +"""Hunzib""", +"""Xvarshi""", +"""Chirag""", +"""Cudaxar""", +"""Dejbuk""", +"""Itsari""", +"""Kajtak""", +"""Kubachi""", +"""Muirin""", +"""Sirzin""", +"""Uraxa-Axusha""", +"""Xarbuk""", +"""Khinalugh""", +"""Kumux""", +"""Vicxin""", +"""Vixlin""", +"""Gekxun""", +"""Keren""", +"""Koshan""", +"""Anykh""", +"""Garkin""", +"""Gjunej""", +"""Kiuri""", +"""Kubachi""", +"""Quba""", +"""Stal""", +"""Yergyuch""", +"""Dzhek""", +"""Kryz""", +"""Xaput""", +"""Yergyudzh""", +"""Ixreko-Muxrek""", +"""Shina""", +"""Mikik""", +"""Misles""", +"""Oghuz""", +"""Oktomberi""", +"""Melkhin""", +"""Ploskost""", +"""Ingush""", +"""Islands Estonian""", +"""Middle Estonian""", +"""Northwestern Estonian""", +"""Northeastern Coastal Estonian""", +"""Seto""", +"""Tartu""", +"""Lower Luzh""", +"""Oredezh""", +"""Soykin""", +"""Novgorod""", +"""Olonets Karelian""", +"""Southern Karelian""", +"""Tver""", +"""Livvi""", +"""Western Livonian""", +"""Ludian""", +"""Häme""", +"""Peräpohja""", +"""Savo""", +"""South Pohjanmaa""", +"""Southeastern Finnish""", +"""Southwestern Finnish""", +"""Kven Finnish""", +"""Torne Valley Finnish""", +"""Vittangi Finnish""", +"""Prionezh""", +"""Southern Veps""", +"""West Vod""", +"""Csango""", +"""Danube-Tisza""", +"""King's Pass Hungarian""", +"""Northeast Hungarian""", +"""Northwest Hungarian""", +"""Oberwart""", +"""Székely""", +"""West Danube""", +"""West Hungarian""", +"""Surgut Khanty""", +"""Northern Khanti""", +"""Southern Khanti""", +"""Vach""", +"""Southern Khanty""", +"""Northern Vogul""", +"""Southern Vogul""", +"""Western Vogul""", +"""Yaran""", +"""Moksha""", +"""South Permyak""", +"""Zyuzdin""", +"""South Udmurt""", +"""Inari Sami""", +"""Kemi Sami""", +"""Yokan""", +"""Ter Sami""", +"""Torne""", +"""Pite Sami""", +"""Ume Sami""", +"""Tundra Enets""", +"""Tundra Yurak""", +"""Koibal""", +"""Samoyed Koibal""", +"""Srednyaya Ob-Ket""", +"""Taz""", +"""Tym""", +"""Mator""", +"""Taigi""", +"""Khatang""", +"""Kiksht""", +"""Klatsop""", +"""Chinuk Wawa""", +"""Wasco-Wishram""", +"""Southern Ninam""", +"""Western Yanomami""", +"""Nanomam""", +"""Yanamam""", +"""Yanomam""", +"""Yanomay""", +"""Yaroame""", +"""Yanoma""", +"""Huambisa""", +"""Shuar""", +"""Sliammon""", +"""Cowichan""", +"""Musqueam""", +"""Nanaimo""", +"""Southern Lushootseed""", +"""Muckleshoot""", +"""Nisqually""", +"""Puyallup""", +"""Snoqualmie""", +"""Suquh""", +"""Nooksack""", +"""Pentlatch""", +"""Sechelt""", +"""Squamish""", +"""Saanich""", +"""Samish""", +"""Semiahmoo""", +"""Songish""", +"""Sooke""", +"""Ts'ooke""", +"""Skokomish""", +"""Western Shuswap""", +"""Thompson""", +"""Wenatchi""", +"""Pend D'oreille""", +"""Spokane""", +"""Lake""", +"""Sanpoil""", +"""Southern Okanogan""", +"""Tillamook""", +"""Upper Chehalis""", +"""Marti Ke""", +"""Maridjabin""", +"""Marri Yedi""", +"""Marridan""", +"""Marrisjabin""", +"""Marithiel""", +"""Mariyedi""", +"""Marriammu""", +"""Manda""", +"""Maranunggu""", +"""Saburi""", +"""Tallau""", +"""Shatt""", +"""Eref""", +"""Gadjira""", +"""Sila""", +"""Njalgulgule""", +"""Nyala""", +"""Aka-Kede""", +"""Oko-Juwoi""", +"""Aka-Cari""", +"""Aka-Kora""", +"""Akar-Bale""", +"""San Francisco""", +"""Santa Clara""", +"""Santa Cruz""", +"""Soledad""", +"""Mutsun""", +"""Rumsen""", +"""Plains Miwok""", +"""Western Central Sierra Miwok""", +"""Northern Sierra Miwok""", +"""Southern Sierra Miwok""", +"""Huimen""", +"""Marin Miwok""", +"""Lake Miwok""", +"""Muguani""", +"""Akabafa""", +"""Averi""", +"""Chimona""", +"""Dea""", +"""Jimuni""", +"""Karira""", +"""Mesari""", +"""Minjori""", +"""Muaturaina""", +"""Nami""", +"""Numba""", +"""Oko""", +"""Wakue""", +"""Gora-Bomahouji""", +"""Zuwadza""", +"""Lahada""", +"""Omani""", +"""West Koita""", +"""Mountain Koiali""", +"""Viryal""", +"""Yakut""", +"""South Quchani""", +"""West Quchani""", +"""Cawdur""", +"""Esari""", +"""Goklen""", +"""Khasarli""", +"""Nerezim""", +"""Nokhurli""", +"""Salyr""", +"""Saryq""", +"""Teke""", +"""Yomud""", +"""Kuvakan""", +"""Yurmaty""", +"""Tevriz""", +"""Tobol""", +"""Tyumen""", +"""Zabolotny""", +"""Tom""", +"""Kasimov""", +"""Middle Tatar""", +"""Tepter""", +"""Ural""", +"""Western Tatar""", +"""Pecheneg""", +"""Southeastern Karakalpak""", +"""Southern Kazakh""", +"""Western Kazakh""", +"""Southern Kirghiz""", +"""Central Nogai""", +"""White Nogai""", +"""Northern Crimean""", +"""Southern Crimean""", +"""Urum""", +"""Karachay""", +"""Galits""", +"""Northwestern Karaim""", +"""Trakay""", +"""Krymchak""", +"""Khaikent""", +"""Khasavyurt""", +"""Mengda""", +"""Aynallu""", +"""Baharlu""", +"""Bayat""", +"""Karapapakh""", +"""Kars""", +"""Kirkuk""", +"""Moqaddam""", +"""Nafar""", +"""Pishagchi""", +"""Qajar""", +"""Qaragozlu""", +"""Shahsavani""", +"""Tabriz""", +"""Kipchak""", +"""Oghuz""", +"""Southern Uzbek""", +"""Baku""", +"""Borcala""", +"""Derbend""", +"""Ganja""", +"""Karapapak""", +"""Lenkaran""", +"""Nakhchivan""", +"""Nukha""", +"""Ordubad""", +"""Qabala""", +"""Qazakh""", +"""Quba""", +"""Qyzylbash""", +"""Salyan""", +"""Shamakhi""", +"""Shusha""", +"""Terekeme""", +"""Yerevan""", +"""Zaqatala""", +"""Salchuq""", +"""Maritime Gagauzi""", +"""Gerlovo Turks""", +"""Karamanli""", +"""Kyzylbash""", +"""Surguch""", +"""Tozluk Turks""", +"""Yuruk""", +"""Dinler""", +"""Edirne""", +"""Eskisehir""", +"""Gaziantep""", +"""Karamanli""", +"""Razgrad""", +"""Rumelian""", +"""Urfa""", +"""West Yugur""", +"""Ili Turki""", +"""Old Uighur""", +"""Akto Türkmen""", +"""Central Uyghur""", +"""Charchan""", +"""Dolan""", +"""Hotan""", +"""Ili""", +"""Kashgar-Yarkand""", +"""Khotan-Kerya""", +"""Kucha""", +"""Kumul""", +"""Lop""", +"""Lopnor""", +"""Qarashahr""", +"""Turfan""", +"""Urumqi""", +"""Yengi Hissar""", +"""Talangit""", +"""Middle Chulym""", +"""Northeastern Tuvin""", +"""Southeastern Tuvin""", +"""Tuba-Kizhi""", +"""Western Tuvin""", +"""Kacha""", +"""Kamassian""", +"""Kyzyl""", +"""Sagai""", +"""Shor""", +"""Mrassa""", +"""Turkic Khalaj""", +"""Dorasque""", +"""Sabanero""", +"""Valiente""", +"""Chuana""", +"""Teribe""", +"""Coroma""", +"""Salitre-Cabagra""", +"""Estrella""", +"""Telire""", +"""Ujarrás""", +"""Malayo""", +"""Chimila""", +"""Duit""", +"""Barro Negro Tunebo""", +"""Central Tunebo""", +"""Western Tunebo""", +"""Maléku Jaíka""", +"""Rama""", +"""Pech""", +"""Kusgilo""", +"""Chali""", +"""Koma of Begi""", +"""Koma of Daga""", +"""Uduk""", +"""Marensé""", +"""Koyraboro Senni Songhai""", +"""Tondi Songway Kiini""", +"""Koyra Chiini""", +"""Tadaksahak""", +"""Azawagh""", +"""Tasawaq""", +"""Cuchudua""", +"""Jurua""", +"""Mamoria""", +"""Pauini""", +"""Tukurina""", +"""Paumarm""", +"""Uaiai""", +"""Suruahá""", +"""Apalachee""", +"""Koasati""", +"""Seminole""", +"""Mikasuki""", +"""Choctaw""", +"""Mahas""", +"""Old Nubian""", +"""Haraza""", +"""Kenuzi""", +"""Kafir""", +"""Kuldaji""", +"""Kurtala""", +"""Kururu""", +"""Kadaru""", +"""Uncunwee""", +"""Dilling""", +"""El Hugeirat""", +"""Karko""", +"""Wali""", +"""Shelkota""", +"""Urrti""", +"""Ketiar Krau""", +"""Krau""", +"""Kuala Tembeling""", +"""Pulau Guai""", +"""Ulu Ceres""", +"""Ulu Tembeling""", +"""Jarum""", +"""Jeher""", +"""Kedah""", +"""Kensiu Batu""", +"""Kensiu Siong""", +"""Kentaq Nakil""", +"""Plus""", +"""Ulu Selama""", +"""Kintaq""", +"""Batek Iga""", +"""Batek Nong""", +"""Batek Teq""", +"""Jehai""", +"""Minriq""", +"""Mintil""", +"""Sabüm""", +"""Semnam""", +"""Kenderong""", +"""Kenering""", +"""Lanoh Kobak""", +"""Po-Klo""", +"""Sakai of Plus Korbu""", +"""Sungai Piah""", +"""Tanjong Rambutan""", +"""Tembe'""", +"""Ulu Kinta""", +"""Bidor""", +"""Bil""", +"""Cameron""", +"""Jelai""", +"""Lipis""", +"""Orang Tanjong of Ulu Langat""", +"""Perak I""", +"""Perak II""", +"""Sungkai""", +"""Telom""", +"""Ulu Kampar""", +"""Kuala Langot Besisi""", +"""Malakka Besisi""", +"""Selangor Sakai""", +"""Sisi""", +"""Ulu Langat Orang Bukit""", +"""Semelai""", +"""Temoq""", +"""Traw""", +"""Talieng""", +"""Bahnar Bonom""", +"""Golar""", +"""Jolong""", +"""Kontum""", +"""Krem""", +"""Tolo""", +"""Monom""", +"""Hre""", +"""Rabah""", +"""Sedang-Rengao""", +"""Western Rengao""", +"""Dak Sut Sedang""", +"""Greater Sedang""", +"""Kon Hring Sedang""", +"""Kotua Sedang""", +"""Todrah""", +"""Katua""", +"""Jeh Mang Ram""", +"""Kayong""", +"""Romam""", +"""Takua""", +"""Kalop""", +"""Kodu""", +"""Lac""", +"""Laya""", +"""Nop""", +"""Pru""", +"""Rion""", +"""Sop""", +"""Sre""", +"""Tala""", +"""Tring""", +"""Maa""", +"""Chalun""", +"""Dor""", +"""Jro""", +"""Mro""", +"""Prang""", +"""Tamun""", +"""Vajieng""", +"""Voqtwaq""", +"""Mnong Gar""", +"""Mnong Kwanh""", +"""Mnong Rolom""", +"""Bu Dang""", +"""Bu Nar""", +"""Bu Rung""", +"""Dih Bri""", +"""Préh""", +"""Kraol""", +"""Prang""", +"""Bulo""", +"""Tampuan""", +"""Kru'ng 2""", +"""Sou""", +"""Nyaheun""", +"""Kranyeu""", +"""Riyao""", +"""Tamal Euy""", +"""Sok""", +"""Trieng""", +"""Western Katu""", +"""Phuong""", +"""Tong""", +"""Ong""", +"""Kamuan'""", +"""Leem""", +"""Palee'n""", +"""Pasoom""", +"""Bru Kok Sa-At""", +"""Mangkong""", +"""Tri""", +"""Western Bru""", +"""So Phong""", +"""So Slouy""", +"""So Trong""", +"""Kuay""", +"""Kuy Anthua""", +"""Kuy Antra""", +"""Kuy May""", +"""Kuy Mlor""", +"""Nheu""", +"""Nyeu""", +"""Cherrapunji""", +"""Khynrium""", +"""Lyngngam""", +"""Khasi""", +"""War""", +"""Batau""", +"""Jowai""", +"""Lakadong""", +"""Martiang""", +"""Mynso""", +"""Nongtalang""", +"""Raliang""", +"""Rymbai""", +"""Shangpung""", +"""Sumer""", +"""Sutnga""", +"""Nongtung""", +"""Megam""", +"""War-Khasi""", +"""Man Met""", +"""Mok""", +"""Tai Loi""", +"""U""", +"""Kháng Clau""", +"""Upper Lamet""", +"""Phang""", +"""Samtao""", +"""Phang""", +"""Kentung Wa""", +"""La""", +"""Son""", +"""Wa Lon""", +"""Wu""", +"""Parauk""", +"""Palaung-Riang""", +"""Raojin""", +"""Shwe Palaung""", +"""Yinchia""", +"""Rumai Palaung""", +"""Southern Khmer""", +"""Sisaket""", +"""Surin""", +"""Old Khmer""", +"""Khroong""", +"""Luang Prabang""", +"""Lyy""", +"""Rok""", +"""Sayabury""", +"""U""", +"""Yuan""", +"""Khuen""", +"""Mlabri""", +"""Mal""", +"""Phai""", +"""Pray 3""", +"""Phong-Kniang""", +"""Theen""", +"""Puoc""", +"""Bugan""", +"""Kemiehua""", +"""Mang""", +"""Pegu""", +"""Ye""", +"""Nyahkur""", +"""Old Mon""", +"""Manjhi""", +"""Bijori""", +"""Birhor""", +"""Lohara""", +"""Mundari""", +"""Koda""", +"""Majhwar""", +"""Turi""", +"""Mahali""", +"""Karmali""", +"""Lohari-Santali""", +"""Mahali""", +"""Manjhi""", +"""Paharia""", +"""Bouriya""", +"""Mawasi""", +"""Ruma""", +"""Plains Geta'""", +"""Munda Orissa Gadaba""", +"""Upper Bondo""", +"""Juang""", +"""Dudh Kharia""", +"""Mirdha-Kharia""", +"""Sora""", +"""Katchal""", +"""Nancowry""", +"""Trinkut""", +"""Great Nicobar""", +"""Little Nicobar""", +"""Milo""", +"""Sambelong""", +"""Tafwap""", +"""Somray""", +"""Sa'och""", +"""Suoy""", +"""Ruc""", +"""Sach""", +"""Kha Phong""", +"""Malang""", +"""Malieng""", +"""Maleng""", +"""Pakatan""", +"""Ly Ha""", +"""Phong""", +"""Toum""", +"""Mon""", +"""Boi Bi""", +"""Moi 1""", +"""Mol""", +"""Mual""", +"""Thang""", +"""Wang""", +"""Nguôn""", +"""Northern Vietnamese""", +"""Southern Vietnamese""", +"""Western Isirawa""", +"""Kauwera""", +"""Kwerba Mamberamo""", +"""Sasawa""", +"""Serikenam""", +"""Trimuris""", +"""Samarokena""", +"""Charrúa""", +"""Güenoa""", +"""Gooniyandi""", +"""Buniabura""", +"""Doma""", +"""Jari""", +"""Mori""", +"""Moikodi""", +"""Nawaru""", +"""Yareba""", +"""Katawixi""", +"""Yameo""", +"""Yagua""", +"""Mena""", +"""Meni""", +"""Pimuru""", +"""Utabi""", +"""Mouwase""", +"""Southern Yukaghir""", +"""Northern Yukaghir""", +"""Yukaghir Omok""", +"""Ibaraki""", +"""Tochigi""", +"""Chichibu""", +"""Gunma""", +"""Kanagawa""", +"""Tama""", +"""Shitamachi""", +"""Morioka""", +"""Nambu""", +"""Shimokita""", +"""Shōnai""", +"""Tsugaru""", +"""Fukushima""", +"""Kesen""", +"""Mogami""", +"""Sendai""", +"""Yamagata""", +"""Yonezawa""", +"""Nagaoka""", +"""Niigata""", +"""Uonuma""", +"""Western Mikawa""", +"""Mino""", +"""Nagoya""", +"""Izu""", +"""Hokushin""", +"""Nanshin""", +"""Okushin""", +"""Tōshin""", +"""Shizuoka""", +"""Yamanashi""", +"""Hachijō""", +"""Ōmuta-ben""", +"""Chikuho-ben""", +"""Hakata-ben""", +"""Hita-ben""", +"""Kumamoto-ben""", +"""Sasebo-ben""", +"""Saga-ben""", +"""Tsushima-ben""", +"""Miyazaki-ben""", +"""Ōita-ben""", +"""Osumi-ben""", +"""Satsuma-ben""", +"""Hiroshima""", +"""Iwami""", +"""Okayama""", +"""Tajima""", +"""Tango""", +"""Tottori""", +"""Yamaguchi""", +"""Kanazawa""", +"""Noto""", +"""Sado""", +"""Toyama""", +"""Kobe""", +"""Gosho""", +"""Muromachi""", +"""Maizuru""", +"""Ise""", +"""Shima""", +"""Oku-yoshino""", +"""Shiga""", +"""Wakasa""", +"""Wakayama""", +"""Semba""", +"""Senshū""", +"""Iyo-ben""", +"""Kagawa-ben""", +"""Tokushima-ben""", +"""Yonago-ben""", +"""Yilan Creole Japanese""", +"""Old Japanese""", +"""West Oki-No-Erabu""", +"""Sani""", +"""Southern Amami-Oshima""", +"""Yoron""", +"""Naha""", +"""Shuri""", +"""Torishima""", +"""Hatoma""", +"""Ishigaki""", +"""Kabira""", +"""Kohama""", +"""Kuroshima""", +"""Shiraho""", +"""Sonai""", +"""Taketomi""", +"""Yonaguni""", +"""Miyako-Jima""", +"""Tarama-Minna""", +"""Xinka-Jumaytepeque""", +"""Xinca-Guazacapan""", +"""Xinca-Sinacantan""", +"""Xinca-Yupiltepeque""", +"""New River Shasta""", +"""Shasta""", +"""Woccon""", +"""Nakota""", +"""Southern Stoney""", +"""Ponca""", +"""Osage""", +"""Quapaw""", +"""Wisconsin""", +"""Missouria""", +"""Oto""", +"""Hidatsa""", +"""Ofo""", +"""Tutelo""", +"""NE Tasmanian Dialect Chain""", +"""Kaluli""", +"""Ologo""", +"""Walulu""", +"""Sonia""", +"""Kasua""", +"""Onobasulu""", +"""North Beami""", +"""Western Edolo""", +"""Moskona""", +"""Yugh""", +"""Pumpokol""", +"""Kott""", +"""Karitiâna""", +"""Kayabí""", +"""Xingú Asuriní""", +"""Tambéopé""", +"""Tembekuá""", +"""Teüi""", +"""Pai Tavytera""", +"""Izoceño""", +"""Tapieté""", +"""Western Bolivian Guaraní""", +"""Xetá""", +"""Pauserna""", +"""Sirionó""", +"""Yuqui""", +"""Cocamilla""", +"""Curacirari""", +"""Curucicuri""", +"""Paguana""", +"""Tupinambá""", +"""Tupí""", +"""Suruí Do Pará""", +"""Tocantins Asurini""", +"""Tembe""", +"""Turiwára""", +"""Apiaká""", +"""Júma""", +"""Karipúna""", +"""Paranawát""", +"""Kagwahiv""", +"""Karipuna Jaci Paraná""", +"""Mialát""", +"""Tenharim""", +"""Parintintín""", +"""Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau""", +"""Wiraféd""", +"""Guajá""", +"""Tacunyape""", +"""Urubú-Kaapor""", +"""Wajapuku""", +"""Zo'é""", +"""Xipaya""", +"""Sateré-Mawé""", +"""Cinta Larga""", +"""Zoró""", +"""Salamãi""", +"""Suruí""", +"""Mundurukú""", +"""Urumi""", +"""Sakirabia""", +"""Kepkiriwát""", +"""Tuparí""", +"""Wayoró""", +"""Tabajari""", +"""Tyrewuju""", +"""Mayongong""", +"""Wayumara""", +"""Palmela""", +"""Pauxi""", +"""Urucuiana""", +"""Yebarana""", +"""Matipuhy""", +"""Pimenteira""", +"""Coyaima""", +"""Rio Negro""", +"""Río Casacará""", +"""Río Maracas""", +"""Yrapa""", +"""De'cuana""", +"""Ihuruana""", +"""Pawiyana""", +"""Sikiana""", +"""Ikpeng""", +"""Pará Arára""", +"""Yaruma""", +"""Cumanagoto""", +"""Pémono""", +"""Wokiare""", +"""Pauxiana""", +"""Sapara""", +"""Tamanaku""", +"""Patamona""", +"""Macushi""", +"""Camaracota""", +"""Camaracoto""", +"""Ingariko""", +"""Taulipang""", +"""Taurepan""", +"""Jawaperi""", +"""Waimiri""", +"""Ferejdan""", +"""Fereydan""", +"""Gurian""", +"""Imeretian""", +"""Imerxev""", +"""Imerxev Kartlian""", +"""Ingilo""", +"""Kaxetian""", +"""Meskhur-Javakhuri""", +"""Moxev""", +"""Mtiul""", +"""Pshav""", +"""Racha-Lexchxum""", +"""Tush""", +"""Xevsur""", +"""Old Georgian""", +"""Chxala""", +"""Samurzakan-Zugdidi""", +"""Senaki""", +"""Vice-Arxava""", +"""Xopa""", +"""Mingrelian""", +"""Lentex""", +"""Lower Bal""", +"""Upper Bal""", +"""Parecís""", +"""Saraveca""", +"""Waurá""", +"""Yawalapití""", +"""Palikúr""", +"""Quirruba""", +"""Maipure""", +"""Yavitero""", +"""Apolista""", +"""Toa""", +"""Wayuu""", +"""Western Garifuna""", +"""Lokono""", +"""Taino""", +"""Baré""", +"""Guinau""", +"""Yabaâna""", +"""Siusy-Tapuya""", +"""Unhun""", +"""Tariana""", +"""Cabiyarí""", +"""Piapoco""", +"""Warekena Velha""", +"""Uainuma-Mariate""", +"""Yucuna""", +"""Resígaro""", +"""Passe""", +"""Maragua""", +"""Manao""", +"""Uirina""", +"""Xiriâna""", +"""Mapidian""", +"""Mawakwa""", +"""Atorai""", +"""Joaquiniano""", +"""Magiana""", +"""Loreto""", +"""Paunaca""", +"""Guana""", +"""Tereno""", +"""Ashéninka Pajonal""", +"""Ashéninka Perené""", +"""Pichis Ashéninka""", +"""Ucayali-Yurúa Ashéninka""", +"""Asháninka""", +"""Caquinte""", +"""Nanti""", +"""Nomatsiguenga""", +"""Pacaguara-Mercier""", +"""Machinere""", +"""Yine""", +"""Morike""", +"""Yanesha'""", +"""Southern Limba""", +"""Western Limba""", +"""Mansoanka""", +"""Mbulungish""", +"""Krim""", +"""Mmani""", +"""Peninsula Sherbro""", +"""Shenge Sherbro""", +"""Sitia Sherbro""", +"""Liaro""", +"""Teng""", +"""Tung""", +"""Tengia""", +"""Warn""", +"""Deng""", +"""Kongba""", +"""Kongbaa""", +"""Kpo""", +"""Managobla""", +"""Senje""", +"""Tee""", +"""Toldil""", +"""Baga Manduri""", +"""Bombali""", +"""Kholifa""", +"""Konike""", +"""Koya""", +"""Malal""", +"""Masingbi""", +"""Ribia""", +"""Sanda""", +"""Western Temne""", +"""Yoni""", +"""Nalu""", +"""Fjaalib""", +"""Kantohe""", +"""Mane""", +"""Naga""", +"""Cur""", +"""Likes-Utsia""", +"""Lund""", +"""Sarar""", +"""Teixeira Pinto""", +"""Tsaamo""", +"""Yu""", +"""Shadal""", +"""Papel""", +"""Bliss""", +"""Esulalu""", +"""Fluvial""", +"""Huluf""", +"""Selek""", +"""Kerak""", +"""Mlomp""", +"""Kuwaataay""", +"""Elun""", +"""Bandial""", +"""Gusilay""", +"""Fonyi""", +"""Kalounaye""", +"""Kombo""", +"""Narang""", +"""Kagbaaga""", +"""Kajoko""", +"""Kamona""", +"""Biafada""", +"""Padee""", +"""Saawii""", +"""Palor""", +"""Diobass""", +"""Hasab""", +"""Sebikotane""", +"""Sindia""", +"""Gunyamoolo""", +"""Bainouk-Gunyuno""", +"""Gubeeher-Gufangor-Gubelor""", +"""Northeast Bainounk""", +"""Kobiana""", +"""Kano-Katsina""", +"""Sokoto""", +"""Barkoundouba""", +"""Bitinkoore""", +"""Bogandé""", +"""Dallol""", +"""Fada Ngurma""", +"""Gourmantche""", +"""Jelgoore""", +"""Liptaakoore""", +"""Ouhiguyua""", +"""Seeba-Yaga""", +"""Garoua""", +"""Gombe""", +"""Kambariire""", +"""Maroua""", +"""Ngaondéré""", +"""Nomadic Fulfulde""", +"""Bagirmi Fulfulde""", +"""Bakuure""", +"""Djougoure""", +"""Korakuure""", +"""Tchabankeere""", +"""Western Macina""", +"""Kebu Fula""", +"""Krio Fula""", +"""Toucouleur""", +"""Fadyut-Palmerin""", +"""Niominka""", +"""Segum""", +"""Sine""", +"""Bassari""", +"""Bedik""", +"""Wamey""", +"""Lebu Wolof""", +"""Cayor""", +"""Dyolof""", +"""Jander""", +"""Lebou""", +"""Ndyanger""", +"""Ase""", +"""Daja""", +"""Efifa""", +"""Esuku""", +"""Gedegede""", +"""Ibaram""", +"""Ikorom""", +"""Iyani""", +"""Usokun""", +"""Inedua""", +"""Ogua""", +"""Zarama""", +"""Avianwu""", +"""Aviele""", +"""Ekperi""", +"""Ivhiadaobi""", +"""South Ibie""", +"""Uwepa-Uwano""", +"""Uzairue""", +"""Iuleha""", +"""Ivhimion""", +"""Ora""", +"""Igueben""", +"""Igwe""", +"""Ikpeshi""", +"""Sasaru""", +"""Ivbie North""", +"""Okpela""", +"""Ososo""", +"""Uhami""", +"""Ukue""", +"""Makeke""", +"""Oja""", +"""Ojirami""", +"""Oma""", +"""Bekuma""", +"""Ebunn-Oke""", +"""Ebunn-Ugbo""", +"""Eko""", +"""Ekpe""", +"""Igbo-Ola-Oke""", +"""Igbo-Ola-Sale""", +"""Ikaran-Ele""", +"""Ikaran-Oke""", +"""Ikpesa""", +"""Imoga""", +"""Lankpese""", +"""Ogbe-Oke""", +"""Ogbe-Sale""", +"""Ogugu""", +"""Onumo""", +"""Okpe""", +"""Oloma""", +"""Elu""", +"""Emede""", +"""Enhwe""", +"""Ibiede""", +"""Imiv""", +"""Irri""", +"""Itebiege""", +"""Iwire""", +"""Iyede""", +"""Iyede-Ami""", +"""Iyowo""", +"""Ofagbe""", +"""Ole""", +"""Olomoro""", +"""Owe""", +"""Oyede""", +"""Ozoro""", +"""Ume""", +"""Unogboko""", +"""Uti""", +"""Uzere""", +"""Okpe""", +"""Agbon""", +"""Udu""", +"""Ujevwe""", +"""Uvbie""", +"""Lamja""", +"""Tola""", +"""Samba Daka""", +"""Samba Jangani""", +"""Samba Nnakenyare""", +"""Samba of Mapeo""", +"""Taram""", +"""Gaa""", +"""Nyanjang""", +"""Nyasunda""", +"""Njanga""", +"""Ju Naare""", +"""Langa""", +"""Sunu Torbi""", +"""Njerep""", +"""Yeni""", +"""Somyev""", +"""Twendi""", +"""Ndunda""", +"""Kumbere""", +"""Nduvum""", +"""Ngoro""", +"""Nudoo""", +"""Nugane""", +"""Nujum""", +"""Vute Mbanjo""", +"""Nizaa""", +"""Gambai""", +"""Kong""", +"""Mankim""", +"""Nditam""", +"""Tige""", +"""Twumwu""", +"""Mashi""", +"""Naki""", +"""Ncane""", +"""Noone""", +"""Nsari""", +"""Bekwarra""", +"""Bete""", +"""Basua""", +"""Boje""", +"""Boki""", +"""Boorim""", +"""Eastern Bokyi""", +"""Irruan""", +"""Iruan""", +"""Kwakwagom""", +"""Nsadop""", +"""Oku""", +"""Osokom""", +"""Oyokom""", +"""Wula""", +"""Bumaji""", +"""Bebi""", +"""Bishiri""", +"""Bisu""", +"""Busi""", +"""Obe""", +"""Oboso""", +"""Okorogung""", +"""Okorotung""", +"""Utugwang""", +"""Ubang""", +"""Ukpe""", +"""Bishuo""", +"""Buru""", +"""Busuu""", +"""Ekajuk""", +"""Nnam""", +"""Nsele""", +"""Nta""", +"""Obang""", +"""Southern Ejagham""", +"""Bendeghe Etung""", +"""Ekwe""", +"""Northern Etung""", +"""Southern Etung""", +"""Nkum""", +"""Ekparabong""", +"""Ikumtale""", +"""Odaje""", +"""Fang""", +"""Nagumi""", +"""Labir""", +"""Guru""", +"""Gar Duguri""", +"""Northeast Duguri""", +"""Southwest Duguri""", +"""Bobar""", +"""Gingwak""", +"""Kanam""", +"""Ligri""", +"""Kulung""", +"""Mbaru""", +"""Ruhu""", +"""Mama""", +"""Mbula""", +"""Koshin""", +"""Basho""", +"""Bitieku""", +"""Takamanda""", +"""Kendem""", +"""Lower Kenyang""", +"""Upper Kenyang""", +"""Mbu'""", +"""Mundabli""", +"""Bakundumu""", +"""Bekeni""", +"""Bemili""", +"""Kyanzi""", +"""Suwa""", +"""Bera""", +"""Nyaku""", +"""Kaiku""", +"""Kango""", +"""Komo""", +"""Uélé""", +"""Buru""", +"""Hanga""", +"""Tungu""", +"""Benge""", +"""Kiba""", +"""Leboa-Le""", +"""Yewu""", +"""Mongbapele""", +"""Ndundusana""", +"""Liliká""", +"""Lilikó""", +"""Ngbee""", +"""Nyanga-li""", +"""Ngbinda""", +"""Boguru""", +"""Enenga""", +"""Galwa""", +"""Mpongwe""", +"""Nkomi""", +"""Orungu""", +"""Pinji""", +"""Simba""", +"""Tsogo""", +"""Viya""", +"""Kpa""", +"""Letia""", +"""Lefa""", +"""Tingong""", +"""Tibea""", +"""Barombi""", +"""Bisoo""", +"""Mbang""", +"""Yabyang""", +"""Yakalak""", +"""Yapoma""", +"""Yassuku""", +"""Basso""", +"""Bibeng""", +"""Bon""", +"""Diboum""", +"""Log""", +"""Mbang""", +"""Mpo""", +"""Ndokama""", +"""Ndokbele""", +"""Ndokpenda""", +"""Nyamtam""", +"""Mahongwe""", +"""Wumbvu""", +"""Osamayi""", +"""Ngom""", +"""Sake""", +"""Western Kele""", +"""Tombidi""", +"""Balong""", +"""Mwambong""", +"""Mwamenam""", +"""Ninong""", +"""Northern Bakossi""", +"""Southern Bakossi""", +"""Western Bakossi""", +"""Bafun""", +"""Balondo""", +"""Baneka""", +"""Manehas""", +"""Bakaka""", +"""Kekem""", +"""Melong""", +"""Santchou""", +"""Nkongho""", +"""Mvumbo""", +"""Kwasio""", +"""Shiwa""", +"""Besembo""", +"""Mbonjoku""", +"""Ngbako""", +"""Beten""", +"""Kwakum""", +"""Til""", +"""Bobili""", +"""Dondi""", +"""Mambaya""", +"""Pori Kinda""", +"""Jasoa""", +"""Mpyemo""", +"""Kamsili""", +"""Ukhwejo""", +"""Piiga""", +"""Kunabembe""", +"""Mbobyeng""", +"""Menzime""", +"""Mpomam""", +"""Bomwali""", +"""Byep""", +"""Bikeng""", +"""Kol North""", +"""Kol South""", +"""Mbwaanz""", +"""Sekunda""", +"""Melan So""", +"""Nzime""", +"""Njyem""", +"""Yambe""", +"""Bapuku""", +"""Batanga""", +"""Benga""", +"""Bomudi""", +"""Moganda""", +"""Bodele""", +"""Bomui""", +"""Bweko""", +"""Iyasa""", +"""Mapanga""", +"""Marry""", +"""Mogana""", +"""Mooma""", +"""One""", +"""Vendo""", +"""Mungo""", +"""Oli""", +"""Pongo""", +"""Malimba""", +"""Isu""", +"""Oli-Bidiman""", +"""Ekombe""", +"""Lokoko""", +"""Lokundu""", +"""Lolue""", +"""Londo""", +"""Longolo""", +"""Lotanga""", +"""Mbonge""", +"""Wumboko""", +"""Seki""", +"""Yelinda""", +"""Yembana""", +"""Yengono""", +"""Zaman""", +"""Essele""", +"""Mvo-Nangkok""", +"""Mvog-Namve""", +"""Manyok""", +"""Bebil""", +"""Bafeuk""", +"""Bamvele""", +"""Bane""", +"""Beti""", +"""Enoah""", +"""Evouzok""", +"""Fong""", +"""Mbida-Bani""", +"""Mvete""", +"""Mvog-Niengue""", +"""Omvang""", +"""Yabeka""", +"""Yabekanga""", +"""Yabekolo""", +"""Make""", +"""Mvae""", +"""Ntum""", +"""Ogowe""", +"""Southeast Bobe""", +"""Southwest Bobe""", +"""Mpongo""", +"""Nkole""", +"""Ntomba""", +"""Sakanyi""", +"""Saw""", +"""Soko""", +"""Sengele""", +"""Inja""", +"""Keembo""", +"""Nkimbe""", +"""Yaamba""", +"""Yaikole""", +"""Yaisu""", +"""Yangonda""", +"""Ekonda Mongo""", +"""Konda""", +"""Kutu""", +"""Longo""", +"""Longombe""", +"""Mpama""", +"""Nkundo""", +"""Ntomba-Bikoro""", +"""Ntomba-Inongo""", +"""Panga""", +"""Wangata""", +"""Yalima""", +"""Ngando""", +"""Ngende""", +"""Ngombe""", +"""Ngongo""", +"""Pianga""", +"""Lele""", +"""Wongo""", +"""Djia""", +"""Sakata""", +"""Dengese""", +"""Kusu""", +"""Tetela""", +"""Yela""", +"""Busu Djanga""", +"""Empesa Poko""", +"""Esumbu""", +"""Iliku""", +"""Kangana""", +"""Kumba""", +"""Kunda""", +"""Limpesa""", +"""Lipoto""", +"""Lusengo Poto""", +"""Mongala Poto""", +"""Mongo""", +"""Ngundi""", +"""Bwela""", +"""Tembo""", +"""Poko""", +"""South Lobala""", +"""Tanda""", +"""Zamba""", +"""Loi""", +"""Makutu""", +"""Mampoko""", +"""Lingala""", +"""Moi""", +"""Mpama""", +"""Hamba""", +"""Kongola-Meno""", +"""Lokalo""", +"""Ngongo""", +"""Saka""", +"""Songomeno""", +"""Bembe""", +"""Lipanja""", +"""Lobo""", +"""Mbinga""", +"""Ndobo""", +"""Kutu""", +"""Monia""", +"""Likila""", +"""Litoka""", +"""Bozaba""", +"""Maboko""", +"""Moliba""", +"""Molunga""", +"""Ebuku""", +"""Likaw""", +"""Lingonda""", +"""Bokoy""", +"""Bolupi""", +"""Elowa""", +"""Doko""", +"""Wiindza-Baali""", +"""Mbila""", +"""Monzamboli""", +"""Yaliambi""", +"""Egbuta""", +"""Ndolo""", +"""Kwanga""", +"""Mbowe""", +"""Mbumi""", +"""Mdundulu""", +"""Mishulundu""", +"""Mbowe""", +"""North Kwandu""", +"""South Kwandu""", +"""Mbukushu""", +"""Liyuwa""", +"""Makoma""", +"""Mulonga""", +"""Mwenyi""", +"""Simaa""", +"""Nyengo""", +"""Lombo""", +"""So""", +"""Likolo""", +"""Liutwa""", +"""Lombooki""", +"""Mbesa""", +"""Yari""", +"""Doondo""", +"""Ikeleve""", +"""Western Kituba""", +"""Central Kongo""", +"""East Kongo""", +"""Mboka""", +"""Ndingi""", +"""Nzamba""", +"""South Congo""", +"""South East Kongo""", +"""West Kongo""", +"""San Salvador Kongo""", +"""Suundi""", +"""Hungana""", +"""Suku""", +"""Yaka""", +"""Koyo""", +"""Likwala""", +"""Mbosi""", +"""Northern Bomitaba""", +"""Bonjo""", +"""Bonzio""", +"""Bwaka""", +"""Mbati of Mbaïki""", +"""Ngundi""", +"""Pande""", +"""Basese""", +"""Beka""", +"""Nzari""", +"""Northern Dibole""", +"""Southern Dibole""", +"""Mikaya-Bambengangale-Baluma""", +"""Dikuta""", +"""Luba-Katanga""", +"""Sanga""", +"""Kasenga""", +"""Mikebwe""", +"""Nonda""", +"""Bangubangu""", +"""Sanzi""", +"""Hemba""", +"""Bena Lulua""", +"""Kanyok""", +"""Luna""", +"""Lwalu""", +"""Mbagani""", +"""Western Kalebwe""", +"""Lushangi""", +"""Mashasha""", +"""Mbowela""", +"""Nkoya""", +"""Shasha""", +"""Kanandjoho""", +"""Kuya""", +"""Nyani""", +"""Ngul""", +"""Ombamba""", +"""Keteghe""", +"""Njiningi""", +"""Tegekali""", +"""Tchitchege""", +"""Tsaangi""", +"""Wandji""", +"""Vili of Ngounie""", +"""Sighu""", +"""Mosieno""", +"""Ngee""", +"""Wuumu""", +"""Teke-Kukuya""", +"""Teke-Ebo""", +"""Teke-Tsaayi""", +"""Yaka""", +"""Teke-Tyee""", +"""Yeci""", +"""Yongo""", +"""Phende""", +"""Sonde""", +"""Mbamba""", +"""Ngola""", +"""Njinga""", +"""Nsongo""", +"""Sama""", +"""Luvale""", +"""Mbunda""", +"""Mbwela""", +"""Nkangala""", +"""Nyemba""", +"""Kawiku""", +"""Kosa""", +"""Lunda Kalunda""", +"""Lunda Kambove""", +"""Lunda Ndembu""", +"""Ndembu""", +"""Ruund""", +"""Mbandieru""", +"""Zemba""", +"""Kwaludhi""", +"""Ngandyera""", +"""Mbalanhu""", +"""Ngandyera""", +"""Mwila""", +"""Ndombe""", +"""Umbundu""", +"""Vungunya""", +"""Lumbu""", +"""Ngubi""", +"""Vumbu""", +"""Sira""", +"""Tiene""", +"""Kempee""", +"""Ntswar""", +"""Mpuono""", +"""Songo""", +"""Lwel""", +"""Nzadi""", +"""Lundwe""", +"""Ila""", +"""Twa""", +"""Sala""", +"""Leya""", +"""Mala""", +"""Shanjo""", +"""Toka""", +"""Twa of Kafwe""", +"""We""", +"""Soli""", +"""Totela""", +"""Shanjo""", +"""Kabende""", +"""Lembue""", +"""Lomotua""", +"""Luunda""", +"""Mukula""", +"""Ng'umbo""", +"""Ngoma""", +"""Nwesi""", +"""Shila""", +"""Town Bemba""", +"""Twa of Bangweulu""", +"""Unga""", +"""Bisa""", +"""Lala""", +"""Luano""", +"""Swaka""", +"""Wulima""", +"""Lamba""", +"""Seba""", +"""Nsenga""", +"""Chipoka""", +"""Chitumbuka""", +"""Fililwa""", +"""Fungwe""", +"""Hewe""", +"""Kandawire""", +"""Nenya""", +"""Ngoni""", +"""Nthali""", +"""Poka""", +"""Senga""", +"""Wenya""", +"""Yombe""", +"""Malila""", +"""Nyika""", +"""Nyika""", +"""Mbwila""", +"""Poroto""", +"""Songwe""", +"""Kwa""", +"""Kwaafi""", +"""Nkwaamba""", +"""Ntili""", +"""Peemba""", +"""Siiwa""", +"""Sukuuma""", +"""Rungu""", +"""Tambo""", +"""Pimbwe""", +"""Tongwe""", +"""Rungwa""", +"""Mwamba""", +"""Ngonde""", +"""Nkonde""", +"""Nyakyusa""", +"""Selya""", +"""Kwange""", +"""Mamba""", +"""Semalinga""", +"""Semulu""", +"""Kolo""", +"""Kondoa""", +"""Mondo""", +"""Mbugwe""", +"""Mumoni""", +"""North Kitui""", +"""South Kitui""", +"""Igoji""", +"""Imenti""", +"""Miutini""", +"""Meru""", +"""Tigania""", +"""Ntugi""", +"""Tharaka""", +"""Thagichu""", +"""Embu""", +"""Mathira""", +"""Ndia""", +"""Northern Gikuyu""", +"""Southern Gikuyu""", +"""Mwimbi""", +"""Temi""", +"""Bukira""", +"""Bwirege""", +"""Kiroba""", +"""Nyabasi""", +"""Simbiti""", +"""Sweta""", +"""Suba""", +"""Suba-Simbiti""", +"""Ngurimi""", +"""Ndali""", +"""Siora""", +"""Kara""", +"""Isukha""", +"""Tiriki""", +"""Tachoni""", +"""Kabras""", +"""Ulubukusu""", +"""Ulubuya""", +"""Uludadiri""", +"""Ulukisu""", +"""Kisa""", +"""Marama""", +"""Nyore""", +"""Tachoni""", +"""Tsotso""", +"""Wanga""", +"""Marachi""", +"""Saamia""", +"""West Nyala""", +"""Menya""", +"""Sabi""", +"""Wesa""", +"""Gungu""", +"""Ludiopa""", +"""Luvuma""", +"""Sese""", +"""Gwere""", +"""Singa""", +"""Lamogi""", +"""Tenga""", +"""Syan""", +"""Hororo""", +"""Orutagwenda""", +"""Rutagwenda""", +"""Western Ruli""", +"""Talinga-Bwisi""", +"""Edangabo""", +"""Ekiziba""", +"""Ganda-Kiaka""", +"""Hamba""", +"""Hangiro""", +"""Mwani""", +"""Nyakisisa""", +"""Yoza""", +"""Longo""", +"""Joba""", +"""Nyindu""", +"""Havu""", +"""Hunde""", +"""Lindja""", +"""Longe-Longe""", +"""Ziba""", +"""Tembo""", +"""Shubi""", +"""Bwisha""", +"""Hutu""", +"""Igikiga""", +"""Mulenge""", +"""Rufumbira""", +"""Rutwa""", +"""Rundi""", +"""Rundi-Kitwa""", +"""Vinza""", +"""Sanza""", +"""Kumbule""", +"""Mate""", +"""Nande""", +"""Sanza""", +"""Shu""", +"""Swaga""", +"""Tangi""", +"""Yira""", +"""Mamba""", +"""Marangu""", +"""Mwika""", +"""Mashati""", +"""Mkuu""", +"""Usseri""", +"""Hai""", +"""Masama""", +"""Ng'uni""", +"""Siha""", +"""Gweno""", +"""Gimba""", +"""Kasigau""", +"""Kishamba""", +"""Mugange""", +"""Teri""", +"""Chawia""", +"""Mbale""", +"""Mbololo""", +"""Mwanda""", +"""Werugha""", +"""Ngazidja Comorian""", +"""Shindzwani""", +"""Ndzwani Comorian""", +"""Duruma""", +"""Jibana""", +"""Kambe""", +"""Kauma""", +"""Giryama""", +"""Rabai""", +"""Ribe""", +"""Segeju""", +"""Kinakomba""", +"""Malalulu""", +"""Ndera""", +"""Ndura""", +"""Zubaki""", +"""Katanga Swahili""", +"""Kivu Swahili""", +"""Lualaba Kingwana""", +"""Cutchi-Swahili""", +"""Interior Makwe""", +"""Nkojo""", +"""Nsimbwa""", +"""Wibo""", +"""Bajuni""", +"""Fundi""", +"""Matondoni""", +"""Mgao""", +"""Mrima""", +"""Mvita""", +"""Mwini""", +"""Pate""", +"""Pemba""", +"""Shamba""", +"""Siu""", +"""Unguja""", +"""Taveta""", +"""Zaramo""", +"""Kwere""", +"""Doe""", +"""Luguru""", +"""Megi""", +"""Tumba""", +"""Nyaugogo""", +"""Tumba""", +"""Shambala""", +"""Zigula""", +"""Kondoa""", +"""Kweny""", +"""Nkwifiya""", +"""Vidunda""", +"""Hehe""", +"""Ngoni""", +"""Vwanji""", +"""Konongo""", +"""Nyanyembe""", +"""Takama""", +"""Kiya""", +"""Sumbwa""", +"""Holoholo""", +"""North Binja""", +"""South Binja""", +"""Ibanda""", +"""Isopo""", +"""Iyoko""", +"""Lusenge""", +"""Mizulo""", +"""Kigyoma""", +"""Kinyabanga""", +"""Kinyamunsange""", +"""Kisede""", +"""Liliga""", +"""Mokpa""", +"""Ikumbure""", +"""Inyanga""", +"""Itiri""", +"""Ginyamunyinganyi""", +"""Girwana""", +"""Pogolo""", +"""Mpoto""", +"""Ngindo""", +"""Ndengereko""", +"""Mbunga""", +"""Nindi""", +"""Maviha""", +"""Vadonde""", +"""Vamakonde""", +"""Vamwalu""", +"""Vamwambe""", +"""Machinga""", +"""Makale""", +"""Mangoche""", +"""Massaninga""", +"""Tunduru Yao""", +"""Kunda""", +"""Manganja""", +"""Ngoni""", +"""Nyanja""", +"""Nyasa""", +"""Peta""", +"""Malawi Sena""", +"""Caia""", +"""Gombe""", +"""Gorongosa""", +"""Podzo""", +"""Rue""", +"""Sangwe""", +"""Nyungwe""", +"""Phimbi""", +"""Dondo""", +"""Garwe""", +"""Gova""", +"""Ndau""", +"""Shanga""", +"""Tonga""", +"""Govera""", +"""Jena""", +"""Mhari""", +"""Ngova""", +"""Nyubi""", +"""Gova""", +"""Nyongwe""", +"""Pfunde""", +"""Shan Gwe""", +"""Tande""", +"""Tavara""", +"""Toko""", +"""Harava""", +"""Kachikwakwa""", +"""Kwazwimba""", +"""Mbire""", +"""Njanja""", +"""Nobvu""", +"""Nohwe""", +"""Shawasha""", +"""Tsunga""", +"""Tawara-Daque""", +"""Bunji""", +"""Bvumba""", +"""Domba""", +"""Guta""", +"""Here""", +"""Hungwe""", +"""Jindwi""", +"""Karombe""", +"""Nyamuka""", +"""Nyatwe""", +"""Unyama""", +"""Tewe""", +"""Dema""", +"""Lilima""", +"""Nyai""", +"""Peri""", +"""Talahundra""", +"""Nambya""", +"""Khambani""", +"""Lambwe""", +"""Lengue""", +"""Ndonge""", +"""Tonga""", +"""Nyambe""", +"""Sewi""", +"""Hlubi""", +"""Phuthi""", +"""Bomvana""", +"""Cele""", +"""Gaika""", +"""Gealeka""", +"""Hlubi""", +"""Mfengu""", +"""Mpondo""", +"""Mpondomse""", +"""Ndlambe""", +"""Rhathabe""", +"""Thembu""", +"""Xesibe""", +"""Ngoni""", +"""Qwabe""", +"""South Ndebele""", +"""Konde""", +"""Putru""", +"""Changana""", +"""Gwamba""", +"""Hlave""", +"""Jonga""", +"""Kande""", +"""Luleke""", +"""N'walungu""", +"""Nhlanganu""", +"""Nkuma""", +"""Songa""", +"""Xonga""", +"""Mandla""", +"""Ndxhonge""", +"""Nhayi""", +"""Tshwa""", +"""Karungu""", +"""Maindo""", +"""Marale""", +"""Nyaringa""", +"""Lolo""", +"""Marenje""", +"""Takwane""", +"""Kokola""", +"""Enatthembo""", +"""Mitange""", +"""Malawi Lomwe""", +"""Empamela""", +"""Emwaja""", +"""Enaharra""", +"""Enlai""", +"""Enyara""", +"""Makhuwana""", +"""Naharra""", +"""Nampamela""", +"""Makhuwa-Moniga""", +"""Saka""", +"""Makhuwa-Shirima""", +"""Manyawa""", +"""Nathembo""", +"""Gananwa""", +"""Kgaga""", +"""Khutswe""", +"""Koni""", +"""Kopa""", +"""Lobedu""", +"""Masemola""", +"""Matlala-Moletshi""", +"""Pai""", +"""Phalaborwa""", +"""Pulana""", +"""Tlokwa""", +"""Tswene""", +"""Tswapong""", +"""Taung""", +"""Kenyi""", +"""Khakhae""", +"""Koma""", +"""Ngologa""", +"""Kgalagadi""", +"""Pedi""", +"""Phaleng""", +"""Rhiti""", +"""Shaga""", +"""Siwane""", +"""Kgatla""", +"""Kwena""", +"""Lete""", +"""Melete""", +"""Ngwaketse""", +"""Ngwatu""", +"""Rolong""", +"""Tawana""", +"""Thlaro""", +"""Tlahaping""", +"""Tlhaping""", +"""Tlharo""", +"""Tlokwa""", +"""Ilafuri""", +"""Lembetu""", +"""Manda""", +"""Mbedzi""", +"""Phani""", +"""Tavha-Tsindi""", +"""Belueli""", +"""East Bafwangada""", +"""Ineta""", +"""Mahaa""", +"""Makoda""", +"""Malamba""", +"""Wadimbisa""", +"""West Bafwangada""", +"""Mbo""", +"""Ndaka""", +"""Nyali""", +"""Vanuma""", +"""Kombe""", +"""Mbere""", +"""Ngoro""", +"""Tocenga""", +"""Tonjo""", +"""Tsinga""", +"""Nyokon""", +"""Tunen""", +"""Tuotomb""", +"""Nigii""", +"""Nubaca""", +"""Mmaala""", +"""Hijuk""", +"""Yangben""", +"""Southern Gunu""", +"""Oliti""", +"""Otank""", +"""Tiv""", +"""Batanga""", +"""Amayo""", +"""Olulu""", +"""Tinta""", +"""Esimbi""", +"""Ambo""", +"""Angwe""", +"""Kamino""", +"""Bitare""", +"""Modele""", +"""Befang""", +"""Obang""", +"""Okomanjang""", +"""Ushaku""", +"""Nee""", +"""Njee-Poantu""", +"""Nka'""", +"""Mkwet""", +"""Ngam""", +"""Ntii""", +"""Tungi'""", +"""Ghomálá North""", +"""Bameka""", +"""Bansoa""", +"""Ngemba""", +"""Kwa'""", +"""Bamendjing""", +"""Ungameha""", +"""Bamoungong""", +"""Batcham""", +"""Bamendjinda""", +"""Bamendjo""", +"""Bamenkumbo""", +"""Bamesso""", +"""Bamessingue""", +"""Ngwe""", +"""Yemba""", +"""Bamali""", +"""Bambalang""", +"""Bamun""", +"""Bangolan""", +"""Nde""", +"""Ti""", +"""Bafut""", +"""Beba""", +"""Bambui""", +"""Bamukumbit""", +"""Kpati""", +"""Nkwen""", +"""Anyang""", +"""Bagangu""", +"""Mangkunge""", +"""Mankon""", +"""Mbrerewi""", +"""Mbutu""", +"""Njong""", +"""Shomba""", +"""Songwa""", +"""Pinyin""", +"""Wat""", +"""Wiyeh""", +"""Mbe'""", +"""Jui""", +"""Koffa""", +"""Kom""", +"""Lus""", +"""Manang""", +"""Mbah""", +"""Mballa""", +"""Mbat""", +"""Mbibji""", +"""Ncha""", +"""Mfe""", +"""Nkot""", +"""Ntem""", +"""Ntong""", +"""Bangang""", +"""Banti""", +"""Bechati""", +"""Besali""", +"""Folepi""", +"""Iguambo""", +"""Nko""", +"""Njen""", +"""Ngoshie""", +"""Banya""", +"""Basa""", +"""Ikweri""", +"""Konda""", +"""Ngwo""", +"""Okorobi""", +"""Zang""", +"""Moghamo""", +"""Ngamambo""", +"""Ndemli""", +"""Bum""", +"""Kung""", +"""Fungom""", +"""Nyos""", +"""Oku""", +"""Lamnso'""", +"""Vengo""", +"""Bamunka""", +"""Wushi""", +"""Isu""", +"""Kuk""", +"""Laimbue""", +"""Weh""", +"""Zhoa""", +"""Busam""", +"""Manta""", +"""Menka""", +"""Osatu""", +"""Nde-Gbite""", +"""Viti""", +"""Tesu""", +"""Sambe""", +"""Toro""", +"""Eggon""", +"""Lijili""", +"""Tanjijili""", +"""Firan""", +"""Ganang""", +"""Izere""", +"""Kachichere""", +"""Kafanchan""", +"""Kagoro""", +"""Katab""", +"""Sholio""", +"""Cen""", +"""Du-Ropp-Rim""", +"""Fan-Foron-Heikpang""", +"""Gyell-Kuru-Vwang""", +"""Hoss""", +"""Eten""", +"""Zwall""", +"""Mbeci""", +"""Mbeji""", +"""Ikulu""", +"""Idon""", +"""Iku-Gora-Ankwa""", +"""Kachia""", +"""Kajuru""", +"""Minna""", +"""Kuturmi""", +"""Rukul""", +"""Horom""", +"""Legeri""", +"""Vaghat""", +"""Ya""", +"""Itarok""", +"""Itarok Oga Asa""", +"""Izini""", +"""Selyer""", +"""Yangkam""", +"""Bu""", +"""Che""", +"""Nindem""", +"""Kanufi""", +"""Mada""", +"""Ninzo""", +"""Numana""", +"""Numbu""", +"""Nunku""", +"""Rindre""", +"""Kamantan""", +"""Hyam""", +"""Kurmin Dangana""", +"""Shamang""", +"""Shang""", +"""Zhire""", +"""Koron Ache""", +"""Koron Panda""", +"""Gwara""", +"""Idun""", +"""Buzi""", +"""Nyenkpa""", +"""Panda""", +"""Tattara""", +"""Beezen""", +"""Lufu""", +"""Kapya""", +"""Yukuben""", +"""Aje""", +"""Arigidí""", +"""Erúsú""", +"""Ese""", +"""Igasi""", +"""Ojo""", +"""Oyin""", +"""Udo""", +"""Uro""", +"""Òge""", +"""Àhàn""", +"""Ede Nago""", +"""Awori""", +"""Aworo""", +"""Bunu""", +"""Egba""", +"""Ekiti""", +"""Gbedde""", +"""Igbonna""", +"""Ijebu""", +"""Ijesha""", +"""Ikale""", +"""Ila""", +"""Ilaje""", +"""Iworro""", +"""Jumu""", +"""Ondo""", +"""Owe""", +"""Oyo""", +"""Wo""", +"""Yagba""", +"""Ulukwumi""", +"""Mokole""", +"""Ilodji""", +"""Ede Idaca""", +"""Djama""", +"""Tschetti""", +"""Manigri-Kambolé Ede Nago""", +"""Isekiri""", +"""Anyugba""", +"""Ebu""", +"""Ibaji""", +"""Idah""", +"""Ife""", +"""Ogugu""", +"""Emughan""", +"""Okpeden""", +"""Otapha""", +"""Arughunya""", +"""Kugbo""", +"""Obulom""", +"""Anyama""", +"""Oloibiri""", +"""Ogbogolo""", +"""Ogbronuagum""", +"""Ikot Ekpene""", +"""Ukanafun""", +"""Efik""", +"""Enyong""", +"""Itak""", +"""Nsit""", +"""Ukwa""", +"""Etebi""", +"""Ito""", +"""Itu Mbon Uzo""", +"""Nkari""", +"""Ebughu""", +"""Uda""", +"""Ibino""", +"""Iko""", +"""Ilue""", +"""Idere""", +"""Ibot Obolo""", +"""Ngo""", +"""Okoroete""", +"""Unyeada""", +"""Okobo""", +"""Oro""", +"""Usaghade""", +"""Bomu""", +"""Dere""", +"""Kibangha""", +"""Boúe""", +"""Ken-Khana""", +"""Norkhana""", +"""Nyo-Kana""", +"""Yeghe""", +"""Tee""", +"""Kesari""", +"""Eleme""", +"""Bakpinka""", +"""Doko-Uyanga""", +"""Ugep""", +"""Nkukoli""", +"""Apiapum""", +"""Ekama""", +"""Oferikpe""", +"""Ofombonga""", +"""Ofonokpan""", +"""Okom""", +"""Osopong""", +"""Leyigha""", +"""Okuni""", +"""Olulumo""", +"""Mtezi""", +"""Ugbala""", +"""Uzekwe""", +"""Ufia""", +"""Ufiom""", +"""Abini""", +"""Adim""", +"""Erei""", +"""Etono""", +"""Agwagwune""", +"""Orum""", +"""Kohumono""", +"""Umon""", +"""Etono""", +"""Ikun""", +"""Ugbem""", +"""Utuma""", +"""Korop""", +"""Ukpet""", +"""Assaikio""", +"""Doma""", +"""Keana""", +"""Idoma South""", +"""Idoma West""", +"""Okpogu""", +"""Nkum Akpambe""", +"""Yala Ogoja""", +"""Ito""", +"""Oju""", +"""Worku""", +"""Ijiegu""", +"""Igbuduya""", +"""Ubye""", +"""Upata""", +"""Aluu""", +"""Apani""", +"""Egbedna""", +"""Elele""", +"""Emowhua""", +"""Ibaa""", +"""Igwuruta""", +"""Ipo""", +"""Isiokpo""", +"""Ndele""", +"""Obio""", +"""Ogbakiri""", +"""Omagwna""", +"""Omerelu""", +"""Omudioga""", +"""Rumuji""", +"""Ubima""", +"""Ikwo""", +"""Izi""", +"""Mgbo""", +"""Aniocha""", +"""Bonny-Opobo""", +"""Eche""", +"""Egbema""", +"""Mbaise""", +"""Ngwa""", +"""Nsa""", +"""Nsuka""", +"""Oguta""", +"""Ohuhu""", +"""Oka""", +"""Onitsha""", +"""Orlu""", +"""Owerri""", +"""Umuahia""", +"""Unwana""", +"""Igburu-Usomini""", +"""Ndoni""", +"""Ukwuani""", +"""Pindiga""", +"""Jan-Awei""", +"""Jiba""", +"""Garbabi""", +"""Gayam""", +"""Takum""", +"""Wannu""", +"""Wãpha""", +"""Eneeme""", +"""Kporo""", +"""Nama""", +"""Nzare""", +"""Jiru""", +"""Nye""", +"""Shoo""", +"""Bissaula""", +"""Donga""", +"""Eregba""", +"""Kente""", +"""Kumbo""", +"""Takum""", +"""Jenuwa""", +"""Kentin""", +"""Kunabe""", +"""Lissam""", +"""Bassa-Kontagora""", +"""Dungu""", +"""Niragu""", +"""Kaivi""", +"""Kinuku""", +"""Kono""", +"""Kurama""", +"""Mala""", +"""Ruma""", +"""Shuwa-Zamani""", +"""Surubu""", +"""Tumi""", +"""Vono""", +"""Shau""", +"""Si""", +"""Takaya""", +"""Ningi""", +"""Kudu""", +"""Gusu""", +"""Jere""", +"""Ribina""", +"""Panawa""", +"""Iguta""", +"""Janji""", +"""Tunzu""", +"""Ziriya""", +"""Tsuvadi""", +"""Ashen""", +"""Dabai""", +"""Lila""", +"""Ribah""", +"""Damakawa""", +"""Western Duka""", +"""Wuri""", +"""Jiir""", +"""Kag""", +"""Koor""", +"""Kur""", +"""Ror""", +"""Zuksun""", +"""Regi""", +"""Tiyal""", +"""Shama""", +"""Supana""", +"""Wayam-Rubu""", +"""Fungwa""", +"""Gurmana""", +"""Asebi""", +"""Awege""", +"""Azhiga""", +"""Cagere""", +"""Camajere""", +"""Cansu""", +"""Caundu""", +"""Ubwebwe""", +"""Lopa""", +"""Koto""", +"""Okene""", +"""Gade""", +"""Kaduna""", +"""Karu""", +"""Kuta""", +"""Louome""", +"""Ngenge""", +"""Tawari""", +"""Vwezhi""", +"""Gayegi""", +"""Gbagyi Nkwa""", +"""Izem""", +"""Jezhu""", +"""Kong""", +"""Kwali""", +"""Kwange""", +"""Paiko""", +"""Wahe""", +"""Gupa""", +"""Gbanmi-Sokun Kakanda""", +"""Kami""", +"""Kupa""", +"""Nupe Tako""", +"""Oko""", +"""Osayen""", +"""Ishe""", +"""Kakumo""", +"""Tita""", +"""Ega""", +"""Mobumrin Aizi""", +"""Tiagbamrin Aizi""", +"""Defa""", +"""Deple""", +"""Nigagba""", +"""Nyinagbi""", +"""Wané""", +"""Guebie""", +"""Kpakolo""", +"""Nekedi""", +"""Niabre""", +"""Zadie""", +"""Zebie""", +"""Kouya""", +"""Dlogo""", +"""Glibe""", +"""Jluko""", +"""Kagbo""", +"""Koyo""", +"""Nugbo""", +"""Nyago""", +"""Tiglu""", +"""Soubré""", +"""Kodia""", +"""Lozoua""", +"""Neyo""", +"""Kuwaa""", +"""Kplor""", +"""Gba Sor""", +"""Gbor""", +"""Hwen Gba Kon""", +"""Mabahn""", +"""Rivercess Bassa""", +"""Wedebo""", +"""Dorobo""", +"""Globo""", +"""Nyenebo""", +"""Trembo""", +"""Dediebo""", +"""Gederobo""", +"""Nyanoun""", +"""Tuobo""", +"""E Je""", +"""Fopo-Bua""", +"""Gbepo""", +"""Jedepo""", +"""Klepo""", +"""Nitiabo""", +"""Sabo""", +"""Tuobo""", +"""Webo""", +"""Palipo""", +"""Tienpo""", +"""Jabo""", +"""Nyabo""", +"""Wrelpo""", +"""Gbowe-Hran""", +"""Pie""", +"""Trepo""", +"""Wlepo""", +"""Wluwe-Hawlo""", +"""Yapo""", +"""Yrewe""", +"""Dapo""", +"""Glawlo""", +"""Honpo""", +"""Plapo""", +"""Tepo""", +"""Wlopo""", +"""Yrepo""", +"""Eastern Klaoh""", +"""West Central Klaoh""", +"""Western Klaoh""", +"""Tajuasohn""", +"""Kanneh""", +"""Konobo""", +"""Tchien""", +"""Twabo""", +"""Glio-Oubi""", +"""Fleo""", +"""Gboo""", +"""Neao""", +"""Nyeo""", +"""Zaa""", +"""Zagna""", +"""Zagne""", +"""Zibiao""", +"""Nidrou""", +"""Kabade""", +"""Nomopo""", +"""Putu""", +"""Sinkon""", +"""Waya""", +"""Gbaeson""", +"""Gbarbo""", +"""Gbo""", +"""Gborbo""", +"""Kpeaply""", +"""Pewa""", +"""Plo""", +"""Nyedebwa""", +"""Sémien""", +"""Tao""", +"""Gbugbla""", +"""Krobo""", +"""Ningo""", +"""Osu""", +"""Shai""", +"""Ga""", +"""Dogo""", +"""Hwe""", +"""Sikpi""", +"""Tado""", +"""Tala""", +"""Ayizo-Seto""", +"""Ayizo-Tori""", +"""Kadagbe""", +"""Ci Gbe""", +"""Defi Gbe""", +"""Eastern Xwla Gbe""", +"""Arohun""", +"""Gbekon""", +"""Kpase""", +"""Alada""", +"""Asento""", +"""Gbekon""", +"""Gun""", +"""Phela""", +"""Savi""", +"""Seto""", +"""Toli""", +"""Weme""", +"""Kotafon Gbe""", +"""Maxi Gbe""", +"""Saxwe""", +"""Se""", +"""Tofin Gbe""", +"""Weme Gbe""", +"""Western Xwla Gbe""", +"""Wudu""", +"""Xwela Gbe""", +"""Aguna""", +"""Agu""", +"""Anglo""", +"""Aveno""", +"""Awuna""", +"""Be""", +"""Gbin""", +"""Ho""", +"""Hudu""", +"""Kotafoa""", +"""Kpelen""", +"""Togo""", +"""Vlin""", +"""Vo""", +"""Anexo""", +"""Gliji""", +"""Gen""", +"""Kpessi""", +"""Waci Gbe""", +"""Tafi""", +"""Animere""", +"""Ikponu""", +"""Iwi""", +"""Litime""", +"""Logbo""", +"""Uma""", +"""Tuwuli""", +"""Upper Adele""", +"""Ananjubi""", +"""Balanka""", +"""Gikolodjya""", +"""Gilempla""", +"""Giseda""", +"""Gisème""", +"""Boro""", +"""Lolobi""", +"""Sekwa""", +"""Selee""", +"""Logba""", +"""Ogbru""", +"""Kos""", +"""Morie""", +"""Tioffo""", +"""Adioukrou""", +"""Ketin""", +"""Naindin""", +"""Avikam""", +"""Mbato""", +"""Ahafo""", +"""Akuapem""", +"""Akyem Bosome""", +"""Asante""", +"""Asen""", +"""Dankyira""", +"""Fante""", +"""Kwawu""", +"""Fianse""", +"""Alangua""", +"""Ano""", +"""Aowin""", +"""Barabo""", +"""Bini""", +"""Bona""", +"""Djuablin""", +"""Indenie""", +"""Moronou""", +"""Sanvi""", +"""Anyin Morofo""", +"""Baoulé""", +"""Sehwi""", +"""Pepesa""", +"""Gonja""", +"""Nkonya""", +"""Nterato""", +"""Ginyanga""", +"""Nawuri""", +"""Southern Chumburung""", +"""Yeji""", +"""Kenyen""", +"""Wiase""", +"""Kplang""", +"""Krache""", +"""Nchumbulu""", +"""Tchumbuli""", +"""Awutu""", +"""Senya""", +"""Boso""", +"""Larteh""", +"""Krobu""", +"""Beti""", +"""Bolgo Kubar""", +"""Bon Gula""", +"""Kawaway""", +"""Southern Fania""", +"""Patool""", +"""Pongaal""", +"""Tiaala""", +"""Tiitaal""", +"""Koke""", +"""Niellim""", +"""Tchini""", +"""Noy""", +"""Tunya""", +"""Zan""", +"""Bouna""", +"""Ngalo""", +"""Takawa-Béngoro""", +"""Goundo""", +"""Gerep""", +"""Kolop""", +"""Kosop""", +"""Ngomi""", +"""Karang""", +"""Sakpu""", +"""Tale""", +"""Nzakambay""", +"""Zoli""", +"""Man""", +"""Pana""", +"""Pondo""", +"""Kuo""", +"""Mboum""", +"""Ndai""", +"""Imbana""", +"""Kiziere""", +"""Kiziere""", +"""Torrock-Kaélé""", +"""Pam""", +"""Bang-Were""", +"""Faale-Piyew""", +"""Podokge""", +"""To""", +"""Oblo""", +"""Kumba""", +"""Gnoore""", +"""Gola""", +"""Gongla""", +"""Jalingo""", +"""Jeng""", +"""Kasaa""", +"""Kugong""", +"""Kwaji""", +"""Lankaviri""", +"""Mang""", +"""Meeka""", +"""Nyaaja""", +"""Saawa""", +"""Sagbee""", +"""Shaari""", +"""Yaa""", +"""Yakoko""", +"""Yoro""", +"""Zinna""", +"""Komo""", +"""Pangseng""", +"""Rang""", +"""Kpasam""", +"""Yotti""", +"""Yendang""", +"""Goom""", +"""Home""", +"""Mambe'""", +"""Mamna'a""", +"""Ngbang""", +"""Nyok""", +"""Sagzee""", +"""Vaazin""", +"""Saan""", +"""Duupa""", +"""Duli""", +"""Wom""", +"""Deenu""", +"""Samba Leko""", +"""Samba de Wangai""", +"""Sampara""", +"""Nimbari""", +"""Peer Muure""", +"""Zongbi""", +"""Sewe""", +"""Teere""", +"""Gomme""", +"""Gomnome""", +"""Koma Damti""", +"""Leelu""", +"""Liu""", +"""Ndera""", +"""Koma Ndera""", +"""Yeru""", +"""Zanu""", +"""Mom Jango""", +"""Joto""", +"""Linda""", +"""Ndokpa""", +"""Ngapo""", +"""Buru""", +"""Gbaga-South""", +"""Gbambiya""", +"""Govoro""", +"""Hai""", +"""Ka""", +"""Mbi""", +"""Ndi""", +"""Ngalabo""", +"""Ngola""", +"""Banda-Banda""", +"""Vidiri""", +"""Wundu""", +"""Mbre""", +"""Moruba""", +"""Sabanga""", +"""Wada""", +"""Banda-Ndélé""", +"""Junguru""", +"""Ngao""", +"""Ngbala""", +"""Tangbago""", +"""Kpagua""", +"""Dukpu""", +"""Wasa""", +"""Yakpa""", +"""Bubanda""", +"""Galaba""", +"""Kaga""", +"""Mpaka""", +"""Ngundu""", +"""Vara""", +"""Kala""", +"""Ngbundu""", +"""Ngbugu""", +"""Gbaga-Nord""", +"""Gbi""", +"""Vita""", +"""Wojo""", +"""Mbangi""", +"""Northern Ngbandi""", +"""Sango""", +"""Southern Ngbandi""", +"""Yakoma""", +"""Ndunga""", +"""Tora""", +"""Madipia""", +"""Ngbaka Ma'bo""", +"""Gbanziri""", +"""Yaka""", +"""Gundi""", +"""Limassa""", +"""Yango""", +"""Monzombo""", +"""Mangayat""", +"""Togoyo""", +"""Belanda Viri""", +"""Sere""", +"""Tagbu""", +"""Ngala-Santandrea""", +"""Pambia""", +"""Geme Tulu""", +"""Nzakara""", +"""Makaraka""", +"""Gbaya of Boda""", +"""Bokoto""", +"""Bozom""", +"""Diabe""", +"""Gbabana""", +"""Suma""", +"""North Bangato""", +"""Southwest Gbaya""", +"""Bodoe""", +"""Gaymona""", +"""Gbaya Kara""", +"""Gbeya""", +"""Lai""", +"""Lombu""", +"""Mbai""", +"""Mbere""", +"""Mombe""", +"""Yaáyuwee""", +"""Gbagiri""", +"""Gbanu""", +"""Ngbaka Manza""", +"""Ngbaka""", +"""Gbaya-Mbodomo""", +"""Koniko""", +"""Mandiakuy""", +"""Mao""", +"""Togo""", +"""Wahu""", +"""Cwi Bwamu""", +"""Láá Láá Bwamu""", +"""Konni""", +"""Northern Gourmanchema""", +"""Southern Gourmanchema""", +"""Ligbeln""", +"""Likoonli""", +"""Limonkpel""", +"""Linafiel""", +"""Motiem""", +"""Ceemba""", +"""Linangmanli""", +"""Ncanm""", +"""Ntaapum""", +"""Yom""", +"""Frafra""", +"""Gudeni""", +"""Gurune""", +"""Nabt""", +"""Nankana""", +"""Nankani""", +"""Talni""", +"""Nabit""", +"""Saremdé""", +"""Taolendé""", +"""Yaadré""", +"""Yaande""", +"""Yana""", +"""Zaore""", +"""'Dolimi""", +"""Cherii""", +"""Fufula""", +"""Yeri Waali""", +"""Southern Dagaare""", +"""Wile""", +"""Southern Birifor""", +"""Nura""", +"""Wule""", +"""Safaliba""", +"""Yazori""", +"""Langantere""", +"""Murugu""", +"""Kamara""", +"""Toende""", +"""Western Mampruli""", +"""Miyobe""", +"""Gouande""", +"""Materi""", +"""Pingou""", +"""Porga""", +"""Tangeta""", +"""Tihoun""", +"""Western Ditammari""", +"""Mbelime""", +"""Nateni""", +"""Okoni""", +"""Tayari""", +"""Tangamma""", +"""Fulse""", +"""Koromba""", +"""Western Koromfe""", +"""Khe""", +"""Gbogorose""", +"""Klamaasise""", +"""Lutise""", +"""Mesise""", +"""Sukurase""", +"""Khisa""", +"""Kaansa""", +"""Kewe""", +"""Kijang""", +"""Lama-Tissi""", +"""Kadjala""", +"""Kande""", +"""Lukpa""", +"""Kusuntu""", +"""Delo""", +"""Tem""", +"""Tampulma""", +"""Buge""", +"""Longoro""", +"""Mangum""", +"""Western Sisaala""", +"""Pasaali""", +"""Isala""", +"""Nsihaa""", +"""Potule""", +"""Siti""", +"""Winyé""", +"""Logremma""", +"""Kandéré""", +"""Northern Lyélé""", +"""Southern Lyélé""", +"""Fere""", +"""Lela""", +"""Kasem""", +"""Nunuma""", +"""West Kasem""", +"""Northwestern Nuni""", +"""Bwana""", +"""Gori""", +"""Micari""", +"""Sankura""", +"""Yatini""", +"""Pana South""", +"""Gouindougouba""", +"""Niangoloko-Diarabakoko""", +"""Soubakanedougou""", +"""Douna""", +"""Lala""", +"""Roba""", +"""Voro""", +"""Kaan""", +"""Handa""", +"""Mboi""", +"""Leelau""", +"""Moo""", +"""Loo""", +"""Zo""", +"""Mághdì""", +"""Kaigama""", +"""Laredo""", +"""Mingang Doso""", +"""Tha""", +"""Kwa""", +"""Nya Dele""", +"""Nya Guyuwa""", +"""Nya Gwanda""", +"""Nya Tariya""", +"""Kamo""", +"""Naaban""", +"""Loofaa""", +"""Loofiyo""", +"""Tunga""", +"""Dijim""", +"""Kutule""", +"""Yili""", +"""Gusubou""", +"""Swabou""", +"""Waja""", +"""Sekwa""", +"""Téén""", +"""Kaouara-Timba-Sindou-Koroni""", +"""Palen""", +"""Negueni-Klani""", +"""Ouatourou-Niasogoni""", +"""Soulani""", +"""Noumoudara-Koumoudara""", +"""Ter""", +"""Tru""", +"""Wenteene""", +"""Southern Toussian""", +"""Viemo""", +"""Kafire""", +"""Kandere""", +"""Kasara""", +"""Kufuru""", +"""Kulere""", +"""Nafara""", +"""Papara""", +"""Patara""", +"""Pogara""", +"""Southwest Senari""", +"""Tagara""", +"""Tagbari""", +"""Takpasyeeri""", +"""Tenere""", +"""Tyebara""", +"""Senara Sénoufo""", +"""Tenyer""", +"""Kle Noehmõ""", +"""Koloo""", +"""Kujaa""", +"""Mìjuu""", +"""Nafãã""", +"""Nejuu""", +"""Suõõ""", +"""Sõghoo""", +"""Nanerigé Sénoufo""", +"""Sìcìté Sénoufo""", +"""Djafolo""", +"""Dofana""", +"""Foolo""", +"""Singala""", +"""Pantera""", +"""Nyarafolo Senoufo""", +"""Palaka Senoufo""", +"""Fondebougou""", +"""Fourgoula""", +"""Gbo""", +"""Katiara""", +"""Katiola""", +"""Niakaramadougou""", +"""Niangbo""", +"""Niediekaha""", +"""Tafire""", +"""Bveri""", +"""Dourbeye""", +"""Fali-Tinguelin""", +"""Kangou""", +"""Mbre""", +"""Mpra""", +"""Northern Emberá""", +"""Emberá-Tadó""", +"""Caramanta""", +"""Woun Meu""", +"""Kamma So""", +"""Toro So Dogon""", +"""Ben Tey Dogon""", +"""Nanga""", +"""Nadjamba""", +"""Tebul Ure Dogon""", +"""Yanda Dom Dogon""", +"""Domno""", +"""Gono""", +"""Guru""", +"""Toro Tegu Dogon""", +"""Sagara""", +"""Tengu Tingi""", +"""Togo Kan""", +"""Tomo Kan Dogon""", +"""Bunoge Dogon""", +"""Mombo Dogon""", +"""Penange""", +"""Tiranige Diga Dogon""", +"""Abu""", +"""Sabu""", +"""Gorovu""", +"""Southern Ambakich""", +"""Chambri""", +"""Yimas""", +"""Murik""", +"""Anor""", +"""Ndramini'o""", +"""Tanggu""", +"""Tanguat""", +"""Sepen""", +"""Boroi""", +"""Botbot""", +"""Awar""", +"""Bosngun""", +"""Watam""", +"""Romkun""", +"""Inapang""", +"""Kominimung""", +"""ǂHua""", +"""Sekele""", +"""Nogau""", +"""Mara""", +"""Wandarang""", +"""Ixil""", +"""Tektiteko""", +"""Tz'utujil""", +"""K'iche'""", +"""Sacapulteco""", +"""Sipacapense""", +"""Kekchí""", +"""Poqomchi'""", +"""Uspanteco""", +"""Miramar Chontal""", +"""Tamulté de las Sábanas Chontal""", +"""Chortí""", +"""Epigraphic Mayan""", +"""Tenango""", +"""Tzotzil""", +"""Tojolabal""", +"""Q'anjob'al""", +"""Western Kanjobal""", +"""Tuzanteco""", +"""Mopán Maya""", +"""Najá""", +"""Yucatec Maya""", +"""Huastec""", +"""Coatlín Mixe""", +"""Isthmus Mixe""", +"""Mazatlán Mixe""", +"""Ocotepec Mixe""", +"""Cotzocón Mixe""", +"""Mixe de San Juan Cotzocón""", +"""Mixistlan""", +"""Olotepec""", +"""Puxmetecín""", +"""Zacatepec""", +"""Tlahuitoltepec Mixe""", +"""Totontepec Mixe""", +"""Ulterior-Mixe""", +"""Oluta Popoluca""", +"""Sayula Popoluca""", +"""Tapachultec""", +"""Ostuacín""", +"""San Pedro Yaspac""", +"""Jitotolteco""", +"""Rayón Zoque""", +"""Chimalapa Zoque""", +"""Tabasco Zoque""", +"""Texistepec Popoluca""", +"""Krenak""", +"""Djeoromitxí""", +"""Xakriabá""", +"""Xavánte""", +"""Xerénte""", +"""Kimda""", +"""Paraná Kaingang""", +"""Southeast Kaingang""", +"""Southwest Kaingang""", +"""São Paulo Kaingáng""", +"""Xokleng""", +"""Kayapó-Kradaú""", +"""Xikrin""", +"""Panará""", +"""Yaruma""", +"""Ramkokamekra""", +"""Krahô""", +"""Kreye""", +"""Timbira""", +"""Pará Gavião""", +"""Malali""", +"""Pataxó Hã-Ha-Hãe""", +"""Macuni""", +"""Maxakalí""", +"""Ofayé""", +"""Rikbaktsa""", +"""Ipalapa Amuzgo""", +"""San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo""", +"""Teutila Cuicatec""", +"""Ixtayutla Mixtec""", +"""Jamiltepec Mixtec""", +"""San Juan Colorado Mixtec""", +"""Santa María Zacatepec Mixtec""", +"""Mitlatongo Mixtec""", +"""Santa María Peñoles""", +"""Santiago Tlazoyaltepec""", +"""San Miguel Piedras Mixtec""", +"""Sindihui Mixtec""", +"""Tamazola Mixtec""", +"""Yutanduchi Mixtec""", +"""Tlazoyaltepec Mixtec""", +"""Cuatzoquitengo""", +"""Plan de Guadalupe""", +"""Potoichan""", +"""Tototepec""", +"""Xochapa Mixtec""", +"""Metlatónoc Mixtec""", +"""Yoloxochitl Mixtec""", +"""Mixtepec Mixtec""", +"""Southeastern Nochixtlán Mixtec""", +"""Soyaltepec Mixtec""", +"""Cuyamecalco Mixtec""", +"""Tidaá Mixtec""", +"""Chazumba Mixtec""", +"""Chigmecatitlán Mixtec""", +"""Southern Puebla Mixtec""", +"""Juxtlahuaca Mixtec""", +"""San Juan Piñas""", +"""San Martín Peras""", +"""Yucu Ñuti""", +"""Itundujia Mixtec""", +"""San Cristóbal Amoltepec Mixtec""", +"""San Mateo Peñasco Mixtec""", +"""San Miguel Achiutla Mixtec""", +"""Santo Domingo Heundío Mixtec""", +"""Yosoñama""", +"""San Pedro Molinos""", +"""Santa Catarina Ticuá""", +"""Santa María Yosoyúa""", +"""Santa Lucía Monteverde Mixtec""", +"""Sinicahua Mixtec""", +"""Yucuhiti""", +"""Tacahua Mixtec""", +"""Tijaltepec Mixtec""", +"""Yosondúa Mixtec""", +"""Yucuañe Mixtec""", +"""Copala Triqui""", +"""San Martín Itunyoso Triqui""", +"""San Vicente Coyotepec Popoloca""", +"""Mezontla Popoloca""", +"""Santa María Nativitas""", +"""San Juan Atzingo Popoloca""", +"""San Luís Temalacayuca Popoloca""", +"""San Marcos Tlalcoyalco Popoloca""", +"""Todos Santos Almolonga Popoloca""", +"""Ixcatec""", +"""San Francisco Huehuetlán Mazatec""", +"""San Lorenzo Cuanecuiltitla Mazatec""", +"""San Lucas Zoquiapan Mazatec""", +"""San San Jerónimo Mazatec""", +"""Santa Ana Ateixtlahuaca Mazatec""", +"""Santa Cruz Ocopetatillo Mazatec""", +"""Soyaltepec Mazatec""", +"""Ixcatlán Mazatec""", +"""Chiquihuitlán Mazatec""", +"""Jalapa De Díaz Mazatec""", +"""San Miguel""", +"""Zoyaltitla""", +"""Nopala Chatino""", +"""San Juan Quiahije Chatino""", +"""Yaitepec Chatino""", +"""Zacatepec Chatino""", +"""Tataltepec Chatino""", +"""Zenzontepec Chatino""", +"""Teojomulco Chatino""", +"""San Baltazar Loxicha Zapotec""", +"""San Vicente Coatlán Zapotec""", +"""Ayoquesco Zapotec""", +"""Chichicapan Zapotec""", +"""Guevea De Humboldt Zapotec""", +"""Güilá Zapotec""", +"""Isthmus Zapotec""", +"""Lachiguiri Zapotec""", +"""Mazaltepec Zapotec""", +"""Ocotlán Zapotec""", +"""Petapa Zapotec""", +"""Quiavicuzas Zapotec""", +"""San Martín Tilcajete Zapotec""", +"""Teotitlán del Valle Zapotec""", +"""San Pedro Quiatoni Zapotec""", +"""Santa Catarina Albarradas Zapotec""", +"""Santa María Quiegolani Zapotec""", +"""Santo Domingo Albarradas Zapotec""", +"""Tejalapan Zapotec""", +"""Tilquiapan Zapotec""", +"""Zaachila Zapotec""", +"""Yaganiza-Xagacía Zapotec""", +"""Choapan Zapotec""", +"""Rincón Zapotec""", +"""Sierra de Juárez Zapotec""", +"""Southeastern Ixtlán Zapotec""", +"""Southern Rincon Zapotec""", +"""Tabaa Zapotec""", +"""Yalálag Zapotec""", +"""Yareni Zapotec""", +"""Yatee Zapotec""", +"""Yatzachi Zapotec""", +"""Yalina""", +"""Zoogocho""", +"""Coatecas Altas Zapotec""", +"""Lapaguía-Guivini Zapotec""", +"""San Agustín Loxicha Zapotec""", +"""Miahuatlan Zapotec""", +"""San Marcial Ozolotepec Zapotec""", +"""San Agustín Mixtepec Zapotec""", +"""Yautepec Zapotec""", +"""Quioquitani Zapotec""", +"""Santiago Xanica Zapotec""", +"""Tlacolulita Zapotec""", +"""Xadani Zapotec""", +"""Xanaguía Zapotec""", +"""Texmelucan Zapotec""", +"""Zaniza Zapotec""", +"""Lachixío Zapotec""", +"""Sochiapam Chinantec""", +"""Tlacoatzintepec Chinantec""", +"""Usila Chinantec""", +"""Tepetotutla Chinantec""", +"""Valle Nacional Chinantec""", +"""Lealao Chinantec""", +"""Tepinapa Chinantec""", +"""San Francisco Matlatzinca""", +"""San Miguel Tenoxtitlán""", +"""Santa María Citendejé-Banos""", +"""Michoacán Mazahua""", +"""Ixtenco Otomi""", +"""Tenango Otomi""", +"""Texcatepec Otomi""", +"""Tilapa Otomi""", +"""Querétaro Otomi""", +"""Temoaya Otomi""", +"""Northern Pame""", +"""Southern Pame""", +"""Mangue""", +"""Platanillo""", +"""Zapotitlán Tablas""", +"""Azoyú Me'phaa""", +"""Malinaltepec""", +"""Zilacayotitlán""", +"""Tlacoapa Me'phaa""", +"""Subtiaba""", +"""Amal""", +"""Sepik Iwam""", +"""Wogamusin""", +"""Bongos""", +"""Tau""", +"""Wasambu""", +"""Mende""", +"""Nukuma""", +"""Karawa""", +"""Pouye""", +"""Nigilu""", +"""Wagu""", +"""Kapriman""", +"""Watakataui""", +"""Mari""", +"""Sumariup""", +"""Kuvenmas""", +"""Kaningra""", +"""Lower Lagaip""", +"""North Hewa""", +"""Upper Lagaip""", +"""Meiyari""", +"""Setiali""", +"""Piame""", +"""Saniyo""", +"""Yawu""", +"""Kalou""", +"""Pasi""", +"""Pahi""", +"""Awun""", +"""Namia""", +"""Ha""", +"""Meifu""", +"""Qi""", +"""En""", +"""Langnian Buyang""", +"""Yerong""", +"""Qabiao""", +"""Laha""", +"""Red Gelao""", +"""Gelao Mulao""", +"""Qau""", +"""White Gelao""", +"""Liputiõ""", +"""White Lachi""", +"""Nong Zhuang""", +"""Khen Lài""", +"""Nùng An""", +"""Nùng Cháo""", +"""Nùng Inh""", +"""Nùng Lòi""", +"""Nùng Phan Slình""", +"""Nùng Qúy Rin""", +"""Xuòng""", +"""Yang Zhuang""", +"""Thai Song""", +"""Yong""", +"""Tai Mene""", +"""Tày Tac""", +"""North Burma Khamti""", +"""Sinkaling Hkamti""", +"""Khamyang""", +"""Phake""", +"""Turung""", +"""Tai Mao""", +"""Tai Pong""", +"""Yongren""", +"""Nan""", +"""Tai Wang""", +"""Tai Long""", +"""Tai Laing""", +"""Tai Ya""", +"""Tai Thanh""", +"""Lao-Khrang""", +"""Luang Prabang""", +"""Pakse""", +"""Savannakhet""", +"""Vientiane""", +"""Northern Isan""", +"""Southern Isan. Korat""", +"""Yoy""", +"""Thai Malay""", +"""Phuan""", +"""Tày Sa Pa""", +"""Eastern Tày""", +"""Northern Tày""", +"""Southern Tày""", +"""Tày Bao Lac""", +"""Tày Trung Khanh""", +"""Qianxi""", +"""Qianzhong""", +"""Cao Lan""", +"""Central Hongshuihe Zhuang""", +"""E""", +"""Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang""", +"""Guibei Zhuang""", +"""Guibian Zhuang""", +"""Kuan""", +"""Lianshan Zhuang""", +"""Liujiang Zhuang""", +"""Liuqian Zhuang""", +"""Qiubei Zhuang""", +"""Na Kadok""", +"""Tay Khang""", +"""Ts'ün-Lao""", +"""Youjiang Zhuang""", +"""Yongnan Zhuang""", +"""Zuojiang Zhuang""", +"""Rien""", +"""Qiongshan""", +"""Naxi Yao""", +"""Northern Dong""", +"""Southern Dong""", +"""Mulam""", +"""Di'e""", +"""Ching""", +"""Hwa""", +"""Lyo""", +"""Mak""", +"""Maonan""", +"""Pandong""", +"""Sandong""", +"""Hexi""", +"""Huishi""", +"""Dagang-Baoshan-Liangcun""", +"""Yonggu Biao""", +"""Lakkia""", +"""Kitemoka""", +"""Kuyubi""", +"""Torá""", +"""Yaru""", +"""Wari'""", +"""Rocorona""", +"""Lenca-Salvador""", +"""Rawo""", +"""Womo-Sumararu""", +"""Vanimo""", +"""Wutung""", +"""Warapu""", +"""Urartian""", +"""Ticuna""", +"""Wintu""", +"""Patwin""", +"""Rembarunga""", +"""Ngandi""", +"""Nunggubuyu""", +"""Gundjeipme""", +"""Gunei""", +"""Muralidban""", +"""Naiali""", +"""Ngalkbun""", +"""Kunbarlang""", +"""Waray""", +"""Wulwulam""", +"""Önge""", +"""Maregaon""", +"""Pulgaon""", +"""Wani""", +"""Metla-Kinwat""", +"""Naiki""", +"""Utnur""", +"""Kukanar""", +"""Nethanar""", +"""Tiriya""", +"""Mudhili Gadaba""", +"""Pottangi Ollar Gadaba""", +"""Khirwar""", +"""Kalat""", +"""Sarawan""", +"""Oraon""", +"""Nepali Kurux""", +"""Hiranpur""", +"""Litipara""", +"""Sahibganj""", +"""Betta Kurumba""", +"""Holiya""", +"""Jennu Kurumba""", +"""Bijapur""", +"""Jeinu Kuruba""", +"""Old Kannada""", +"""Pani Yerava""", +"""Panjiri Yerava""", +"""Sholaga""", +"""Mele Nadu Irula""", +"""Northern Irula""", +"""Vette Kada Irula""", +"""Muduga""", +"""Aranadan""", +"""Kadar""", +"""Kaikadi""", +"""Kalanadi""", +"""Kanikkaran""", +"""Kurichiya""", +"""Malaryan""", +"""Vettuvan""", +"""Kayavar""", +"""Malabar""", +"""Moplah""", +"""Nagari-Malayalam""", +"""Namboodiri""", +"""Nasrani""", +"""Nayar""", +"""North Kerala""", +"""Malayalam""", +"""Pulaya""", +"""South Kerala""", +"""Mannan""", +"""Mullu Kurumba""", +"""Pathiya""", +"""Thachanadan""", +"""Ullatan""", +"""Urali""", +"""Vishavan""", +"""Wayanad Chetti""", +"""Eravallan""", +"""Kunduvadi""", +"""Mala Malasar""", +"""Malapandaram""", +"""Western""", +"""Old Tamil""", +"""Paniya""", +"""Aiyangar""", +"""Aiyar""", +"""Arava""", +"""Burgandi""", +"""Burma Tamil""", +"""Harijan""", +"""Hebbar""", +"""Kongar""", +"""Madrasi""", +"""Malaya Tamil""", +"""Mandyam Brahmin""", +"""Tamil""", +"""Pattapu Bhasha""", +"""Sanketi""", +"""Secunderabad Brahmin""", +"""South Africa Tamil""", +"""Sri Lanka Tamil""", +"""Tigalu""", +"""Sankara-Yerukala""", +"""Toda""", +"""Mudu""", +"""Onti""", +"""Tappu""", +"""Mudu Koraga""", +"""Kudiya""", +"""Tulu""", +"""Betul""", +"""Bhandara""", +"""Chhindwara""", +"""Mandla""", +"""Nagpur""", +"""Seoni""", +"""Yavatmal""", +"""Bhamragarh""", +"""Etapally Gondi""", +"""Nirmal""", +"""Rajura""", +"""Sironcha""", +"""Utnoor""", +"""Sukma""", +"""Raigarh""", +"""Far Western Muria""", +"""Dhanora""", +"""Sonapal""", +"""Jaganathapuram Koya""", +"""Malakanagiri Koya""", +"""Podia Koya""", +"""Adewada""", +"""Bhamani Maria""", +"""Etapally Maria""", +"""Konda-Dora""", +"""Khondi""", +"""Kuvi""", +"""Indi""", +"""Kumbaran""", +"""Manna-Dora""", +"""Mukha-Dora""", +"""Old Telugu""", +"""Dasaru""", +"""Dommara""", +"""East Godaweri""", +"""Golari""", +"""Guntur""", +"""Kamathi""", +"""Komtao""", +"""Nellore""", +"""Rayalseema""", +"""Salewari""", +"""Srikakula""", +"""Telangana""", +"""Vadaga""", +"""Vadari""", +"""Vishakhapatnam""", +"""Yanadi""", +"""Waddar""", +"""Campo Marino Albanian""", +"""Central Mountain Albanian""", +"""Sicilian Albanian""", +"""South Central Arvanitika""", +"""Thracean Arvanitika""", +"""Camerija""", +"""Korca""", +"""Srem""", +"""Gheg Albanian""", +"""Hieroglyphic Luwian""", +"""Milyan""", +"""Palaic""", +"""Pisidian""", +"""Sidetic""", +"""Akn""", +"""Arabkir""", +"""Artvin""", +"""Ashkharik""", +"""Astrakhan""", +"""Constantinople Armenian""", +"""Crimea""", +"""Dzhulfa""", +"""Eastern Armenian""", +"""Erevan""", +"""Ewdokia""", +"""Hamshen""", +"""Jolfâ""", +"""Karabagh""", +"""Karabagh Shamakhi""", +"""Karin""", +"""Kharberd""", +"""Khoi-Salmst""", +"""Kilikien""", +"""Malatya""", +"""Mus""", +"""North Komedia""", +"""Rodosto""", +"""Sebaste""", +"""Shabin-Karahissar""", +"""Shamakhi""", +"""Smyrna Armenian""", +"""Syria""", +"""Tbilisi""", +"""Tigranakert""", +"""Trabzon""", +"""Urmia-Maragheh""", +"""Van""", +"""Western Armenian""", +"""Tamian""", +"""East Aukštaitian""", +"""Suvalkietiskai""", +"""South Samogitian""", +"""West Samogitian""", +"""Prussian""", +"""Northeast Belarusan""", +"""Southwest Belarusan""", +"""Old Russian""", +"""South Russian""", +"""Northwest Ukrainian""", +"""Southwest Ukrainian""", +"""Pomak""", +"""Southeastern Macedonian""", +"""Western Macedonian""", +"""Old Church Slavonic""", +"""Slavomolisano""", +"""Lower Carniola""", +"""Prekmurski""", +"""Primorski""", +"""Resia""", +"""Stajerski""", +"""Upper Carniola""", +"""Windisch""", +"""Chakavski""", +"""Kaykavski""", +"""Croatian""", +"""Shtokavski""", +"""Shtokavski""", +"""Czecho-Moravian""", +"""Hanak""", +"""Lach""", +"""Northeast Bohemian""", +"""Southwest Bohemian""", +"""Silesian""", +"""Slovak""", +"""Slovincian""", +"""Polabian""", +"""Kamenz""", +"""Lepontic""", +"""Leonais""", +"""Tregorrois""", +"""Vannetais""", +"""Cornish""", +"""Patagonian Welsh""", +"""Southern Welsh""", +"""Manx""", +"""East Sutherlandshire""", +"""Donegal""", +"""Munster-Leinster""", +"""Old Irish""", +"""Noric""", +"""Transalpine Gaulish""", +"""Venetic""", +"""Dacian""", +"""Ostrogoth""", +"""Visigoth""", +"""Jutish""", +"""Jamtska""", +"""Bornholmsk""", +"""Hallaendska""", +"""Skånska""", +"""Laumal""", +"""Northern Swedish""", +"""Nyland Swedish""", +"""Southwest Finland Swedish""", +"""Standard Swedish""", +"""Svea""", +"""Uusimaa Swedish""", +"""Åland Islands Swedish""", +"""Österbotten""", +"""Icelandic""", +"""Norwegian""", +"""Old Norse""", +"""Older Runic""", +"""Hessian Middle High German""", +"""Old Low Franconian""", +"""Mainfränkisch""", +"""Yiddish""", +"""Western""", +"""South Rhine Franconian""", +"""West Franconian""", +"""Limburgish""", +"""Lower Silesian""", +"""Mainfränkisch""", +"""Non-Amish Pennsylvania German""", +"""Berlin German""", +"""Hannover German""", +"""Mansfeld German""", +"""Unserdeutsch""", +"""Thuringian""", +"""Wymysorys""", +"""East Cape Afrikaans""", +"""Orange River Afrikaans""", +"""Oorlams""", +"""Brabants""", +"""Northern North Hollandish""", +"""Oost-Vlaams""", +"""South Guelderish""", +"""Negerhollands""", +"""Javindo""", +"""Petjo""", +"""Frans Vlaams""", +"""Limburgs""", +"""Oostvlaams""", +"""Westvlaams""", +"""Bevelands""", +"""Duvelands""", +"""Flakkees""", +"""Fluplands""", +"""Goerees""", +"""Kezands""", +"""Schouws""", +"""Walchers""", +"""Old Dutch""", +"""Swabian""", +"""Graubenden-Grisons""", +"""Low Alemannic""", +"""Lucerne""", +"""Obwald""", +"""St. Gallen""", +"""Wallis""", +"""Walser""", +"""Viennese German""", +"""Central Bavarian""", +"""North Bavarian""", +"""Northern Bavarian""", +"""South Bavarian""", +"""Southern Bavarian""", +"""Sette Comuni Cimbrian""", +"""Tredici Communi Cimbrian""", +"""Hutterite German""", +"""Frassilongo""", +"""Palú""", +"""Mideastern Yiddish""", +"""Northeastern Yiddish""", +"""Southeastern Yiddish""", +"""Northwestern Yiddish""", +"""Southwestern Yiddish""", +"""Old High German""", +"""South Drente""", +"""East Pomeranian""", +"""Eastphalian""", +"""High East Prussian""", +"""Low East Prussian""", +"""Mecklenburgish""", +"""Schleswig-Holstein Low German""", +"""West Pomeranian""", +"""Mecklenburg-Anterior Pomerania""", +"""Northern Low Saxon""", +"""Veenkoloniaals""", +"""West Groningen""", +"""Westerwolds""", +"""Plautdietsch""", +"""Sallands""", +"""Stellingwerfs""", +"""Twents""", +"""North Veluws""", +"""Westphalien""", +"""Middle Low German""", +"""Old Saxon""", +"""Creolese""", +"""Trinidadian Creole English""", +"""Virgin Islands Creole English""", +"""Turks And Caicos Creole English""", +"""Gullah""", +"""Tobagonian Creole English""", +"""Vincentian Creole English""", +"""Limonese Creole""", +"""Nicaragua Creole English""", +"""San Andres Creole English""", +"""Saramaccan""", +"""Paramaccan""", +"""Sranan Tongo""", +"""Ghanaian Pidgin English""", +"""Krio""", +"""Nigerian Pidgin""", +"""Pijin""", +"""Tok Pisin""", +"""Torres Strait Creole""", +"""Hawai'i Creole English""", +"""Kriol""", +"""Pitcairn-Norfolk""", +"""Maltese English""", +"""New Zealand English""", +"""Pakistani English""", +"""Sri Lankan English""", +"""Middle English""", +"""Northern Scots""", +"""Southern Scots""", +"""Ulster""", +"""Helgoland""", +"""Mooringer""", +"""Sölreng""", +"""Old Frisian""", +"""Saterfriesisch""", +"""Súdhoeksk""", +"""Westerlauwers Fries""", +"""Wâldfrysk""", +"""Cypriot Greek""", +"""Cargese""", +"""Cypriot Greek""", +"""Dimotiki""", +"""Katharevousa""", +"""Mariupol Greek""", +"""Macedonian Greek""", +"""Rumelian""", +"""Thracian""", +"""Salento""", +"""Saracatsan""", +"""Athens""", +"""Megara""", +"""Cycladian""", +"""Ionian Islands""", +"""Northern Epirus""", +"""Peloponnese""", +"""Smyrna Greek""", +"""Dodecanese""", +"""Sille""", +"""Western Cappadocian""", +"""Pontic""", +"""Yevanic""", +"""Mycenaean Greek""", +"""Propontis Tsakonian""", +"""Southern Tsakonian""", +"""Northern Magahi""", +"""Southern Magahi""", +"""Panchpargania""", +"""Barei""", +"""Barmeli""", +"""Central Colloquial Maithili""", +"""Dehati""", +"""Eastern Maithili""", +"""Jolaha""", +"""Kawar""", +"""Kisan""", +"""Kyabrat""", +"""Makrana""", +"""Musar""", +"""Sadri""", +"""Southern Standard Maithili""", +"""Standard Maithili""", +"""Tati""", +"""Western Maithili""", +"""Pali""", +"""Bardiya""", +"""Dang""", +"""Deokhuri""", +"""Kailali""", +"""Kanchanpur""", +"""Surkhet""", +"""Kathoriya Tharu""", +"""Mahottari""", +"""Morangia""", +"""Morangiya""", +"""Saptari""", +"""Sarlahi""", +"""Siraha""", +"""Sunsari""", +"""Udayapur""", +"""Rana Tharu""", +"""Majhi""", +"""Sonha""", +"""Darai""", +"""Dhanwar""", +"""Bojpury""", +"""Domra""", +"""Madhesi""", +"""Mauritian Bhojpuri""", +"""Musahari""", +"""Gorakhpuri""", +"""Sarawaria""", +"""Southern Standard Bhojpuri""", +"""Teli""", +"""Tharu""", +"""Purbi""", +"""Trinidad Bhojpuri""", +"""Mokkan Tila Sadri""", +"""Nurpur Sadri""", +"""Uchai Sadri""", +"""Lower Sadri""", +"""Sadani""", +"""Beirut""", +"""Beludji""", +"""Churi-Wali""", +"""Domaki""", +"""Helebi""", +"""Karachi""", +"""Koli""", +"""Kurbat""", +"""Kurbati""", +"""Luli""", +"""Marashi""", +"""Maznoug""", +"""Nablos""", +"""Nawar""", +"""Nawari""", +"""Qinati""", +"""Wogri-Boli""", +"""Yürük""", +"""Lomavren""", +"""Dzambazi""", +"""East Bulgarian Romani""", +"""Greek Romani""", +"""Ironworker Romani""", +"""Paspatian""", +"""Tinners Romani""", +"""Tinsmiths""", +"""Ursári""", +"""Zargari""", +"""Latvian Romani""", +"""Lithuanian Romani""", +"""North Russian Romani""", +"""Polish Romani""", +"""White Russia Romani""", +"""White Russian Romani""", +"""Galician""", +"""Moravian Romani""", +"""Transylvanian""", +"""West Slovakian Romani""", +"""Eftawagaria""", +"""Estracharia""", +"""Gadschkene""", +"""Kranaria""", +"""Krantiki""", +"""Lallere""", +"""Manouche""", +"""Manuche""", +"""Piedmont Sintí""", +"""Praistiki""", +"""Serbian Romani""", +"""Slovenian-Croatian""", +"""Slovenian-Croatian Romani""", +"""Welsh Romani""", +"""Churari""", +"""Eastern""", +"""Ghagar""", +"""Grekurja""", +"""Kalderash""", +"""Lovari""", +"""Machvano""", +"""North Albanian""", +"""Sedentary Bulgaria""", +"""Sedentary Romania""", +"""Serbo-Bosnian""", +"""South Albanian""", +"""Southern Vlax""", +"""Southern Vlax Romani""", +"""Ukraine-Moldavia""", +"""Ukrainian Vlax Romani""", +"""Zagundzi""", +"""Sauraseni Prakrit""", +"""Seb Seliyer""", +"""Anarya""", +"""Bhilodi""", +"""Bhim""", +"""Charani""", +"""Habura""", +"""Konkani""", +"""Kotali""", +"""Magra Ki Boli""", +"""Nahari""", +"""Naikdi""", +"""Panchali""", +"""Patelia""", +"""Ranawat""", +"""Rani Bhil""", +"""Siyalgir""", +"""Chodri""", +"""Dhodia""", +"""Gamit""", +"""Dungra Bhil""", +"""Rajput Garasia""", +"""Bhoyari""", +"""Dholewari""", +"""Hoshangabad""", +"""Jamral""", +"""Katiyai""", +"""Malvi Proper""", +"""Patvi""", +"""Rajawadi""", +"""Rangari""", +"""Rangri""", +"""Sondhwadi""", +"""Sondwari""", +"""Ujjaini""", +"""Umadwadi""", +"""Mawchi""", +"""Padvi""", +"""Nahali""", +"""Palya Bareli""", +"""Pittala Bhasha""", +"""Takari""", +"""Pauri Bareli""", +"""Rathawi""", +"""Rathwi Bareli""", +"""Vaagri Booli""", +"""Kherwara""", +"""Sagwara""", +"""Gangapari""", +"""Mirzapuri""", +"""Pardesi""", +"""Tharu""", +"""Uttari""", +"""Gahore""", +"""Godwani""", +"""Ojhi""", +"""Powari""", +"""Sonpari""", +"""Tirhari""", +"""Bhulia""", +"""Binjhwari""", +"""Chhattisgarhi Proper""", +"""Kalanga""", +"""Kavardi""", +"""Khairagarhi""", +"""Sadri Korwa""", +"""Surgujia""", +"""Govari of Seoni""", +"""Khalari""", +"""Koshti""", +"""Kumbhari""", +"""Lodhi""", +"""Marari""", +"""Vyneganga Powari""", +"""Kakari""", +"""Kathiyawadi""", +"""Kharwa""", +"""Standard Gujarati""", +"""Tarimuki""", +"""Southern Saurashtra""", +"""Dehvali""", +"""Dogri""", +"""Khatalia""", +"""Kotni""", +"""Jikrio Goth Aer""", +"""Kachi Bhil""", +"""Katai Meghwar""", +"""Rabari""", +"""Vagri""", +"""Zalavaria Koli""", +"""Vaghri""", +"""Hasoria Koli""", +"""Mewasi""", +"""Nairya Koli""", +"""Wadiyara Koli""", +"""Rardro Bhil""", +"""Tharadari Bhil""", +"""Tharadari Koli""", +"""Jandavra""", +"""Central Dhatki""", +"""Eastern Dhatki""", +"""Malhi""", +"""Southern Dhatki""", +"""Dhundari""", +"""Sipari""", +"""Kabutra""", +"""Karnataka Lamani""", +"""Maharashtra Lamani""", +"""Merwari""", +"""Khairari""", +"""Sarwari""", +"""Khuni""", +"""Madahaddi""", +"""Sirohi""", +"""Eastern Gujari""", +"""Western Gujari""", +"""Mewati""", +"""Od""", +"""Parya""", +"""Sikar""", +"""Goaria""", +"""Marwari Bhil""", +"""Marwari Meghwar""", +"""Northern Marwari""", +"""Southern Marwari""", +"""Parkari Koli""", +"""Kotali Bhil""", +"""Kundi""", +"""Khandesi""", +"""Rangari""", +"""Middle Indo-Aryan""", +"""Bhuksa""", +"""Braj Bhasha""", +"""Dangi""", +"""Jadobafi""", +"""Sikarwari""", +"""Banaphari""", +"""Bhadauri""", +"""Chhatapur""", +"""Chhindwara Bundeli""", +"""Gaoli""", +"""Khatola""", +"""Kirari""", +"""Kundri""", +"""Lodhanti""", +"""Nagpuri Hindi""", +"""Nibhatta""", +"""Pawari""", +"""Raghobansi""", +"""Southern Bharatpur""", +"""Southern Morena""", +"""Standard Braj of Bulandshahr""", +"""Standard Braj of Eastern Agra""", +"""Standard Braj of Mathura""", +"""Standard Bundeli""", +"""Tirhari""", +"""Western Agra""", +"""Bangaru Proper""", +"""Deswali""", +"""Khadar""", +"""Mewati""", +"""Fiji Hindi""", +"""Literary Hindi""", +"""Hindi""", +"""Rekhta""", +"""Urdu""", +"""Pinjari""", +"""Tirhari""", +"""Transitional Kanauji""", +"""Gurgula""", +"""Bhunjia""", +"""Bastari""", +"""Bhunjia""", +"""Chandari""", +"""Gachikolo""", +"""Kawari""", +"""Mehari""", +"""Muri""", +"""Sundi""", +"""Kamar""", +"""Nahari""", +"""Barik""", +"""Bhatiari""", +"""Central Bengali""", +"""Chirmar""", +"""Chittagonian""", +"""Sylhetti""", +"""Ganda""", +"""Haijong""", +"""Kachari-Bengali""", +"""Lohari-Malpaharia""", +"""Musselmani""", +"""Siripuria""", +"""Rajbanshi""", +"""Rajshahi""", +"""Samaria""", +"""Saraki""", +"""Siripuria""", +"""Southeastern Bengali""", +"""Southwestern Bengali""", +"""Vanga""", +"""Mal Paharia""", +"""Saraki""", +"""Rajar Gang""", +"""Sylheti""", +"""Kharia Thar""", +"""Lodhi""", +"""Mal Paharia""", +"""Rohingya""", +"""Chittagonian""", +"""Tangchangya""", +"""Mayang""", +"""Standard Assamese""", +"""Western Assamese""", +"""Naga Pidgin""", +"""Kurmukar""", +"""Rangpuri""", +"""Surjapuri""", +"""Bodo Parja""", +"""Kupia""", +"""Midnapore Oriya""", +"""Mughalbandi""", +"""North Balasore Oriya""", +"""Northwestern Oriya""", +"""Southern Oriya""", +"""Western Oriya""", +"""Oriya""", +"""Reli""", +"""Bangani""", +"""Bhattiani""", +"""Chandpuri""", +"""Dessaulya""", +"""Gangadi""", +"""Jaunpuri""", +"""Lohbya""", +"""Majh-Kumaiya""", +"""Nagpuriya""", +"""Parvati""", +"""Rathi""", +"""Ravai""", +"""Salani""", +"""Srinagaria""", +"""Tehri""", +"""Northeastern Kumauni""", +"""Southeastern Kumauni""", +"""Western Kumauni""", +"""Chaudhabis""", +"""Paachsai""", +"""Sinja""", +"""Baitadi""", +"""Bajhangi""", +"""Bajurali""", +"""Darjula""", +"""Doteli""", +"""Gorkhali""", +"""Nepali""", +"""Palpa""", +"""Soradi""", +"""Palpa""", +"""Padar""", +"""Padari""", +"""Churahi""", +"""Bhattiyali""", +"""Bilaspuri""", +"""Bansyari""", +"""Gadi Chameali""", +"""Macleod Ganj""", +"""Pangwali""", +"""East Dogri""", +"""Kandiali""", +"""North Dogri""", +"""Dogri""", +"""Palampuri""", +"""Mandeali""", +"""Kllui""", +"""Outer Seraji""", +"""Baghliani""", +"""Kiunthali""", +"""Rohruri""", +"""Shimla Siraji""", +"""Sodochi""", +"""Pahari Kinnauri""", +"""Giripari""", +"""Southern Kalasha""", +"""North Khowar""", +"""South Khowar""", +"""Swat Khowar""", +"""Bunjwali""", +"""Kishtwari""", +"""Miraski""", +"""Poguli""", +"""Rambani""", +"""Riasi""", +"""Shah-Mansuri""", +"""Siraji of Doda""", +"""Siraji-Kashmiri""", +"""Standard Kashmiri""", +"""Zayoli""", +"""Zirak-Boli""", +"""Kalam""", +"""Lamuti""", +"""Rajkoti""", +"""Thal""", +"""Ushu""", +"""Chail""", +"""Wotapuri-Katarqalai""", +"""Indus""", +"""Chilisso""", +"""Gowro""", +"""Tirahi""", +"""Grangali""", +"""Zemiaki""", +"""Shumashti""", +"""Paisaci Prakrit""", +"""Chalas""", +"""Kandak""", +"""Kurangal""", +"""Kurdar""", +"""Darrai Nur""", +"""Kunar""", +"""Laghman""", +"""Wegal""", +"""Bolaghain""", +"""Gulbahar""", +"""Kohnadeh""", +"""Laurowan""", +"""Najil""", +"""Nangarach""", +"""Pachagan""", +"""Pandau""", +"""Parazhghan""", +"""Pashagar""", +"""Sanjan""", +"""Shamakot""", +"""Shutul""", +"""Uzbin""", +"""Wadau""", +"""Isken""", +"""Tagau""", +"""Kolai""", +"""Palasi""", +"""Ushojo""", +"""Kundal Shahi""", +"""Dras""", +"""Gurezi""", +"""Kharmangi""", +"""Satpara""", +"""Darel""", +"""Harban""", +"""Sazin""", +"""Tangir""", +"""Drasi""", +"""Bunji""", +"""Gilgit""", +"""Haramosh""", +"""Hunza-Nagar""", +"""Punial""", +"""Rondu""", +"""Gurezi""", +"""Northern Phalura""", +"""Savi""", +"""Bhatyiana""", +"""Doab""", +"""Majhi""", +"""Malwa""", +"""Panjabi Proper""", +"""Powadhi""", +"""Kohat Hindko""", +"""Peshawar Hindko""", +"""Rural Peshawar Hindko""", +"""Mirpuri""", +"""Pahari""", +"""Pothwari""", +"""Punchhi""", +"""Western Panjabi""", +"""Derawali""", +"""Jafri""", +"""Jangli""", +"""Jatki""", +"""Multani""", +"""Siraiki Hindki""", +"""Thali""", +"""Khetrani""", +"""Lasi""", +"""Luwati""", +"""Memoni""", +"""Dukslinu""", +"""Jadeji""", +"""Kachchi""", +"""Kayasthi""", +"""Lari""", +"""Lasi""", +"""Macharia""", +"""Sindhi Musalmani""", +"""Thareli""", +"""Thari""", +"""Viccholi""", +"""Vicholo""", +"""Visholi""", +"""Mohrano""", +"""Sindhi Bhil""", +"""Sindhi Meghwar""", +"""Chitpavani""", +"""Daldi""", +"""Kudali""", +"""Mangalore""", +"""Sarasvat Brahmin""", +"""Standard Konkani""", +"""Northern Katkari""", +"""Southern Katkari""", +"""Bhandari""", +"""Dhanagari""", +"""Ghati""", +"""Karhadi""", +"""Kiristav""", +"""Koli""", +"""Mahari""", +"""Parabhi""", +"""Sangamesvari""", +"""Thakuri""", +"""Kukna""", +"""Phudagi""", +"""Samvedi""", +"""Govari""", +"""Jhadpi""", +"""Katia""", +"""Kosti""", +"""Kunban""", +"""Kunbi""", +"""Mahari""", +"""Marheti""", +"""Natakani""", +"""Raipur""", +"""Eastern Nihiri""", +"""Western Nihiri""", +"""Kalvadi""", +"""Gawdi of Goa""", +"""Kasargod""", +"""Kosti""", +"""Kudali""", +"""Nagpuri Marati""", +"""Old Marathi""", +"""Sanskrit""", +"""Veddah""", +"""Lahul Lohar""", +"""Bactrian""", +"""Khwarezmian""", +"""Digor""", +"""Iron""", +"""Jassic""", +"""Kurtat""", +"""Tagaur""", +"""Tual""", +"""Western Yagnobi""", +"""Logar""", +"""Nijrau""", +"""Shutul""", +"""Waciri""", +"""Ghilzai""", +"""Ningraharian Pashto""", +"""Kohat""", +"""Mohmand""", +"""Shilmani""", +"""Shinwari""", +"""Yusufzai""", +"""Northwestern Pakhto""", +"""Quetta Pashto""", +"""Southeastern Pashto""", +"""Southwestern Pashto""", +"""Waneci""", +"""Tumshuqese""", +"""Sanglechi""", +"""Sanglich""", +"""Zebak""", +"""Sarikoli""", +"""Khufi""", +"""Shughni""", +"""Oroshor""", +"""Roshani""", +"""Rushani""", +"""Upper Yazgulyam""", +"""Eastern Wakhi""", +"""Gojal""", +"""Ishkoman""", +"""Western Wakhi""", +"""Yarkhun""", +"""Yasin""", +"""Mamalgha Munji""", +"""Northern Munji""", +"""Southern Munji""", +"""Yidgha""", +"""Koroshi""", +"""Bashgaadi""", +"""Coastal Balochi""", +"""Huuti""", +"""Kechi""", +"""Makrani""", +"""Sarawani""", +"""Rashti""", +"""Rudbari""", +"""Mazanderani""", +"""Shahmirzadi""", +"""Soi""", +"""Khunsari""", +"""Northwestern Fars""", +"""Sivandi""", +"""Khuri""", +"""Nayini""", +"""Zoroastrian Dari""", +"""Garmiyani""", +"""Hewleri""", +"""Kerkuki""", +"""Mukri""", +"""Pijdari""", +"""Pizhdar""", +"""Rewandiz""", +"""Sanandaji""", +"""Southern Jafi""", +"""Suleimani""", +"""Warmawa""", +"""Xoshnaw""", +"""Laki""", +"""Amadiye""", +"""Ashiti""", +"""Barwari Jor""", +"""Bayezidi""", +"""Boti""", +"""Gulli""", +"""Hekari""", +"""Khorasani Kurmanji""", +"""Marashi""", +"""Mhallami""", +"""Sheikhan""", +"""Shemdinani""", +"""Surchi""", +"""Zakho""", +"""Feyli""", +"""Garrusi""", +"""Kalhori""", +"""Kermanshahi""", +"""Kolyai""", +"""Kordali""", +"""Luri""", +"""Maleksh ahi""", +"""Malekshahi""", +"""Sanjabi""", +"""Parthian""", +"""Sangisari""", +"""Semnani""", +"""Sorkhei""", +"""Koresh-e Rostam""", +"""Shahrudi""", +"""Kho'ini""", +"""Central Talyshi""", +"""Lenkoran""", +"""Lerik""", +"""Massali""", +"""Northern Talyshi""", +"""Southern Talyshi""", +"""Kalas""", +"""Upper Taromi""", +"""Karingani""", +"""Vidar""", +"""Kharaqan""", +"""Ramand""", +"""Tarom""", +"""Zanjan""", +"""Tafresh""", +"""Vafsi""", +"""Razajerdi""", +"""Hawraman-I Luhon""", +"""Hawraman-I Taxt""", +"""Kakai""", +"""Kandula""", +"""Gurani""", +"""Sarli""", +"""Shabak""", +"""Hazzu""", +"""Kori""", +"""Motki""", +"""Sivereki""", +"""Varto""", +"""Southern Bashaka""", +"""Aruskush-Daqqushchu""", +"""Balakhani""", +"""Devechi""", +"""Lahyj""", +"""Malham""", +"""Northern Tats""", +"""Qonaqkend""", +"""Quba""", +"""Qyzyl Qazma""", +"""Surakhani""", +"""Firozkohi""", +"""Jamshidi""", +"""Maliki""", +"""Mizmast""", +"""Taimani""", +"""Taimuri""", +"""Teimuri""", +"""Zainal""", +"""Zohri""", +"""Parsiwan""", +"""Darwazi""", +"""Dehwari""", +"""Hazaragi""", +"""Pahlavani""", +"""Tajik""", +"""Judeo-Persian""", +"""Bandari""", +"""Basseri""", +"""Esfahani""", +"""Kashani""", +"""Kermani""", +"""Ketabi""", +"""Mahalhamadani""", +"""Mashadi""", +"""Old Shirazi""", +"""Qazvini""", +"""Sedehi""", +"""Shahrudi Kazeruni""", +"""Shirazi""", +"""Shirazjahromi""", +"""Tehrani""", +"""Yazdi""", +"""Kumzari""", +"""Bikha""", +"""Evaz""", +"""Gerash""", +"""Khonj""", +"""Lari""", +"""Chelgerd""", +"""Haft-Lang""", +"""Kuhrang""", +"""Bala-Gariva'i""", +"""Borujerdi""", +"""Cagani""", +"""Khorramabadi""", +"""Mahali""", +"""Nahavandi""", +"""Kohgiluyeh""", +"""Mamasani""", +"""Shuli""", +"""Yasuji""", +"""Old Persian""", +"""Pahlavi""", +"""Southwestern Fars""", +"""Gramsukraviri""", +"""Suruviri""", +"""Shekhani""", +"""Mumviri""", +"""Western Kativiri""", +"""Lower Prasun""", +"""Upper Wasi-Weri""", +"""Varjan""", +"""Istro Romanian""", +"""Megleno Romanian""", +"""Bayash""", +"""Bayash Romanian""", +"""Crishana""", +"""Maramuresh""", +"""Moldavan""", +"""Moldavian""", +"""Muntenian""", +"""Oltenia-Lesser Wallachia""", +"""Transylvanian""", +"""Istriot""", +"""Cicolano-Reatino-Aquilano""", +"""Fiorentino""", +"""Laziale""", +"""Napoletano""", +"""Northern Calabrese-Lucano""", +"""Pugliese""", +"""Eastern Nonmetafonetica""", +"""Isole Eolie""", +"""Messinese""", +"""Pantesco""", +"""Southeast Metafonetica""", +"""Southern Calabro""", +"""Western Sicilian""", +"""Central Emiliano""", +"""Eastern Emiliano""", +"""Lunigiano""", +"""Vogherese-Pavese""", +"""Western Emiliano""", +"""Sammarinese""", +"""Southern Romagnolo""", +"""Judeo-Italian""", +"""Monégasque""", +"""Bergamasco""", +"""Eastern Lombard""", +"""Eastern Lombard""", +"""Insubric""", +"""Latin Anaunico""", +"""Latin Fiamazzo""", +"""Mantovano""", +"""Milanese""", +"""Novarese Lombard""", +"""Ticinese""", +"""Trentino Western""", +"""Western Lombard""", +"""Low Piemontese""", +"""Turinese""", +"""Sassarese Sardinian""", +"""Istrian""", +"""Tretine""", +"""Triestino""", +"""Venetian Proper""", +"""East Central Friulian""", +"""Western Friulian""", +"""Atesino""", +"""Badiotto""", +"""Cadorino""", +"""Fassano""", +"""Gardenese""", +"""Livinallese""", +"""Marebbano""", +"""Nones""", +"""Marsh French""", +"""Prairie French""", +"""Karipúna Creole French""", +"""Plateau Haitian Creole""", +"""St. Barth Creole French""", +"""Patwa""", +"""San Miguel Creole French""", +"""Louisiana Creole French""", +"""Angevin""", +"""Berrichon""", +"""Bourbonnais""", +"""Bourguignon""", +"""Dgernesiais""", +"""Franco-Ontarien""", +"""Gallo""", +"""Jerriais""", +"""Lorraine""", +"""Norman""", +"""Poitevin""", +"""Québécois""", +"""Santongeais""", +"""Seselwa Creole French""", +"""Réunion Creole French""", +"""Tayo""", +"""Artois""", +"""Belgian Picard""", +"""Boulonnais""", +"""Calaisis""", +"""Cambresis""", +"""Hainaut""", +"""Lillois""", +"""Ponthieu""", +"""Santerre""", +"""Vermandois""", +"""Vimeu""", +"""Dauphinois""", +"""Faeto""", +"""Franche-Comtois""", +"""Lyonnais""", +"""Neuch-Telois""", +"""Neuchatelais""", +"""Savoyard""", +"""Valaisan""", +"""Valle D'aosta""", +"""Vaudois""", +"""Faeto and Celle San Vito Francoprovencal""", +"""Middle French""", +"""Old French""", +"""Eastern Walloon""", +"""Southern Walloon""", +"""Western Walloon""", +"""Puter""", +"""Rumantsch Grischun""", +"""Surmiran-Albula""", +"""Sursilvan""", +"""Sursilvan-Oberland""", +"""Upper Engadine""", +"""Vallader""", +"""Baish Aranés""", +"""Béarnais""", +"""Landais""", +"""Mijaranés Aranés""", +"""Naut Aranés""", +"""Haut-Auvergnat""", +"""Haut-Limousin""", +"""Vivaro-Alpine Occitan""", +"""Guyennais""", +"""Haut-Languedocien""", +"""Languedocien Moyen""", +"""Gavot""", +"""Maritime Provençal""", +"""Niçard""", +"""Rhodanien""", +"""Transalpin""", +"""Old Provençal""", +"""Nonstandard Central Catalan""", +"""Eastern Asturian""", +"""Leonese""", +"""Western Asturian""", +"""Mirandese""", +"""Northern Extremaduran""", +"""Southern Extremaduran""", +"""Old Spanish""", +"""Judezmo""", +"""Ladino""", +"""Loreto-Ucayali Spanish""", +"""Palenquero""", +"""Cotobato Chavacano""", +"""Davawenyo Zamboanguenyo""", +"""Ermitaño""", +"""Ternateño""", +"""Zamboangueño""", +"""Ternateño""", +"""Andalusian""", +"""Aragonese""", +"""Canary Islands Spanish""", +"""Castilian""", +"""Murcian""", +"""Navarrese""", +"""Mañegu""", +"""Valvideiru""", +"""Galician""", +"""Brazilian Portuguese""", +"""Estremenho""", +"""Galician Portuguese""", +"""Madeira-Azores""", +"""Korlai Creole Portuguese""", +"""Fa D'ambu""", +"""Sãotomense""", +"""Macanese""", +"""Português de Bidau""", +"""Kabuverdianu Sotavento""", +"""Sotavento""", +"""Papiamento""", +"""Bissau-Bolama Creole""", +"""Cacheu-Ziguinchor Creole""", +"""Minderico""", +"""Eastern Aragonese""", +"""Southern Aragonese""", +"""Western Aragonese""", +"""Mozarabic""", +"""Sartenais""", +"""Venaco""", +"""Vico-Ajaccio""", +"""Gallurese Sardinian""", +"""Cagliare""", +"""Central Campidanese""", +"""Meridionale""", +"""Ogliastrino""", +"""Sarrabense""", +"""Sub-Barbaricino""", +"""Sulcitano""", +"""Western Campidenese""", +"""Northern Logudorese""", +"""Nuorese""", +"""Southwestern Logudorese""", +"""South Lucanian""", +"""Old Latin""", +"""Umbrian""", +"""Sabine""", +"""South Picene""", +"""Volscian""", +"""Lusitanian""", +"""Messapic""", +"""Thracian""", +"""Tocharian B""", +"""Elt Ulid""", +"""Guanche""", +"""South Oran""", +"""Senhaja De Srair""", +"""Western Kabyle""", +"""Jerba""", +"""Jerbi""", +"""Tamezret""", +"""Zuara""", +"""Siwi""", +"""Hoggar""", +"""Tadhaq""", +"""Timbuktu""", +"""Tawallammat Tan Ataram""", +"""Tawallammat Tan Dannag""", +"""Tanassfarwat""", +"""Zenaga""", +"""Tariyit""", +"""Temacin""", +"""Temacine Tamazight""", +"""Touat""", +"""Tit""", +"""Tumzabt""", +"""Tmagourt""", +"""Tachawit""", +"""Beni Iznassen""", +"""Igzennaian""", +"""Urrighel""", +"""Tunisian-Zuwara Berber""", +"""Gwendele""", +"""Hurza""", +"""Mayo-Plata""", +"""Mberem""", +"""Jilbe""", +"""Gili""", +"""Kirya-Konzel""", +"""Wula""", +"""Zlenge""", +"""Kajire-'dulo""", +"""Majera""", +"""Logone-Birni""", +"""Logone-Gana""", +"""Houlouf""", +"""Kabe""", +"""Kalo""", +"""Mser""", +"""Hedkala""", +"""Waga""", +"""Ghudavan""", +"""Gwoza""", +"""Leghva""", +"""Zaladeva""", +"""Zaladva""", +"""Visik""", +"""Marghi South""", +"""Gwara""", +"""Lassa""", +"""Mulgwe""", +"""Wurga""", +"""Pabir""", +"""Pela""", +"""Cibak""", +"""Nggwahyi""", +"""Putai""", +"""Dghwede""", +"""Chikide""", +"""Gava""", +"""Gvoko""", +"""Parkwa""", +"""Ngoshie""", +"""Glavda""", +"""Gwanje""", +"""Jampalam""", +"""Kamburwama""", +"""Kirawa""", +"""Masfeima""", +"""Mazagwa""", +"""Mura""", +"""Wandala""", +"""Ziogba""", +"""Mineo""", +"""Zulgo""", +"""Gudur""", +"""Massagal""", +"""Mokong""", +"""Njeleng""", +"""Zidim""", +"""Wazan""", +"""Moloko""", +"""Muyang""", +"""Wuzlam""", +"""Muturami""", +"""Rum""", +"""Luggoy""", +"""Maniling""", +"""Mpus""", +"""Muzuk""", +"""Ngilemong""", +"""Vulum""", +"""Muskum""", +"""Northern Buduma""", +"""Buduma""", +"""Southern Buduma""", +"""Dro""", +"""Goulfey""", +"""Mara""", +"""Malgbe""", +"""Walia""", +"""Sao""", +"""Digam""", +"""Makari""", +"""Mpade""", +"""Shoe""", +"""Woulki""", +"""Ngala of Lake Chad""", +"""Ga'anda""", +"""Hwana""", +"""Nyimatli""", +"""Pidlimndi""", +"""Gavar""", +"""Musgoi""", +"""Mbedam""", +"""Gamdugun""", +"""Jingjing""", +"""Nive""", +"""Pologozom""", +"""Opalo""", +"""Wa-Duku""", +"""Bacama-Yimburu""", +"""Garoua""", +"""Jirai""", +"""Kobotachi""", +"""Malabu""", +"""Ndeewe""", +"""Ribaw""", +"""Wadi""", +"""Zumu""", +"""Fali of Mubi""", +"""Fali of Mucella""", +"""Fali of Vimtim""", +"""Holma""", +"""Jimo""", +"""Malabu""", +"""Wadi""", +"""Zumo""", +"""Ngwaba""", +"""Holma""", +"""Hoode""", +"""Lovi""", +"""Magara""", +"""Maiha""", +"""Mutidi""", +"""Nggwoli""", +"""Paka""", +"""Rogede""", +"""Tsuvan""", +"""Zizilivakan""", +"""Ldamtsai""", +"""Mokola""", +"""Mokolo""", +"""Ouzal""", +"""Soulede""", +"""Mafa""", +"""Mavoumay""", +"""Mefele""", +"""Serak""", +"""Shugule""", +"""Sukur""", +"""Nancere""", +"""Kimruwa""", +"""Tchire""", +"""Moonde""", +"""Tobanga""", +"""Gaya""", +"""Kawalké""", +"""Mindéra""", +"""Mobou""", +"""Ngam""", +"""Kwang""", +"""Tchagin""", +"""Ndam-Ndam""", +"""Somrai""", +"""Tumak""", +"""Gadang""", +"""Miltu""", +"""Sarua""", +"""Jalkia""", +"""Komi""", +"""Sakaya""", +"""Agrab""", +"""Duguri""", +"""Eastern Birgit""", +"""Mogum Diguimi""", +"""Mogum Déle""", +"""Mogum Urmi""", +"""Toram""", +"""Garawgino""", +"""Jekkino""", +"""Nalguno""", +"""Oboyguno""", +"""East Dangaleat""", +"""West Dangaléat""", +"""Musunye""", +"""Doga""", +"""Gamiya""", +"""Migaama""", +"""Mabire""", +"""Masmaje""", +"""Mubi""", +"""Zirenkel""", +"""Sokoro""", +"""Tamki""", +"""Ubi""", +"""Gugiko""", +"""Mezimko""", +"""Mokilko""", +"""Moriko""", +"""Seginki""", +"""Jaraw-Domo""", +"""Lew""", +"""Pe""", +"""Pe-Holom-Gamé""", +"""Bongor""", +"""Budugum""", +"""Bugudum""", +"""Wina""", +"""Gumay""", +"""Ham""", +"""Walia""", +"""Yagwa""", +"""Zumaya""", +"""Zamre""", +"""Ngete""", +"""Doe""", +"""Lamé""", +"""Gwandara Gitata""", +"""Gwandara Karashi""", +"""Gwandara Koro""", +"""Gwandara Southern""", +"""Nimbia""", +"""Damagaram""", +"""Dawra""", +"""Kano""", +"""Katagum""", +"""Gaya""", +"""Kurfey""", +"""Arewa""", +"""Gobirawa""", +"""Katsina""", +"""Kebbawa""", +"""Sokoto""", +"""Zamfarawa""", +"""Tambas""", +"""Richa""", +"""Tof""", +"""Mangar""", +"""Mundat""", +"""Daffo-Butura""", +"""Sha""", +"""Jalalam""", +"""Kwarta Mataci""", +"""Bole""", +"""Ngamo""", +"""Gamsawa""", +"""Sum""", +"""Kubi""", +"""Maaka""", +"""Nyam""", +"""Shani""", +"""Shellen""", +"""Pero""", +"""Piya""", +"""Kwaami""", +"""Kaltungo""", +"""Shongom""", +"""Ture""", +"""Montol""", +"""Tal""", +"""Pyapun""", +"""Jorto""", +"""Dimmuk""", +"""Gworam""", +"""Jipal""", +"""Kwagallak""", +"""Mirriam""", +"""Kofyar""", +"""Mwaghavul""", +"""Plain Angas""", +"""Yiwom""", +"""Shirawa""", +"""Southern Bade""", +"""Western Bade""", +"""Teshenawa""", +"""Ciwogai""", +"""Diri""", +"""Mburku""", +"""Pa'a""", +"""Siri""", +"""Faishang""", +"""Federe""", +"""Fursum""", +"""Gala""", +"""Warji""", +"""Zumbun""", +"""Mangas""", +"""Gar""", +"""Gayar""", +"""Jimi""", +"""Karakara""", +"""Kuuku""", +"""Lungu""", +"""Mbaaru""", +"""Tala""", +"""Zangwal""", +"""Geji""", +"""Zaranda""", +"""Buli""", +"""Dir""", +"""Langas""", +"""Polchi""", +"""Zul""", +"""Durr-Baraza""", +"""Wandi""", +"""Zumbul""", +"""Zari""", +"""Zakshi""", +"""Lushi""", +"""Zeem""", +"""Amara""", +"""Beni-Amir""", +"""Bisharin""", +"""Hadareb""", +"""Hadendoa""", +"""Xamtanga""", +"""Dembiya""", +"""Hwarasa""", +"""Kayla""", +"""Kwolasa""", +"""Qimant""", +"""Semyen""", +"""Dahalo""", +"""Soro""", +"""Libido""", +"""Tambaro""", +"""Timbaro""", +"""Sidamo""", +"""Baadu""", +"""Central Afar""", +"""Northern Afar""", +"""Jiiddu""", +"""Dabarre""", +"""Tunni""", +"""Girirra""", +"""Garre""", +"""Rendille""", +"""Benaadir""", +"""Degodia""", +"""Northern Somali""", +"""Ogaden""", +"""Daasanach""", +"""El Molo""", +"""Konso""", +"""Boran""", +"""Borana""", +"""Gabra""", +"""Guji""", +"""Kereyu""", +"""Sakuye""", +"""Salale""", +"""Orma""", +"""Orma""", +"""Waata""", +"""Mecha""", +"""Raya""", +"""Tulema""", +"""Wello""", +"""Western Oromo""", +"""Gergere""", +"""Gobeze""", +"""Gollango""", +"""Gorose""", +"""Harso""", +"""Tsamai""", +"""Yaaku""", +"""Kw'adza""", +"""Oxyrhynchite""", +"""Old Coptic""", +"""Lycopolitan""", +"""Sahidic""", +"""Egyptian""", +"""Eblan""", +"""Dumaitic""", +"""Hasaitic""", +"""Hismaic""", +"""Safaitic""", +"""Taymanitic""", +"""Dhofari Arabic""", +"""Al-Hasâ""", +"""Bahraini Gulf Arabic""", +"""Khamseh""", +"""Kuwaiti Hadari Arabic""", +"""North Qatari Arabic""", +"""South Qatari Arabic""", +"""Zubair-Faau Arabic""", +"""Hadrami Arabic""", +"""North Hijazi""", +"""South Hijazi""", +"""Valley Tihaamah""", +"""Beda""", +"""Habban""", +"""San'a""", +"""North Najdi""", +"""South Anjdi""", +"""Omani Arabic""", +"""Sanaani Arabic""", +"""Shihhi Arabic""", +"""Ta'izzi""", +"""Uzbeki Arabic""", +"""Khorasan Arabic""", +"""Euphrates Cluster""", +"""Tigris Cluster""", +"""North Mesopotamian Arabic""", +"""Northeast Egyptian Bedawi Arabic""", +"""Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic""", +"""South Levantine Bedawi Arabic""", +"""North Delta Arabic""", +"""South Central Delta Arabic""", +"""Upper Egypt Arabic""", +"""Chari-Baguirmi""", +"""Nubi""", +"""Khartoum""", +"""North Kordofan Arabic""", +"""Shukri""", +"""Western Sudanese""", +"""Sudanese Creole Arabic""", +"""Beqaa Arabic""", +"""Iqlim-Al-Kharrub Sunni Arabic""", +"""Jdaideh Arabic""", +"""North Lebanese Arabic""", +"""North-Central Lebanese Arabic""", +"""Saida Sunni Arabic""", +"""South Lebanese Arabic""", +"""South-Central Lebanese Arabic""", +"""Standard Lebanese Arabic""", +"""Sunni Beiruti Arabic""", +"""Madani""", +"""Constantine""", +"""Oran""", +"""Algerian Saharan Arabic""", +"""Hassaniyya""", +"""Judeo-Moroccan Arabic""", +"""Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic""", +"""Southern Libyan Arabic""", +"""Tripolitanian Arabic""", +"""Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic""", +"""Port Maltese""", +"""Rural Central Maltese""", +"""Rural East Maltese""", +"""Rural West Maltese""", +"""Standard Maltese""", +"""Zurrieq""", +"""Jebli""", +"""Marrakech""", +"""Oujda""", +"""Rabat-Casablanca Arabic""", +"""Southern Morocco Arabic""", +"""Tangier""", +"""Sahil""", +"""Sfax""", +"""South-Eastern Tunisian""", +"""South-Western Tunisian""", +"""Tunis""", +"""Standard Arabic""", +"""Jinet""", +"""Umraya""", +"""Mar Bishu""", +"""Nochiya""", +"""Tergawar""", +"""Iranian Koine""", +"""Dez""", +"""Gavar""", +"""Jilu""", +"""Qudshanis""", +"""Salamas""", +"""Upper Barwari""", +"""Van""", +"""Benatha""", +"""Daudiya""", +"""Inishke""", +"""Tina""", +"""Solduz""", +"""Urmi""", +"""Lower Barwari""", +"""Tal""", +"""Tkhuma""", +"""Bartille""", +"""Dihok""", +"""Mangesh""", +"""Shirnak-Chizre""", +"""Tel Kepe""", +"""Tisqopa""", +"""Jewish Babylonian Aramaic""", +"""Bijil""", +"""Sandu""", +"""Shahe""", +"""Atrush""", +"""Barashe""", +"""Bétanure""", +"""Dohuk""", +"""Nerwa""", +"""Shukho""", +"""Zakho""", +"""Salmas""", +"""Urmi""", +"""Naghada""", +"""Ushno""", +"""Sanandaj""", +"""Saqiz""", +"""Suleimaniya""", +"""Senaya""", +"""Rwanduz""", +"""Qaladze""", +"""Ranye""", +"""Shaqlawa""", +"""Dobe""", +"""Iwardo""", +"""Kfarze""", +"""Midin""", +"""Midyat""", +"""Raite""", +"""Western Syriac""", +"""Iraqi Neo-Mandaic""", +"""Shushtar""", +"""Old Aramaic""", +"""Samaritan Aramaic""", +"""Jub-'adin""", +"""Ma'lula""", +"""Standard Hebrew""", +"""Samaritan""", +"""Ugaritic""", +"""Jabal Razih""", +"""Minaean""", +"""Qatabanian""", +"""Sabaean""", +"""Soddo""", +"""Gyeto""", +"""Mesmes""", +"""Mesqan""", +"""Ezha""", +"""Gumer""", +"""Gura""", +"""Gyeto""", +"""Argobba""", +"""Wolane""", +"""Zay""", +"""Tigrinya""", +"""Kuria Muria""", +"""Western Jibbali""", +"""Central Soqotri""", +"""Northwest Central Soqotri""", +"""Southern Soqotri""", +"""Western Soqotri""", +"""Hobyót""", +"""Harsusi""", +"""Nagdi""", +"""Western Mehri""", +"""Quileute""", +"""Lipan Apache""", +"""Navajo""", +"""Western Apache""", +"""Babine""", +"""Beaver""", +"""Southern Carrier""", +"""Chilcotin""", +"""Chipewyan""", +"""Degexit'an""", +"""Gwich'in""", +"""Han""", +"""South Slavey""", +"""Holikachuk""", +"""Koyukon""", +"""Lower Tanana""", +"""Sarsi""", +"""Sekani""", +"""Tagish""", +"""Tahltan""", +"""Tanacross""", +"""Tanaina""", +"""Tsetsaut""", +"""Southern Tutchone""", +"""Upper Kuskokwim""", +"""Upper Tanana""", +"""Kato""", +"""Mattole""", +"""Wailaki""", +"""Galice""", +"""Tututni""", +"""Tolowa""", +"""Upper Umpqua""", +"""Eyak""", +"""Tlingit""", +"""Wurrugu""", +"""Turumsa""", +"""Puri""", +"""Nguburindi""", +"""Nyangga""", +"""Atimelang""", +"""Kobola""", +"""Lembur""", +"""Kamang""", +"""Sibo""", +"""Tiayai""", +"""Watang""", +"""Iramang""", +"""Kula Watena""", +"""Kulatela""", +"""Larena""", +"""Kula""", +"""Sumang""", +"""Watena""", +"""Lona""", +"""Sawila""", +"""Salimana""", +"""Sileba""", +"""Langkuru""", +"""Maneta""", +"""Kiramang""", +"""Kui""", +"""Halerman""", +"""Panggar""", +"""Probur""", +"""Hamap""", +"""Meibuil""", +"""Otvai""", +"""Pintumbang""", +"""Tang'ala""", +"""Bakalang""", +"""Limarahing""", +"""Pura""", +"""Retta""", +"""Tereweng""", +"""Kaera""", +"""Kalondama""", +"""Tubal""", +"""Nedebang""", +"""Lebang""", +"""Madar""", +"""Oirata""", +"""Maklere""", +"""Sqoleq""", +"""Tekedaya""", +"""Teruku""", +"""North Bunun""", +"""Randai""", +"""Shibukun""", +"""South Bunun""", +"""Takopulan""", +"""Tondai""", +"""Chengkung-Kwangshan""", +"""Northern Amis""", +"""Southern Amis""", +"""Tavalong-Vataan""", +"""Kaliyawan""", +"""Nataoran""", +"""Natawran""", +"""Pokpok""", +"""Ridaw""", +"""Sakizaya""", +"""Trobiawan""", +"""Ketangalan""", +"""Makatao""", +"""Siraya""", +"""Pangsoia-Dolatok""", +"""Taivoan""", +"""Saaroa""", +"""Malay""", +"""Itbayaten""", +"""Southern Ivatan""", +"""Yami""", +"""Sarangani Blaan""", +"""Southern Tboli""", +"""Western Tboli""", +"""Tiruray""", +"""West Banggai""", +"""Saluan""", +"""Bobongko""", +"""Bungku""", +"""Routa""", +"""Torete""", +"""Tulambatu""", +"""Waia""", +"""Koroni""", +"""Kulisusu""", +"""Nahina""", +"""Petasia""", +"""Soroako""", +"""Tambe'e""", +"""Taloki""", +"""Wawonii""", +"""Rumbia""", +"""Padoe""", +"""Tomadino""", +"""Rahambuu""", +"""Konawe""", +"""Konio""", +"""Laiwui""", +"""Mekongga""", +"""Norio""", +"""Tamboki""", +"""Wiwirano""", +"""Waru""", +"""Masiri""", +"""Sampolawa""", +"""Holimombo""", +"""Kondowa""", +"""Wabula""", +"""Takimpo""", +"""Wali""", +"""Lasalimu""", +"""Lantoi""", +"""Kioko""", +"""Liabuku""", +"""Gu""", +"""Kadatua""", +"""Kalia-Lia""", +"""Katobengke""", +"""Lakudo""", +"""Laompo""", +"""Lawama""", +"""Lawela""", +"""Lowu-Lowu""", +"""Mawasangka""", +"""Salaa""", +"""Topa""", +"""Wale-Ale""", +"""Siompu""", +"""Katobu""", +"""Lawa""", +"""Tobea Besar""", +"""Tungkuno""", +"""Tiworo""", +"""Kapontori""", +"""Labuandiri""", +"""Bonerate""", +"""Wanci""", +"""Tomea""", +"""Inde""", +"""Tado""", +"""Moma""", +"""Doi""", +"""Edo""", +"""Ija""", +"""Ledo""", +"""Rai""", +"""Raio""", +"""Taa""", +"""Tado""", +"""Tara""", +"""Sedoa""", +"""Topoiyo""", +"""Unde Kaili""", +"""Tombelala""", +"""Bada""", +"""Besoa""", +"""Napu""", +"""Rato""", +"""Nunu'""", +"""Benggaulu""", +"""Kantewu""", +"""Southern Uma""", +"""Tobaku""", +"""Tolee'""", +"""Winatu""", +"""Laiyolo""", +"""Wolio""", +"""Wotu""", +"""Totoli""", +"""Tomini""", +"""Dampelas""", +"""Pendau""", +"""Taje""", +"""Tajio""", +"""Remontado Agta""", +"""Sambali Botolan""", +"""Ambala Ayta""", +"""Bataan Ayta""", +"""Mag-Indi Ayta""", +"""Masinloc""", +"""Santa Cruz""", +"""Mariri""", +"""Southeast Dobel""", +"""Straits Dobel""", +"""Warabal""", +"""Lorang""", +"""Manombai""", +"""East Tarangan""", +"""Barakai""", +"""Karey""", +"""Kompane""", +"""Ujir""", +"""Southwestern Tarangan""", +"""Dawera-Daweloor""", +"""North Babar""", +"""East Masela""", +"""Serili""", +"""Southeast Babar""", +"""West Masela""", +"""Imroing""", +"""Tela-Masbuar""", +"""West Damar""", +"""Mbojo""", +"""Bima""", +"""Sangar""", +"""Toloweri""", +"""Eli""", +"""Kelimuri""", +"""Mina Mina Gorong""", +"""Tamher Timur""", +"""Masiwang""", +"""Lesa""", +"""Benggoi""", +"""Hoti""", +"""Seti""", +"""Wahakaim""", +"""Salas""", +"""Lumaete""", +"""Kayeli""", +"""Kanikeh""", +"""Maneo""", +"""South Manusela""", +"""South Nuaulu""", +"""West Teluti""", +"""Seit""", +"""Mamala""", +"""Morela""", +"""Hitu""", +"""Wakal""", +"""Tulehu""", +"""Tengah-Tengah""", +"""Tial""", +"""Kaibobo""", +"""Kailolo""", +"""Pelauw""", +"""Rohomoni""", +"""Rutah""", +"""Soahuku""", +"""Nusa Laut""", +"""Iha-Seram""", +"""Kulur""", +"""Siri-Sori""", +"""Kamarian""", +"""Asilulu""", +"""Ureng""", +"""Larike""", +"""Wakasihu""", +"""Kelang""", +"""Luhu""", +"""Manipa""", +"""Lisabata-Timur""", +"""Nuniali""", +"""Sukaraja""", +"""Loun""", +"""Saleman""", +"""Central West Alune""", +"""Kairatu""", +"""North Coastal Alune""", +"""South Alune""", +"""Naka'ela""", +"""Yalahatan""", +"""Kasieh""", +"""Uwenpantai""", +"""Ut""", +"""Fogi""", +"""Masarete""", +"""Wae Sama""", +"""Hukumina""", +"""Tagalisa""", +"""Fagudu""", +"""Falahu""", +"""Mangei""", +"""Padang""", +"""Lamalera""", +"""West Lamaholot""", +"""West Solor""", +"""Lewotobi""", +"""East Solor""", +"""West Adonara""", +"""South Ile Ape""", +"""West Lembata""", +"""Levuka""", +"""South Lembata""", +"""Lewo Eleng""", +"""Lamatuka""", +"""Sikka Natar""", +"""Tana Ai""", +"""Eastern Manggarai""", +"""West-Central Manggarai""", +"""Western Manggarai""", +"""Rajong""", +"""Rembong""", +"""Wangka""", +"""Riung""", +"""Wae Rana""", +"""Ende""", +"""Li'o""", +"""Nage""", +"""Central Ngada""", +"""South Ngada""", +"""Rongga""", +"""So'a""", +"""Palu'e""", +"""Mesara""", +"""Raijua""", +"""Seba""", +"""Timu""", +"""Rua""", +"""Lewa""", +"""Mangili-Waijelo""", +"""Melolo""", +"""Kambera""", +"""Southern Sumba""", +"""Uma Ratu Nggai""", +"""Mamboru""", +"""Kodi Bokol""", +"""Nggaro""", +"""Lamboya""", +"""Tana Righu""", +"""Weyewa""", +"""Fordata-Larat II""", +"""Molo""", +"""Sera""", +"""Kei Kecil""", +"""Ta'am""", +"""Tanimbar Kei""", +"""Tayando""", +"""Ogar""", +"""Patipi""", +"""Sepa""", +"""Sekar""", +"""Uruangnirin""", +"""South Yamdena""", +"""Keroi""", +"""Namatota""", +"""Waikala""", +"""Seluwasan""", +"""Northern Tetun""", +"""Southern Tetun""", +"""Tetun Dili""", +"""Midiki""", +"""Oso Moko""", +"""Waima'a""", +"""Roma""", +"""Moa""", +"""Luang""", +"""Wetan""", +"""Maku'a""", +"""Dadua""", +"""Edi""", +"""Hahak""", +"""Na Nahek""", +"""Galoli""", +"""Serua""", +"""Te'un""", +"""Esulit""", +"""Ilmaumau""", +"""Karbubu""", +"""Klishatu""", +"""Nabar""", +"""Telemar""", +"""Ustutun""", +"""Lurang""", +"""Welemur""", +"""Uhak""", +"""Ilpokil""", +"""Kahailin Ilway""", +"""Mahuan""", +"""Masapua""", +"""Tomliapat""", +"""Helong Darat""", +"""Helong Pulau""", +"""Tai Boko""", +"""Uis Tasae""", +"""Amfoan-Fatule'u-Amabi""", +"""Biboki-Insana""", +"""Kusa-Manlea""", +"""Mollo-Miomafo""", +"""Oenale""", +"""Lelain""", +"""Western Dengka""", +"""Ro'is""", +"""Ro'is Hero""", +"""Ro'is Tais Nonof""", +"""Lelenuk""", +"""Bilba""", +"""North Lole""", +"""South Lole""", +"""Ringgou""", +"""Oe Pao""", +"""Korbafo""", +"""Pa'da""", +"""Pa'da Kona""", +"""Tii""", +"""Lakalei""", +"""Lolei""", +"""Mambai""", +"""Manua""", +"""Kemak""", +"""Tukudede""", +"""Papitalai""", +"""Titan""", +"""Kele""", +"""Kurti""", +"""Leipon""", +"""Ponam""", +"""Mokerang""", +"""Tong""", +"""Hermit""", +"""Sori""", +"""Drehet""", +"""Levei""", +"""Likum""", +"""Mondropolon""", +"""Keli""", +"""Tulu""", +"""Pam""", +"""Nauna""", +"""Penchal""", +"""Southern Kaniet""", +"""Seimat""", +"""Wuvulu""", +"""Central Vanua Levu""", +"""Kadavu""", +"""Northeast Vanua Levu""", +"""Northeast Viti Levu""", +"""Southeast Vanua Levu""", +"""Southeast Viti Levu""", +"""West Vanua Levu""", +"""Gone Dau""", +"""Vanua Balavu""", +"""Lomaiviti""", +"""East Futuna""", +"""Niuatoputapu""", +"""Wallisian""", +"""Tokelau""", +"""South Tuvaluan""", +"""Nukuoro""", +"""Pelau""", +"""Nukuria""", +"""Takuu""", +"""Atiu""", +"""Mangaia""", +"""Mauke""", +"""Mitiaro""", +"""Rarotonga""", +"""Mangareva""", +"""Moriori""", +"""North Auckland""", +"""Rotorua-Taupo""", +"""South Island""", +"""Taranaki""", +"""Wanganui""", +"""Nuku Hiva""", +"""Ua Huka""", +"""Ua Pou""", +"""Hiva Oa""", +"""Tahuta""", +"""Penrhyn""", +"""Rakahanga-Manihiki""", +"""Rimatara""", +"""Rurutu""", +"""Tubuai""", +"""Tahitian""", +"""Marangai""", +"""Napuka""", +"""Parata""", +"""Reao""", +"""Tapuhoe""", +"""Vahitu""", +"""Rapanui""", +"""Sikaiana""", +"""Matema""", +"""Pileni""", +"""Nukapu""", +"""Nupani""", +"""Taumako""", +"""Pukapuka""", +"""Mungiki""", +"""Tikopia""", +"""West Futuna""", +"""Mele""", +"""West Uvean""", +"""Tonga""", +"""Rotuman""", +"""Nalea""", +"""Tubai""", +"""Waya""", +"""Wete""", +"""Iaai""", +"""Nengone""", +"""Nui""", +"""Rälik""", +"""Pingelapese""", +"""Ponapean""", +"""Sapwuahfik""", +"""Fayichuck""", +"""Mid Mortlock""", +"""Upper Mortlock""", +"""Pulapese""", +"""Pulusukese""", +"""Tanapag""", +"""Namonuito""", +"""Satawalese""", +"""Mapia""", +"""Woleaian""", +"""Sonsorolese""", +"""Tobian""", +"""Ulithian""", +"""Malen-Utwe""", +"""Nauru""", +"""Olal""", +"""Port Vato""", +"""Penapo""", +"""Taveak""", +"""Toak""", +"""Emau""", +"""Livara""", +"""Nguna""", +"""Paunangis""", +"""Sesake""", +"""Pang Pang""", +"""South Efate""", +"""Bierebo""", +"""Vovo""", +"""Maii""", +"""Tasiko""", +"""Onesso""", +"""Axamb""", +"""Burmbar""", +"""Katbol""", +"""Lingarak""", +"""Maskelynes""", +"""Vivti""", +"""Nese""", +"""Vao""", +"""Port Sandwich""", +"""Navwien""", +"""Nisvai""", +"""Uripiv""", +"""Wala-Rano""", +"""Nati""", +"""Larevat""", +"""Maragus""", +"""South West Bay""", +"""Letemboi""", +"""Nasarian""", +"""Repanbitip""", +"""Makura""", +"""Mataso""", +"""Tongariki Island""", +"""Tongoa Island""", +"""South Paama""", +"""Loltong""", +"""Melsisi""", +"""Suru-Bo""", +"""Suru-Marani""", +"""Ninebulo""", +"""Ponorwal""", +"""Sowa""", +"""Lombaha""", +"""Longana""", +"""Walaha""", +"""Morouas""", +"""Roria""", +"""Navut""", +"""Tiale""", +"""Lorediakarkar""", +"""Tutuba""", +"""Avunatari""", +"""Shark Bay""", +"""Polonombauk""", +"""Tambotalo""", +"""Piamatsina""", +"""Tasmate""", +"""Tolomako""", +"""Valpei""", +"""Vunapu""", +"""Araki""", +"""Narango""", +"""Tangoa""", +"""Wailapa""", +"""Wusi""", +"""Hano""", +"""Nasawa""", +"""Talise""", +"""Peterara""", +"""Tanoriki""", +"""Marino""", +"""Lo-Toga""", +"""Lakon""", +"""Lehali""", +"""Lehalurup""", +"""Vera'a""", +"""Mwerig""", +"""West Mwerelawa""", +"""Mota""", +"""Nume""", +"""Vetumboso""", +"""Wetamut""", +"""Vulava""", +"""Gela""", +"""Geri""", +"""Ndi""", +"""Nginia""", +"""Ghari""", +"""Tandai-Nggaria""", +"""Ghaimuta""", +"""Lengo""", +"""Paripao""", +"""Malango""", +"""Malagheti""", +"""Moli""", +"""Talise""", +"""Poleo""", +"""Tolo""", +"""Baelelea""", +"""Fataleka""", +"""Gula'alaa""", +"""Kwaio""", +"""Kwara'ae""", +"""Lau""", +"""Suafa""", +"""To'abaita""", +"""Wala""", +"""'Are'are""", +"""Dori'o""", +"""Oroha""", +"""Ulawa""", +"""Wango""", +"""Bauro""", +"""Rawo""", +"""Fagani""", +"""Rihu'a""", +"""Kahua""", +"""Santa Catalina""", +"""Tawarafa""", +"""Pouébo""", +"""Kumak""", +"""Yalayu""", +"""Thuanga""", +"""Numee""", +"""Ouen""", +"""Nemi""", +"""Jawe""", +"""Pije""", +"""Pwaamei""", +"""Pwapwa""", +"""Haeke""", +"""Haveke""", +"""Hmwaveke""", +"""Vamale""", +"""Waamwang""", +"""Paicî""", +"""Arhâ""", +"""Arhö""", +"""Neku""", +"""Orowe""", +"""Tiri""", +"""Xaragure""", +"""Xârâcùù""", +"""Zire""", +"""Potnariven""", +"""Yoku""", +"""Ura""", +"""Itonga""", +"""Loanatit""", +"""Nerauya""", +"""Imafin""", +"""West Tanna""", +"""Weasisi""", +"""Nvhal""", +"""Emira""", +"""Southern Mussau""", +"""Western Mussau""", +"""Tenis""", +"""Nanggu""", +"""Natügu""", +"""Teanu""", +"""Asumboa""", +"""Tanimbili""", +"""Vano""", +"""Uneapa""", +"""Usen""", +"""Lamusong""", +"""Lavatbura""", +"""Ugana""", +"""Katingan""", +"""Lelet""", +"""Malom""", +"""Mesi""", +"""Konomala""", +"""Makada""", +"""Molot""", +"""Label""", +"""Kininanggunan""", +"""Kokopo""", +"""Livuan""", +"""Masawa""", +"""Matupit""", +"""Nodup""", +"""Rakunei""", +"""Raluana""", +"""Rapitok""", +"""Rebar""", +"""Vanumami""", +"""Vunadidir""", +"""Watom""", +"""Minigir""", +"""Pala""", +"""Sokirik""", +"""Katazi""", +"""Kuboro""", +"""Lömaumbi""", +"""Babatana""", +"""Sengan""", +"""Sisiqa""", +"""Varisi""", +"""Fauro""", +"""Mono""", +"""Torau""", +"""Uruava""", +"""Hangan""", +"""Selau""", +"""Touloun""", +"""Matsungan""", +"""Sumoun""", +"""Taiof""", +"""Kurur""", +"""Ratsua""", +"""Melilup""", +"""Petspets""", +"""Taunita""", +"""Wainanana""", +"""Vado-Vaene'""", +"""Vaene'""", +"""Vapopeo'""", +"""Vapopeo'-Rausaura""", +"""Vasui""", +"""Vavoehpoa'""", +"""Pinipel""", +"""Papapana""", +"""Solos""", +"""Kusaghe""", +"""Marovo""", +"""Roviana""", +"""Ughele""", +"""Vangunu""", +"""Kazukuru""", +"""Ghanongga""", +"""Lungga""", +"""Simbo""", +"""Zazao""", +"""Maringe""", +"""Gao""", +"""Zabana""", +"""Siar-Lak""", +"""Sursurunga""", +"""Maket""", +"""Tanga""", +"""Tabar""", +"""Tatau""", +"""Notsi""", +"""Tomoip""", +"""Lauan-Nonopai""", +"""Luburua""", +"""Ngavalus-Lossuk""", +"""West Kara""", +"""Nalik""", +"""Tiang""", +"""Island Tigak""", +"""South Tigak""", +"""West Tigak""", +"""Tungag""", +"""Bola""", +"""Bulu""", +"""Losa""", +"""Maututu""", +"""Ubae""", +"""Vere""", +"""Aribwaung""", +"""Duwet""", +"""Musom""", +"""Nafi""", +"""Labu""", +"""Wampar""", +"""Sarasira""", +"""Sukurum""", +"""Wampur""", +"""North Watut""", +"""Maralango""", +"""Kela""", +"""Yabem""", +"""Numbami""", +"""Kapin""", +"""Lagis""", +"""Chimbuluk""", +"""Mambump""", +"""Mapos""", +"""Papakene""", +"""Wagau""", +"""Wins""", +"""Kumalu""", +"""Piu""", +"""Vehes""", +"""Hote""", +"""Yamap""", +"""Iwal""", +"""Mutu""", +"""Tuam""", +"""Galeg""", +"""Suit""", +"""Yamai""", +"""Yori""", +"""Mindiri""", +"""Wab""", +"""Gedaged""", +"""Southern Marik""", +"""Western Marik""", +"""Matukar""", +"""Serang""", +"""Nanaya""", +"""Ronji""", +"""Lokep""", +"""Karnai""", +"""Singorokai""", +"""Mur Pano""", +"""Maleu""", +"""Northern Mbula""", +"""Mbula""", +"""Sakar""", +"""Mamusi""", +"""North Coast Mengen""", +"""South Coast Mengen""", +"""Sio""", +"""Lesing""", +"""Apalik""", +"""Gimi""", +"""Umua""", +"""Apsokok""", +"""Bao""", +"""Karore""", +"""Kaulong""", +"""Miu""", +"""Sengseng""", +"""Lomogai""", +"""Musen""", +"""Paret""", +"""Pulie-Rauto""", +"""Tourai""", +"""Wanam""", +"""Ormu""", +"""Tobati""", +"""Podena""", +"""Bonggo""", +"""Kaptiau""", +"""Masimasi""", +"""Sobei""", +"""Wakde""", +"""Tarpia""", +"""Yamna""", +"""Terebu""", +"""Kairiru""", +"""Sepa""", +"""Wogeo""", +"""Medebur""", +"""Yakamul""", +"""Tumleo""", +"""Malol""", +"""Sissano""", +"""Ulau-Suain""", +"""Maisin""", +"""Miniafia""", +"""Doga""", +"""Gapapaiwa""", +"""Ghayavi""", +"""Kaninuwa""", +"""Ubir""", +"""Naura""", +"""Taupota""", +"""Wa'ema""", +"""Maiwala""", +"""Minaveha""", +"""Bohilai""", +"""Diwinai""", +"""Huhuna""", +"""Kehelala""", +"""Labe""", +"""Lelehudi""", +"""Sideya""", +"""Yaleba""", +"""Lavora""", +"""Topura""", +"""Yapoa""", +"""Yakaikeke""", +"""Belebele I""", +"""Bwaidoga""", +"""Faiyava""", +"""Kalauna""", +"""Kilia""", +"""Kiliva""", +"""Lauwela""", +"""Mataitai""", +"""Wagifa""", +"""Central Vivigani""", +"""Goiala""", +"""Idakamenai""", +"""Kalauna""", +"""Ufaufa""", +"""Ufufu""", +"""Waibula""", +"""Central Diodio""", +"""Iauiaula""", +"""Utalo""", +"""Didigavu""", +"""Gwabegwabe""", +"""Masimasi""", +"""Southern Yamalele""", +"""Maiadomu""", +"""Koluwawa""", +"""Tala'ai""", +"""Tosila'ai""", +"""Gameta""", +"""Garea""", +"""Sebutuia""", +"""Urua""", +"""Wadalei""", +"""Kasikasi""", +"""Kerorogea""", +"""Kumalahu""", +"""Lomitawa""", +"""Meudana""", +"""Bunama""", +"""Sawabwala""", +"""Sawatupwa""", +"""Sipupu""", +"""Weyoko""", +"""Mwatebu""", +"""Galubwa""", +"""Loboda""", +"""Sanaroa""", +"""Ubuia""", +"""Guleguleu""", +"""Mwalukwasia""", +"""Siausi""", +"""Somwadina""", +"""Central Sewa Bay""", +"""Darubia""", +"""Maiabare""", +"""Miadeba""", +"""Sewataitai""", +"""Sibonai""", +"""Gumawana""", +"""South Kakabai""", +"""Buhutu""", +"""Wale""", +"""Oya'oya""", +"""Saliba""", +"""Bonarua""", +"""Dahuni""", +"""Daui""", +"""Leileiafa""", +"""Suau""", +"""Sinaki""", +"""Unubahe""", +"""Wagawaga""", +"""Magori""", +"""Yoba""", +"""Ouma""", +"""Babaga""", +"""Kalo""", +"""Kapari""", +"""Lalaura""", +"""Maopa""", +"""Keapara""", +"""Wanigela""", +"""Babagarupu""", +"""Balawaia""", +"""Boku""", +"""Buaga""", +"""Ikega""", +"""Ikolu""", +"""Kubuli""", +"""Kwaibida""", +"""Kwaibo""", +"""Omene""", +"""Oruone""", +"""Saroa""", +"""Taboro""", +"""Tubulamo""", +"""Vora""", +"""Wiga""", +"""Western Motu""", +"""Lala""", +"""North Mekeo""", +"""Northwest Mekeo""", +"""West Mekeo""", +"""Toura""", +"""Paitana""", +"""Roro""", +"""Sinaketa""", +"""Vakuta""", +"""Lougaw""", +"""Nawyem""", +"""Wamwan""", +"""Yanaba""", +"""Tewatewa""", +"""Panawina""", +"""Sabari""", +"""Western Point""", +"""Griffin Point""", +"""Jelewaga""", +"""Pamela""", +"""Rambuso""", +"""Yapese""", +"""Kuri""", +"""Bedoanas""", +"""Erokwanas""", +"""Bo'o""", +"""Bosnik""", +"""Dwar""", +"""Fairi""", +"""Jenures""", +"""Kamer""", +"""Korido""", +"""Korim""", +"""Mandusir""", +"""Mapia""", +"""Mios Num""", +"""Mofu""", +"""Monoarfu""", +"""Opif""", +"""Padoa""", +"""Penasifu""", +"""Rumberpon""", +"""Samberi""", +"""Sampori""", +"""Sor""", +"""Sorendidori""", +"""Sorido""", +"""Sundei""", +"""Vogelkop""", +"""Wadibu""", +"""Wardo""", +"""Wari""", +"""Warsa""", +"""Roon""", +"""Dusner""", +"""Meoswar""", +"""Yaur""", +"""Yeretuar""", +"""Ambai""", +"""Randawaya""", +"""Ansus""", +"""Ambumi""", +"""Bintuni""", +"""Dasener""", +"""Wamesa""", +"""Wasior""", +"""Windesi""", +"""Woi""", +"""Papuma""", +"""Serui-Laut""", +"""Wabo""", +"""Yoke""", +"""Mor""", +"""Metsam""", +"""As""", +"""Kawe""", +"""Legenyem""", +"""Batanta Island""", +"""Ma'ya""", +"""Wauyai""", +"""Wayamli""", +"""Maba""", +"""Patani""", +"""Kobe""", +"""Messa-Dote""", +"""Sawai""", +"""Weda""", +"""East Makian""", +"""Tandia""", +"""Napan""", +"""Waropen Kai""", +"""Rotanese Chamorro""", +"""Enggano""", +"""Pahu""", +"""Tunjung Linggang""", +"""Tunjung Londong""", +"""Bezanozano""", +"""Merina""", +"""Sihanaka""", +"""Tanala""", +"""Southern Betsimisaraka""", +"""Tesaka Malagasy""", +"""Kibushi-Kimaore""", +"""Vezo""", +"""Tsimihety Malagasy""", +"""Tanosy Malagasy""", +"""Tandroy-Mahafaly Malagasy""", +"""Bakoi""", +"""Bantian""", +"""Banuwang""", +"""Bawu""", +"""Benua""", +"""Kali""", +"""Karau""", +"""Lawa""", +"""Lolang""", +"""Mantararen""", +"""Njumit""", +"""Pasir""", +"""Purai""", +"""Purung""", +"""Tuwang""", +"""Tawoyan""", +"""Dusun Malang""", +"""Dusun Witu""", +"""Samihim""", +"""Sihong""", +"""Paku""", +"""Jaya Bakti""", +"""Kajoa""", +"""Matalaang""", +"""Poso""", +"""Roti""", +"""Same'""", +"""Sulamu""", +"""Tongian 1""", +"""Tongian 2""", +"""Wallace""", +"""Mapun""", +"""Kawang""", +"""Kota Belud""", +"""Papar""", +"""Pitas Bajau""", +"""Putatan""", +"""Sandakan Bajau""", +"""Kabinga'an""", +"""Lutangan""", +"""Balangingi""", +"""Sibuco-Vitali""", +"""Sibuguey""", +"""Bajau Darat""", +"""Bajau Laut""", +"""Bajau Semporna""", +"""Balimbing""", +"""Bongao""", +"""Laminusa""", +"""Languyan""", +"""Obian""", +"""Sama""", +"""Sapa-Sapa""", +"""Sibutu'""", +"""Sikubung""", +"""Simunul""", +"""Sitangkai""", +"""Tandubas""", +"""Ubian""", +"""Pangutaran Sama""", +"""Yakan""", +"""Kadorih""", +"""Ot Balawan""", +"""Ot Banu'u""", +"""Ot Murung 1""", +"""Ot Olang""", +"""Ot Tuhup""", +"""Sarawai""", +"""Sebaung""", +"""Ulu Ai'""", +"""Siang""", +"""Bakumpai""", +"""Mantangai""", +"""Pulopetak""", +"""Camarines Norte Agta""", +"""Naga""", +"""Southern Catanduanes Bicolano""", +"""Mt. Iraya Agta""", +"""Mt. Iriga Agta""", +"""Daraga""", +"""Libon""", +"""Ligao""", +"""Oas""", +"""Iriga Bicolano""", +"""Northern Catanduanes Bicolano""", +"""Calatravanhon""", +"""Odionganon""", +"""Sibalenhon""", +"""Simaranhon""", +"""Cebu""", +"""Leyte""", +"""Mindanao Visayan""", +"""Kari""", +"""Kawayan""", +"""Hiligaynon""", +"""Masbatenyo""", +"""Porohanon""", +"""Romblon""", +"""Sibuyan""", +"""Kinabalian""", +"""Samar-Leyte""", +"""Waray""", +"""Waray Sorsogon""", +"""Magahat""", +"""Tausug""", +"""Tandaganon""", +"""Malaynon""", +"""Bulalakaw""", +"""Dispoholnon""", +"""Looknon""", +"""Guimaras Island""", +"""Hamtik""", +"""Lambunao""", +"""Miag-Ao""", +"""Pandan""", +"""Pototan""", +"""Sulod""", +"""Santa Teresa""", +"""Mamanwa""", +"""Mansaka""", +"""South Kamayo""", +"""Lactan""", +"""Piso""", +"""Tumuaong""", +"""Tagakaulu Kalagan""", +"""Batangas""", +"""Bulacan""", +"""Lubang""", +"""Manila""", +"""Marinduque""", +"""Tanay-Paete""", +"""Tayabas""", +"""Ilud""", +"""Iranun""", +"""Laya""", +"""Sibugay""", +"""Tagakawanan""", +"""Maranao""", +"""Bolango""", +"""Buol""", +"""Gorontalo Kota""", +"""Limboto""", +"""Tilamuta""", +"""West Gorontalo""", +"""Kaidipan""", +"""Lolak""", +"""Lolayan""", +"""Pasia""", +"""Ponosakan""", +"""Matig-Salud""", +"""Tala Ingod""", +"""Tigwa""", +"""Surigao""", +"""Umayam""", +"""Dibabawon Manobo""", +"""Rajah Kabunsuwan Manobo""", +"""Kidapawan Manobo""", +"""Magpet Manobo""", +"""Livunganen""", +"""Puleniyan""", +"""Kiriyenteken""", +"""Pulangiyen""", +"""Tasaday""", +"""Tagabawa""", +"""Higaonon""", +"""Cinamiguin Manobo""", +"""Central Tagbanwa""", +"""Tagbanwa""", +"""Southwest Palawano""", +"""Central Palawano""", +"""Taut Batu""", +"""Western Tawbuid""", +"""Buhid""", +"""Bulalakawnon""", +"""Gubatnon""", +"""Kagankan""", +"""Waigan""", +"""Wawan""", +"""Eastern Subanen""", +"""Dikayu""", +"""Salog""", +"""Lapuyan Subanun""", +"""Palaui Island Agta""", +"""Ibatan""", +"""Surabaya""", +"""Indramayu""", +"""Jawa Halus""", +"""Manuk""", +"""Pasisir""", +"""Tembung""", +"""Cirebon""", +"""Solo""", +"""Tegal""", +"""New Caledonian Javanese""", +"""Osing""", +"""Tengger""", +"""Lampung Api""", +"""Kota Bumi""", +"""Menggala""", +"""Rara Bakati'""", +"""Sara""", +"""Benyadu'""", +"""Dongay""", +"""Empawa""", +"""Grogo""", +"""Gumbang""", +"""Krokong""", +"""Serambau""", +"""Singge""", +"""Stenggang Jagoi""", +"""Suti""", +"""Taup""", +"""Tengoh""", +"""Stang""", +"""Tibia""", +"""Bukar Sadong""", +"""Mentuh Tapuh""", +"""Lebong""", +"""Musi""", +"""Pasisir""", +"""Rawas""", +"""Tringgus""", +"""Sanggau""", +"""Kembayan""", +"""Ribun""", +"""Bihak""", +"""Gerai""", +"""Semandang""", +"""Bawean""", +"""Pamekesan""", +"""Sampang""", +"""Sapudi""", +"""Sumenep""", +"""Baruh""", +"""Bueng""", +"""Daja""", +"""Pase""", +"""Pidie""", +"""Tunong""", +"""Western Cham""", +"""Haroi""", +"""Rai""", +"""Tsat""", +"""Chuty""", +"""Golar""", +"""Habau""", +"""Hodrung""", +"""Jhue""", +"""Pleikly""", +"""Puan""", +"""Sesan""", +"""To-Buan""", +"""Bih""", +"""Blo""", +"""Kodrao""", +"""Krung 1""", +"""Ndhur""", +"""Rde Kpa""", +"""Lowland Bali""", +"""Nusa Penida""", +"""Meno-Mene""", +"""Mriak-Mriku""", +"""Ngeno-Ngene""", +"""Ngeto-Ngete""", +"""Sumbawa""", +"""Cocos Islands Malay""", +"""Peranakan Indonesian""", +"""Sabah Malay""", +"""Kuala""", +"""Bukit Malay""", +"""Kampong Ayer""", +"""Kedayan""", +"""Kota Bangun Kutai Malay""", +"""Northern Kutai""", +"""Tenggarong Kutai""", +"""Gorap""", +"""Bugau""", +"""Dau""", +"""Lemanak""", +"""Skrang""", +"""Ulu Ai""", +"""Undup""", +"""Mualang""", +"""Remun""", +"""Seberuang""", +"""Sebuyau""", +"""Loncong""", +"""Duano""", +"""Indonesian""", +"""Suku Batin""", +"""Ulu""", +"""Dawas""", +"""Djambi""", +"""Lalang""", +"""Nomadic Kubu""", +"""Ridan""", +"""Supat""", +"""Tungkal""", +"""Tungkal Ilir""", +"""Ulu Lako""", +"""Standard Malay""", +"""Mamaq""", +"""Sakei""", +"""Talang""", +"""Ulu""", +"""Lembak Sindang""", +"""Haji""", +"""Kaur""", +"""Aneuk Jamee""", +"""Batu Sangkar-Pariangan""", +"""Kerinci-Minangkabau""", +"""Orang Mamak""", +"""Pajokumbuh""", +"""Penghulu""", +"""Si Junjung""", +"""Singkarak""", +"""Tanah""", +"""Ulu""", +"""Negeri Sembilan Malay""", +"""Pekal""", +"""Kedah Malay""", +"""Malay""", +"""Old Malay""", +"""Orang Kanaq""", +"""Orang Seletar""", +"""Pattani Malay""", +"""Belanda""", +"""Berembun""", +"""Mantra""", +"""Temuan""", +"""Udai""", +"""Urak Lawoi'""", +"""Banda Malay""", +"""Larantuka Malay""", +"""North Moluccan Malay""", +"""Papuan Malay""", +"""Makassar Malay""", +"""Malaccan Creole Malay""", +"""Sri Lanka Malay""", +"""Kendayan""", +"""Keninjal""", +"""Banana'""", +"""Belantikan""", +"""Delang""", +"""Kayung""", +"""Lamandau""", +"""Mentebah-Suruk""", +"""Riam""", +"""Semitau""", +"""Suhaid""", +"""Sukamara""", +"""Tapitn""", +"""Bogor""", +"""Cirebon""", +"""Pringan""", +"""Tomohon""", +"""Tondano""", +"""Remboken""", +"""Kalabat Atas""", +"""Kauditan""", +"""Likupang""", +"""Maumbi""", +"""Sonder""", +"""Tompaso""", +"""Tonsawang""", +"""Ja-It""", +"""L'be""", +"""Moklen""", +"""Nasal""", +"""East Berawan""", +"""West Berawan""", +"""Long Kiput""", +"""Long Tutoh""", +"""Tutong""", +"""Lelak""", +"""Narom""", +"""Bintulu""", +"""Brung""", +"""Lepu Potong""", +"""Libbung""", +"""Lon Bangag""", +"""Lengilu""", +"""Sa'ban""", +"""Tring""", +"""Balait""", +"""Kolur""", +"""Lepu Potong""", +"""Lun Bawang""", +"""Lun Dayah""", +"""Lun Daye""", +"""Padas""", +"""Trusan""", +"""Long Atip""", +"""Long Bleh""", +"""Mahakam Busang""", +"""Kayan Mahakam""", +"""Mendalam Kayan""", +"""Wahau Kayan""", +"""Uma Lakan""", +"""Lugat""", +"""Long Wat""", +"""Lisum""", +"""Long Badan""", +"""Long Geng""", +"""Long Kehobo""", +"""Long Murun""", +"""Ma'aging""", +"""Uma Daro""", +"""Uma Juman""", +"""Kelingan""", +"""Liah Bing""", +"""Long Bento'""", +"""Long Glat""", +"""Nahes""", +"""Segah""", +"""Semukung Uheng""", +"""Long Semiang""", +"""Uma Bem""", +"""Uma Jalam""", +"""Uma Tau""", +"""Kemena Penan""", +"""Long Bangan""", +"""Lunan""", +"""Uma Bakah""", +"""Uma' Lung""", +"""Punan Tubu""", +"""Lirong""", +"""Long Atun""", +"""Long Ekang""", +"""Long Luyang""", +"""Long Pokun""", +"""Tinjar Sibop""", +"""Jelalong Penan""", +"""Nibong""", +"""Penan Apo""", +"""Penan Gang""", +"""Penan Lanying""", +"""Penan Lusong""", +"""Penan Silat""", +"""Sipeng""", +"""Ida'an""", +"""Subpan""", +"""Lahanan""", +"""Sekapan""", +"""Bruit""", +"""Dalat""", +"""Igan""", +"""Mukah-Oya""", +"""Prehan""", +"""Sarikei""", +"""Segahan""", +"""Segalang""", +"""Siteng""", +"""Matu""", +"""Seduan""", +"""Punan Batu 1""", +"""Punan Merah""", +"""Sian""", +"""Punan Ukit""", +"""Ukit""", +"""Binatang""", +"""Bulungan""", +"""Dumaring""", +"""Jembayan""", +"""Karangan""", +"""Punan Biau""", +"""Punan Batu 2""", +"""Punan Sajau""", +"""Lotud""", +"""Sabah Bisaya""", +"""Bundu""", +"""Dusun Sinulihan""", +"""Kadazan-Tagaro""", +"""Kiundu""", +"""Kuala Monsok Dusun""", +"""Luba""", +"""Menggatal""", +"""Pahu'""", +"""Ranau""", +"""Sokid""", +"""Tindal""", +"""Coastal Kadazan""", +"""Minokok""", +"""Tinagas""", +"""Tambunan Dusun""", +"""Tempasuk Dusun""", +"""Sandayo""", +"""Sonsogon""", +"""Tandek""", +"""Klias River Kadazan""", +"""Kota Marudu Talantang""", +"""Kuijau""", +"""Lamag Sungai""", +"""Mangkaak""", +"""Sukang""", +"""Rungus""", +"""Nulu""", +"""Tobilung""", +"""Serudung Murut""", +"""Rumanau""", +"""Tampias Lobu""", +"""Kalabuan""", +"""Makiang""", +"""Sinabu'""", +"""Okolod""", +"""Sembakung Murut""", +"""Kokoroton Murut""", +"""Tengara""", +"""Gana""", +"""Dusun Murut""", +"""Nabay""", +"""Makaheeliga""", +"""Paluan""", +"""Pandewan""", +"""Sook Murut""", +"""Takapan""", +"""Maligan""", +"""Pensiangan Murut""", +"""Rundum""", +"""Salalir""", +"""Sapulot Murut""", +"""Sumambu""", +"""Tagal""", +"""Tawan""", +"""Tolokoson""", +"""Tomani""", +"""Penchangan""", +"""Sedalir""", +"""Sesayap""", +"""Sibuku""", +"""Tarakan""", +"""Tidung""", +"""Bukau""", +"""Dabugus""", +"""Kapagalan""", +"""Lower Murut""", +"""Murut Padas""", +"""Poros""", +"""Sandiwar""", +"""Timugon""", +"""Papar""", +"""Tatana""", +"""Alag-Bako""", +"""Pagbahan""", +"""Palauan-Calavite""", +"""Pambuhan""", +"""Santa Cruz""", +"""Tadyawan""", +"""Western Addasen""", +"""Pamplona Atta""", +"""Pudtol Atta""", +"""Gaddang""", +"""Central Cagayan Agta""", +"""Malaweg""", +"""Yogad""", +"""South Ibanag""", +"""Malaweg""", +"""Calanasan""", +"""Dibagat-Kabugao""", +"""Karagawan""", +"""Talifugu-Ripang""", +"""Dicamay Agta""", +"""Iloko""", +"""Inlaod Itneg""", +"""Balatok-Kalinga""", +"""Balbalasang""", +"""Guinaang""", +"""Lubuagan""", +"""Pinangol""", +"""Tinaloctoc""", +"""Mallango""", +"""Sumadel""", +"""Tinglayan""", +"""Masadiit Sallapadan""", +"""Moyadan Itneg""", +"""Gubang Itneg""", +"""Malibcong Banao""", +"""Mabaka Valley Kalinga""", +"""Guinaang Bontoc""", +"""Sadanga""", +"""Kadaklan""", +"""Lias""", +"""Guinzadan""", +"""Kapangan""", +"""Mankayan-Buguias""", +"""Northern Kankanay""", +"""Burnay Ifugao""", +"""Ducligan Ifugao""", +"""Batad Ifugao""", +"""Mayoyao Ifugao""", +"""Hungduan Ifugao""", +"""Lagawe Ifugao""", +"""Egongot""", +"""Ibalao""", +"""Italon""", +"""Iyongut""", +"""Daklan""", +"""Kabayan""", +"""Tinoc Kallahan""", +"""Ya-Tuka""", +"""Karao""", +"""Pangasinan""", +"""Southern Alta""", +"""Bolos Point""", +"""Camonayan""", +"""Palaui Island""", +"""Peñablanca""", +"""Roso""", +"""Santa Ana-Gonzaga""", +"""Santa Margarita""", +"""Tanglagan""", +"""Valley Cove""", +"""Yaga""", +"""Dorot""", +"""Serbodjadi""", +"""Tampur""", +"""Pagai""", +"""Sakalagan""", +"""Saumanganja""", +"""Silabu""", +"""Simalegi""", +"""Sipura""", +"""South Siberut""", +"""Taikaku""", +"""Nias""", +"""Tapah""", +"""Simeulue""", +"""Batak Dairi""", +"""Batak Mandailing""", +"""Batak Toba""", +"""Palauan""", +"""Sarangani""", +"""North Tabukang""", +"""Siau""", +"""South Tabukang""", +"""Tamako""", +"""Awit""", +"""Beo""", +"""Dapalan""", +"""Essang""", +"""Kaburuang""", +"""Lirang""", +"""Nenusa-Maingas""", +"""South Karakelong""", +"""Ratahan""", +"""Konjo Pesisir""", +"""Tana Toa""", +"""Highland Konjo""", +"""Maros-Pangkep""", +"""Turatea""", +"""Selayar""", +"""Padang""", +"""Sinyonyoi""", +"""Sumare-Rangas""", +"""Majene""", +"""Malunda""", +"""Pamboang""", +"""Sendana""", +"""Kalosi""", +"""Pattinjo""", +"""Ranga""", +"""Maiwa""", +"""Malimpung""", +"""Mambi""", +"""Tabulahan""", +"""Bumal""", +"""Issilita'""", +"""Matangnga""", +"""Mehalaan""", +"""Pakkau""", +"""Pattae'""", +"""Salu Mokanam""", +"""Sondoang""", +"""Tappalang""", +"""Tapango""", +"""Karataun""", +"""Mablei""", +"""Mangki""", +"""Northern Mamasa""", +"""Pattae'""", +"""Northeast Luwu""", +"""Rongkong""", +"""South Luwu""", +"""Talondo'""", +"""Rantepao""", +"""Toraja Barat""", +"""Panasuan""", +"""Lodang""", +"""Seko Tengah""", +"""Bone""", +"""Camba""", +"""Luwu""", +"""Pangkep""", +"""Pasangkayu""", +"""Sawitto""", +"""Sidrap""", +"""Sinjai""", +"""Soppeng""", +"""Wajo""", +"""Campalagian""", +"""Taman""", +"""Tungho""", +"""Paiwan""", +"""Taokas""", +"""Papora""", +"""Shtafari""", +"""Pinan""", +"""Labuan""", +"""Maga""", +"""Mantauran""", +"""Tanan""", +"""Tona""", +"""Iimutsu""", +"""Luhtu""", +"""Tapangu""", +"""Tfuea""", +"""Eastern Aleut""", +"""Western Aleut""", +"""Labrador Eskimo""", +"""Quebec Eskimo""", +"""North Slope Inupiatun""", +"""Point Hope Inupiatun""", +"""West Arctic Inupiatun""", +"""King Island Inupiatun""", +"""Kobuk River Inupiatun""", +"""Kotzebue Sound Inupiatun""", +"""Northern Malimiut Inupiatun""", +"""Seward Peninsula Inupiatun""", +"""Southern Malimiut Inupiatun""", +"""Polar Eskimo""", +"""West Greenlandic""", +"""Tunumiisiut""", +"""Copper Inuktitut""", +"""Netsilik""", +"""Siglit""", +"""Koniag""", +"""Chaplino""", +"""Noohalit""", +"""Wooteelit""", +"""Naukan Yupik""", +"""Sirenik Yupik""", +"""Ligo""", +"""Nyangbara""", +"""Nyepu""", +"""Pöjulu""", +"""Kakwa""", +"""Mandari""", +"""Lango""", +"""Lokoya""", +"""Lopit""", +"""Logiri""", +"""Logotok""", +"""Lomya""", +"""Lorwama""", +"""Lowudo""", +"""Damat""", +"""Iloodokilani""", +"""Kaputiei""", +"""Keekonyokie""", +"""Kisonko""", +"""Kore""", +"""Laitokitok""", +"""Loitai""", +"""Matapo""", +"""Moitanik""", +"""Parakuyo""", +"""Purko""", +"""Siria""", +"""Orom""", +"""Jie""", +"""Karamojong""", +"""Nyangatom""", +"""Jiye""", +"""Western Toposa""", +"""Southern Turkana""", +"""Nandi""", +"""Terik""", +"""Tugen""", +"""Sabiny""", +"""Sor""", +"""Book""", +"""Koony""", +"""Sambirir""", +"""West Pokot""", +"""Sogoo""", +"""Suiei""", +"""Barabayiiga""", +"""Bianjiida""", +"""Buraadiiga""", +"""Gisamjanga""", +"""Rootigaanga""", +"""Tsimajeega""", +"""Ageer""", +"""Dongjol""", +"""Luac""", +"""Ngok-Sobat""", +"""Rut""", +"""Thoi""", +"""Ngok-Kordofan""", +"""Pan Aru""", +"""Pawany""", +"""Aliap""", +"""Ciec""", +"""Gok""", +"""Bor""", +"""Ghol""", +"""Nyarweng""", +"""Tuic""", +"""Aguok""", +"""Apuk""", +"""Awan""", +"""Lau""", +"""Luac""", +"""Malual""", +"""Paliet""", +"""Palioupiny""", +"""Rek""", +"""Tuic""", +"""Cien""", +"""Dor""", +"""Eastern Jikany""", +"""Eastern Nuer""", +"""Lou""", +"""Nyuong""", +"""Thiang""", +"""Thognaath""", +"""Western Jikany""", +"""Reel""", +"""Maiak""", +"""Mufwa""", +"""Mughaja""", +"""Ragreig""", +"""Mabaan""", +"""Coro""", +"""Lul""", +"""Opëno""", +"""Belanda Bor""", +"""Luwo""", +"""Päri""", +"""Shilluk""", +"""Colo""", +"""Manangeer""", +"""Labwor""", +"""Nyakwai""", +"""Luo""", +"""Jonam""", +"""Mambisa""", +"""Wanyoro""", +"""Lango""", +"""Lower Bamu""", +"""Nuhiro""", +"""Sisiame""", +"""Upper Bamu""", +"""Gibaio""", +"""Kope""", +"""Urama""", +"""Daru Kiwai""", +"""Doumori""", +"""Eastern Kiwai""", +"""Island Kiwai""", +"""Southern Coast Kiwai""", +"""Morigi""", +"""Waboda""", +"""Djadha""", +"""Njawlo""", +"""Pidha""", +"""Tadha""", +"""Ngiti""", +"""Malele""", +"""Meje""", +"""Mangbetu""", +"""Popoi""", +"""Efe""", +"""Fare""", +"""Lese Karo""", +"""Ndese""", +"""Vukutu""", +"""Mvuba""", +"""Mamvu""", +"""Angwe""", +"""Makutana""", +"""Membi""", +"""Oke'bu""", +"""Avokaya Pur""", +"""Northern Ogambi""", +"""Ojila""", +"""Dogo""", +"""Eastern Keliko""", +"""Western Keliko""", +"""Omi""", +"""Bhagira""", +"""Doka""", +"""Lolya""", +"""Obilebha""", +"""Ogambi""", +"""Aluru""", +"""Arua""", +"""Lu""", +"""Maracha""", +"""Nio""", +"""Otsho""", +"""Terego""", +"""Zaki""", +"""Agi""", +"""Andri""", +"""Kadiro""", +"""Lakama'di""", +"""Miza""", +"""Moruwa'di""", +"""Burulo""", +"""Lokai""", +"""Moyo""", +"""Pandikeri""", +"""Olu'bo""", +"""Okollo""", +"""Rigbo""", +"""Sopi""", +"""Wulu""", +"""Mo'da""", +"""Ma'du""", +"""Morokodo""", +"""Modo""", +"""Wetu""", +"""Wira""", +"""Nyamusa""", +"""Busere Bongo""", +"""Tonj Bongo""", +"""Mele""", +"""Mere""", +"""Molo""", +"""Mot-Mar""", +"""Nguru""", +"""Sar""", +"""Zura""", +"""Kara""", +"""Nduga""", +"""Nduka""", +"""Lutos""", +"""Wada""", +"""Tana""", +"""Dam""", +"""Gol""", +"""Kibar""", +"""Disa""", +"""Banama""", +"""Bidjir""", +"""Bolong""", +"""Cenge""", +"""Morbo""", +"""Morom""", +"""Jaya""", +"""Manawadji""", +"""Mondogossou""", +"""Yiryo""", +"""Kuka""", +"""Medogo""", +"""Pen""", +"""Horo""", +"""Nar""", +"""No""", +"""Goula""", +"""Mang""", +"""Maïngao""", +"""Paï""", +"""Benoye""", +"""Kere""", +"""Lara""", +"""Murum""", +"""Bedjond""", +"""Yom""", +"""Yamod""", +"""Mango""", +"""Bédjou""", +"""Bédégué""", +"""Kan""", +"""Mougo""", +"""Ngoka""", +"""Kon Ngam""", +"""Ngam Gir Bor""", +"""Ngam Tel""", +"""Ngam Tira""", +"""Mara""", +"""Siime""", +"""Dunje""", +"""Na""", +"""Tie""", +"""So""", +"""Yulu""", +"""Sinyar""", +"""Millcayac""", +"""Nanubae""", +"""Tapei""", +"""Luofu""", +"""Jiongnai Bunu""", +"""Northern Qiandong Miao""", +"""Southern Qiandong Miao""", +"""Western Xiangxi Miao""", +"""Dongnu""", +"""Naogelao""", +"""Numao""", +"""Nunu""", +"""Hmong Xi""", +"""Mong Leng""", +"""Petchabun Miao""", +"""Hmong Shua""", +"""Horned Miao""", +"""Northern Hmong""", +"""Hmong Dô""", +"""Small Flowery Miao""", +"""Southern Guiyang Hmong""", +"""Southwestern Guiyang Hmong""", +"""Eastern Huishui Hmong""", +"""Northern Huishui Hmong""", +"""Southwestern Huishui Hmong""", +"""Large Flowery Miao""", +"""Luopohe Hmong""", +"""Northern Mashan Hmong""", +"""Southern Mashan Hmong""", +"""Western Mashan Hmong""", +"""Wunai Bunu""", +"""Younuo Bunu""", +"""Jiaogong Mian""", +"""Dzao Min""", +"""Shi Mun""", +"""Chiangrai""", +"""Dao Do""", +"""Dao Lan Tien""", +"""Dao Lo Gang""", +"""Deo Tien""", +"""Quan Chet""", +"""Quan Trang""", +"""Dao Quan Trang""", +"""Soo""", +"""Western Highland Purepecha""", +"""Layana""", +"""Southern Lengua""", +"""Sanapana""", +"""Toba-Maskoy""", +"""Western Jicaque""", +"""Gogodala""", +"""Waruna""", +"""Suki""", +"""Hibito""", +"""Kimiai""", +"""Tipai""", +"""Paipai""", +"""Walapai""", +"""Yavapai""", +"""Maricopa""", +"""Mohave""", +"""Quechan""", +"""Kiliwa""", +"""Southern Aymara""", +"""Xatia""", +"""Kham""", +"""Vaal-Orange""", +"""Bu'u""", +"""Miyatnu""", +"""Sawuve""", +"""Wiyagwa""", +"""Wunavai""", +"""Tainae""", +"""Baruya""", +"""Usirampia""", +"""Wantakia""", +"""Simbari""", +"""Kaintiba""", +"""Hamtai""", +"""Pmasa'a""", +"""Wenta""", +"""Menya""", +"""Susuami""", +"""Kawacha""", +"""Wajakes""", +"""Yagwoia""", +"""Chayahuita""", +"""Jesuit-Maynas""", +"""Makolkol""", +"""Mali""", +"""Qaqet""", +"""Simbali""", +"""Ura""", +"""Wulna""", +"""Gun-narta""", +"""Gun-nartpa""", +"""Guragone""", +"""Nakara""", +"""Djeebbana""", +"""Otuke""", +"""Umotína""", +"""Riantana""", +"""Ndom""", +"""Weriagar""", +"""Negri Besar""", +"""Tarof""", +"""Kaburi""", +"""Kais""", +"""Puragi""", +"""Toaripi""", +"""Sepoe""", +"""Opao""", +"""Orokolo""", +"""Semimi""", +"""Teushen""", +"""Selk'nam""", +"""Wardaman""", +"""Yangman""", +"""Seget""", +"""Moraid""", +"""Imyan""", +"""Mbol Fle""", +"""Saifi""", +"""Sawiat Salmeit""", +"""Sfa Riere""", +"""Tehit Jit""", +"""East Sentani""", +"""West Sentani""", +"""Yewena-Yongsu""", +"""Yokari""", +"""Karaginskij""", +"""Palanskij""", +"""Enmylinskij""", +"""Enurmin""", +"""Nunligranskij""", +"""Pevekskij""", +"""Uellanskij""", +"""Xatyrskij""", +"""Yanrakinot""", +"""Mainypilgino""", +"""Cavcuvenskij""", +"""Gin""", +"""Itkan""", +"""Kamenskij""", +"""Palan""", +"""Paren""", +"""Xatyrskij""", +"""Napanskij""", +"""Itelmen""", +"""Sedanka""", +"""Sopocnovskij""", +"""Xajrjuzovskij""", +"""Rapoisi""", +"""Atsilima""", +"""Pipipaia""", +"""Point Arena""", +"""Ukiah""", +"""Sherwood Valley""", +"""Southern Pomo""", +"""Southeastern Pomo""", +"""Ineseño""", +"""Purisimeño""", +"""Ventureño""", +"""Cruzeño""", +"""South Band""", +"""Waco""", +"""Murrinhkura""", +"""Murrinhpatha""", +"""Ngangi-Wumeri""", +"""Ngenkiwumerri""", +"""Tyemeri""", +"""Dima""", +"""Ginuman""", +"""Kanasi""", +"""Gwareta""", +"""Maiwa""", +"""Manigara""", +"""Oren""", +"""Mapena""", +"""Onjob""", +"""Turaka""", +"""Upper Ugu River""", +"""Irupi-Drageli""", +"""Kunini""", +"""Masingle""", +"""Sebe""", +"""Sogal""", +"""Tate""", +"""Western Gizra""", +"""Buglial""", +"""Bulgai""", +"""Tagota""", +"""Dorogori""", +"""Gamaewe""", +"""Guiam""", +"""Iamega""", +"""Kapal""", +"""Kuru""", +"""Peawa""", +"""Podari""", +"""Rual""", +"""Ume""", +"""Wipim""", +"""Woigo""", +"""Wonie""", +"""Yuta""", +"""North Awin""", +"""South Awin""", +"""Pare""", +"""Mongol""", +"""Yaul""", +"""Yidinich""", +"""Tishena""", +"""Tirma""", +"""Narim""", +"""Lotilla""", +"""Olam""", +"""Tennet""", +"""Kacipo""", +"""Kichepo""", +"""Suri""", +"""Western Suri""", +"""Zilmamu""", +"""Samanai""", +"""Lihen""", +"""Mengau""", +"""North Kamberataro""", +"""South Kamberataro""", +"""Mararit""", +"""Girga""", +"""Murasi""", +"""Sebunkik""", +"""Sungor""", +"""Walad Dulla""", +"""Haura""", +"""Orra""", +"""Tama""", +"""Iha""", +"""Gayil""", +"""Karo""", +"""Dime""", +"""Ebitoso""", +"""Zamuco""", +"""Yongolei""", +"""North-South Udab""", +"""Northeast Fuyug""", +"""West Fuyug""", +"""Karuama""", +"""Kأƒآ¢te""", +"""Tauade""", +"""Ono""", +"""Sim""", +"""San Felipe""", +"""Santa Ana""", +"""Santo Domingo""", +"""Zia""", +"""Bayono""", +"""Urningangg""", +"""Tuba""", +"""Dor""", +"""Kobe""", +"""Berti""", +"""Mando""", +"""Nguri""", +"""Tarjumo""", +"""Sugurti""", +"""Tumari""", +"""Guvja""", +"""Kabari""", +"""Kaga""", +"""Kwayam""", +"""Lare""", +"""Maiduguri""", +"""Mao""", +"""Movar""", +"""Mowor""", +"""Ngazar""", +"""Njesko""", +"""Sugurti""", +"""Temageri""", +"""Yerwa""", +"""Fachi""", +"""Manga""", +"""Dazaga""", +"""Ooku""", +"""Neme""", +"""Binahari-Ma""", +"""Domu""", +"""Laua""", +"""Baibara""", +"""Borebo""", +"""Darava""", +"""Derebai""", +"""Domara""", +"""Geagea""", +"""Ilai""", +"""Island""", +"""Morawa""", +"""Small Nyikina""", +"""Warrwa""", +"""Northern Yawuru""", +"""Southern Coastal Yawuru""", +"""Bardi""", +"""Djawi""", +"""Nimanbur""", +"""Nyulnyul""", +"""Nyaro""", +"""Warnang""", +"""Tunduli""", +"""Logol""", +"""Dorobe""", +"""Dugujur""", +"""Dukwara""", +"""Nginyukwur""", +"""Ngirere""", +"""Ngunduna""", +"""Nguqwurang""", +"""Ndano""", +"""Shabun""", +"""Nderre""", +"""Nubwa""", +"""Ulba""", +"""Umm Dorein""", +"""Umm Gabralla""", +"""Werria""", +"""Tira El Akhdar""", +"""Tira Lumum""", +"""Tira Mandi""", +"""Vaupés Cacua""", +"""Nukak Makú""", +"""River Nivaclé""", +"""Iyojwa'ja Chorote""", +"""Wichí Lhamtés Nocten""", +"""Pisaflores Tepehua""", +"""Tlachichilco Tepehua""", +"""Highland Totonac""", +"""Papantla Totonac""", +"""Upper Necaxa Totonac""", +"""Western Totonac""", +"""Yecuatla Totonac""", +"""Terei""", +"""Uisai""", +"""Koromira""", +"""Naasioi""", +"""Orami""", +"""Pakia-Sideronsi""", +"""Ounge""", +"""Sibe""", +"""Mainoki""", +"""Kitja""", +"""Miriwung""", +"""Madngele""", +"""Kalabari""", +"""Kirike""", +"""Nkoroo""", +"""Nembe""", +"""Okodia""", +"""Oruma""", +"""Arogbo""", +"""Basan""", +"""Bumo""", +"""East Olodiama""", +"""East Tarakiri""", +"""Egbema""", +"""Ekpetiama""", +"""Furupagha""", +"""Gbarain""", +"""Iduwini""", +"""Ikibiri""", +"""Kabo""", +"""Kolokuma-Opokuma""", +"""Koluama""", +"""Kumbo""", +"""Mein""", +"""Ogbe Ijo""", +"""Ogboin""", +"""Ogulagha""", +"""Operemo""", +"""Oporomo""", +"""Oporoza""", +"""Oyiakiri""", +"""Tuomo""", +"""West Olodiama""", +"""West Tarakiri""", +"""Taworta""", +"""Saponi""", +"""Iau""", +"""Turu""", +"""Western Duvle""", +"""Kaiy""", +"""Kwerisa""", +"""Papasena""", +"""Waritai""", +"""Eritai""", +"""Obokuitai""", +"""Sikaritai""", +"""Kirikiri""", +"""Tause""", +"""Weirate""", +"""Chiquián Ancash Quechua""", +"""Huallaga Huánuco Quechua""", +"""Panao Huánuco Quechua""", +"""Southern Conchucos Ancash Quechua""", +"""Corongo Ancash Quechua""", +"""Monzón""", +"""Northern Dos de Mayo""", +"""Huaraz""", +"""Yungay""", +"""Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha Quechua""", +"""Sihuas Ancash Quechua""", +"""Waycha""", +"""West Waylla""", +"""Jauja Wanca Quechua""", +"""North Junín Quechua""", +"""Santa Ana de Tusi Pasco Quechua""", +"""Yanahuanca Pasco Quechua""", +"""Azángaro-Huangáscar-Chocos""", +"""Cacra-Hongos""", +"""Huancaya-Vitis""", +"""Laraos""", +"""Madean-Viñac""", +"""San Pedro de Huacarpana""", +"""Tana-Lincha""", +"""Tomñs-Alis""", +"""Pacaraos Quechua""", +"""Western Cajamarca""", +"""Chincha Quechua""", +"""Incahuasi""", +"""La Jalca""", +"""Lamud""", +"""Llakwash Chachapoyas""", +"""Cañar Highland Quichua""", +"""Chimborazo Highland Quichua""", +"""Imbabura Highland Quichua""", +"""San Andrés Inga""", +"""Santiago Inga""", +"""Yunguillo-Condagua""", +"""Loja Highland Quichua""", +"""Salasaca Highland Quichua""", +"""Southern Pastaza Quechua""", +"""Tena Lowland Quichua""", +"""San Martín Quechua""", +"""Cotahuasi""", +"""Highland Arequipa""", +"""Northern Arequipa""", +"""Huancavelica""", +"""Charazani""", +"""Chuma""", +"""Cochabamba""", +"""Northwest Jujuy""", +"""Oruro""", +"""Potosí""", +"""Sucre""", +"""Classical Quechua""", +"""Eastern Apurímac Quechua""", +"""Puno Quechua""", +"""Antabamba""", +"""Cotabambas""", +"""North Bolivian Quechua""", +"""Santiago del Estero Quichua""", +"""Pamoa Bara""", +"""Yohoraa""", +"""Pisamira""", +"""Yurutí""", +"""Wa'ikhana""", +"""Tanimuca""", +"""Opaina""", +"""Siriano""", +"""Janera""", +"""Taiwano""", +"""Macuna""", +"""Miriti""", +"""Ecuadorian Siona""", +"""Siona""", +"""Tama""", +"""Julud""", +"""Karoka""", +"""Kateik""", +"""Kiddu""", +"""Kirkpong""", +"""Koldrong""", +"""Tima""", +"""Kelo""", +"""Molo""", +"""Kukur""", +"""Kulang""", +"""Soda""", +"""Kedi""", +"""Damara""", +"""Gimsbok Nama""", +"""Nama""", +"""Namidama""", +"""Sesfontein Damara""", +"""Xiri""", +"""Danisi""", +"""Deti""", +"""Ganádi""", +"""Shua-Khwe""", +"""Tshidi-Khwe""", +"""Tsoa""", +"""Ts'ixa""", +"""Buma-Kxoe""", +"""Kxoedam""", +"""G!inkwe""", +"""G!okwe""", +"""Qabekhoe""", +"""Ts'aokhoe""", +"""Tserekwe""", +"""Tsorokwe""", +"""North Waibuk""", +"""South Waibuk""", +"""Pinai""", +"""Lowland Oaxaca Chontal""", +"""Western Acheron""", +"""Tocho""", +"""Talodi""", +"""Daloka""", +"""Masakin Gusar""", +"""Masakin Tuwal""", +"""Torona""", +"""Gitxsan""", +"""Nisga'a""", +"""Southern Tsimshian""", +"""Northern Masalit""", +"""Nyala""", +"""Southern Masalit""", +"""Western Masalit""", +"""Surbakhal""", +"""Kashmere""", +"""Koniéré""", +"""Karanga""", +"""Yaali""", +"""Bakha""", +"""Dondongo""", +"""Kajanga""", +"""Kelingan""", +"""Kodoo""", +"""Kujinga""", +"""Malanga""", +"""Mandaba""", +"""Mandala""", +"""Nyabadan""", +"""Ouled Djemma""", +"""Marfa""", +"""Murru""", +"""Kibet""", +"""Runga""", +"""Mimi-Nachtigal""", +"""Bambassi""", +"""Seze""", +"""Northeast Maidu""", +"""Northwest Maidu""", +"""Valley Maidu""", +"""Western Kilmeri""", +"""Western Pagi""", +"""Umeda""", +"""Taikat""", +"""Auwe""", +"""Daonda""", +"""Imonda""", +"""Manem""", +"""Senggi""", +"""Waina""", +"""Waris""", +"""East Yawa""", +"""North Yawa""", +"""South Yawa""", +"""West Yawa""", +"""Saweru""", +"""Ngkâlmpw Kanum""", +"""Sota Kanum""", +"""Smärky Kanum""", +"""Namat""", +"""Nambo""", +"""Namo""", +"""Neme""", +"""Nen""", +"""Ránmo""", +"""Rema""", +"""Kamã""", +"""Kánchá""", +"""Semariji""", +"""Kómnjo""", +"""Wára""", +"""Wèré""", +"""Upper Yei""", +"""Konai""", +"""Gobasi""", +"""Oiba""", +"""Kubo""", +"""Samo""", +"""Odoodee""", +"""Namunka""", +"""Orichen""", +"""Tez""", +"""Bikin""", +"""Iman""", +"""Khor""", +"""Khungari""", +"""Samargin""", +"""Sikhota Alin""", +"""Birar""", +"""Kila""", +"""Kuro-Urmi""", +"""Samagir""", +"""Sunggari""", +"""Torgon""", +"""Ussuri""", +"""Val-Nogliki""", +"""Ulch""", +"""Bala""", +"""Jing""", +"""Lalin""", +"""Xibe""", +"""Indigirka""", +"""Kamchatka""", +"""Kolyma-Omolon""", +"""Lamunkhin""", +"""Okhotsk""", +"""Ola""", +"""Sakkyryr""", +"""Tompon""", +"""Upper Kolyma""", +"""Chenba'erhu""", +"""Haila'er""", +"""Huihe""", +"""Morigele""", +"""Verkhovsk""", +"""Heilongjiang Oroqen""", +"""Chiricoa""", +"""Chiripo""", +"""Masiguare""", +"""Masiware""", +"""Mayayero""", +"""Mochuelo-Casanare-Cuiba""", +"""Tampiwi""", +"""Yarahuuraxi-Capanapara""", +"""Guahibo""", +"""Tigrero""", +"""Playero""", +"""Guayabero""", +"""Macaguán""", +"""Pei""", +"""Tuwari""", +"""Yawiyo""", +"""Toba-Pilagá""", +"""Southeast Toba""", +"""Kadiwéu""", +"""Atsugewi""", +"""Tyaraity""", +"""Uru""", +"""Tumtum""", +"""Talassa""", +"""Chiroro-Kursi""", +"""Krongo Abdalla""", +"""Kufa-Lima""", +"""Kanga""", +"""Kadugli""", +"""Katcha""", +"""Miri""", +"""Tumma""", +"""Kamda""", +"""Tulishi""", +"""Keiga""", +"""San Mateo del Mar Huave""", +"""Santa María del Mar Huave""", +"""Siawi""", +"""Siawi""", +"""Kafa""", +"""Kutubu""", +"""Mubi""", +"""Humene""", +"""Uare""", +"""Mulaha""", +"""Ooweekeeno""", +"""Kwakiutl""", +"""Nuu-chah-nulth""", +"""Tamagario""", +"""Southern Haida""", +"""Yelmek""", +"""Kamakan""", +"""Menien""", +"""North Central Yuri""", +"""Usari""", +"""Yafi""", +"""Towei""", +"""Taulil""", +"""Nikiyama""", +"""Umuruta""", +"""Iteri""", +"""Nakwi""", +"""Nimo""", +"""Owiniga""", +"""Suabo""", +"""Kadina""", +"""Morotai""", +"""Sopi""", +"""South Modole""", +"""Pagu""", +"""Toliwiku""", +"""Nyeku""", +"""Dodinga""", +"""Tobelo""", +"""Teluk Lili""", +"""Tala'i""", +"""Waioli""", +"""Tidore""", +"""West Makian""", +"""Bara""", +"""Boro""", +"""Keba-Wopasali""", +"""Kewah""", +"""Pupitau""", +"""Ro""", +"""Sesa""", +"""Siligi""", +"""Sopese""", +"""Suri""", +"""Tebera""", +"""Waraga""", +"""Fur""", +"""Bench""", +"""She""", +"""Gamila""", +"""Guba""", +"""Wembera""", +"""Kafa""", +"""Shekkacho""", +"""Ganta""", +"""Kachama""", +"""Koorete""", +"""Zergulla""", +"""Gamo""", +"""Gofa""", +"""Dorze""", +"""Melo""", +"""Oyda""", +"""Male""", +"""Toba""", +"""Kokila""", +"""Koriko""", +"""Didigaru""", +"""Gebi""", +"""Imila""", +"""Maria""", +"""Oibu""", +"""Uderi""", +"""Momuna""", +"""Monumbo""", +"""Yuki""", +"""Huachipaire""", +"""Sapiteri""", +"""Toyeri""", +"""Gbaya-Dara""", +"""Gbaya-Gboko""", +"""Gbaya-Ndogo""", +"""Gbaya-Ngbongbo""", +"""Naka""", +"""Orlo""", +"""Ama""", +"""East Boikin""", +"""Haripmor""", +"""Island Boikin""", +"""Kunai""", +"""Kwusaun""", +"""Munji""", +"""West Boikin""", +"""Ngala""", +"""Wingei""", +"""Wosera-Kamu""", +"""Wosera-Mamu""", +"""Hanga Hundi""", +"""Yelogu""", +"""Gaikundi""", +"""Koiwat""", +"""Palimbei""", +"""Keak""", +"""Sos Kundi""", +"""Sengo""", +"""Yahadian""", +"""Tese""", +"""Bora""", +"""Muinane""", +"""Mombum""", +"""West Central Kwomtari""", +"""Ende""", +"""Kawam""", +"""Tame""", +"""Western Fas""", +"""Nayi""", +"""Dorsha""", +"""Ilgar""", +"""Maung""", +"""Raetic""", +"""Cha ndani""", +"""Caspian and eastern Persia Gypsy""", +"""Central-Southern Persian Gypsy""", +"""Magati""", +"""Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic""", +"""Pidgin Gulf Arabic""", +"""Pidgin Madam""", +"""Romanian Pidgin Arabic""", +"""Turku""", +"""Bonin English Pidgin""", +"""Butler English""", +"""Chinese Pidgin English""", +"""New South Wales Pidgin""", +"""Papuan Pidgin English""", +"""Queensland Kanaka English""", +"""Samoan Plantation Pidgin""", +"""Solombala English""", +"""South Australian Pidgin English""", +"""West Greenlandic Eskimo Pidgin""", +"""Belle-Isle Pidgin""", +"""Broken Slavey""", +"""Burundi Pidgin French""", +"""Francais Tirailleur""", +"""Jargon Loucheux""", +"""New Caledonian Pidgin French""", +"""Tay Boi""", +"""Pidgin Carib""", +"""WW2 Pidgin German""", +"""Gibanawa""", +"""Ioi Trade Jargon""", +"""Papuan Hiri Motu""", +"""Hiri-Motu-Trading-Eleman""", +"""Hiri-Motu-Trading-Koriki""", +"""Russenorsk""", +"""Taimyr Pidgin Russian""", +"""Roquetas Pidgin Spanish""", +"""Settla""", +"""Yimas-Arafundi-Pidgin""", +"""Yimas-Iatmul Pidgin""", +"""Yimas-Karawari Pidgin""", +"""Cikabanga""", +"""Augustinian Sign Language""", +"""Benedictine Sign Language""", +"""Cistercian Sign Language""", +"""Trappist Sign Language""", +"""Plains Indian Sign Language""", +"""Jamaican Sign Language""", +"""Chilean Sign Language""", +"""Colombian Sign Language""", +"""Costa Rican Sign Language""", +"""Dominican Sign Language""", +"""Ethiopian Sign Language""", +"""Gambian Sign Language""", +"""Ghanaian Sign Language""", +"""Guinean Sign Language""", +"""Malaysian Sign Language""", +"""Nigerian Sign Language""", +"""Panamanian Sign Language""", +"""Peruvian Sign Language""", +"""Puerto Rican Sign Language""", +"""Quebec Sign Language""", +"""Sierra Leone Sign Language""", +"""Trinidad and Tobago Sign Language""", +"""Ugandan Sign Language""", +"""Afghan Sign Language""", +"""Albanian Sign Language""", +"""Kuwaiti Sign Language""", +"""Jordanian Sign Language""", +"""Libyan Sign Language""", +"""Yemeni Sign Language""", +"""Argentine Sign Language""", +"""Armenian Sign Language""", +"""Papua New Guinean Sign Language""", +"""British Sign Language""", +"""New Zealand Sign Language""", +"""Maritime Sign Language""", +"""South African Sign Language""", +"""Bamako Sign Language""", +"""Brazilian Sign Language""", +"""Burkina Faso Sign Language""", +"""Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language""", +"""Hong Kong Sign Language""", +"""Thai Sign Language""", +"""Israeli Sign Language""", +"""Polish Sign Language""", +"""Swiss-German Sign Language""", +"""Ecuadorian Sign Language""", +"""Estonian Sign Language""", +"""Guatemalan Sign Language""", +"""Hausa Sign Language""", +"""Pakistan Sign Language""", +"""Nepalese Sign Language""", +"""Korean Sign Language""", +"""Tainan""", +"""Taipei""", +"""Kenyan Sign Language""", +"""Austrian Sign Language""", +"""Bolivian Sign Language""", +"""Valencian Sign Language""", +"""Czech Sign Language""", +"""Debrecen""", +"""Eger""", +"""Miskolc""", +"""Sopron""", +"""Szeged""", +"""Romanian Sign Language""", +"""Slovakian Sign Language""", +"""Icelandic Sign Language""", +"""Vlaamse Gebarentaal""", +"""Dutch Sign Language""", +"""Greek Sign Language""", +"""Hawai'i Pidgin Sign Language""", +"""Irish Sign Language""", +"""Swiss-Italian Sign Language""", +"""Latvian Sign Language""", +"""Moroccan Sign Language""", +"""Oslo""", +"""Trondheim""", +"""Philippine Sign Language""", +"""Selangor Sign Language""", +"""Swiss-French Sign Language""", +"""Tunisian Sign Language""", +"""Yugoslavian Sign Language""", +"""Lyons Sign Language""", +"""Maltese Sign Language""", +"""Mauritian Sign Language""", +"""Mofu-Gudur Sign Language""", +"""Mozambican Sign Language""", +"""Old Bangkok Sign Language""", +"""Uruguayan Sign Language""", +"""Penang Sign Language""", +"""Persian Sign Language""", +"""Lithuanian Sign Language""", +"""Moldova Sign Language""", +"""Mongolian Sign Language""", +"""Russian Sign Language""", +"""Ukrainian Sign Language""", +"""Salvadoran Sign Language""", +"""Saudi Arabian Sign Language""", +"""Mexican Sign Language""", +"""Spanish Sign Language""", +"""Sri Lankan Sign Language""", +"""Finnish Sign Language""", +"""Oporto""", +"""Swedish Sign Language""", +"""Tanzanian Sign Language""", +"""Tijuana Sign Language""", +"""Turkish Sign Language""", +"""Guyana Sign Language""", +"""Venezuelan Sign Language""", +"""Yoruba Sign Language""", +"""Zambian Sign Language""", +"""Zimbabwe Community Sign""", +"""Zimbabwe School Sign""", +"""Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language""", +"""Alipur Sign Language""", +"""Amami O Shima Sign Language""", +"""Angami Naga Sign Language""", +"""Ban Khor Sign Language""", +"""Bengkala Sign Language""", +"""Bribri Sign Language""", +"""Brunca Sign Language""", +"""Bura Sign Language""", +"""Chatino Sign Language""", +"""Enga Sign Language""", +"""Ghandruk Sign Language""", +"""Ghardaia Sign Language""", +"""Guinea-Bissau Sign Language""", +"""Inuit Sign Language""", +"""Jamaican Country Sign Language""", +"""Jhankot Sign Language""", +"""Jumla Sign Language""", +"""Kafr Qasem Sign Language""", +"""Kajana Sign Language""", +"""Keresan Pueblo Indian Sign Language""", +"""Mardin Sign Language""", +"""Martha's Vineyard Sign Language""", +"""Mbour Sign Language""", +"""Nanabin Sign Language""", +"""Nicaraguan Sign Language""", +"""Old Kentish Sign Language""", +"""Original Costa Rican Sign Language""", +"""Providencia Sign Language""", +"""Tebul Sign Language""", +"""Urubú-Kaapor Sign Language""", +"""Yolngu Sign Language""", +"""Yucatec Maya Sign Language""", +"""La'bi""", +"""Medefidrin""", +"""Ngatik Men's Creole""", +"""Tsotsitaal""", +"""Fika""", +"""Apoto""", +"""Aguano""", +"""Arusha""", +"""Esuma""", +"""Nshi""", +"""Ware""", +"""Sorsogon Ayta""", +"""Tayabas Ayta""", +"""Villa Viciosa Agta""", +"""Runa""", +"""Nagarchal""", +"""Pardhan""", +"""Flecheiros""", +"""Giyug""", +"""Guale""", +"""Harappan""", +"""Jumano""", +"""Kwisi""", +"""Lumbee""", +"""Mawa""", +"""Miarrã""", +"""Moksela""", +"""Tawendê""", +"""Yalakalore""", +"""Yelelihre""", +"""Palumata""", +"""Pankararé""", +"""Mayo""", +"""Papavô""", +"""Pisabo""", +"""Shinabo""", +"""Xipináwa""", +"""Rer Bare""", +"""Sentinel""", +"""Tremembé""", +"""Truká""", +"""Tukumanféd""", +"""Wakoná""", +"""Wasu""", +"""Weyto""", +"""Yamasee""", +"""Áncá""", +"""Ambermo""", +"""Ancient Ligurian""", +"""Aracaju""", +"""Aranama""", +"""Aruba""", +"""Baenan""", +"""Bagua""", +"""Bazigar""", +"""Bhatola""", +"""Bidai""", +"""Calchaqui""", +"""Calusa""", +"""Camunic""", +"""Carabayo""", +"""Catuquinaru-Bach""", +"""Chacha""", +"""Chholo""", +"""Colima""", +"""Copallen""", +"""Cueva""", +"""Cusabo""", +"""Cushitic Taita""", +"""Dama""", +"""Degere""", +"""Dima-Bottego""", +"""Dume""", +"""Elymian""", +"""Envuelto""", +"""Eteocretan""", +"""Eteocypriot""", +"""Fayjatases""", +"""Gail""", +"""Gamella""", +"""Guachipas""", +"""Guaicaro""", +"""Gutian""", +"""Haitian Vodoun Culture Language""", +"""Hamba""", +"""Hoxa""", +"""Idabaez""", +"""Imbabura""", +"""Meherrin""", +"""Neutral-Atiouandaronk""", +"""Wenro""", +"""Jenipapo-Kanindé""", +"""Kaimbé""", +"""Kambiwá""", +"""Kantaruré""", +"""Kapinawá""", +"""Kara""", +"""Kamurú""", +"""Kipeá""", +"""Sabujá""", +"""Kassite""", +"""Koguryo""", +"""Komta""", +"""Lemnian""", +"""Malibu""", +"""Mangio""", +"""Mangree""", +"""Minoan""", +"""Monqui""", +"""Muellamues""", +"""Muzo""", +"""Naolan""", +"""Natú""", +"""North Picene""", +"""Ná-Meo""", +"""Okwa""", +"""Pacahuaras-Castillo""", +"""Paekche""", +"""Pamunkey""", +"""Panche""", +"""Panzaleo""", +"""Pasto""", +"""Patagon""", +"""Payaya""", +"""Pericú""", +"""Pictish""", +"""Pijao""", +"""Pitaguary""", +"""Polari""", +"""Poya""", +"""Puruguay""", +"""Quepos""", +"""Querandi""", +"""Quignam""", +"""Quillacinga""", +"""Quinigua""", +"""Quinqui""", +"""Sacata""", +"""San Francisco Solano""", +"""Sansimoniano""", +"""Serengeti-Dorobo""", +"""Silla""", +"""Concho""", +"""Tanpachoa""", +"""South-Arabian-Unknown-k""", +"""Tabancal""", +"""Tapajó""", +"""Tarairiu""", +"""Tartessian""", +"""Tembey""", +"""Traveller Scottish""", +"""Uamué""", +"""Uru-Pa-In""", +"""Urucucús""", +"""Vazimba""", +"""Wavu-II""", +"""Xoco""", +"""Yanacona""", +"""Mekmek""", +"""Bun""", +"""Kyenele""", +"""Kemtuik""", +"""Mlap""", +"""Northern Yana""", +"""Southern Yana""", +"""Yahi""", +"""Jebel Tekeim""", +"""Lafofa""", +"""Piaroa""", +"""Saliba""", +"""Yuwana""", +"""Nagar""", +"""Yasin""", +"""Cacataibo de Sinchi Roca""", +"""Cashibo""", +"""Kaxararí""", +"""Chácobo""", +"""Karipuna""", +"""Pacahuara""", +"""Cashinawa-Tarauaca-River""", +"""Sensi""", +"""Pisquibo""", +"""Shetebo""", +"""Shipibo""", +"""Shipibo del Madre de Dios""", +"""Viwivakeu""", +"""Cashinahua""", +"""Remo""", +"""Marinahua""", +"""Mastanahua""", +"""Yaminahua""", +"""Yawanawa""", +"""Yora""", +"""Atsahuaca""", +"""Ararapina""", +"""Ararawa""", +"""Sanainawa""", +"""Nawa""", +"""Poyanáwa""", +"""Remo-Jaquirana""", +"""Remo-Blanco-River""", +"""Tuxináwa""", +"""Mayoruna-Amazon""", +"""Mayoruna-Jandiatuba""", +"""Korubo""", +"""Kulina Pano""", +"""Matsés""", +"""Mayoruna-Tabatinga""", +"""Mabenaro""", +"""Toromono""", +"""Ese Ejja""", +"""Tacana""", +"""Munga""", +"""Laal""", +"""Latundê""", +"""Tawandê""", +"""Galera""", +"""Hahaintesu""", +"""Halotesu""", +"""Khithaulhu""", +"""Manduka""", +"""Sarare""", +"""Saxwentesu""", +"""Serra Azul""", +"""Waikisu""", +"""Wakalitesu""", +"""Wasusu""", +"""Sabanê""", +"""Tagoi""", +"""Tumale""", +"""Rashad""", +"""Cabo""", +"""Honduran Mískito""", +"""Tawira""", +"""Wanki""", +"""Matagalpa""", +"""Ulwa""", +"""Yakima""", +"""Umatilla""", +"""Ibo'tsa""", +"""Nüpode Huitoto""", +"""Coeruna""", +"""Esperanto""", +"""Interlingua""", +"""Kotava""", +"""Ladakhi Sign""", +"""Lingua Franca Nova""", +"""Neo""", +"""Rennellese Sign Language""", +"""Talossan""", +"""Kuril""", +"""Sakhalin""", +"""Taraika""", +"""Kuril Ainu""", +"""Sakhalin Ainu""", +"""Hoyahoya""", +"""Mahigi""", +"""Minanibai""", +"""Mubami""", +"""Ingias""", +"""Khoamak""", +"""Kuni""", +"""Sengeze""", +"""Wamak""", +"""Dea""", +"""Zimakani""", +"""Halifoersch""", +"""Southeast Marind""", +"""Tugeri""", +"""Nambiomon-Mabur""", +"""Oba-Miwamon""", +"""Bitur""", +"""Were""", +"""Algonquian""", +"""Allegheny""", +"""America""", +"""American""", +"""Americas""", +"""Amerindian""", +"""Antonio""", +"""Apache""", +"""Asia""", +"""Assiniboine""", +"""Atakapa""", +"""August""", +"""Bidanwe""", +"""Biloxi""", +"""Blackwell""", +"""British""", +"""Caddoan""", +"""Catawba""", +"""Catawban""", +"""Chiwere""", +"""Choctaw""", +"""Ciudad""", +"""Coahuiltecan""", +"""Colegio""", +"""Columbus""", +"""Coyote""", +"""Creek""", +"""Crow""", +"""Cruz""", +"""Dakota""", +"""Dakotan""", +"""Dutch""", +"""English""", +"""Euchee""", +"""European""", +"""Finnish""", +"""Fox""", +"""German""", +"""Grande""", +"""Hawaiian""", +"""Hebrew""", +"""Hidatsa""", +"""Hocank""", +"""Hopi""", +"""Huallaga""", +"""Huanuco""", +"""Imbabura""", +"""Indian""", +"""Indonesian""", +"""Iowa""", +"""Ioway""", +"""Iroquois""", +"""Jan""", +"""Japanese""", +"""Jewish""", +"""Ka""", +"""Kansa""", +"""Kanza""", +"""Kaw""", +"""Korean""", +"""Lakhota""", +"""Lakota""", +"""Languages""", +"""Louisiana""", +"""Maliseet""", +"""Mam""", +"""Man""", +"""Mandan""", +"""Mayan""", +"""Melanesia""", +"""Mexico""", +"""Miami""", +"""Michigamea""", +"""Missiones""", +"""Missouria""", +"""Mobilian""", +"""Na""", +"""Nakoda""", +"""Natchez""", +"""Navajo""", +"""Nemaha""", +"""Northeast""", +"""Ofo""", +"""Oklahoma""", +"""Omaha""", +"""Ontario""", +"""Osage""", +"""Oto""", +"""Otoe""", +"""Pennsylvania""", +"""Ponca""", +"""Ponka""", +"""Quapaw""", +"""Quechua""", +"""Russian""", +"""Sac""", +"""San""", +"""Sauk""", +"""Saul""", +"""Siberian""", +"""Siouan""", +"""Sioux""", +"""Slave""", +"""Southeast""", +"""Spanish""", +"""Sprachtheorie""", +"""Stoney""", +"""Teton """, +"""Timucua""", +"""Tomahitans""", +"""Toronto""", +"""Torricelli""", +"""Tunica""", +"""Turkic""", +"""Tutelo""", +"""Walman""", +"""Western""", +"""Wh""", +"""WH""", +"""Whitman""", +"""Wichita""", +"""Winnebago""", +"""Wisconsin""", +"""Wiyot""", +"""Woccon""", +"""Yehuda""", +"""Yuchi""", +"""Yurok""" + ] + +REPLACEMENTS=[ + ('Œ','oe'), + ('œ','oe'), + ('ß','ss'), + ('Ð','Th'), + ('ð','th'), + ('Þ','Th'), + ('þ','th') + ] + +INITD={'A':"ÀÁÂẦẤẪẨÃÃ̀Ã́Ã̂Ã̌Ã̍Ã̎ĀĀ̀Ā́Ā̂Ā̃Ā̃Ā̄Ā̆Ā̆Ā̈Ā̊Ā̌ĂẰẮẴẲȦȦ́ǠÄÄ́Ä̀Ä̂Ä̃ǞǞ̆Ä̆Ä̌ẢÅǺÅ̂Å̃Å̄Å̄Å̆A̋ǍA̍A̎ȀȂA̐A̓A̧À̧Á̧Â̧Ǎ̧A̭A̰À̰Á̰Ä̰Ä̰ĄĄ̀Ą́Ą̂Ą̃Ą̄Ą̄Ą̄Ą̄Ą̄Ą̇Ą̈Ą̈Ą̈Ą̈Ą̈Ą̈Ą̊Ą̌Ą̋Ą̱Ą̱Ą̱A᷎A̱À̱Á̱Â̱Ã̱Ā̱Ā̱Ā̱Ā̱Ä̱Ä̱Ä̱Ä̱Ä̱Å̱Ǎ̱A̱ẠẠ́Ạ̀ẬẠ̃Ạ̄ẶẠ̈Ạ̈Ạ̈Ạ̈Ạ̈Ạ̌Ạ̍A̤À̤Á̤Â̤Ä̤ḀḀ̂Ḁ̈A̯A̩A͔Ā͔ȺȺ̀Ⱥ́ᶏⱭ̀Ɑ́Ɑ̂Ɑ̃Ɑ̄Ɑ̆Ɑ̇Ɑ̈Ɑ̊Ɑ̌ᶐ", +'B':"B́B̂B̃B̄ḂB̈B̕ḆḆ̂ḄB̤B̥B̬ɃᵬᶀƁƂʙ̇ʙ̣", +'C':'C̀ĆĈC̃C̄C̄C̆ĊC̈ČČ́Č͑ČČ̕Č͑C̋C̓C̕C̔C͑ÇÇḈÇ̆Ç̇Ç̌C̦C̭C̱C̮C̣Ć̣Č̣C̥C̬C̯C̨ȻȻ̓ꞒƇɕꜾ', +'D':'D́D̂D̃D̄ḊD̊ĎD̑D̓D̕ḐD̦ḒḎD̮ḌḌ́D̤D̥D̬D̪ĐᵭᶁƉƊᶑƋȡꝹ́Ꝺ̇ᴅ̇ᴅ̣Ð́Ð̣', +'E':'ÈÉÊỀẾỄÊ̄Ê̌ỂẼẼ̀Ẽ́Ẽ̂Ẽ̌Ẽ̍Ẽ̎ĒḔḖĒ̂Ē̃Ē̃Ē̄Ē̆Ē̆Ē̌Ē̑ĔĔ̀Ĕ́Ĕ̄ĖĖ́Ė̃ËË̀Ë́Ë̂Ë̃Ë̄Ë̌ẺE̊E̊E̋ĚĚ́Ě̃Ě̋Ě̑E̍E̎ȄȆE̓E᷎ȨȨ̀Ȩ́Ȩ̂ḜȨ̌Ẽ̦ĘĘ̀Ę́Ę̂Ę̃Ę̃Ę̄Ę̄Ę̄Ę̄Ę̄Ę̄Ę̆Ę̇Ę̇Ę̈Ę̈Ę̈Ę̈Ę̈Ę̈Ę̋Ę̌Ę̑Ę̱Ę̱Ę̱Ę̣Ę᷎ȨḜḘḚE̱È̱É̱Ê̱Ẽ̱Ē̱Ḕ̱Ḗ̱Ē̱Ë̱Ë̱Ë̱Ë̱Ë̱Ě̱E̮Ē̮ẸẸ̀Ẹ́ỆẸ̃Ẹ̄Ẹ̄Ẹ̄Ẹ̄Ẹ̆Ẹ̆Ẹ̆Ẹ̈Ẹ̈Ẹ̈Ẹ̈Ẹ̈Ẹ̍Ẹ̌Ẹ̑E̤È̤É̤Ê̤Ë̤E̥E̯E̩È͕Ê͕Ẽ͕Ē͕Ḕ͕E̜E̹È̹É̹Ê̹Ẽ̹Ē̹Ḕ̹Ɇᶒⱸᶕᶓɚᶔɝ', +'F':'F̀F́F̄ḞF̓F̧ᵮᶂƑF̱F̣ꜰ̇Ꝼ́Ꝼ̇Ꝼ', +'G':'G̀ǴǴ̄ĜG̃G̃ḠḠ́ĞĠG̈G̈G̊G̋ǦǦ̈G̑G̒G̓G̕G̔ĢG̦G̱G̱G̮G̣G̤G̥G̫ꞠǤᶃƓɢ̇ɢ̣ʛƔ̓', +'H':'H̀H́ĤH̄ḢḦȞH̐H̓H̕ḨH̨H̭H̱ḪḤḤ̣H̤H̥H̬H̯ĦĦ̥ꞪⱧʜ̇Ꜧɧ', +'I':'ÌÍÎÎ́ĨĨ́Ĩ̀Ĩ̂Ĩ̌Ĩ̍ĪĪ́Ī̀Ī̂Ī̌Ī̃Ī̄Ī̆Ī̆ĬĬ̀Ĭ́İIİ́ÏÏ̀ḮÏ̂Ï̃Ï̄Ï̌Ï̑I̊I̋ǏỈȈȊI᷎ĮĮ̀Į́Į̂Į̃Į̄Į̄Į̄Į̄Į̄Į̄Į̈Į̈Į̈Į̈Į̈Į̈Į̋Į̌Į̱Į̱Į̱I̍I̐I̓I̧Í̧Ì̧Î̧I̭Ī̭ḬḬ́Ḭ̈Ḭ̈I̱Í̱Ì̱Î̱Ǐ̱Ĩ̱Ï̱Ḯ̱Ï̱Ï̱Ï̱Ī̱Ī̱Ī̱Ī̱I̮ỊỊ̀Ị́Ị̂Ị̃Ị̄Ị̈Ị̈Ị̈Ị̈Ị̈Ị̌Ị̍I̤Ì̤Í̤Î̤Ï̤I̥Í̥Ï̥I̯Í̯Ĩ̯I͔Ī͔ƗƗ̀Ɨ́Ɨ̂Ɨ̌Ɨ̃Ɨ̄Ɨ̈Ɨ̧Ɨ̧Ɨ̧Ɨ̧Ɨ̱Ɨ̱Ɨ̱Ɨ̱Ɨ̱Ɨ̱Ɨ̯ᶖ', +'J':'Ɩ̀Ɩ́Ɩ̃ᵼJ́ĴJ̃J̄J̇J̈J̈J̊J̋J̌J̌J̓J᷎J̱J̣J̣J̥ɈɈ̱ʝȷɟʄ', +'K':'K̀ḰK̂K̃K̄K̆K̇K̈ǨK̑K̓K̕K̔K͑ĶK̦K̨ḴḴ̓ḲK̮K̥K̬K̫ᶄƘⱩꝀꝂꝄꞢᴋ', +'L':'̇L̀ĹL̂L̃L̄L̇L̈L̋ĽL̐L̑L̓L̕ĻĻ̂Ļ̃L̦ḼḺḺ̓L̮ḶḶ̀Ḷ́ḸḸ́Ḹ̆Ḷ̓Ḷ̕Ḷ̣L̤L̤L̥L̥Ĺ̥L̥L̥L̥L̥L̩L̯ŁŁ̇Ł̓Ł̣Ł̱ꝈȽⱠⱢɬᶅɭꞎȴʟ̇ʟ̣ƛƛ̓λ̴λ̴', +'M':'̇M̀ḾM̂M̃M̄M̆ṀṀ̇M̈M̋M̍M̌M̐M̑M̓M̕M͑ᵯM̧M̨M̦M̱Ḿ̱M̮ṂṂ́Ṃ̄Ṃ̓M̥Ḿ̥M̥M̥M̥M̬M̩M̯ᶆⱮᴍ̇ᴍ̣', +'N':'ǸŃN̂ÑÑ̈N̄N̆ṄṄ̇N̈N̋ŇN̐N̑N̍N̓N̕ꞤᵰŅŅ̂Ņ̃N̦N̨ṊN̰ṈṈ́N̮ṆṆ́Ṇ̄Ṇ̄Ṇ̓N̤N̥Ǹ̥Ń̥Ñ̥Ñ̥N̥N̥N̥N̥Ṅ̥N̥N̥N̥N̯N̩N̲ƝȠꞐᶇɳȵɴ̇ɴ̣', +'O':'ÒÓÔỐỒỖỔÕÕ̍Õ̀ṌÕ̂Õ̌ṎȬŌṒṐŌ̂Ō̃Ō̃Ō̄Ō̆Ō̆Ō̈Ō̌ŎŎ̀Ŏ́Ŏ̈ȮȮ́ȰO͘Ó͘Ò͘Ō͘O̍ÖÖ́Ö̀Ö̂Ö̌Ö̃ȪȪ̆Ö̆ỎO̊ŐǑO̐ȌȎØØ̀ǾØ̂Ø̃Ø̄Ø̄Ø̄Ø̆Ø̇Ø̇Ø̈Ø̋Ø̌Ø᷎Ø̨Ǿ̨Ø̨Ø̣Ø̥Ø̰Ǿ̰ƟꝊƠỚỜỠỞO̍O̓O᷎Ó᷎O̧Ó̧Ò̧Ô̧Ǒ̧ǪǪ̀Ǫ́Ǫ̂Ǫ̃ǬǬ̀Ǭ́Ǭ̂Ǭ̃Ǭ̆Ǭ̌Ǫ̆Ǫ̆Ǫ̇Ǫ̇Ǫ̈Ǫ̈Ǫ̈Ǫ̈Ǫ̈Ǫ̈Ǫ̋Ǫ̌Ǫ̑Ǫ̣Ǫ̱Ǫ̱Ǫ̱Ǫ᷎O̭O̰Ó̰O̱Ò̱Ó̱Ô̱Ǒ̱Õ̱Ō̱Ṓ̱Ṑ̱Ō̱Ö̱Ö̱Ö̱Ö̱Ö̱O̮ỌỌ̀Ọ́ỘỌ̃Ọ̄Ọ̄Ọ̄Ọ̄Ọ̄Ọ̆Ọ̈Ọ̈Ọ̈Ọ̈Ọ̈Ọ̈Ọ̌Ọ̑ỢỌO̤Ò̤Ó̤Ô̤Ö̤O̥Ō̥O̬O̯Õ͔Ō͔O̜O̹Ó̹O̲ᴓᶗꝌⱺꝊƆ́Ɔ̀Ɔ̂Ɔ̌Ɔ̄Ɔ̃Ɔ̃Ɔ̃Ɔ̃Ɔ̃Ɔ̃Ɔ̄Ɔ̆Ɔ̈Ɔ̈Ɔ̈Ɔ̈Ɔ̈Ɔ̍Ɔ̇Ɔ̣Ɔ̣Ɔ̣Ɔ̣Ɔ̣Ɔ̣Ɔ̣Ɔ̣Ɔ̣Ɔ̣Ɔ̣Ɔ̤Ɔ̤Ɔ̤Ɔ̤Ɔ̤Ɔ̱Ɔ̱Ɔ̱Ɔ̱Ɔ̱Ɔ̱Ɔ̱Ɔ̱Ɔ̱Ɔ̧Ɔ̧Ɔ̧Ɔ̧Ɔ̧Ɔ̨Ɔ̨Ɔ̨Ɔ̨Ɔ̨Ɔ̨Ɔ̨Ɔ̨Ɔ̱', +'P':'̇P̀ṔP̃P̄P̆ṖP̈P̋P̑P̓P̕P̔P͑P̱P̣P̤P̬ⱣꝐᵱᶈƤꝒꝔᴘ', +'Q':'̇Q́Q̃Q̄Q̇Q̈Q̋Q̓Q̕Q̧Q̣Q̣Q̣Q̱ꝖꝖ̃ꝘʠɊ', +'R':'R̀ŔR̂R̃R̄R̆ṘR̋ŘR̍ȐȒR̓R̕ŖR̦R̨R̨ꞦR̭ṞṚṚ̀Ṛ́ṜṜ́Ṝ̃Ṝ̆R̤R̥R̥Ŕ̥R̥R̥R̥R̥R̥Ř̥R̬R̩R̯ɌᵲɺᶉɻⱹɼⱤɾᵳɿʀ̇ʀ̣Ꝛ́Ꝛ', +'S':'̣S̀ŚŚ̀ŚṤŜS̃S̄S̆ṠṠ̃S̈S̋ŠŠ̀Š́ṦŠ̓S̑S̓S̕ŞȘS̨Š̨ꞨS̱Ś̱S̮ṢṢ́Ṣ̄ṨṢ̌Ṣ̕Ṣ̱S̤Š̤S̥Ś̥S̬S̪ꜱ̇ꜱ̣ſ́ẛſ̣ẞᶊʂⱾẜẝᶋᶘʆ', +'T':'T̀T́T̃T̄T̆T̆ṪT̈ŤT̑T̓T̕T̔T͑ŢȚT̨T̗ṰT̰ṮT̮ṬṬ́T̤T̥T̬T̯T̪ƾŦȾᵵƫƬƮȶᴛ̇ᴛ','U':'̣̇ÙÚÛŨŨ̀ṸŨ̂Ũ̊Ũ̌Ũ̍ŪŪ̀Ū́Ū̂Ū̌Ū̃Ū̄Ū̆Ū̆ṺŬŬ̀Ŭ́U̇U̇U̇ÜǛǗÜ̂Ü̃ǕǕ̆Ü̆ǙỦŮŮ́Ů̃ŰǓU̍ȔȖU̓U᷎ỦƯỨỪỮỬỰU̧Ú̧Ù̧Û̧Ǔ̧ŲŲ̀Ų́Ų̂Ų̌Ų̄Ų̄Ų̄Ų̄Ų̄Ų̄Ų̈Ų̈Ų̈Ų̈Ų̈Ų̈Ų̋Ų̱Ų̱Ų̱ṶṴṴ́Ṵ̈U̱Ù̱Ú̱Û̱Ũ̱Ū̱Ū̱Ū̱Ū̱Ü̱Ǘ̱Ǜ̱Ü̱Ǚ̱Ǔ̱ỤỤ̀Ụ́Ụ̂Ụ̃Ụ̄Ụ̈Ụ̈Ụ̈Ụ̈Ụ̈Ụ̌Ụ̍ṲṲ̀Ṳ́Ṳ̂Ṳ̈U̥Ü̥U̯Ũ̯Ü̯U͔Ũ͔Ū͔ɄɄ̀Ʉ́Ʉ̂Ʉ̃Ʉ̄Ʉ̈Ʉ̌Ʉ̧Ʉ̰Ʉ̰Ʉ̱Ʉ̱Ʉ̱Ʉ̱Ʉ̱Ʉ̱Ʉ̥ᵾᶙʮʯɰᵿ','V':'V̀V́V̂ṼṼ̀Ṽ́Ṽ̂Ṽ̌V̄V̄V̄V̄V̄V̄V̄V̄V̆V̆V̇V̈V̈V̈V̈V̈V̈V̊V̋V̌V̍V̏V̐V̓V̧V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̨V̱V̱V̱V̱V̱Ṽ̱V̱V̱V̱V̱V̱ṾV̥ꝞᶌƲⱱⱴꝨ́Ꝩ̇Ꝩ̣', +'W':'ẀẂŴW̃W̄W̆ẆẄW̊W̋W̌W̍W̓W̱ẈW̥W̬Ⱳ', +'X':'X̀X́X̂X̃X̄X̆X̆ẊẌX̊X̌X̓X̕X̱X̱X̣X̣X̥ᶍ', +'Y':'ỲÝŶỸȲȲ̀Ȳ́Ȳ̃Ȳ̆Y̆Y̆Y̆ẎẎ́ŸŸ́Y̊Y̋Y̌Y̍Y̐Y̓ỶY᷎Y̱ỴỴ̣Y̥Y̯ɎƳỾ', +'Z':'Z̀ŹẐZ̃Z̄ŻZ̈Z̋ŽŽ́Ž̏Z̑Z̓Z̕Z̨Z̗ẔZ̮ẒẒ́Ẓ̌Ẓ̣Z̤Z̥ƵᵶᶎȤʐʑⱿⱫƷ́Ʒ̇ǮǮ́Ʒ̥ᶚƺʓ', +'_':'Þ́Þ̣ꝤꝦƻꜮʡʢǀǁǃǂʘ', +# +'a':'àáâầấẫẩãã̀ã́ã̂ã̌ã̍ã̎āā̀ā́ā̂ā̃́ā̃́ā̄ā̆́ā̆́ā̈ā̊ā̌ăằắẵẳȧȧ́ǡää́ä̀ä̂ä̃ǟǟ̆ä̆ä̌ảåǻå̂å̃å̄̆å̄̆å̆a̋ǎa̍a̎ȁȃa̐a̓a̧à̧á̧â̧ǎ̧a̭a̰à̰á̰ä̰́ä̰́ąą̀ą́ą̂ą̃ą̄̀ą̄̀́ą̄́̂ą̄̂̌ą̄̌ą̇ą̈̀ą̈̀́ą̈́̂ą̈̂̌ą̈̌̄ą̈̄ą̊ą̌ą̋ą̱̀ą̱̀̀ą̱̀a᷎a̱à̱á̱â̱ã̱ā̱̀ā̱̀́ā̱́̂ā̱̂ä̱̀ä̱̀́ä̱́̂ä̱̂̌ä̱̌å̱ǎ̱̥a̱̥ạạ́ạ̀ậạ̃ạ̄ặạ̈̀ạ̈̀́ạ̈́̂ạ̈̂̌ạ̈̌ạ̌ạ̍a̤à̤á̤â̤ä̤ḁḁ̂ḁ̈a̯a̩a͔ā͔ⱥⱥ̀ⱥ́ɑ̀ɑ́ɑ̂ɑ̃ɑ̄ɑ̆ɑ̇ɑ̈ɑ̊ɑ̌', +'b':'b́b̂b̃b̄ḃb̈b̕ḇḇ̂ḅb̤b̥b̬ƀɓƃ', +'c':'c̀ćĉc̃c̄́c̄́c̆ċc̈čč́č͑č̓č̕č͑c̋c̓c̕c̔c͑çḉç̆ç̇ç̌c̦c̭c̱c̮c̣ć̣č̣c̥c̬c̯c̨ȼȼ̓ꞓƈꜿ', +'d':'d́d̂d̃d̄ḋd̊ďd̑d̓d̕ḑd̦ḓḏd̮ḍḍ́d̤d̥d̬d̪đɖɗƌꝺ́ꝺ̇ð́ð̣', +'e':'èéêềếễê̄ê̌ểẽẽ̀ẽ́ẽ̂ẽ̌ẽ̍ẽ̎ēḕḗē̂ē̃́ē̃́ē̄ē̆́ē̆́ē̌ē̑ĕĕ̀ĕ́ĕ̄ėė́ė̃ëë̀ë́ë̂ë̃ë̄ë̌ẻe̊̄e̊̄e̋ěě́ě̃ě̋ě̑e̍e̎ȅȇe̓e᷎ȩȩ̀ȩ́ȩ̂ḝȩ̌ẽ̦ęę̀ę́ę̂ę̃́ę̃́ę̄̀ę̄̀́ę̄́̂ę̄̂̃ę̄̃̌ę̄̌ę̆ę̇́ę̇́ę̈̀ę̈̀́ę̈́̂ę̈̂̌ę̈̌̄ę̈̄ę̋ę̌ę̑ę̱̀ę̱̀́ę̱́ę̣ę᷎ȩḝḙḛe̱è̱é̱ê̱ẽ̱ē̱ḕ̱ḗ̱̂ē̱̂ë̱̀ë̱̀́ë̱́̂ë̱̂̌ë̱̌ě̱e̮ē̮ẹẹ̀ẹ́ệẹ̃ẹ̄̀ẹ̄̀́ẹ̄́̃ẹ̄̃ẹ̆̀ẹ̆̀́ẹ̆́ẹ̈̀ẹ̈̀́ẹ̈́̂ẹ̈̂̌ẹ̈̌ẹ̍ẹ̌ẹ̑e̤è̤é̤ê̤ë̤e̥e̯e̩è͕ê͕ẽ͕ē͕ḕ͕e̜e̹è̹é̹ê̹ẽ̹ē̹ḕ̹ɇ', +'f':'f̀f́f̄ḟf̓f̧ƒf̱f̣ꝼ́ꝼ̇ꝼ̣', +'g':'g̀ǵǵ̄ĝg̃́g̃́ḡḡ́ğġg̈̇g̈̇g̊g̋ǧǧ̈g̑g̒g̓g̕g̔ģg̦g̱̓g̱̓g̮g̣g̤g̥g̫ꞡǥɠɣ̓', +'h':'h̀h́ĥh̄ḣḧȟh̐h̓h̕ḩh̨h̭ẖḫḥḥ̣h̤h̥h̬h̯ħħ̥ɦⱨꜧ', +'i':'ìíîî́ĩĩ́ĩ̀ĩ̂ĩ̌ĩ̍īī́ī̀ī̂ī̌ī̃ī̄ī̆́ī̆́ĭĭ̀ĭ́iıi̇́ïï̀ḯï̂ï̃ï̄ï̌ï̑i̊i̋ǐỉȉȋi᷎įį̀į́į̇́į̂į̃į̇̃į̄̀į̄̀́į̄́̂į̄̂̆į̄̆̌į̄̌į̈̀į̈̀́į̈́̂į̈̂̌į̈̌̄į̈̄į̋į̌į̱́į̱́̀į̱̀i̍i̐i̓i̧í̧ì̧î̧i̭ī̭ḭḭ́ḭ̈́ḭ̈́i̱í̱ì̱î̱ǐ̱ĩ̱ï̱ḯ̱̀ï̱̀̂ï̱̂̌ï̱̌ī̱́ī̱́̀ī̱̀̂ī̱̂i̮ịị̀ị́ị̂ị̃ị̄ị̈̀ị̈̀́ị̈́̂ị̈̂̌ị̈̌ị̌ị̍i̤ì̤í̤î̤ï̤i̥í̥ï̥i̯í̯ĩ̯i͔ī͔ɨɨ̀ɨ́ɨ̂ɨ̌ɨ̃ɨ̄ɨ̈ɨ̧̀ɨ̧̀̂ɨ̧̂̌ɨ̧̌ɨ̱̀ɨ̱̀́ɨ̱́̂ɨ̱̂̈ɨ̱̈̌ɨ̱̌ɨ̯ɩ̀ɩ́ɩ̃', +'j':'j́ĵj̃j̇̃j̄j̈̇j̈̇j̊j̋ǰ́ǰ́j̓j᷎j̱ǰ̣ǰ̣j̥ɉɉ', +'k':'̱k̀ḱk̂k̃k̄k̆k̇k̈ǩk̑k̓k̕k̔k͑ķk̦k̨ḵḵ̓ḳk̮k̥k̬k̫ƙⱪꝁꝃꝅꞣ', +'l':'l̀ĺl̂l̃l̄l̇l̈l̋ľl̐l̑l̓l̕ļļ̂ļ̃l̦ḽḻḻ̓l̮ḷḷ̀ḷ́ḹḹ́ḹ̆ḷ̓ḷ̕ḷ̣l̤̄l̤̄l̥̀l̥̀ĺ̥̄l̥̄̄́l̥̄́̄̆l̥̄̆̕l̥̕l̩l̯łł̇ł̓ł̣ł̱ꝉƚⱡɫ̓', +'m':'m̀ḿm̂m̃m̄m̆ṁṁ̇m̈m̋m̍m̌m̐m̑m̓̕m̕m͑m̧m̨m̦m̱ḿ̱m̮ṃṃ́ṃ̄ṃ̓m̥ḿ̥̄m̥̄̄́m̥̄́̄̆m̥̄̆m̬m̩m̯ɱ', +'n':'ǹńn̂ññ̈n̄n̆ṅṅ̇n̈n̋ňn̐n̑n̍n̓n̕ꞥņņ̂ņ̃n̦n̨ṋn̰ṉṉ́n̮ṇṇ́ṇ̄́ṇ̄́ṇ̓n̤n̥ǹ̥ń̥ñ̥́ñ̥́̄n̥̄̄́n̥̄́̄̆n̥̄̆̄̑n̥̄̑ṅ̥̑n̥̑̑́n̥̑́̑̄n̥̑̄n̯n̩n̲ɲƞꞑ', +'o':'òóôốồỗổõõ̍õ̀ṍõ̂õ̌ṏȭōṓṑō̂ō̃́ō̃́ō̄ō̆́ō̆́ō̈ō̌ŏŏ̀ŏ́ŏ̈ȯȯ́ȱo͘ó͘ò͘ō͘͘o̍͘öö́ö̀ö̂ö̌ö̃ȫȫ̆ö̆ỏo̊őǒo̐ȍȏøø̀ǿø̂ø̃ø̄́ø̄́̆ø̄̆ø̆ø̇́ø̇́ø̈ø̋ø̌ø᷎ø̨ǿ̨̄ø̨̄ø̣ø̥ø̰ǿ̰ɵꝋơớờỡởo̍o̓o᷎ó᷎o̧ó̧ò̧ô̧ǒ̧ǫǫ̀ǫ́ǫ̂ǫ̃ǭǭ̀ǭ́ǭ̂ǭ̃ǭ̆ǭ̌ǫ̆́ǫ̆́ǫ̇́ǫ̇́ǫ̈̀ǫ̈̀́ǫ̈́̂ǫ̈̂̄ǫ̈̄̌ǫ̈̌ǫ̋ǫ̌ǫ̑ǫ̣ǫ̱́ǫ̱́̀ǫ̱̀ǫ᷎o̭o̰ó̰o̱ò̱ó̱ô̱ǒ̱õ̱ō̱ṓ̱ṑ̱̂ō̱̂ö̱́ö̱́̀ö̱̀̂ö̱̂̌ö̱̌o̮ọọ̀ọ́ộọ̃ọ̄̀ọ̄̀́ọ̄́̃ọ̄̃̆ọ̄̆ọ̆ọ̈̀ọ̈̀́ọ̈́̂ọ̈̂̄ọ̈̄̌ọ̈̌ọ̌ọ̑ợọo̤ò̤ó̤ô̤ö̤o̥ō̥o̬o̯õ͔ō͔o̜o̹ó̹o̲ꝍꝋɔ́ɔ̀ɔ̂ɔ̌ɔ̄ɔ̃́ɔ̃́̀ɔ̃̀̂ɔ̃̂̌ɔ̃̌̍ɔ̃̍ɔ̄ɔ̆ɔ̈̀ɔ̈̀́ɔ̈́̂ɔ̈̂̌ɔ̈̌ɔ̍ɔ̇ɔ̣̀ɔ̣̀́ɔ̣́̂ɔ̣̂̌ɔ̣̌̈ɔ̣̈̈̀ɔ̣̈̀̈́ɔ̣̈́̈̂ɔ̣̈̂̈̌ɔ̣̈̌̃ɔ̣̃ɔ̤̀ɔ̤̀́ɔ̤́̂ɔ̤̂̈ɔ̤̈ɔ̱̀ɔ̱̀́ɔ̱́̂ɔ̱̂̌ɔ̱̌̃ɔ̱̃̈ɔ̱̈̈̀ɔ̱̈̀̈́ɔ̱̈́ɔ̧́ɔ̧́̀ɔ̧̀̂ɔ̧̂̌ɔ̧̌ɔ̨́ɔ̨́̀ɔ̨̀̂ɔ̨̂̌ɔ̨̌̄ɔ̨̄̆ɔ̨̆̈ɔ̨̈ɔ̱', +'p':'p̀ṕp̃p̄p̆ṗp̈p̋p̑p̓p̕p̔p͑p̱p̣p̤p̬ᵽꝑƥꝓꝕ', +'q':'q́q̃q̄q̇q̈q̋q̓q̕q̧q̣̇q̣̇̈q̣̈q̱ꝗꝗ̃ꝙɋ', +'r':'r̀ŕr̂r̃r̄r̆ṙr̋řr̍ȑȓr̓r̕ŗr̦r̨̄r̨̄ꞧr̭ṟṛṛ̀ṛ́ṝṝ́ṝ̃ṝ̆r̤r̥̀r̥̀ŕ̥̂r̥̂̃r̥̃̄r̥̄̄́r̥̄́̄̆r̥̄̆ř̥r̬r̩r̯ɍɽꝛ́ꝛ̣', +'s':'s̀śś̀śṥŝs̃s̄s̆ṡṡ̃s̈s̋šš̀š́ṧš̓s̑s̓s̕şșs̨š̨ꞩs̱ś̱s̮ṣṣ́ṣ̄ṩṣ̌ṣ̕ṣ̱s̤š̤s̥ś̥s̬s̪ᵴȿ', +'t':'t̀t́t̃t̄t̆̀t̆̀ṫẗťt̑t̓t̕t̔t͑ţțt̨t̗ṱt̰ṯt̮ṭṭ́t̤t̥t̬t̯t̪ŧⱦƭʈ', +'u':'ùúûũũ̀ṹũ̂ũ̊ũ̌ũ̍ūū̀ū́ū̂ū̌ū̃ū̄ū̆́ū̆́ṻŭŭ̀ŭ́u̇́u̇́̄u̇̄üǜǘü̂ü̃ǖǖ̆ü̆ǚủůů́ů̃űǔu̍ȕȗu̓u᷎ủưứừữửựu̧ú̧ù̧û̧ǔ̧ųų̀ų́ų̂ų̌ų̄́ų̄́̀ų̄̀̂ų̄̂̌ų̄̌̌ų̄̌ų̈́ų̈́̀ų̈̀̂ų̈̂̌ų̈̌̄ų̈̄ų̋ų̱́ų̱́̀ų̱̀ṷṵṵ́ṵ̈u̱ù̱ú̱û̱ũ̱ū̱́ū̱́̀ū̱̀̂ū̱̂ü̱ǘ̱ǜ̱̂ü̱̂ǚ̱ǔ̱ụụ̀ụ́ụ̂ụ̃ụ̄ụ̈̀ụ̈̀́ụ̈́̂ụ̈̂̌ụ̈̌ụ̌ụ̍ṳṳ̀ṳ́ṳ̂ṳ̈u̥ü̥u̯ũ̯ü̯u͔ũ͔ū͔ʉʉ̀ʉ́ʉ̂ʉ̃ʉ̄ʉ̈ʉ̌ʉ̧ʉ̰́ʉ̰́ʉ̱́ʉ̱́̀ʉ̱̀̂ʉ̱̂̈ʉ̱̈̌ʉ̱̌ʉ̥', +'v':'v̀v́v̂ṽṽ̀ṽ́ṽ̂ṽ̌v̄̀v̄̀́v̄́̂v̄̂̃v̄̃̄v̄̄̆v̄̆̌v̄̌v̆́v̆́v̇v̈̀v̈̀́v̈́̂v̈̂̄v̈̄̌v̈̌v̊v̋v̌v̍v̏v̐v̓v̧v̨̀v̨̀́v̨́̂v̨̂̌v̨̌̄v̨̄̄́v̨̄́̄̀v̨̄̀̄̂v̨̄̂̄̌v̨̄̌̈v̨̈̈́v̨̈́̈̀v̨̈̀̈̂v̨̈̂̈̌v̨̈̌̈̄v̨̈̄̋v̨̱̋v̨̱̱́v̨̱̱́̀v̨̱̱̀̂v̨̱̱̂̌v̨̱̌v̱̀v̱̀́v̱́̂v̱̂̌v̱̌ṽ̱̈v̱̈̈́v̱̈́̈̀v̱̈̀̈̂v̱̈̂̈̌v̱̈̌ṿv̥ꝟʋꝩ́ꝩ̇ꝩ̣', +'w':'ẁẃŵw̃w̄w̆ẇẅẘw̋w̌w̍w̓w̱ẉw̥w̬ⱳ', +'x':'x̀x́x̂x̃x̄x̆́x̆́ẋẍx̊x̌x̓x̕x̱̓x̱̓x̣̓x̣̓x̥', +'y':'ỳýŷỹȳȳ̀ȳ́ȳ̃ȳ̆y̆̀y̆̀́y̆́ẏẏ́ÿÿ́ẙy̋y̌y̍y̐y̓ỷy᷎y̱ỵỵ̣y̥y̯ɏƴỿ', +'z':'z̀źẑz̃z̄żz̈z̋žž́ž̏z̑z̓z̕z̨z̗ẕz̮ẓẓ́ẓ̌ẓ̣z̤z̥ƶȥɀⱬʒ́ʒ̇ǯǯ́ʒ̥', +'_':'þ́þ̣ꝥꝧꜯ' +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/jambox.sty b/jambox.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ccf65af --- /dev/null +++ b/jambox.sty @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% JAMBOX: RIGHT-COLUMN ANNOTATIONS %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Alexis Dimitriadis +% +% This is version 0.3 (informal release, Nov. 2003). +% +% Line up material a fixed distance from the right margin. For annotating +% example sentences, usually with a short note in parentheses. +% May overflow to the left or right, or line up on the next line as necessary. +% +% \jambox[width]{text} Align 'text' starting 'width' distance from the +% right margin (default \the\jamwidth). +% \jam(something) Align a note delimited by parentheses (which are +% retained). No optional argument. +% \jambox*{text} Set \jamwidth to the width of 'text', then align it. +% (\jamwidth stays set for the rest of the environment). +% +% Notes: +% +% Distance from the right margin can be set to an explicit amount, or to the +% width of some piece of text, as follows: +% +% \jamwidth=2in\relax Or +% \settowidth\jamwidth {(``annotation'')} +% +% \jamwidth is locally scoped, so it can be set globally or inside an example +% environment. +% +% BUG: Not compatible with ragged-right mode. +% +% Incompatibilities: Not useful with the vanilla cgloss4e.sty, which ends +% glossed lines prematurely. +% I do have a suitably modified file, cgloss.sty. With it you can do the +% following: +% \gll To kimeno. \\ +% the text \\ \jambox{(Greek)} +% \trans `The text.' + + +\newdimen\jamwidth \jamwidth=2in +\def\jambox{\@ifnextchar[{\@jambox} + {\@ifnextchar*{\@jamsetbox}{\@jambox[\the\jamwidth]}}} + +% Quickie invocation: The argument is delimited by the parentheses (no width +% argument allowed). I redefine it in my documents to add formatting. +% Syntax: \jam(Some note) +% +\def\jam(#1){\jambox{(#1)}} + +% Set width AND display the argument. +% The star is read and ignored; the argument #1 is boxed, used to set +% \jamwidth, then passed to \@jambox (which also puts it in \@tempboxa!) +% +\def\@jamsetbox*#1{\setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{#1}\jamwidth=\wd\@tempboxa + \@jambox[\the\jamwidth]{\box\@tempboxa}} + +%% Version 1: old & stupid +%% \def\@jambox[#1]#2{\hfill\hbox to #1 {#2\hfil}} + +% Version 2: +% Always takes up \jamwidth space, even if it means breaking the line. But it +% works on ragged-right mode, too. +% \def\@jambox[#1]#2{\setbox\@tempboxa\hbox {#2\hfil}% +% \ifdim \wd\@tempboxa<#1\relax \wd\@tempboxa=#1\relax\fi +% \hskip 0.5em plus 1fill +% \penalty 100\vadjust{}\nobreak\hfill\box\@tempboxa\par} +% The penalty enables a break. \vadjust inserts an empty element +% at the beginning of the next line, protecting \hfill from being discarded. + +% Version 3: +% This seems to cover everything! But unfortunately, it won't work in +% ragged-right mode-- the line is broken BEFORE the last word, to make enough +% space... +\def\@jambox[#1]#2{{\setbox\@tempboxa\hbox {#2}% + \ifdim \wd\@tempboxa<#1\relax % if label fits in the alloted space: + \@tempdima=#1\relax \advance\@tempdima by-\wd\@tempboxa % remaining \hspace + \unskip\nobreak\hfill\penalty250 % break line here if necessary + \hskip 1.2em minus 1.2em % used when the line extends past the margin + \hbox{}\nobreak\hfill\box\@tempboxa\nobreak + \hskip\@tempdima minus \@tempdima\hbox{}% + \else % the label is too wide: just right-align it + \hfill\penalty50\hbox{}\nobreak\hfill\box\@tempboxa + \fi + % suppress closing glue: + \parfillskip=0pt \finalhyphendemerits=0 \par}} +% The penalty enables a break, taken only if the line cannot fit. +% The \hbox{} ensures the next line does not begin with \hfill, which would +% be discarded if initial. +% (\vadjust inserts an empty element at the beginning of the next line, so +% that COULD be used instead of \hbox{}). +% Algorithm adapted from The TeXBook. +% +% The closing \par could be a problem if there is a \parskip... diff --git a/langsci/bst/biblatex-sp-unified.bbx b/langsci/bst/biblatex-sp-unified.bbx new file mode 100644 index 0000000..84d10be --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/bst/biblatex-sp-unified.bbx @@ -0,0 +1,562 @@ +% Modified by LSP, Thu Jul 31 22:36:02 CEST 2014 +\ProvidesFile{sp-biblatex.bbx} + +% NB: The Unified Style Sheet wants abbreviated "ed(s)", "edn". But using the abbreviate option also abbreviates the names of months. But then dateabbrev=false restores the long names of months +% biblatex has a "useprefix" option, which makes "von" count for alphabetization; the Unified Stylesheet does not want that, so it is important that this option be disabled (even if an author tries to set it to true) + +\ExecuteBibliographyOptions{labeldate,sorting=nyt,abbreviate,dateabbrev=false,useprefix=false} + +% biblatex by default calls biblatex.def, we add to this authoryear.bbx, which in turn loads standard.bbx. So, sp-biblatex.bbx is built on top of those styles; once authoryear.bbx is loaded, we tell it not to put in dashes for repeated authors (in accordance with the Unified Stylesheet) + +\RequireBibliographyStyle{authoryear} +\ExecuteBibliographyOptions{dashed=false} + +% Formatting directives for name lists +% ------------------------------------------------------------------ +% +% In biblatex.def, there are name formats defined: first-last, last-first, last-first/first-last. They could be simplified (we don't need provisions for using initials only, since the Unified Style doesn't do that), but since biblatex.def is loaded automatically, there's no point. The name formats call bibmacros that figure out how to order the internal of name components. These are re-defined here to make sure that "von" is treated as part of the last name (it still doesn't count for sorting -- which is controlled by the \useprefix package option) +% name:last is used to produce citation labels +% name:last-first is used to produce the first author's name listing in the alphabetical bibliography + +% Also moved the Jr part to after the first name and inserted another comma, because the Unified Stylesheet disagrees with standard.bbx: it wants "Jr." not to be treated as part of the last name. + +% The macros here get 4 arguments passed to them. They are: #1 last name, #2 first name, #3 von, #4 Jr. + +\renewbibmacro*{name:last}[4]{% + \usebibmacro{name:delim}{#3#1}% + \usebibmacro{name:hook}{#3#1}% + \ifblank{#3} + {} + {\ifcapital + {\mkbibnameprefix{\MakeCapital{#3}}\isdot} + {\mkbibnameprefix{#3}\isdot}% + \ifpunctmark{'}{}{\bibnamedelimc}}% + \mkbibnamelast{#1}}% + +\renewbibmacro*{name:last-first}[4]{% + \usebibmacro{name:delim}{#3#1}% + \usebibmacro{name:hook}{#3#1}% + \ifblank{#3}{}{% + \mkbibnameprefix{#3}\isdot% + \ifpunctmark{'}{}{\bibnamedelimc}}% + \mkbibnamelast{#1}\isdot + \ifblank{#2}{}{\addcomma\bibnamedelimd\mkbibnamefirst{#2}\isdot}% + \ifblank{#4}{}{\addcomma\bibnamedelimd\mkbibnameaffix{#4}\isdot}} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Various bibmacros used in producing the bibliography +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\renewbibmacro*{date+extrayear}{% + \iffieldundef{labelyear} + {} + {\printtext{\printdateextralabel}}}% Took out the parentheses around the year + +\renewbibmacro*{author}{% + \ifboolexpr{ + test \ifuseauthor + and + not test {\ifnameundef{author}} + } + {\usebibmacro{bbx:dashcheck} + {\bibnamedash} + {\usebibmacro{bbx:savehash}% + \printnames{author}% + \iffieldundef{authortype} + {\newunit}% period instead of space + {\setunit{\addcomma\space}}}% + \iffieldundef{authortype} + {} + {\usebibmacro{authorstrg}% + \newunit}}% period instead of space + {\global\undef\bbx@lasthash + \usebibmacro{labeltitle}% + \newunit}% period instead of space + \usebibmacro{date+extrayear}} + +\renewbibmacro*{editor}{% + \usebibmacro{bbx:editor}{editorstrg}} +\renewbibmacro*{editor+others}{% + \usebibmacro{bbx:editor}{editor+othersstrg}} +\renewbibmacro*{bbx:editor}[1]{% + \ifboolexpr{ + test \ifuseeditor + and + not test {\ifnameundef{editor}} + } + {\usebibmacro{bbx:dashcheck} + {\bibnamedash} + {\printnames{editor}% + \setunit{\addspace}% + \usebibmacro{bbx:savehash}}% + \printtext[parens]{\usebibmacro{#1}}% + \clearname{editor}% + \newunit}% period instead of space + {\global\undef\bbx@lasthash + \usebibmacro{labeltitle}% + \newunit}% period instead of space + \usebibmacro{date+extrayear}} + +\renewbibmacro*{translator}{% + \usebibmacro{bbx:translator}{translatorstrg}} +\renewbibmacro*{translator+others}{% + \usebibmacro{bbx:translator}{translator+othersstrg}} +\renewbibmacro*{bbx:translator}[1]{% + \ifboolexpr{ + test \ifusetranslator + and + not test {\ifnameundef{translator}} + } + {\usebibmacro{bbx:dashcheck} + ts {\bibnamedash} + {\printnames{translator}% + \setunit{\addcomma\space}% + \usebibmacro{bbx:savehash}}% + \usebibmacro{translator+othersstrg}% + \clearname{translator}% + \newunit}% period instead of space + {\global\undef\bbx@lasthash + \usebibmacro{labeltitle}% + \newunit}% period instead of space + \usebibmacro{date+extrayear}} + +\renewbibmacro*{journal}{% + \iffieldundef{journaltitle} + {} + {\printtext{% + \printfield{journaltitle}% + \setunit{\subtitlepunct}% + \printfield{journalsubtitle}}}} + +\renewbibmacro*{volume+number+eid}{% + \printfield{volume}% +% \setunit*{\adddot}% + \printfield[parens]{number}% parentheses instead of dot before issue number + \setunit{\addcomma\space}% + \printfield{eid}} + +% Because of the weird format "3 May, 2007" specified in the Unified Stylesheet for URL access dates, we need a special way to format the urldate + +\newcommand{\mkbibdateunified}[3]{% Year-Month-Day as input --> xx Month, Year + \iffieldundef{#3} + {} + {\stripzeros{\thefield{#3}}% + \nobreakspace}% + \iffieldundef{#2} + {\iffieldundef{#1}% + {}% + {\stripzeros{\thefield{#1}}}}% + {\mkbibmonth{\thefield{#2}}% + \iffieldundef{#1}% + {}% + {\iffieldundef{#3}% + {}% + {,}% + \space\stripzeros{\thefield{#1}}}% + }% + }% + +\renewbibmacro*{url+urldate}{% + \printfield{url}% + \iffieldundef{urlyear}% + {}% + {\setunit*{\addspace}% + \printtext[parens]{\mkbibdateunified{urlyear}{urlmonth}{urlday}}}% + } + +\renewbibmacro*{series+number}{% + \iffieldundef{series} + {} + {\printtext[parens]{% + \printfield{series}% + \setunit*{\addspace}% + \printfield{number}}% + }} + +\renewbibmacro*{byeditor+others}{% + \ifnameundef{editor} + {} + {\printnames[byeditor]{editor}% + \setunit{\addspace}% + \printtext[parens]{\usebibmacro{editor+othersstrg}}% putting (ed.) or (eds.) after editors of books + \clearname{editor}% + \newunit}% + \usebibmacro{byeditorx}% + \usebibmacro{bytranslator+others}} + +\renewbibmacro*{chapter+pages}{% + \iffieldundef{chapter}% + {}% + {\printfield{chapter}% + \setunit{\addcomma\space}}% + \printfield{pages}% + \newunit} + +\renewbibmacro*{note+pages}{% + \iffieldundef{note}% + {}% + {\printfield{note}% + \setunit{\addcomma\space}}% + \printfield{pages}% + \newunit} + +\newbibmacro*{institution+location+type+date}{% + \printlist{location}% + \iflistundef{institution} + {} + {\setunit*{\addcolon\space}}% + \printlist{institution}% + \setunit{\addspace}% + \printfield{type}% + \setunit*{\addcomma\space}% + \usebibmacro{date}% + \newunit} + +% The following is a hack to satisfy the Unified Stylesheet's decision to give the edition right after the OED as used as a sortlabel. + +\renewbibmacro*{labeltitle}{% + \iffieldundef{label} + {\iffieldundef{shorttitle} + {\printfield{title}% + \setunit{\addcomma\space}% Here it comes, preparing for the edition + \printfield{edition}% Here's the edition + \clearfield{title}% + \clearfield{edition}}% Clearing the edition field, so it's not printed again below + {\printfield[title]{shorttitle}}} + {\printfield{label}}} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Punctuation & formatting +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +% This gets rid of the Oxford comma in name lists and uses the ampersand rather than "and": + +\renewcommand*{\finalnamedelim}{\addspace\&\addspace} +\renewcommand*{\finallistdelim}{\addspace\&\addspace} + +% no colon after "In" in incollection entries (overriding biblatex.def): + +\renewcommand{\intitlepunct}{\addspace} + +\renewcommand{\subtitlepunct}{\addcolon\space} +\renewcommand*{\bibpagespunct}{\newunitpunct} % No comma before pages, just the usual new unit period + +\DefineBibliographyStrings{english}{% + edition = {edn\adddot}, +} + +% basically everything is in sentence case, other than journals and book series (recurring titles) +\DeclareFieldFormat[article,periodical,book,thesis,incollection,unpublished,inproceedings]{titlecase}{\MakeSentenceCase*{#1}}% + +% No quotes around titles +\DeclareFieldFormat[article,periodical,inbook,incollection,inproceedings,patent,thesis,unpublished]{title}{#1} + +% Just like book titles, thesis titles are in italics +\DeclareFieldFormat[thesis]{title}{\mkbibemph{#1}} + +\DeclareFieldFormat{pages}{#1} % no pp. prefix, took \mkpageprefix out [kvf] +\DeclareFieldFormat{doi}{\doi{#1}} +\DeclareFieldFormat{url}{\url{#1}} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% The bibliography drivers, specifying the formats of each type of entry in the bibliography +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +%%% First, the entry types used in the Unified Test Bibliography. Could rely on standard.bbx for all others as a fallback. + +% For the article type, the only departure from standard.bbx is that +% we don't use a literal "In: " before the journal title; other formatting +% departures are done in the format specs and bibmacros + +\DeclareBibliographyDriver{article}{% + \usebibmacro{bibindex}% + \usebibmacro{begentry}% + \usebibmacro{author/translator+others}% + \setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock + \usebibmacro{title}% + \newunit + \printlist{language}% + \newunit\newblock + \usebibmacro{byauthor}% + \newunit\newblock + \usebibmacro{bytranslator+others}% + \newunit\newblock + \printfield{version}% + \newunit\newblock +% \usebibmacro{in:}% We don't use "In: " before journal titles + \usebibmacro{journal+issuetitle}% + \newunit + \usebibmacro{byeditor+others}% + \newunit\newblock% \newblock ensures period before pages + \usebibmacro{note+pages}% + \newunit\newblock + \iftoggle{bbx:isbn} + {\printfield{issn}} + {}% + \newunit\newblock + \usebibmacro{doi+eprint+url}% + \newunit\newblock + \usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}% + \setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock + \usebibmacro{pageref}% + \newunit\newblock + \iftoggle{bbx:related} + {\usebibmacro{related:init}% + \usebibmacro{related}} + {}% + \usebibmacro{finentry}} + +\DeclareBibliographyDriver{periodical}{% +\usebibmacro{bibindex}% +\usebibmacro{begentry}% +\usebibmacro{author/editor+others/translator+others}% +\setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock +\usebibmacro{title}% +\newunit +\printlist{language}% +\newunit\newblock +\usebibmacro{byauthor}% +\newunit\newblock +\usebibmacro{bytranslator+others}% +\newunit\newblock +\printfield{version}% +\newunit\newblock +% \usebibmacro{in:}% We don't use "In: " before journal titles +\usebibmacro{journal+issuetitle}% +\newunit +\usebibmacro{byeditor+others}% +\newunit\newblock% \newblock ensures period before pages +\usebibmacro{note+pages}% +\newunit\newblock +\iftoggle{bbx:isbn} +{\printfield{issn}} +{}% +\newunit\newblock +\usebibmacro{doi+eprint+url}% +\newunit\newblock +\usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}% +\setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock +\usebibmacro{pageref}% +\newunit\newblock +\iftoggle{bbx:related} +{\usebibmacro{related:init}% +\usebibmacro{related}} +{}% +\usebibmacro{finentry}} + +\DeclareBibliographyDriver{book}{% + \usebibmacro{bibindex}% + \usebibmacro{begentry}% + \usebibmacro{author/editor+others/translator+others}% + \setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock + \usebibmacro{maintitle+title}% + \newunit + \printlist{language}% + \newunit\newblock + \usebibmacro{byauthor}% + \newunit\newblock + \usebibmacro{byeditor+others}% + \newunit\newblock + \printfield{edition}% + \newunit + \iffieldundef{maintitle} + {\printfield{volume}% + \printfield{part}} + {}% + \newunit + \printfield{volumes}% + \setunit{\addspace}% crucial difference from standard.bbx: space and then (Series + number) + \usebibmacro{series+number}% + \newunit\newblock + \printfield{note}% + \newunit\newblock + \usebibmacro{publisher+location+date}% + % \newunit\newblock commented by LSP + % \usebibmacro{chapter+pages}% + % \newunit + % \printfield{pagetotal}% + \newunit\newblock + \iftoggle{bbx:isbn} + {\printfield{isbn}} + {}% + \newunit\newblock + \usebibmacro{doi+eprint+url}% + \newunit\newblock + \usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}% + \setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock + \usebibmacro{pageref}% + \newunit\newblock + \iftoggle{bbx:related} + {\usebibmacro{related:init}% + \usebibmacro{related}} + {}% + \usebibmacro{finentry}} + + \DeclareBibliographyDriver{incollection}{% + \usebibmacro{bibindex}% + \usebibmacro{begentry}% + \usebibmacro{author/translator+others}% + \setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock + \usebibmacro{title}% + \newunit + \printlist{language}% + \newunit\newblock + \usebibmacro{byauthor}% + \newunit\newblock + \usebibmacro{in:}% + \ifnameundef{editor} + {\setunit{\addspace}} + {\usebibmacro{byeditor+others}\setunit{\addcomma\space}} + \usebibmacro{maintitle+booktitle}% + \setunit{\addcomma\space} + \printfield{edition}% + \setunit{\addcomma\space} + \iffieldundef{maintitle} + {\printfield{volume}% + \printfield{part}} + {}% + \setunit{\addcomma\space} + \printfield{volumes}% + \setunit{\addspace}% + \usebibmacro{series+number}% + \setunit{\addcomma\space} + \usebibmacro{chapter+pages}% + \newunit\newblock + \printfield{note}% + \newunit\newblock + \usebibmacro{publisher+location+date}% + \newunit\newblock + \iftoggle{bbx:isbn} + {\printfield{isbn}} + {}% + \newunit\newblock + \usebibmacro{doi+eprint+url}% + \newunit\newblock + \usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}% + \setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock + \usebibmacro{pageref}% + \newunit\newblock + \iftoggle{bbx:related} + {\usebibmacro{related:init}% + \usebibmacro{related}} + {}% + \usebibmacro{finentry}} + +\DeclareBibliographyDriver{inproceedings}{% + \usebibmacro{bibindex}% + \usebibmacro{begentry}% + \usebibmacro{author/translator+others}% + \setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock + \usebibmacro{title}% + \newunit + \printlist{language}% + \newunit\newblock + \usebibmacro{byauthor}% + \newunit\newblock + \usebibmacro{in:}% + \ifnameundef{editor} + {\setunit{\addspace}} + {\usebibmacro{byeditor+others}\setunit{\addcomma\space}} + \usebibmacro{maintitle+booktitle}% + \setunit{\addcomma\space} + \printfield{edition}% + \setunit{\addcomma\space} + \iffieldundef{maintitle} + {\printfield{volume}% + \printfield{part}} + {}% + \setunit{\addcomma\space} + \printfield{volumes}% + \setunit{\addspace}% + \usebibmacro{series+number}% + \setunit{\addcomma\space} + \usebibmacro{chapter+pages}% + \newunit\newblock + \printfield{note}% + \newunit\newblock + \printlist{organization}% + \newunit + \usebibmacro{publisher+location+date}% + \newunit\newblock + \iftoggle{bbx:isbn} + {\printfield{isbn}} + {}% + \newunit\newblock + \usebibmacro{doi+eprint+url}% + \newunit\newblock + \usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}% + \setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock + \usebibmacro{pageref}% + \newunit\newblock + \iftoggle{bbx:related} + {\usebibmacro{related:init}% + \usebibmacro{related}} + {}% + \usebibmacro{finentry}} + +\DeclareBibliographyDriver{thesis}{% + \usebibmacro{bibindex}% + \usebibmacro{begentry}% + \usebibmacro{author}% + \setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock + \usebibmacro{title}% + \newunit + \printlist{language}% + \newunit\newblock + \usebibmacro{byauthor}% + \newunit\newblock + \printfield{note}% + \newunit\newblock + \usebibmacro{institution+location+type+date}% + \newunit\newblock + \usebibmacro{chapter+pages}% + \newunit + \printfield{pagetotal}% + \newunit\newblock + \iftoggle{bbx:isbn} + {\printfield{isbn}} + {}% + \newunit\newblock + \usebibmacro{doi+eprint+url}% + \newunit\newblock + \usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}% + \setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock + \usebibmacro{pageref}% + \newunit\newblock + \iftoggle{bbx:related} + {\usebibmacro{related:init}% + \usebibmacro{related}} + {}% + \usebibmacro{finentry}} + +\DeclareBibliographyDriver{unpublished}{% + \usebibmacro{bibindex}% + \usebibmacro{begentry}% + \usebibmacro{author}% + \setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock + \usebibmacro{title}% + \newunit + \printlist{language}% + \newunit\newblock + \usebibmacro{byauthor}% + \newunit\newblock + \printfield{howpublished}% + \newunit\newblock + \printfield{note}% + \newunit\newblock + \usebibmacro{location+date}% + \newunit\newblock + \iftoggle{bbx:url} + {\usebibmacro{url+urldate}} + {}% + \newunit\newblock + \usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}% + \setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock + \usebibmacro{pageref}% + \newunit\newblock + \iftoggle{bbx:related} + {\usebibmacro{related:init}% + \usebibmacro{related}} + {}% + \usebibmacro{finentry}} + diff --git a/langsci/bst/langsci-unified.bst b/langsci/bst/langsci-unified.bst new file mode 100644 index 0000000..92a187c --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/bst/langsci-unified.bst @@ -0,0 +1,1578 @@ +%%% This version was modified by Language Science Press to include the PERIODICAL entry type +%%% +%%% This is unified.bst, made by Bridget Samuels. It is based on sp.bst (v1.9+) +%%% coded by Kai von Fintel as the house style for bibliographies in the journal +%%% Semantics and Pragmatics. The style is based on a style generated +%%% with custom-bib/merlin.mbs, a system for customizing bibliographic styles +%%% created by Patrick W Daly. There have been some hand-coded adjustments to that +%%% style to get the style closer to the Unified Style Sheet for Linguistics Journals. +%%% +%%% Please note that unified.bst does not supply periods after abbreviated authors' names +%%% (which are anyway discouraged by the Unified Style Sheet for Linguistics Journals). Also, +%%% article titles are changed to lower case. In order to protect capitals, it is necessary to +%%% enclose the relevant material in curly brackets. +%%% +%%% Version 1.2 [6 Mar 2010] Improved handling of multiple non-numerical year items by the same author. Should now output, e.g., "To appear(a)" +%%% Version 1.1 [2 Feb 2010] Added comma before vol. +%%% Version 1.0 [22 Aug 2009] Changes from sp.bst include conforming to the Unified +%%% Style Sheet format for PhD & MA theses and citing URLs for online materials (use +%%% misc or unpublished as the category). +%% + +ENTRY + { address + author + booktitle + chapter + doi + edition + editor + eid + howpublished + institution + journal + key + month + note + number + organization + pages + publisher + school + series + title + type + url + volume + year + } + {} + { label extra.label sort.label short.list } +INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block } +FUNCTION {init.state.consts} +{ #0 'before.all := + #1 'mid.sentence := + #2 'after.sentence := + #3 'after.block := +} +STRINGS { s t} +FUNCTION {output.nonnull} +{ 's := + output.state mid.sentence = + { " " * write$ } + { output.state after.block = + { add.period$ write$ + newline$ + "\newblock " write$ + } + { output.state before.all = + 'write$ + { add.period$ " " * write$ } + if$ + } + if$ + mid.sentence 'output.state := + } + if$ + s +} +FUNCTION {output} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + 'pop$ + 'output.nonnull + if$ +} +FUNCTION {output.check} +{ 't := + duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ } + 'output.nonnull + if$ +} +FUNCTION {fin.entry} +{ add.period$ + write$ + newline$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.block} +{ output.state before.all = + 'skip$ + { after.block 'output.state := } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {new.sentence} +{ output.state after.block = + 'skip$ + { output.state before.all = + 'skip$ + { after.sentence 'output.state := } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {add.blank} +{ " " * before.all 'output.state := +} + +FUNCTION {add.colon} +{ ": " * before.all 'output.state := +} + +FUNCTION {add.comma} +{ ", " * before.all 'output.state := +} + + +FUNCTION {date.block} +{ + new.block +} + +FUNCTION {not} +{ { #0 } + { #1 } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {and} +{ 'skip$ + { pop$ #0 } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {or} +{ { pop$ #1 } + 'skip$ + if$ +} +FUNCTION {new.block.checkb} +{ empty$ + swap$ empty$ + and + 'skip$ + 'new.block + if$ +} +FUNCTION {field.or.null} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + 'skip$ + if$ +} +FUNCTION {emphasize} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + { "\emph{" swap$ * "}" * } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {tie.or.space.prefix} +{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 < + { "~" } + { " " } + if$ + swap$ +} + +FUNCTION {capitalize} +{ "u" change.case$ "t" change.case$ } + +FUNCTION {space.word} +{ " " swap$ * " " * } + +FUNCTION {bbl.and} +{ "\&"} + +FUNCTION {bbl.etal} +{ "et~al." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.editors} +{ "eds." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.editor} +{ "ed." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.edby} +{ "edited by" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.edition} +{ "edn." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.volume} +{ "vol." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.of} +{ "of" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.number} +{ "no." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.nr} +{ "no." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.in} +{ "in" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.pages} +{ "" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.page} +{ "" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.chapter} +{ "chap." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.techrep} +{ "Tech. Rep." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.mthesis} +{ "MA thesis" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.phdthesis} +{ "dissertation" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.first} +{ "1st" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.second} +{ "2nd" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.third} +{ "3rd" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.fourth} +{ "4th" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.fifth} +{ "5th" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.st} +{ "st" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.nd} +{ "nd" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.rd} +{ "rd" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.th} +{ "th" } + +MACRO {jan} {"Jan."} + +MACRO {feb} {"Feb."} + +MACRO {mar} {"Mar."} + +MACRO {apr} {"Apr."} + +MACRO {may} {"May"} + +MACRO {jun} {"Jun."} + +MACRO {jul} {"Jul."} + +MACRO {aug} {"Aug."} + +MACRO {sep} {"Sep."} + +MACRO {oct} {"Oct."} + +MACRO {nov} {"Nov."} + +MACRO {dec} {"Dec."} + +FUNCTION {eng.ord} +{ duplicate$ "1" swap$ * + #-2 #1 substring$ "1" = + { bbl.th * } + { duplicate$ #-1 #1 substring$ + duplicate$ "1" = + { pop$ bbl.st * } + { duplicate$ "2" = + { pop$ bbl.nd * } + { "3" = + { bbl.rd * } + { bbl.th * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {bibinfo.check} +{ swap$ + duplicate$ missing$ + { + pop$ pop$ + "" + } + { duplicate$ empty$ + { + swap$ pop$ + } + { swap$ + pop$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {bibinfo.warn} +{ swap$ + duplicate$ missing$ + { + swap$ "missing " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ pop$ + "" + } + { duplicate$ empty$ + { + swap$ "empty " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ + } + { swap$ + pop$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.url} +{ url empty$ + { "" } + { "\urlprefix\url{" url * "}" * } + if$ +} + +INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames } + + +STRINGS { bibinfo} + +FUNCTION {format.names} +{ 'bibinfo := + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ { + 's := + "" 't := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + duplicate$ #1 > + { "{ff~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" } + { "{vv~}{ll}{, ff}{, jj}" } + if$ + format.name$ + bibinfo bibinfo.check + 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { + s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" = + { 't := } + { pop$ } + if$ + t "others" = + { + " " * bbl.etal * + } + { + bbl.and + space.word * t * + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ + } if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.names.ed} +{ + 'bibinfo := + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ { + 's := + "" 't := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + "{ff~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" + format.name$ + bibinfo bibinfo.check + 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { + s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" = + { 't := } + { pop$ } + if$ + t "others" = + { + + " " * bbl.etal * + } + { + bbl.and + space.word * t * + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ + } if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.key} +{ empty$ + { key field.or.null } + { "" } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.authors} +{ author "author" format.names +} +FUNCTION {get.bbl.editor} +{ editor num.names$ #1 > 'bbl.editors 'bbl.editor if$ } + +FUNCTION {format.editors} +{ editor "editor" format.names duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + " " * + get.bbl.editor + "(" swap$ * ")" * + * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.doi} +{ doi "doi" bibinfo.check + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + new.block + "\doi{" swap$ * "}" * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.note} +{ + note empty$ + { "" } + { note #1 #1 substring$ + duplicate$ "{" = + 'skip$ + { output.state mid.sentence = + { "l" } + { "u" } + if$ + change.case$ + } + if$ + note #2 global.max$ substring$ * "note" bibinfo.check + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.title} +{ title + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { "t" change.case$ } + if$ + "title" bibinfo.check +} +FUNCTION {format.full.names} +{'s := + "" 't := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { + s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" = + { 't := } + { pop$ } + if$ + t "others" = + { + " " * bbl.etal * + } + { + bbl.and + space.word * t * + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.editor.key.full} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.full.names } + if$ + } + { author format.full.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.key.full} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { author format.full.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {editor.key.full} +{ editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.full.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {make.full.names} +{ type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.key.full + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.key.full + 'author.key.full + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {output.bibitem} +{ newline$ + "\bibitem[{" write$ + label write$ + ")" make.full.names duplicate$ short.list = + { pop$ } + { * } + if$ + "}]{" * write$ + cite$ write$ + "}" write$ + newline$ + "" + before.all 'output.state := +} + +FUNCTION {n.dashify} +{ + 't := + "" + { t empty$ not } + { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = + { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not + { "--" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + { { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = } + { "-" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + while$ + } + if$ + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + if$ + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {word.in} +{ bbl.in capitalize + " " * } + +FUNCTION {format.date} +{ year "year" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$ + { + "empty year in " cite$ * "; set to ????" * warning$ + pop$ "????" + } + 'skip$ + if$ + extra.label * + before.all 'output.state := + after.sentence 'output.state := +} +FUNCTION {format.btitle} +{ title "title" bibinfo.check + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + "t" change.case$ + emphasize + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {either.or.check} +{ empty$ + 'pop$ + { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.bvolume} +{ volume empty$ + { "" } + { add.comma bbl.volume volume tie.or.space.prefix + "volume" bibinfo.check * * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.number.series} + { number empty$ + %{ series field.or.null } + { series empty$ % version with brackets: Stefan Müller, 06.07.2014 + { "" } + { " (" series * ")" * } + if$ } + { series empty$ + { number "number" bibinfo.check } + { add.blank "(" * + series "series" bibinfo.check * + number tie.or.space.prefix "number" bibinfo.check * + ")" * + } + if$ + } + if$ + } +FUNCTION {is.num} +{ chr.to.int$ + duplicate$ "0" chr.to.int$ < not + swap$ "9" chr.to.int$ > not and +} + +FUNCTION {extract.num} +{ duplicate$ 't := + "" 's := + { t empty$ not } + { t #1 #1 substring$ + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + duplicate$ is.num + { s swap$ * 's := } + { pop$ "" 't := } + if$ + } + while$ + s empty$ + 'skip$ + { pop$ s } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {convert.edition} +{ extract.num "l" change.case$ 's := + s "first" = s "1" = or + { bbl.first 't := } + { s "second" = s "2" = or + { bbl.second 't := } + { s "third" = s "3" = or + { bbl.third 't := } + { s "fourth" = s "4" = or + { bbl.fourth 't := } + { s "fifth" = s "5" = or + { bbl.fifth 't := } + { s #1 #1 substring$ is.num + { s eng.ord 't := } + { edition 't := } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + t +} + +FUNCTION {format.edition} +{ edition duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + convert.edition + output.state mid.sentence = + { "l" } + { "t" } + if$ change.case$ + "edition" bibinfo.check + " " * bbl.edition * + } + if$ +} +INTEGERS { multiresult } +FUNCTION {multi.page.check} +{ 't := + #0 'multiresult := + { multiresult not + t empty$ not + and + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ + duplicate$ "-" = + swap$ duplicate$ "," = + swap$ "+" = + or or + { #1 'multiresult := } + { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := } + if$ + } + while$ + multiresult +} +FUNCTION {format.pages} +{ pages duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { duplicate$ multi.page.check + { + n.dashify + } + { + } + if$ + "pages" bibinfo.check + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.journal.pages} +{ pages duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$ + { swap$ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ pop$ format.pages } + { + ". " * + swap$ + n.dashify + "pages" bibinfo.check + * + } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.journal.eid} +{ eid "eid" bibinfo.check + duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$ + { swap$ duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + ". " * + } + if$ + swap$ * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages} +{ volume field.or.null + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + "volume" bibinfo.check + } + if$ + number "number" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + swap$ duplicate$ empty$ + { "there's a number but no volume in " cite$ * warning$ } + 'skip$ + if$ + swap$ + "(" swap$ * ")" * + } + if$ * + eid empty$ + { format.journal.pages } + { format.journal.eid } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages} +{ chapter empty$ + 'format.pages + { type empty$ + { bbl.chapter } + { type "l" change.case$ + "type" bibinfo.check + } + if$ + chapter tie.or.space.prefix + "chapter" bibinfo.check + * * + pages empty$ + 'skip$ + { ", " * format.pages * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.booktitle} +{ + booktitle "booktitle" bibinfo.check + "t" change.case$ + emphasize +} +FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle} +{ format.booktitle duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + editor "editor" format.names.ed duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$ + { + " " * + get.bbl.editor + "(" swap$ * "), " * + * swap$ + * } + if$ + word.in swap$ * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.thesis.type} +{ type duplicate$ empty$ + 'pop$ + { swap$ pop$ + "t" change.case$ "type" bibinfo.check + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.tr.number} +{ number "number" bibinfo.check + type duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ bbl.techrep } + 'skip$ + if$ + "type" bibinfo.check + swap$ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "t" change.case$ } + { tie.or.space.prefix * * } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.article.crossref} +{ + word.in + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} +FUNCTION {format.book.crossref} +{ volume duplicate$ empty$ + { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$ + pop$ word.in + } + { bbl.volume + capitalize + swap$ tie.or.space.prefix "volume" bibinfo.check * * bbl.of space.word * + } + if$ + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} +FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref} +{ + word.in + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} +FUNCTION {format.org.or.pub} +{ 't := + "" + address empty$ t empty$ and + 'skip$ + { + address "address" bibinfo.check * + t empty$ + 'skip$ + { address empty$ + 'skip$ + { ": " * } + if$ + t * + } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.publisher.address} +{ publisher "publisher" bibinfo.warn format.org.or.pub +} + +FUNCTION {format.organization.address} +{ organization "organization" bibinfo.check format.org.or.pub +} + +FUNCTION {article} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + crossref missing$ + { + journal + "journal" bibinfo.check + emphasize + "journal" output.check + add.blank + format.vol.num.pages output + } + { format.article.crossref output.nonnull + format.pages output + } + if$ + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {periodical} +{ std.status.using.comma + start.entry + if.url.alt.interword.spacing + format.editors output + name.or.dash + format.book.title "title" output.warn + format.series output + format.volume output + format.number output + format.organization "organization" bibinfo.check output + format.date "year" output.warn + format.note output + format.url output + fin.entry + if.url.std.interword.spacing +} +FUNCTION {book} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { format.editors "author and editor" output.check + editor format.key output + } + { format.authors output.nonnull + crossref missing$ + { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + new.block + new.sentence + format.publisher.address output + } + { + new.block + format.book.crossref output.nonnull + } + if$ + format.edition output + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {booklet} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output + address "address" bibinfo.check output + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {inbook} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { format.editors "author and editor" output.check + editor format.key output + } + { format.authors output.nonnull + crossref missing$ + { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { + format.bvolume output + format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check + new.block + new.sentence + format.number.series output + format.publisher.address output + } + { + format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check + new.block + format.book.crossref output.nonnull + } + if$ + format.edition output + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {incollection} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + crossref missing$ + { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check + format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + add.comma + format.chapter.pages output + new.sentence + format.publisher.address output + format.edition output + } + { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull + format.chapter.pages output + } + if$ + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {inproceedings} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + crossref missing$ + { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check + format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + add.comma + format.pages output + new.sentence + publisher empty$ + { format.organization.address output } + { organization "organization" bibinfo.check output + format.publisher.address output + } + if$ + } + { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull + format.pages output + } + if$ + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings } +FUNCTION {manual} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + organization address new.block.checkb + organization "organization" bibinfo.check output + address "address" bibinfo.check output + format.edition output + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {mastersthesis} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle + "title" output.check + new.block + address "address" bibinfo.check output + school "school" bibinfo.warn output + bbl.mthesis format.thesis.type output.nonnull + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {misc} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title output + new.block + howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output + format.doi output + new.block + format.note output + new.block + format.url output + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {phdthesis} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle + "title" output.check + new.block + address "address" bibinfo.check output + add.colon + school "school" bibinfo.warn output + bbl.phdthesis format.thesis.type output.nonnull + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {proceedings} +{ output.bibitem + format.editors output + editor format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + format.bvolume output + new.sentence + format.number.series output + publisher empty$ + { format.organization.address output } + { organization "organization" bibinfo.check output + format.publisher.address output + } + if$ + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {techreport} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title + "title" output.check + new.block + format.tr.number output.nonnull + institution "institution" bibinfo.warn output + address "address" bibinfo.check output + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {unpublished} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + format.doi output + new.block + format.note "note" output.check + new.block + format.url output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {default.type} { misc } +READ +FUNCTION {sortify} +{ purify$ + "l" change.case$ +} +INTEGERS { len } +FUNCTION {chop.word} +{ 's := + 'len := + s #1 len substring$ = + { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ } + 's + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.lab.names} +{ 's := + "" 't := + s #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + s num.names$ duplicate$ + #2 > + { pop$ + " " * bbl.etal * + } + { #2 < + 'skip$ + { s #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" = + { + " " * bbl.etal * + } + { bbl.and space.word * s #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.key.label} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { author format.lab.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.editor.key.label} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.lab.names } + if$ + } + { author format.lab.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {editor.key.label} +{ editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.lab.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {calc.short.authors} +{ type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.key.label + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.key.label + 'author.key.label + if$ + } + if$ + 'short.list := +} + +FUNCTION {calc.label} +{ calc.short.authors + short.list + "(" + * + year duplicate$ empty$ + short.list key field.or.null = or + { pop$ "" } + 'skip$ + if$ + * + 'label := +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.names} +{ 's := + #1 'nameptr := + "" + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + "{ll{ }}{ ff{ }}{ jj{ }}" + format.name$ 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + " " * + namesleft #1 = t "others" = and + { "zzzzz" * } + { t sortify * } + if$ + } + { t sortify * } + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.title} +{ 't := + "A " #2 + "An " #3 + "The " #4 t chop.word + chop.word + chop.word + sortify + #1 global.max$ substring$ +} +FUNCTION {author.sort} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {author.editor.sort} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { editor sort.format.names } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {editor.sort} +{ editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need editor or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { editor sort.format.names } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {presort} +{ calc.label + label sortify + " " + * + type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.sort + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.sort + 'author.sort + if$ + } + if$ + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.label := + sort.label + * + " " + * + title field.or.null + sort.format.title + * + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.key$ := +} + +ITERATE {presort} +SORT +STRINGS { last.label next.extra } +INTEGERS { last.extra.num number.label } +FUNCTION {initialize.extra.label.stuff} +{ #0 int.to.chr$ 'last.label := + "" 'next.extra := + #0 'last.extra.num := + #0 'number.label := +} +FUNCTION {forward.pass} +{ last.label label = + { last.extra.num #1 + 'last.extra.num := + last.extra.num int.to.chr$ 'extra.label := + } + { "a" chr.to.int$ 'last.extra.num := + "" 'extra.label := + label 'last.label := + } + if$ + number.label #1 + 'number.label := +} +FUNCTION {reverse.pass} +{ next.extra "b" = + { "a" 'extra.label := } + 'skip$ + if$ + extra.label 'next.extra := + extra.label + duplicate$ empty$ + 'skip$ + { year field.or.null #-1 #1 substring$ chr.to.int$ #65 < + { "{\natexlab{" swap$ * "}}" * } + { "{(\natexlab{" swap$ * "})}" * } + if$ } + if$ + 'extra.label := + label extra.label * 'label := +} +EXECUTE {initialize.extra.label.stuff} +ITERATE {forward.pass} +REVERSE {reverse.pass} +FUNCTION {bib.sort.order} +{ sort.label + " " + * + year field.or.null sortify + * + " " + * + title field.or.null + sort.format.title + * + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.key$ := +} +ITERATE {bib.sort.order} +SORT +FUNCTION {begin.bib} +{ preamble$ empty$ + 'skip$ + { preamble$ write$ newline$ } + if$ + "\begin{thebibliography}{" number.label int.to.str$ * "}" * + write$ newline$ + "\providecommand{\natexlab}[1]{#1}" + write$ newline$ + "\providecommand{\url}[1]{#1}" + write$ newline$ + "\providecommand{\urlprefix}{}" + write$ newline$ + "\expandafter\ifx\csname urlstyle\endcsname\relax" + write$ newline$ + " \providecommand{\doi}[1]{doi:\discretionary{}{}{}#1}\else" + write$ newline$ + " \providecommand{\doi}{doi:\discretionary{}{}{}\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url}\fi" + write$ newline$ +} +EXECUTE {begin.bib} +EXECUTE {init.state.consts} +ITERATE {call.type$} +FUNCTION {end.bib} +{ newline$ + "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$ +} +EXECUTE {end.bib} diff --git a/langsci/bst/sp-authoryear-comp.cbx b/langsci/bst/sp-authoryear-comp.cbx new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1263819 --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/bst/sp-authoryear-comp.cbx @@ -0,0 +1,289 @@ +\ProvidesFile{sp-authoryear-comp.cbx} + +\ExecuteBibliographyOptions{labeldate,uniquename,uniquelist,autocite=inline} +% disabled sortcites option, since it was sorting by name, instead of +% year, and we often want to keep citations in the order chosen by the +% author +\newbool{cbx:parens} + +\newbibmacro*{cite:init}{% + \ifnumless{\value{multicitecount}}{2} + {\global\boolfalse{cbx:parens}% + \global\undef\cbx@lasthash + \global\undef\cbx@lastyear} + {\iffieldundef{prenote} + {} + {\global\undef\cbx@lasthash + \global\undef\cbx@lastyear}}} + +\newbibmacro*{cite:reinit}{% + \global\undef\cbx@lasthash + \global\undef\cbx@lastyear} + +\newbibmacro*{cite}{% Based on cite bib macro from authoryear-comp.cbx + \iffieldundef{shorthand} + {\ifthenelse{\ifnameundef{labelname}\OR\iffieldundef{labelyear}} + {\printtext[bibhyperref]{% Include labelname in hyperlink + \DeclareFieldAlias{bibhyperref}{default}% Prevent nested hyperlinks + \usebibmacro{cite:label}% + \setunit{\addspace}% + \usebibmacro{cite:labelyear+extrayear}}% + \usebibmacro{cite:reinit}} + {\iffieldequals{namehash}{\cbx@lasthash} + {\ifthenelse{\iffieldequals{labelyear}{\cbx@lastyear}\AND + \(\value{multicitecount}=0\OR\iffieldundef{postnote}\)} + {\setunit{\addcomma}% + \usebibmacro{cite:extrayear}} + {\setunit{\compcitedelim}% + \usebibmacro{cite:labelyear+extrayear}% + \savefield{labelyear}{\cbx@lastyear}}} + {\printtext[bibhyperref]{% Include labelname in hyperlink + \DeclareFieldAlias{bibhyperref}{default}% Prevent nested hyperlinks + \printnames{labelname}% + \setunit{\nameyeardelim}% + \usebibmacro{cite:labelyear+extrayear}}% + \savefield{namehash}{\cbx@lasthash}% + \savefield{labelyear}{\cbx@lastyear}}}} + {\usebibmacro{cite:shorthand}% + \usebibmacro{cite:reinit}}% + \setunit{\multicitedelim}} + +\newbibmacro*{citeyear}{% + \iffieldundef{shorthand} + {\iffieldundef{labelyear} + {\usebibmacro{cite:label}% + \usebibmacro{cite:reinit}} + {\iffieldequals{namehash}{\cbx@lasthash} + {\ifthenelse{\iffieldequals{labelyear}{\cbx@lastyear}\AND + \(\value{multicitecount}=0\OR\iffieldundef{postnote}\)} + {\setunit{\addcomma}% + \usebibmacro{cite:extrayear}} + {\setunit{\compcitedelim}% + \usebibmacro{cite:labelyear+extrayear}% + \savefield{labelyear}{\cbx@lastyear}}} + {\usebibmacro{cite:labelyear+extrayear}% + \savefield{namehash}{\cbx@lasthash}% + \savefield{labelyear}{\cbx@lastyear}}}} + {\usebibmacro{cite:shorthand}% + \usebibmacro{cite:reinit}}% + \setunit{\multicitedelim}} + +\renewbibmacro*{textcite}{% Based on textcite bib macro from authoryear-comp.cbx + \iffieldequals{namehash}{\cbx@lasthash} + {\iffieldundef{shorthand} + {\ifthenelse{\iffieldequals{labelyear}{\cbx@lastyear}\AND + \(\value{multicitecount}=0\OR\iffieldundef{postnote}\)} + {\setunit{\addcomma}% + \usebibmacro{cite:extrayear}} + {\setunit{\compcitedelim}% + \usebibmacro{cite:labelyear+extrayear}% + \savefield{labelyear}{\cbx@lastyear}}} + {\setunit{\compcitedelim}% + \usebibmacro{cite:shorthand}% + \global\undef\cbx@lastyear}} + {\ifnameundef{labelname} + {\printtext[bibhyperref]{% Include labelname in hyperlink + \DeclareFieldAlias{bibhyperref}{default}% Prevent nested hyperlinks + \iffieldundef{shorthand} + {\usebibmacro{cite:label}% + \setunit{% + \global\booltrue{cbx:parens}% + \addspace\bibopenparen}% + \ifnumequal{\value{citecount}}{1} + {\usebibmacro{prenote}} + {}% + \usebibmacro{cite:labelyear+extrayear}} + {\usebibmacro{cite:shorthand}}% + \ifthenelse{\iffieldundef{postnote}\AND + \(\value{multicitetotal}=0\AND\value{citetotal}=1\)} + {\bibcloseparen% Include closing parenthesis in hyperlink + \global\boolfalse{cbx:parens}} + {}}} + {\printtext[bibhyperref]{% Include labelname in hyperlink + \DeclareFieldAlias{bibhyperref}{default}% Prevent nested hyperlinks + \printnames{labelname}% + \setunit{% + \global\booltrue{cbx:parens}% + \addspace\bibopenparen}% + \ifnumequal{\value{citecount}}{1} + {\usebibmacro{prenote}} + {}% + \iffieldundef{shorthand} + {\iffieldundef{labelyear} + {\usebibmacro{cite:label}} + {\usebibmacro{cite:labelyear+extrayear}}% + \savefield{labelyear}{\cbx@lastyear}} + {\usebibmacro{cite:shorthand}% + \global\undef\cbx@lastyear}% + \ifthenelse{\iffieldundef{postnote}\AND + \(\value{multicitetotal}=0\AND\value{citetotal}=1\)} + {\bibcloseparen% Include closing parenthesis in hyperlink + \global\boolfalse{cbx:parens}} + {}}% + \savefield{namehash}{\cbx@lasthash}}}% + \setunit{% + \ifbool{cbx:parens} + {\bibcloseparen\global\boolfalse{cbx:parens}} + {}% + \multicitedelim}} + +\newbibmacro*{cite:shorthand}{% + \printtext[bibhyperref]{\printfield{shorthand}}} + +\newbibmacro*{cite:label}{% + \iffieldundef{label} + {\printtext[bibhyperref]{\printfield[citetitle]{labeltitle}}} + {\printtext[bibhyperref]{\printfield{label}}}} + +\newbibmacro*{cite:labelyear+extrayear}{% + \iffieldundef{labelyear} + {} + {\printtext[bibhyperref]{% + \printfield{labelyear}% + \printfield{extrayear}}}} + +\newbibmacro*{cite:extrayear}{% + \iffieldundef{extrayear} + {} + {\printtext[bibhyperref]{\printfield{extrayear}}}} + +\newbibmacro*{textcite:postnote}{% + \usebibmacro{postnote}% + \ifthenelse{\value{multicitecount}=\value{multicitetotal}} + {\setunit{}% + \printtext{% + \ifbool{cbx:parens} + {\bibcloseparen\global\boolfalse{cbx:parens}} + {}}} + {\setunit{% + \ifbool{cbx:parens} + {\bibcloseparen\global\boolfalse{cbx:parens}} + {}% + \multicitedelim}}} + +\DeclareCiteCommand{\cite} + {\usebibmacro{cite:init}% + \usebibmacro{prenote}} + {\usebibmacro{citeindex}% + \usebibmacro{cite}} + {} + {\usebibmacro{postnote}} + +\DeclareCiteCommand*{\cite} + {\usebibmacro{cite:init}% + \usebibmacro{prenote}} + {\usebibmacro{citeindex}% + \usebibmacro{citeyear}} + {} + {\usebibmacro{postnote}} + +\DeclareCiteCommand{\parencite}[\mkbibparens] + {\usebibmacro{cite:init}% + \usebibmacro{prenote}} + {\usebibmacro{citeindex}% + \usebibmacro{cite}} + {} + {\usebibmacro{postnote}} + +\DeclareCiteCommand*{\parencite}[\mkbibparens] + {\usebibmacro{cite:init}% + \usebibmacro{prenote}} + {\usebibmacro{citeindex}% + \usebibmacro{citeyear}} + {} + {\usebibmacro{postnote}} + +\DeclareCiteCommand{\footcite}[\mkbibfootnote] + {\usebibmacro{cite:init}% + \usebibmacro{prenote}} + {\usebibmacro{citeindex}% + \usebibmacro{cite}} + {} + {\usebibmacro{postnote}} + +\DeclareCiteCommand{\footcitetext}[\mkbibfootnotetext] + {\usebibmacro{cite:init}% + \usebibmacro{prenote}} + {\usebibmacro{citeindex}% + \usebibmacro{cite}} + {} + {\usebibmacro{postnote}} + +\DeclareCiteCommand{\smartcite}[\iffootnote\mkbibparens\mkbibfootnote] + {\usebibmacro{cite:init}% + \usebibmacro{prenote}} + {\usebibmacro{citeindex}% + \usebibmacro{cite}} + {} + {\usebibmacro{postnote}} + +\DeclareCiteCommand{\textcite} + {\usebibmacro{cite:init}} + {\usebibmacro{citeindex}% + \usebibmacro{textcite}} + {} + {\usebibmacro{textcite:postnote}} + +\DeclareMultiCiteCommand{\cites}{\cite}{\setunit{\multicitedelim}} +\DeclareMultiCiteCommand{\parencites}[\mkbibparens]{\parencite}{\setunit{\multicitedelim}} +\DeclareMultiCiteCommand{\footcites}[\mkbibfootnote]{\footcite}{\setunit{\multicitedelim}} +\DeclareMultiCiteCommand{\footcitetexts}[\mkbibfootnotetext]{\footcitetext}{\setunit{\multicitedelim}} +\DeclareMultiCiteCommand{\smartcites}[\iffootnote\mkbibparens\mkbibfootnote]{\smartcite} + {\setunit{\multicitedelim}} +\DeclareMultiCiteCommand{\textcites}{\textcite}{} + +\renewcommand*{\nameyeardelim}{\addspace} + +\let\citealt\cite +\let\citet\textcite +\let\Citet\Textcite +\newcommand{\pgcitep}[2]{(\cite{#1}:~#2)} +\newcommand{\pgcitealt}[2]{\cite{#1}:~#2} +\newcommand{\pgcitet}[2]{\citeauthor{#1} (\citeyear{#1}:~#2)} +\newcommand{\pgposscitet}[2]{\citeauthor{#1}'s (\citeyear{#1}:~#2)} +\let\citep\parencite + +\DeclareCiteCommand{\citeauthor} + {\boolfalse{citetracker}% + \boolfalse{pagetracker}% + \usebibmacro{prenote}} + {\ifciteindex + {\indexnames{labelname}} + {}% + \printtext[bibhyperref]{\printnames{labelname}}} + {\multicitedelim} + {\usebibmacro{postnote}} + +\DeclareCiteCommand{\citeyear} + {\boolfalse{citetracker}% + \boolfalse{pagetracker}% + \usebibmacro{prenote}} + {\printfield[bibhyperref]{year}} + {\multicitedelim} + {\usebibmacro{postnote}} + +\DeclareCiteCommand{\citeyearpar}[\mkbibparens] + {\boolfalse{citetracker}% + \boolfalse{pagetracker}% + \usebibmacro{prenote}} + {\printfield[bibhyperref]{year}} + {\multicitedelim} + {\usebibmacro{postnote}} + +\DeclareCiteCommand{\posscitet} + {\boolfalse{citetracker}% + \boolfalse{pagetracker}} + {\printtext[bibhyperref]{\printnames{labelname}'s \printfield[parens]{year}}} + {} + {} + +\DeclareCiteCommand{\possciteauthor} + {\boolfalse{citetracker}% + \boolfalse{pagetracker}} + {\printtext[bibhyperref]{\printnames{labelname}'s}} + {} + {} + +\renewcommand*{\multicitedelim}{\addcomma\space} + + \endinput diff --git a/langsci/bst/unified.bst b/langsci/bst/unified.bst new file mode 100644 index 0000000..114acc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/bst/unified.bst @@ -0,0 +1,1559 @@ +%%% This is unified.bst, made by Bridget Samuels. It is based on sp.bst (v1.9+) +%%% coded by Kai von Fintel as the house style for bibliographies in the journal +%%% Semantics and Pragmatics. The style is based on a style generated +%%% with custom-bib/merlin.mbs, a system for customizing bibliographic styles +%%% created by Patrick W Daly. There have been some hand-coded adjustments to that +%%% style to get the style closer to the Unified Style Sheet for Linguistics Journals. +%%% +%%% Please note that unified.bst does not supply periods after abbreviated authors' names +%%% (which are anyway discouraged by the Unified Style Sheet for Linguistics Journals). Also, +%%% article titles are changed to lower case. In order to protect capitals, it is necessary to +%%% enclose the relevant material in curly brackets. +%%% +%%% Version 1.2 [6 Mar 2010] Improved handling of multiple non-numerical year items by the same author. Should now output, e.g., "To appear(a)" +%%% Version 1.1 [2 Feb 2010] Added comma before vol. +%%% Version 1.0 [22 Aug 2009] Changes from sp.bst include conforming to the Unified +%%% Style Sheet format for PhD & MA theses and citing URLs for online materials (use +%%% misc or unpublished as the category). +%% + +ENTRY + { address + author + booktitle + chapter + doi + edition + editor + eid + howpublished + institution + journal + key + month + note + number + organization + pages + publisher + school + series + title + type + url + volume + year + } + {} + { label extra.label sort.label short.list } +INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block } +FUNCTION {init.state.consts} +{ #0 'before.all := + #1 'mid.sentence := + #2 'after.sentence := + #3 'after.block := +} +STRINGS { s t} +FUNCTION {output.nonnull} +{ 's := + output.state mid.sentence = + { " " * write$ } + { output.state after.block = + { add.period$ write$ + newline$ + "\newblock " write$ + } + { output.state before.all = + 'write$ + { add.period$ " " * write$ } + if$ + } + if$ + mid.sentence 'output.state := + } + if$ + s +} +FUNCTION {output} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + 'pop$ + 'output.nonnull + if$ +} +FUNCTION {output.check} +{ 't := + duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ } + 'output.nonnull + if$ +} +FUNCTION {fin.entry} +{ add.period$ + write$ + newline$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.block} +{ output.state before.all = + 'skip$ + { after.block 'output.state := } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {new.sentence} +{ output.state after.block = + 'skip$ + { output.state before.all = + 'skip$ + { after.sentence 'output.state := } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {add.blank} +{ " " * before.all 'output.state := +} + +FUNCTION {add.colon} +{ ": " * before.all 'output.state := +} + +FUNCTION {add.comma} +{ ", " * before.all 'output.state := +} + + +FUNCTION {date.block} +{ + new.block +} + +FUNCTION {not} +{ { #0 } + { #1 } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {and} +{ 'skip$ + { pop$ #0 } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {or} +{ { pop$ #1 } + 'skip$ + if$ +} +FUNCTION {new.block.checkb} +{ empty$ + swap$ empty$ + and + 'skip$ + 'new.block + if$ +} +FUNCTION {field.or.null} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + 'skip$ + if$ +} +FUNCTION {emphasize} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + { "\emph{" swap$ * "}" * } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {tie.or.space.prefix} +{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 < + { "~" } + { " " } + if$ + swap$ +} + +FUNCTION {capitalize} +{ "u" change.case$ "t" change.case$ } + +FUNCTION {space.word} +{ " " swap$ * " " * } + +FUNCTION {bbl.and} +{ "\&"} + +FUNCTION {bbl.etal} +{ "et~al." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.editors} +{ "eds." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.editor} +{ "ed." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.edby} +{ "edited by" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.edition} +{ "edn." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.volume} +{ "vol." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.of} +{ "of" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.number} +{ "no." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.nr} +{ "no." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.in} +{ "in" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.pages} +{ "" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.page} +{ "" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.chapter} +{ "chap." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.techrep} +{ "Tech. Rep." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.mthesis} +{ "MA thesis" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.phdthesis} +{ "dissertation" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.first} +{ "1st" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.second} +{ "2nd" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.third} +{ "3rd" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.fourth} +{ "4th" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.fifth} +{ "5th" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.st} +{ "st" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.nd} +{ "nd" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.rd} +{ "rd" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.th} +{ "th" } + +MACRO {jan} {"Jan."} + +MACRO {feb} {"Feb."} + +MACRO {mar} {"Mar."} + +MACRO {apr} {"Apr."} + +MACRO {may} {"May"} + +MACRO {jun} {"Jun."} + +MACRO {jul} {"Jul."} + +MACRO {aug} {"Aug."} + +MACRO {sep} {"Sep."} + +MACRO {oct} {"Oct."} + +MACRO {nov} {"Nov."} + +MACRO {dec} {"Dec."} + +FUNCTION {eng.ord} +{ duplicate$ "1" swap$ * + #-2 #1 substring$ "1" = + { bbl.th * } + { duplicate$ #-1 #1 substring$ + duplicate$ "1" = + { pop$ bbl.st * } + { duplicate$ "2" = + { pop$ bbl.nd * } + { "3" = + { bbl.rd * } + { bbl.th * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {bibinfo.check} +{ swap$ + duplicate$ missing$ + { + pop$ pop$ + "" + } + { duplicate$ empty$ + { + swap$ pop$ + } + { swap$ + pop$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {bibinfo.warn} +{ swap$ + duplicate$ missing$ + { + swap$ "missing " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ pop$ + "" + } + { duplicate$ empty$ + { + swap$ "empty " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ + } + { swap$ + pop$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.url} +{ url empty$ + { "" } + { "\urlprefix\url{" url * "}" * } + if$ +} + +INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames } + + +STRINGS { bibinfo} + +FUNCTION {format.names} +{ 'bibinfo := + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ { + 's := + "" 't := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + duplicate$ #1 > + { "{ff~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" } + { "{vv~}{ll}{, ff}{, jj}" } + if$ + format.name$ + bibinfo bibinfo.check + 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { + s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" = + { 't := } + { pop$ } + if$ + t "others" = + { + " " * bbl.etal * + } + { + bbl.and + space.word * t * + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ + } if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.names.ed} +{ + 'bibinfo := + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ { + 's := + "" 't := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + "{ff~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" + format.name$ + bibinfo bibinfo.check + 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { + s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" = + { 't := } + { pop$ } + if$ + t "others" = + { + + " " * bbl.etal * + } + { + bbl.and + space.word * t * + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ + } if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.key} +{ empty$ + { key field.or.null } + { "" } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.authors} +{ author "author" format.names +} +FUNCTION {get.bbl.editor} +{ editor num.names$ #1 > 'bbl.editors 'bbl.editor if$ } + +FUNCTION {format.editors} +{ editor "editor" format.names duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + " " * + get.bbl.editor + "(" swap$ * ")" * + * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.doi} +{ doi "doi" bibinfo.check + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + new.block + "\doi{" swap$ * "}" * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.note} +{ + note empty$ + { "" } + { note #1 #1 substring$ + duplicate$ "{" = + 'skip$ + { output.state mid.sentence = + { "l" } + { "u" } + if$ + change.case$ + } + if$ + note #2 global.max$ substring$ * "note" bibinfo.check + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.title} +{ title + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { "t" change.case$ } + if$ + "title" bibinfo.check +} +FUNCTION {format.full.names} +{'s := + "" 't := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { + s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" = + { 't := } + { pop$ } + if$ + t "others" = + { + " " * bbl.etal * + } + { + bbl.and + space.word * t * + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.editor.key.full} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.full.names } + if$ + } + { author format.full.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.key.full} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { author format.full.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {editor.key.full} +{ editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.full.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {make.full.names} +{ type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.key.full + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.key.full + 'author.key.full + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {output.bibitem} +{ newline$ + "\bibitem[{" write$ + label write$ + ")" make.full.names duplicate$ short.list = + { pop$ } + { * } + if$ + "}]{" * write$ + cite$ write$ + "}" write$ + newline$ + "" + before.all 'output.state := +} + +FUNCTION {n.dashify} +{ + 't := + "" + { t empty$ not } + { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = + { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not + { "--" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + { { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = } + { "-" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + while$ + } + if$ + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + if$ + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {word.in} +{ bbl.in capitalize + " " * } + +FUNCTION {format.date} +{ year "year" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$ + { + "empty year in " cite$ * "; set to ????" * warning$ + pop$ "????" + } + 'skip$ + if$ + extra.label * + before.all 'output.state := + after.sentence 'output.state := +} +FUNCTION {format.btitle} +{ title "title" bibinfo.check + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + "t" change.case$ + emphasize + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {either.or.check} +{ empty$ + 'pop$ + { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.bvolume} +{ volume empty$ + { "" } + { add.comma bbl.volume volume tie.or.space.prefix + "volume" bibinfo.check * * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.number.series} + { number empty$ + %{ series field.or.null } + { series empty$ % version with brackets: Stefan Müller, 06.07.2014 + { "" } + { " (" series * ")" * } + if$ } + { series empty$ + { number "number" bibinfo.check } + { add.blank "(" * + series "series" bibinfo.check * + number tie.or.space.prefix "number" bibinfo.check * + ")" * + } + if$ + } + if$ + } +FUNCTION {is.num} +{ chr.to.int$ + duplicate$ "0" chr.to.int$ < not + swap$ "9" chr.to.int$ > not and +} + +FUNCTION {extract.num} +{ duplicate$ 't := + "" 's := + { t empty$ not } + { t #1 #1 substring$ + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + duplicate$ is.num + { s swap$ * 's := } + { pop$ "" 't := } + if$ + } + while$ + s empty$ + 'skip$ + { pop$ s } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {convert.edition} +{ extract.num "l" change.case$ 's := + s "first" = s "1" = or + { bbl.first 't := } + { s "second" = s "2" = or + { bbl.second 't := } + { s "third" = s "3" = or + { bbl.third 't := } + { s "fourth" = s "4" = or + { bbl.fourth 't := } + { s "fifth" = s "5" = or + { bbl.fifth 't := } + { s #1 #1 substring$ is.num + { s eng.ord 't := } + { edition 't := } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + t +} + +FUNCTION {format.edition} +{ edition duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + convert.edition + output.state mid.sentence = + { "l" } + { "t" } + if$ change.case$ + "edition" bibinfo.check + " " * bbl.edition * + } + if$ +} +INTEGERS { multiresult } +FUNCTION {multi.page.check} +{ 't := + #0 'multiresult := + { multiresult not + t empty$ not + and + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ + duplicate$ "-" = + swap$ duplicate$ "," = + swap$ "+" = + or or + { #1 'multiresult := } + { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := } + if$ + } + while$ + multiresult +} +FUNCTION {format.pages} +{ pages duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { duplicate$ multi.page.check + { + n.dashify + } + { + } + if$ + "pages" bibinfo.check + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.journal.pages} +{ pages duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$ + { swap$ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ pop$ format.pages } + { + ". " * + swap$ + n.dashify + "pages" bibinfo.check + * + } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.journal.eid} +{ eid "eid" bibinfo.check + duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$ + { swap$ duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + ". " * + } + if$ + swap$ * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages} +{ volume field.or.null + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + "volume" bibinfo.check + } + if$ + number "number" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + swap$ duplicate$ empty$ + { "there's a number but no volume in " cite$ * warning$ } + 'skip$ + if$ + swap$ + "(" swap$ * ")" * + } + if$ * + eid empty$ + { format.journal.pages } + { format.journal.eid } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages} +{ chapter empty$ + 'format.pages + { type empty$ + { bbl.chapter } + { type "l" change.case$ + "type" bibinfo.check + } + if$ + chapter tie.or.space.prefix + "chapter" bibinfo.check + * * + pages empty$ + 'skip$ + { ", " * format.pages * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.booktitle} +{ + booktitle "booktitle" bibinfo.check + "t" change.case$ + emphasize +} +FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle} +{ format.booktitle duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + editor "editor" format.names.ed duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$ + { + " " * + get.bbl.editor + "(" swap$ * "), " * + * swap$ + * } + if$ + word.in swap$ * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.thesis.type} +{ type duplicate$ empty$ + 'pop$ + { swap$ pop$ + "t" change.case$ "type" bibinfo.check + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.tr.number} +{ number "number" bibinfo.check + type duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ bbl.techrep } + 'skip$ + if$ + "type" bibinfo.check + swap$ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "t" change.case$ } + { tie.or.space.prefix * * } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.article.crossref} +{ + word.in + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} +FUNCTION {format.book.crossref} +{ volume duplicate$ empty$ + { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$ + pop$ word.in + } + { bbl.volume + capitalize + swap$ tie.or.space.prefix "volume" bibinfo.check * * bbl.of space.word * + } + if$ + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} +FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref} +{ + word.in + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} +FUNCTION {format.org.or.pub} +{ 't := + "" + address empty$ t empty$ and + 'skip$ + { + address "address" bibinfo.check * + t empty$ + 'skip$ + { address empty$ + 'skip$ + { ": " * } + if$ + t * + } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.publisher.address} +{ publisher "publisher" bibinfo.warn format.org.or.pub +} + +FUNCTION {format.organization.address} +{ organization "organization" bibinfo.check format.org.or.pub +} + +FUNCTION {article} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + crossref missing$ + { + journal + "journal" bibinfo.check + emphasize + "journal" output.check + add.blank + format.vol.num.pages output + } + { format.article.crossref output.nonnull + format.pages output + } + if$ + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {book} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { format.editors "author and editor" output.check + editor format.key output + } + { format.authors output.nonnull + crossref missing$ + { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + new.block + new.sentence + format.publisher.address output + } + { + new.block + format.book.crossref output.nonnull + } + if$ + format.edition output + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {booklet} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output + address "address" bibinfo.check output + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {inbook} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { format.editors "author and editor" output.check + editor format.key output + } + { format.authors output.nonnull + crossref missing$ + { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { + format.bvolume output + format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check + new.block + new.sentence + format.number.series output + format.publisher.address output + } + { + format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check + new.block + format.book.crossref output.nonnull + } + if$ + format.edition output + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {incollection} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + crossref missing$ + { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check + format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + add.comma + format.chapter.pages output + new.sentence + format.publisher.address output + format.edition output + } + { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull + format.chapter.pages output + } + if$ + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {inproceedings} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + crossref missing$ + { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check + format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + add.comma + format.pages output + new.sentence + publisher empty$ + { format.organization.address output } + { organization "organization" bibinfo.check output + format.publisher.address output + } + if$ + } + { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull + format.pages output + } + if$ + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings } +FUNCTION {manual} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + organization address new.block.checkb + organization "organization" bibinfo.check output + address "address" bibinfo.check output + format.edition output + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {mastersthesis} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle + "title" output.check + new.block + address "address" bibinfo.check output + school "school" bibinfo.warn output + bbl.mthesis format.thesis.type output.nonnull + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {misc} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title output + new.block + howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output + format.doi output + new.block + format.note output + new.block + format.url output + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {phdthesis} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle + "title" output.check + new.block + address "address" bibinfo.check output + add.colon + school "school" bibinfo.warn output + bbl.phdthesis format.thesis.type output.nonnull + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {proceedings} +{ output.bibitem + format.editors output + editor format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + format.bvolume output + new.sentence + format.number.series output + publisher empty$ + { format.organization.address output } + { organization "organization" bibinfo.check output + format.publisher.address output + } + if$ + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {techreport} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title + "title" output.check + new.block + format.tr.number output.nonnull + institution "institution" bibinfo.warn output + address "address" bibinfo.check output + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {unpublished} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + format.doi output + new.block + format.note "note" output.check + new.block + format.url output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {default.type} { misc } +READ +FUNCTION {sortify} +{ purify$ + "l" change.case$ +} +INTEGERS { len } +FUNCTION {chop.word} +{ 's := + 'len := + s #1 len substring$ = + { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ } + 's + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.lab.names} +{ 's := + "" 't := + s #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + s num.names$ duplicate$ + #2 > + { pop$ + " " * bbl.etal * + } + { #2 < + 'skip$ + { s #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" = + { + " " * bbl.etal * + } + { bbl.and space.word * s #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.key.label} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { author format.lab.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.editor.key.label} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.lab.names } + if$ + } + { author format.lab.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {editor.key.label} +{ editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.lab.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {calc.short.authors} +{ type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.key.label + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.key.label + 'author.key.label + if$ + } + if$ + 'short.list := +} + +FUNCTION {calc.label} +{ calc.short.authors + short.list + "(" + * + year duplicate$ empty$ + short.list key field.or.null = or + { pop$ "" } + 'skip$ + if$ + * + 'label := +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.names} +{ 's := + #1 'nameptr := + "" + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + "{ll{ }}{ ff{ }}{ jj{ }}" + format.name$ 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + " " * + namesleft #1 = t "others" = and + { "zzzzz" * } + { t sortify * } + if$ + } + { t sortify * } + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.title} +{ 't := + "A " #2 + "An " #3 + "The " #4 t chop.word + chop.word + chop.word + sortify + #1 global.max$ substring$ +} +FUNCTION {author.sort} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {author.editor.sort} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { editor sort.format.names } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {editor.sort} +{ editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need editor or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { editor sort.format.names } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {presort} +{ calc.label + label sortify + " " + * + type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.sort + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.sort + 'author.sort + if$ + } + if$ + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.label := + sort.label + * + " " + * + title field.or.null + sort.format.title + * + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.key$ := +} + +ITERATE {presort} +SORT +STRINGS { last.label next.extra } +INTEGERS { last.extra.num number.label } +FUNCTION {initialize.extra.label.stuff} +{ #0 int.to.chr$ 'last.label := + "" 'next.extra := + #0 'last.extra.num := + #0 'number.label := +} +FUNCTION {forward.pass} +{ last.label label = + { last.extra.num #1 + 'last.extra.num := + last.extra.num int.to.chr$ 'extra.label := + } + { "a" chr.to.int$ 'last.extra.num := + "" 'extra.label := + label 'last.label := + } + if$ + number.label #1 + 'number.label := +} +FUNCTION {reverse.pass} +{ next.extra "b" = + { "a" 'extra.label := } + 'skip$ + if$ + extra.label 'next.extra := + extra.label + duplicate$ empty$ + 'skip$ + { year field.or.null #-1 #1 substring$ chr.to.int$ #65 < + { "{\natexlab{" swap$ * "}}" * } + { "{(\natexlab{" swap$ * "})}" * } + if$ } + if$ + 'extra.label := + label extra.label * 'label := +} +EXECUTE {initialize.extra.label.stuff} +ITERATE {forward.pass} +REVERSE {reverse.pass} +FUNCTION {bib.sort.order} +{ sort.label + " " + * + year field.or.null sortify + * + " " + * + title field.or.null + sort.format.title + * + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.key$ := +} +ITERATE {bib.sort.order} +SORT +FUNCTION {begin.bib} +{ preamble$ empty$ + 'skip$ + { preamble$ write$ newline$ } + if$ + "\begin{thebibliography}{" number.label int.to.str$ * "}" * + write$ newline$ + "\providecommand{\natexlab}[1]{#1}" + write$ newline$ + "\providecommand{\url}[1]{#1}" + write$ newline$ + "\providecommand{\urlprefix}{}" + write$ newline$ + "\expandafter\ifx\csname urlstyle\endcsname\relax" + write$ newline$ + " \providecommand{\doi}[1]{doi:\discretionary{}{}{}#1}\else" + write$ newline$ + " \providecommand{\doi}{doi:\discretionary{}{}{}\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url}\fi" + write$ newline$ +} +EXECUTE {begin.bib} +EXECUTE {init.state.consts} +ITERATE {call.type$} +FUNCTION {end.bib} +{ newline$ + "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$ +} +EXECUTE {end.bib} diff --git 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b/langsci/fonts/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +# langsci-fonts +Fonts for Language Science Press publications diff --git a/langsci/fonts/font-tests.tex b/langsci/fonts/font-tests.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fa4f890 --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/fonts/font-tests.tex @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +%v small aeiou downstep \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/langsci/graphics/FULogo_sw_CMYK.pdf b/langsci/graphics/FULogo_sw_CMYK.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1f244fb Binary files /dev/null and b/langsci/graphics/FULogo_sw_CMYK.pdf differ diff --git a/langsci/graphics/book.eps b/langsci/graphics/book.eps new file mode 120000 index 0000000..38df5ab --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/graphics/book.eps @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +tbls-book.eps \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/langsci/graphics/book2.eps b/langsci/graphics/book2.eps new file mode 120000 index 0000000..38df5ab --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/graphics/book2.eps @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +tbls-book.eps \ No newline at end of file diff --git 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PGF layers in any document +\pgfsetlayers{lspadvert_bg,main} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture, overlay,bg/.style={outer sep=0}] + \begin{pgfonlayer}{lspadvert_bg} % background layer + \node at (current page.center) [bg, fill=lsGuidelinesGray, minimum height=22cm, minimum width=15cm] (lspadvert_bg1) {}; % Die können wir noch dynamisch bestimmen + \end{pgfonlayer} + \node [execute at begin node={}, font=\fontsize{52pt}{16.75mm}\selectfont, below right = 10mm and 7.5mm of lspadvert_bg1.north west, text width=13.7cm, align=left] (lspadvert_covertitle) {\color{black}\lsCoverTitleFont{Did you like this book?\par}}; % x = 15mm - 7.5mm ; y = 17.5mm - 7.5mm + + \node [font=\fontsize{25pt}{10mm}\selectfont,below = 8mm of lspadvert_covertitle.south, text width=137mm] (lspadvert_coversubtitle) {\color{black} \lsCoverSubTitleFont \nohyphens{This book was brought to you for free}\par}; + + \node (lspadvert_logo) [above left = 10mm and 7.5mm of lspadvert_bg1.south east] {\color{black}\includegraphics{\logopath langsci_logo_nocolor.pdf}}; + \node [above right = 48.8mm and -.1mm of lspadvert_bg1.south west, rectangle, fill=white, minimum size=17pt] (lspadvert_square) {}; + \path let \p1 = (lspadvert_square.north east), \p2 = (lspadvert_covertitle.west) in node at (\x2,\y1) (lspadvert_seriesinfo) [font=\fontsize{17pt}{7.5mm}\selectfont, right, align=flush left, text width=90mm, anchor=north west] {\color{black}\lsCoverSeriesFont{\nohyphens{Please help us in providing free access to linguistic research worldwide. 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Lor separat existentie es un myth. Por scientie, musica, sport etc, litot Europa usa li sam vocabular. Li lingues differe solmen in li grammatica, li pronunciation e li plu commun vocabules. Omnicos directe al desirabilite de un nov lingua franca: On refusa continuar payar custosi traductores.} +\newcommand{\lsBackTitle}{\@title} +\newcommand{\BackTitle}[1]{\renewcommand{\lsBackTitle}{#1}} +\newcommand{\BackBody}[1]{\renewcommand{\lsBackBody}{#1}} + +\newcommand{\newlineCover}{\\} % \newline only on cover +\newcommand{\newlineSpine}{\\} % \newline only on spine +\newcommand{\newlineTOC}{\\} % \newline only in TOC entry + +\newcommand{\lsSpineTitle}{\@title} +\newcommand{\lsSpineAuthor}{\@author} +\newcommand{\SpineTitle}[1]{\renewcommand{\lsSpineTitle}{#1}} +\newcommand{\SpineAuthor}[1]{\renewcommand{\lsSpineAuthor}{#1}} + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Conditionals +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\newif\iflsDraft \lsDraftfalse +\newif\iflsOpenReview \lsOpenReviewfalse +\newif\iflsShowIndex \lsShowIndexfalse +\newif\iflsBiblatex \lsBiblatextrue +\newif\iflsCollection \lsCollectionfalse +\newif\iflsCollectionChapter \lsCollectionChapterfalse +\newif\iflsCollectionTOCLong \lsCollectionTOCLongfalse +\newif\iflsNewtxmath \lsNewtxmathtrue +\newif\iflsCover \lsCoverfalse %output format is cover +\newif\iflsUscover \lsUscoverfalse +\newif\iflsModfonts \lsModfontsfalse + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Option handling +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\RequirePackage{kvoptions} % for key-value options +\SetupKeyvalOptions{ + family=langscibook, + prefix=langscibook@ } +\DeclareStringOption{number}[??] + \define@key{langscibook}{number}{% + \renewcommand{\lsSeriesNumber}{#1}} +\DeclareStringOption{issn}[??] + \define@key{langscibook}{issn}{% + \renewcommand{\lsISSN}{#1}} +\DeclareStringOption{isbndigital}[000-0-000000-00-0] + \define@key{langscibook}{isbndigital}{% + \renewcommand{\lsISBNdigital}{#1}} +\DeclareStringOption{isbnsoftcover}[000-0-000000-00-0] + \define@key{langscibook}{isbnsoftcover}{% + \renewcommand{\lsISBNsoftcover}{#1}} +\DeclareStringOption{isbnhardcover}[000-0-000000-00-0] + \define@key{langscibook}{isbnhardcover}{% + \renewcommand{\lsISBNhardcover}{#1}} +\DeclareStringOption{url}[http://langsci-press.org/catalog] + \define@key{langscibook}{url}{% + \renewcommand{\lsURL}{#1}} +\DeclareStringOption{series}[eotms] + \define@key{langscibook}{series}{% + \renewcommand{\lsSeries}{#1}} +\DeclareStringOption{output}[book] + \define@key{langscibook}{output}{% + \renewcommand{\lsOutput}{#1}} +\DeclareStringOption{copyright}[CC-BY] + \define@key{langscibook}{copyright}{% + \renewcommand{\lsCopyright}{#1}} +\DeclareStringOption{biblatexbackend}[bibtex] + \define@key{langscibook}{biblatexbackend}{% + \renewcommand{\lsBiblatexBackend}{#1}} +% \DeclareVoidOption{long}{ +% \renewcommand{\lsOutput}{long}} +\DeclareVoidOption{smallfont}{ + \renewcommand{\lsFontsize}{10pt}} +\DeclareVoidOption{draftmode}{ % 'draftmode' instead of 'draft' due to undesirable side efects + \lsDrafttrue + \overfullrule=5pt } % to indicate overfull hboxes +\DeclareVoidOption{openreview}{ + \lsOpenReviewtrue% + \AtBeginDocument{\renewcommand{\lsISBNdigital}{000-0-000000-00-0}}} +\DeclareVoidOption{nonflat}{ + \renewcommand{\fontpath}{./langsci/fonts/} + \renewcommand{\logopath}{./langsci/graphics/} + \renewcommand{\seriesinfopath}{./langsci/seriesinfo/} + \renewcommand{\bstpath}{./langsci/bst/} + \renewcommand{\stylepath}{./langsci/styles/} +} +\DeclareVoidOption{modfonts}{ + \lsModfontstrue} +\DeclareVoidOption{showindex}{ + \lsShowIndextrue} +\DeclareVoidOption{biblatex}{ + \lsBiblatextrue} +\DeclareVoidOption{bibtex}{ + \lsBiblatexfalse} +\DeclareVoidOption{nonewtxmath}{ + \lsNewtxmathfalse} +\DeclareVoidOption{collection}{ + \lsCollectiontrue} +\DeclareVoidOption{collectionchapter}{ + \lsCollectiontrue% + \lsCollectionChaptertrue} +\DeclareVoidOption{collectiontoclong}{ + \lsCollectiontrue% + \lsCollectionTOCLongtrue} +\DeclareVoidOption{coverus}{ + \lsUscovertrue} +\ProcessKeyvalOptions{langscibook} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Class +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +\LoadClass[ + fontsize=\lsFontsize, % default is 11pt + footnotes=multiple, + numbers=noenddot, % no point after last number of chapters/sections + toc=bibliography, + index=totoc, + %chapterprefix=true, + %draft=yes, + %appendixprefix + ]{scrbook} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Packages +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\usepackage{etex} +\reserveinserts{18} +\usepackage{xstring} +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{hyphenat} + +\usepackage{tikz} % Needed for covers and advert page + \usetikzlibrary{positioning} + \usetikzlibrary{calc} + +\usepackage{pbox} % boxes with maximum width +\usepackage[hyphens]{url} +\urlstyle{same} + + +%% standard commands +\usepackage{\stylepath langsci-basic} +%% useful commands for glossings: +% \usepackage{\stylepath langsci-lgr} #FIXME this should probably be replaced by \usepackage{leipzig} +\usepackage{todonotes} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Print on demand macros +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +% Basic cover commands, including PGF layers +\newcommand{\podsetup}{ + \lsCovertrue + \renewcommand{\maketitle}{} %no need for this + \StrLen{\@subtitle}[\subtitleStrLen] % check if a subtitle exists + \pagestyle{empty} + \pgfdeclarelayer{lspcls_bg} % Please make sure to never use lspcls_... PGF layers in any document + \pgfsetlayers{lspcls_bg,main} + \renewcommand{\and}{, }% + \renewcommand{\lastand}{ \& }% + \renewcommand{\affiliation}[1]{} +} + +% \usepackage[outline]{contour} + +% Content creation for the spine. Including Logo, author, title, and volume number on spine. +\newcommand{\podspine}{ + \renewcommand{\newlineCover}{} + \renewcommand{\and}{, } + \renewcommand{\lastand}{ \& } + \node [above = 0mm of lspcls_bgspline.south, anchor=base] (lspcls_splinelogo) {\color{\lsSeriesColor}\includegraphics{\logopath langsci_spinelogo_nocolor.pdf}}; +% add number on spine +% inside logo +% \node [below = -7mm of lspcls_splinelogo] (lspcls_splinenumber) { \hspace*{4mm}{\parbox{.37cm}{\centering \contour{\lsSeriesColor}{\color{white}\sffamily \large \lsSeriesNumber }}}}; +% bottom centered +% \node [below = -1mm of lspcls_splinelogo] (lspcls_splinenumber) {\color{\lsSeriesColor} \hspace*{4mm}{\parbox{.37cm}{\centering\sffamily \large \lsSeriesNumber }}}; +% bottom leftaligned +% \node [below = -1mm of lspcls_splinelogo] (lspcls_splinenumber) {\color{\lsSeriesColor} \hspace*{4mm}{\parbox{.37cm}{\sffamily \large \lsSeriesNumber }}}; +% +\node [below = 0mm of lspcls_bgspline.north, anchor=north] (lspcls_splinenumber) {\color{\lsSeriesColor} + {\parbox{.47cm}{ + \centering + \sffamily + \huge + \lsSeriesNumber + } + } +}; + + \node [font=\fontsize{18pt}{14pt}\selectfont, above left = 15mm and 4mm of lspcls_splinelogo.north, rotate=270] (lspcls_splinetitle) {\color{\lsSeriesColor} \lsSpineAuthorFont{\lsSpineAuthor\xspace\lsEditorSuffix} \hspace{13mm} \lsSpineTitleFont{\lsSpineTitle}}; + \renewcommand{\newlineCover}{\\} +} + +% Fill the canvas for the cover with coloured areas on back and front cover +% Argument 1: White margin that encompasses the coloured title and backtitle form. Input: 12.34mm +% Argument 2: Height of the coloured title and backtitle form and of the spine. Input: 12.45cm +% Argument 3: Width of the coloured title and backtitle form. Input: 12.45cm +\newcommand{\podgeometry}[3]{ + \begin{pgfonlayer}{lspcls_bg} % background layer + \node [bg, left = #1 of current page.east, fill=\lsSeriesColor, minimum height=#2, minimum width=#3] (lspcls_bg1) {}; % Die können wir noch dynamisch bestimmen % 7.5mm -> 10.675mm for bleed + \node [bg, right = #1 of current page.west, fill=\lsSeriesColor, minimum height=#2, minimum width=#3] (lspcls_bg2) {}; + \node at (current page.center) [bg, minimum height=#2, minimum width=\spinewidth,dashed] (lspcls_bgspline) {}; % add [draw] option for preview mode + \end{pgfonlayer} +} + +% Generates the content of the back cover +\newcommand{\podbackcover}{ + \node [font=\fontsize{25pt}{10mm}\selectfont, right, below right = 16.5mm and 7.5mm of lspcls_bg2.north west, text width=11.5cm] (lspcls_backtitle) {\color{\lsCoverFontColour}\lsBackTitleFont{\raggedright\lsBackTitle\par}}; + \node [below = 10mm of lspcls_backtitle, text width=11.5cm, align=justify] {\color{\lsCoverFontColour}\lsBackBodyFont{\parindent=15pt\lsBackBody}}; + %\node [below right = 192.5mm and 97.5mm of lspcls_bg2.north west] {\color{\lsCoverFontColour}ISBN \lsBackBodyFont{\lsISBN}}; + \node [below right = 192.5mm and 97.5mm of lspcls_bg2.north west, text width=4cm] { + \colorbox{white}{ + \begin{pspicture}(0,0)(4.1,1in) + \psbarcode[transx=.4,transy=.3]{\lsISBNcover}{includetext height=.7}{isbn}% + \end{pspicture} + } + }; +} + +% Generates the content on the front cover, including title, author, subtitle. See below for remaining commands +% Argument 1: Text width on the front cover. Input: 12.34mm +% Argument 2: Font size on the front cover. Adjust to compensate varying text width Input: 12.34pt +\newcommand{\podfrontcovertoptext}[2]{ + \newcommand{\lsCoverFontColour}{white} + \renewcommand{\and}{\\} + \renewcommand{\lastand}{\\} + + \node [execute at begin node={}, font=\fontsize{#2}{17.25mm}\selectfont, below right = 10mm and 7.5mm of lspcls_bg1.north west, text width=#1, align=left] (lspcls_covertitle) {\color{\lsCoverFontColour}\lsCoverTitleFont{\raggedright\@title\par}}; % x = 15mm - 7.5mm ; y = 17.5mm - 7.5mm + + \ifnum\subtitleStrLen=0 % Is there a subtitle? + \node [font=\fontsize{25pt}{12.5mm}\selectfont, right, below = 11.2mm of lspcls_covertitle.south, text width=#1] {\color{\lsCoverFontColour}\lsCoverAuthorFont\nohyphens{\lsEditorPrefix\@author\par}}; % If not, just print the author + \else + \node [font=\fontsize{25pt}{10mm}\selectfont,below = 8mm of lspcls_covertitle.south, text width=#1] (lspcls_coversubtitle) {\color{\lsCoverFontColour} \lsCoverSubTitleFont \nohyphens{\@subtitle}\par}; + \node [font=\fontsize{25pt}{12.5mm}\selectfont, right, below = 11.2mm of lspcls_coversubtitle.south, text width=#1] {\color{\lsCoverFontColour}\lsCoverAuthorFont{\nohyphens{\lsEditorPrefix\@author\par}}}; + \fi +} + +% Generates the bottom half of the front cover content: series, series number, logo. +\newcommand{\podcoverbottomtext}{ + \node [above right = 18.5mm and -.1mm of lspcls_bg1.south west, rectangle, fill=white, minimum size=17pt] (lspcls_square) {}; % 2 + \node [above left = 10mm and 7.5mm of lspcls_bg1.south east] {\color{\lsCoverFontColour}\includegraphics{\logopath langsci_logo_nocolor.pdf}}; + \path let \p1 = (lspcls_square.north east), \p2 = (lspcls_covertitle.west) in node at (\x2,\y1) (lspcls_seriesinfo) [font=\fontsize{17pt}{7.5mm}\selectfont, right, text width=95mm, anchor=north west] {\color{\lsCoverFontColour}\lsCoverSeriesFont{\lsSeriesTitle\par}}; +} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Output types +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +% \newcommand{\lsOutputLong}{long} +\newcommand{\lsOutputBook}{book} % standard book +\newcommand{\lsOutputShort}{short} % standard book, old key name +\newcommand{\lsOutputInprep}{inprep} % marks manuscript as in preparation +\newcommand{\lsOutputPaper}{paper} % paper in edited volume +\newcommand{\lsOutputGuidelines}{guidelines} % guidelines +\newcommand{\lsOutputCover}{cover} % FIXME remove this? +\newcommand{\lsOutputCoverBOD}{coverbod} % cover with BoD measurements +\newcommand{\lsOutputCoverDOB}{coverdob} % FIXME remove this? +\newcommand{\lsOutputCoverCS}{covercreatespace} % cover with CreateSpace measurements + + +%% Output types are defined with \newcommand above so they can be used with geometry. + +\AtBeginDocument{ +\ifx\lsOutput\lsOutputPaper % only if output=paper + \usepackage{chngcntr} + \counterwithout{figure}{chapter} + \counterwithout{table}{chapter} + \lsPaper +\else % only if output!=paper +\renewcommand{\maketitle}{ +\begin{titlepage} +\thispagestyle{empty} + +% \ifx\lsOutput\lsOutputLong % only if output=long +% \setcounter{page}{-3} +% %% First titlepage: +% {\lsFrontPage} +% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% \newpage\thispagestyle{empty} +% \null\newpage\thispagestyle{empty} +% %% Back page: +% {\lsBackPage} +% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% \newpage\thispagestyle{empty} +% \null\newpage\thispagestyle{empty} +% %% Book spine: +% {\lsSpine} +% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% \newpage\thispagestyle{empty} +% \null\newpage\thispagestyle{empty} +% %% Series information: +% {\lsSeriesHistory} +% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% \newpage\thispagestyle{empty} +% %% Schmutztitel: +% {\renewcommand{\lsCoverBlockColor}{white} +% \renewcommand{\lsCoverFontColor}{\lsSeriesColor} +% \lsSchmutztitel} +% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% \AtEndDocument{ +% \lsPageStyleEmpty +% \null\newpage\thispagestyle{empty} +% %% Advertisement: +% {\lsAdvertisement} +% } +% \fi + +\ifx\lsOutput\lsOutputBook % only if output=book + \setcounter{page}{-1} + %% First titlepage: + {\lsFrontPage} + %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + \newpage\thispagestyle{empty} + \null\newpage\thispagestyle{empty} + %% Series information: + {\lsSeriesHistory} + %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + \newpage\thispagestyle{empty} + %% Schmutztitel: + {\renewcommand{\lsCoverBlockColor}{white} + \renewcommand{\lsCoverFontColor}{\lsSeriesColor} + \lsSchmutztitel} + %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + \AtEndDocument{ + \lsPageStyleEmpty + \null\newpage\thispagestyle{empty} + %% Advertisement: + {\lsAdvertisement} + \null\newpage\thispagestyle{empty} + %% Back page: + {\lsBackPage} + \null\newpage\thispagestyle{empty} + } +\fi + + +\ifx\lsOutput\lsOutputShort %repeated from \lsOutputBook above for backward compatibility + \setcounter{page}{-1} + %% First titlepage: + {\lsFrontPage} + %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + \newpage\thispagestyle{empty} + \null\newpage\thispagestyle{empty} + %% Series information: + {\lsSeriesHistory} + %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + \newpage\thispagestyle{empty} + %% Schmutztitel: + {\renewcommand{\lsCoverBlockColor}{white} + \renewcommand{\lsCoverFontColor}{\lsSeriesColor} + \lsSchmutztitel} + %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + \AtEndDocument{ + \lsPageStyleEmpty + \null\newpage\thispagestyle{empty} + %% Advertisement: + {\lsAdvertisement} + \null\newpage\thispagestyle{empty} + %% Back page: + {\lsBackPage} + \null\newpage\thispagestyle{empty} + } +\fi + +\ifx\lsOutput\lsOutputInprep % only if output=inprep + {\renewcommand{\lsCoverBlockColor}{white} + \renewcommand{\lsCoverFontColor}{black} + \lsCoverBlock + \lsCoverTitleAuthor} +\fi + +\ifx\lsOutput\lsOutputGuidelines % only if output=guidelines + {\setcounter{page}{-1} + \renewcommand{\lsAdvertisement}{} + %% First titlepage: + {\lsFrontPage} + } + +\fi + +\ifx\lsOutput\lsOutputCoverBOD % only if output=cover + \podsetup + \begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture, overlay,bg/.style={outer sep=0}] + \podgeometry{24.5mm}{23.1cm}{15.2cm} + \podspine + \podfrontcovertoptext{137mm}{51pt} % Due to different cover sizes, the text size was adjusted so that the difference in line breaks would be minimal between hard and softcover books. + \podcoverbottomtext + \newcommand{\lsISBNcover}{\lsISBNhardcover} + \podbackcover + \end{tikzpicture} + %exit the document right here + \end{titlepage} + \end{document} + \fi + + +% ============================ +\ifx\lsOutput\lsOutputCoverCS % only if output=covercs + \podsetup + \begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture, overlay,bg/.style={outer sep=0}] + \podgeometry{10.675mm}{22.5cm}{15.5cm} + \podspine + \podfrontcovertoptext{140mm}{52pt} % Due to different cover sizes, the text size was adjusted so that the difference in line breaks would be minimal between hard and softcover books. + \podcoverbottomtext +% %unclear why this was different between BOD and CS +% %----------------------------- +% \node [above right = 18.5mm and -.1mm of lspcls_bg1.south west, rectangle, fill=white, minimum size=17pt] (lspcls_square) {}; % 2 +% \node [above left = 10mm and 7.5mm of lspcls_bg1.south east] {\color{\lsCoverFontColour}\includegraphics{\logopath langsci_logo_nocolor.pdf}}; +% % \node [below right = 197.5mm and 117.1mm of lspcls_bg1.north west] {\color{\lsCoverFontColour}\includegraphics{\logopath langsci_logo_nocolor.pdf}}; +% \path let \p1 = (lspcls_square.north east), \p2 = (lspcls_covertitle.west) in node at (\x2,\y1) (lspcls_seriesinfo) [font=\fontsize{17pt}{7.5mm}\selectfont, right, text width=95mm, anchor=north west] {\color{\lsCoverFontColour}\lsCoverSeriesFont{\lsSeriesTitle\par}}; +% %----------------------------- + \iflsUscover\newcommand{\lsISBNcover}{\lsISBNsoftcoverus}\else\newcommand{\lsISBNcover}{\lsISBNsoftcover}\fi + \podbackcover + \end{tikzpicture} + %exit the document right here + \end{titlepage} + \end{document} +\fi + +\end{titlepage} + +\frontmatter +\renewcommand{\frontmatter}{} + +\null\newpage\thispagestyle{empty} +\hypersetup{colorlinks=false, pdfborder={0 0 0}} % for hyperref +\color{black} +\lsInsideFont + +%% Imprint: +\ifx\lsOutput\lsOutputInprep{} +\else{ + \ifx\lsOutput\lsOutputGuidelines{} + \else{\lsImpressum} + \fi} +\fi +%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\null\newpage\thispagestyle{plain} +%\pagenumbering{roman} % or \frontmatter + +%% Dedication: +\ifx\@dedication\empty{} +\else{\lsDedication} +\fi +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +} %% \maketitle +\fi + +%% for those who like the example in numbered example sentences to be typeset in italics +%% this is possible for a complete series only. +\ifx\lsSeries\sidl + %\def\exfont{\normalsize\itshape} + \renewcommand{\eachwordone}{\itshape} % only \gll + + \let\oldtable\table % footnotes in tables without horizontal line + \let\endoldtable\endtable + \renewenvironment{table}{\setfootnoterule{0pt}\oldtable}{\endoldtable} +\fi + +} %% \AtBeginDocument + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Geometry +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +% For output type cover +\usepackage{catchfilebetweentags} +\newlength{\csspine} +\newlength{\bodspine} +\newlength{\bleed} +\newlength{\seitenbreite} +\newlength{\seitenhoehe} +\newlength{\spinewidth} +\newlength{\totalwidth} +\newlength{\totalheight} +\IfFileExists{./localmetadata.tex}{\ExecuteMetaData[localmetadata.tex]{coverdimen}}{\typeout{No local meta data found, therefore default spline length was chosen}} % Get only the information between the tag "coverdimen" from localmetadate.tex +\setlength{\bleed}{3.175mm} + + \ifx\lsOutput\lsOutputCoverCS % if output = cover; This is the CreateSpace Version + \lsCovertrue + \setlength{\bleed}{3.175mm} + \setlength{\seitenbreite}{169.9mm} + \setlength{\seitenhoehe}{244.1mm} + \setlength{\spinewidth}{\csspine} % Create Space Version + + \usepackage{calc} + + \setlength{\totalwidth}{\spinewidth+\seitenbreite+\seitenbreite+\bleed+\bleed} + \setlength{\totalheight}{\seitenhoehe+\bleed+\bleed} + \usepackage[paperheight=\totalheight, paperwidth=\totalwidth]{geometry} + \hyphenpenalty 750 +\fi + +\ifx\lsOutput\lsOutputCoverBOD + \lsCovertrue + \usepackage{calc} +% \input{./lengths.tex} + \newlength{\bodfold} + \newlength{\totalspine} + \setlength{\bodfold}{8mm} + \setlength{\seitenbreite}{192mm} + \setlength{\seitenhoehe}{280mm} % For BOD: Hardcover, Gerader Rücken, Kaschiert, papier 80g/m², weiß + \setlength{\spinewidth}{\bodspine} + \setlength{\totalspine}{\spinewidth+\bodfold+\bodfold} + \setlength{\totalwidth}{\spinewidth+\seitenbreite+\seitenbreite} + \setlength{\totalheight}{\seitenhoehe} + \usepackage[paperheight=\seitenhoehe, paperwidth=\totalwidth]{geometry} + \hyphenpenalty 750 +\fi + +%Page size and text area if not cover + +\iflsCover +%output types cover have already been handled +\else % output != cover + \usepackage[ + papersize={170mm,240mm} + ,top=27.4mm % TODO nachgemessen, nach Vermassung eigentlich 30mm-16pt = 25.8mm + ,inner=20.5mm, + ,outer=24.5mm + %,showframe,pass + ,marginparwidth=50pt + ]{geometry} +\fi + +\usepackage[ + absolute % for absolute positioning in titlepage + %,showboxes + ]{textpos} +\setlength{\TPHorizModule}{1mm} +\setlength{\TPVertModule}{\TPHorizModule} +\textblockorigin{0mm}{0mm} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Fonts +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\usepackage{ifxetex} +\ifxetex\else\ClassError{langsci/langscibook}{Please use XeLaTeX!}{}\fi +\usepackage{amssymb} % has to be loaded before other stuff +\PassOptionsToPackage{no-math}{fontspec} % must appear before metalogo or any fontspec stuff; deactivates fontspec's math settings, which is necessary to let newtxmath do the job +\usepackage{metalogo}\newcommand{\xelatex}{\XeLaTeX\xspace} +\usepackage{dejavu} +\usepackage{libertine} + +\setmonofont[ + Ligatures={TeX},Scale=MatchLowercase, + BoldFont = DejaVuSansMono-Bold.ttf , + SlantedFont = DejaVuSansMono-Oblique.ttf , + BoldSlantedFont = DejaVuSansMono-BoldOblique.ttf + ]{DejaVuSansMono.ttf} + +\iflsModfonts{% use Langsci fonts + \setsansfont[ + %Ligatures={TeX,Common}, % not supported by ttf + Scale=MatchLowercase, + Path=\fontpath, + BoldFont = Arimo-Bold_B.ttf , + ItalicFont = Arimo-Italic_B.ttf , + BoldItalicFont = Arimo-BoldItalic_B.ttf + ]{Arimo_B.ttf} + + + \setmainfont[ + Ligatures={TeX,Common}, + Path=\fontpath, + PunctuationSpace=0, + Numbers={Proportional}, + BoldFont = LinLibertine_RZ_B.otf , + ItalicFont = LinLibertine_RI_B.otf , + BoldItalicFont = LinLibertine_RZI_B.otf, + BoldSlantedFont = LinLibertine_RZ_B.otf, + SlantedFont = LinLibertine_R_B.otf, + SlantedFeatures = {FakeSlant=0.25}, + BoldSlantedFeatures = {FakeSlant=0.25}, + SmallCapsFeatures = {FakeSlant=0}, + ]{LinLibertine_R_B.otf} +\else % use standard fonts + \setsansfont[ + %Ligatures={TeX,Common}, % not supported by ttf + Scale=MatchLowercase, + Path=\fontpath, + BoldFont = Arimo-Bold.ttf , + ItalicFont = Arimo-Italic.ttf , + BoldItalicFont = Arimo-BoldItalic.ttf + ]{Arimo-Regular.ttf} + + + \setmainfont[ + Ligatures={TeX,Common}, + Path=\fontpath, + PunctuationSpace=0, + Numbers={Proportional}, + BoldFont = LinLibertine_RZ.otf , + ItalicFont = LinLibertine_RI.otf , + BoldItalicFont = LinLibertine_RZI.otf, + BoldSlantedFont = LinLibertine_RZ.otf, + SlantedFont = LinLibertine_R.otf, + SlantedFeatures = {FakeSlant=0.25}, + BoldSlantedFeatures = {FakeSlant=0.25}, + SmallCapsFeatures = {FakeSlant=0}, + ]{LinLibertine_R.otf} + +\fi + +\iflsNewtxmath % some users have problems when installing newtxmath +% \usepackage[libertine]{newtxmath} + + %% following http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/297328/xelatex-does-not-load-newtxmath-with-linuxlibertine-sometimes + %% due to a bug in XeTeX; unfortunately this is NOT extensively tested! + \usepackage{xpatch} + \xpretocmd{\textsuperscript} + {{\sbox0{$\textstyle x$}}} + {}{} + \AtBeginDocument{% + \DeclareSymbolFont{operators}{\encodingdefault}{\familydefault}{m}{n}% + \SetSymbolFont{operators}{bold}{\encodingdefault}{\familydefault}{b}{n}% + } +\fi + +\let\oldtabular\tabular % number in tabulars +\let\endoldtabular\endtabular +\renewenvironment{tabular}{\normalfont\addfontfeatures{Numbers=Lining}\selectfont\oldtabular}{\endoldtabular} + +%\frenchspacing +\usepackage[final]{microtype} + +\newcommand{\lsCoverTitleFont}[1]{\sffamily\addfontfeatures{Scale=MatchUppercase}\fontsize{52pt}{17.25mm}\selectfont #1} +\newcommand{\lsCoverSubTitleFont}{\sffamily\addfontfeatures{Scale=MatchUppercase}\fontsize{25pt}{10mm}\selectfont} +\newcommand{\lsCoverAuthorFont}{\fontsize{25pt}{12.5mm}\selectfont} +\newcommand{\lsCoverSeriesFont}{\sffamily\fontsize{17pt}{7.5mm}\selectfont} % fontsize? +\newcommand{\lsCoverSeriesHistoryFont}{\sffamily\fontsize{10pt}{5mm}\selectfont} +\newcommand{\lsInsideFont}{} % obsolete, see \setmainfont +\newcommand{\lsDedicationFont}{\fontsize{15pt}{10mm}\selectfont} +\newcommand{\lsBackTitleFont}{\sffamily\addfontfeatures{Scale=MatchUppercase}\fontsize{25pt}{10mm}\selectfont} +\newcommand{\lsBackBodyFont}{\lsInsideFont} +\newcommand{\lsSpineAuthorFont}{\fontsize{16pt}{14pt}\selectfont} +\newcommand{\lsSpineTitleFont}{\sffamily\fontsize{18pt}{14pt}\selectfont} + +\setkomafont{sectioning}{\normalcolor\bfseries} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Colors: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\usepackage{xcolor} +\input{\seriesinfopath langsci-series.def} % \lsSeriesColor, \lsSeriesTitle, \lsISSN and colors are defined here + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Cover: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\usepackage{pst-barcode} % for generating bar codes +\newcommand{\lsCoverFontColor}{white} +\newcommand{\lsCoverBlockColor}{\lsSeriesColor} + + +\newcommand{\lsEditorPrefix}{} +\newcommand{\lsEditorSuffix}{} +\iflsCollection % for collections: set \lsEditorSuffix depending on \@author + \AtBeginDocument{ + \renewcommand{\newlineCover}{} + \renewcommand{\newlineSpine}{} + \renewcommand{\lsEditorPrefix}{{\Large Edited by\\}} + \renewcommand{\lsEditorSuffix}{(ed.)} + \IfSubStr{\@author}{Press} % if \@author contains \& + %case true + {\renewcommand{\lsEditorSuffix}{(eds.)}} + %case false + {} + \IfSubStr{\@author}{,} % if \@author contains , + %case true + {\renewcommand{\lsEditorSuffix}{(eds.)}} + %case false + {} + } +\else +\fi + +\newcommand{\lsCoverBlock}{ + \begin{textblock}{155}(7.6,7.5) + \color{\lsCoverBlockColor} + \raggedright\rule{155mm}{225mm} + \end{textblock} + \iflsDraft + \begin{textblock}{155}(30,80) + \color{lsLightGray} + \rotatebox{40}{ + \begin{tabular}{c} + \scalebox{10}{DRAFT}\\ + of \today, \currenttime + \end{tabular}} + \end{textblock} + \fi + \iflsOpenReview + \iflsDraft + \ClassError{langsci/langscibook}{Open review mode not compatible with draft mode. Please disable one of them}{} + \fi + \begin{textblock}{170}(-20,75) + \rotatebox{30}{ + \colorbox{red}{ + \parbox[c][15ex][c]{220mm}{\centering\lsCoverTitleFont\color{white}Open Review\\[-0.1ex]} + % \begin{tabular}{c} + % ~\\ + % \scalebox{6}{\color{red}Open Review}\\[-0.5ex] + % ~%version of \today, \currenttime + % \end{tabular} + } + } + \end{textblock} + \fi} + +\newcommand{\lsCoverTitleAuthor}{ + \renewcommand{\and}{\\} + \renewcommand{\lastand}{\\} + \renewcommand{\newlineCover}{\\} + \renewcommand{\newlineSpine}{} + \lsCoverBlock + + \begin{textblock}{140}(15,17.5) + \color{\lsCoverFontColor} + \raggedright + {\lsCoverTitleFont{\@title\\}} + + \ifx\@subtitle\empty + \else \vspace{8mm} {\lsCoverSubTitleFont \@subtitle\\} + \fi + + \vspace{11.2mm} % 20mm - 25pt + + \raggedright + {\lsCoverAuthorFont + \lsEditorPrefix\@author\\} + \end{textblock}} + +\newcommand{\lsCoverSeries}{ + \begin{textblock}{95}(7.4,209) + \color{white} + \raggedright\rule{3.6mm}{3.5mm} + \color{\lsCoverFontColor} + \hspace{3mm}\parbox[t]{85mm}{\raggedright\lsCoverSeriesFont + \lsSeriesTitle\\} + \end{textblock}} + +\newcommand{\lsCoverLogo}{ + \begin{textblock}{33}(124.6,205) + \raggedright\IfFileExists{\logopath langsci_logo_nocolor.pdf}{\includegraphics{\logopath langsci_logo_nocolor.pdf}}{langsci logo} + \end{textblock}} + +\newcommand{\lsFrontPage}{ % Front page + \lsCoverBlock + \lsCoverTitleAuthor + \lsCoverSeries + \lsCoverLogo} + +\newcommand{\lsSchmutztitel}{ % Schmutztitel + \lsCoverBlock + \lsCoverTitleAuthor + \lsCoverLogo} + +%\usepackage{pdfpages} +\newcommand{\lsAdvertisement}{ + \include{\logopath langsci-advertisement} +} + +\newcommand{\lsBackPage}{ % Back page + \lsCoverBlock + + \begin{textblock}{115}(15,24) % 30mm-6mm + \color{white} + {\raggedright + \lsBackTitleFont + \lsBackTitle \\ \null} + + \lsBackBodyFont + + \noindent + \lsBackBody + \end{textblock} + + \begin{textblock}{40}(105,200) + \lsBackBodyFont\sffamily + \colorbox{white}{% + \begin{pspicture}(0,0)(4.1,1in) + \psbarcode[transx=0.4,transy=0.3]{\lsISBNdigital}{includetext height=0.7}{isbn} + \end{pspicture} + }% + \end{textblock}} + +% \newcommand{\lsSpine}{ % Book spine +% \renewcommand{\newlineSpine}{\\} +% \renewcommand{\newlineCover}{} +% \begin{textblock}{40}(65,0) +% \rotatebox{90}{\color{black}\begin{minipage}[c][\lsSpineBreadth][c]{\paperheight} +% \color{\lsSeriesColor} +% \hspace{7.5mm} +% \IfFileExists{\logopath langsci_spinelogo_nocolor.pdf}{$\vcenter{\hbox{\includegraphics[angle=-90,origin=c]{\logopath langsci_spinelogo_nocolor.pdf}}}$}{logo} +% \hspace{15mm} +% {\lsSpineTitleFont +% \rotatebox[origin=c]{180}{\pbox[c]{150mm}{\lsSpineTitle}}} +% \hspace{13mm} +% {\lsSpineAuthorFont +% \rotatebox[origin=c]{180}{\pbox[c]{100mm}{\lsSpineAuthor\if\lsEditorSuffix\empty\else\ \lsEditorSuffix\fi}}} +% \end{minipage}} +% \end{textblock}} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Series history: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\newcommand{\lsSeriesHistory}{ +\color{black} +\raggedright\lsCoverSeriesHistoryFont + +\IfFileExists{\seriesinfopath \lsSeries-info.tex}{\input{\seriesinfopath\lsSeries-info}}{ + Series information: \seriesinfopath \lsSeries-info.tex not found!} + +\IfStrEq{\lsISSN}{??} % \IfStrEq from xstring + {} + {\vfill\hfill ISSN: \lsISSN} + +} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Imprint: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% for imprint: +\def\translator#1{\gdef\@translator{#1}} +\translator{} + +\def\typesetter#1{\gdef\@typesetter{#1}} +\typesetter{} + +\def\proofreader#1{\gdef\@proofreader{#1}} +\proofreader{} + +\def\openreviewer#1{\gdef\@openreviewer{#1}} +\openreviewer{} + +\def\illustrator#1{\gdef\@illustrator{#1}} +\illustrator{} + +\newcommand{\lsAdditionalFontsImprint}{} +\newcommand{\AdditionalFontImprint}[1]{ + \edef\fontstemp{\lsAdditionalFontsImprint} + \renewcommand{\lsAdditionalFontsImprint}{\fontstemp, #1} +} + +%\def\@author{\@latex@warning@no@line{No \noexpand\author given}} +\newcommand{\ISBNdigital}[1]{\renewcommand{\lsISBNdigital}{#1}} +\newcommand{\ISBNsoftcover}[1]{\renewcommand{\lsISBNsoftcover}{#1}} +\newcommand{\ISBNsoftcoverus}[1]{\renewcommand{\lsISBNsoftcoverus}{#1}} +\newcommand{\ISBNhardcover}[1]{\renewcommand{\lsISBNhardcover}{#1}} + +\newcommand{\URL}[1]{\renewcommand{\lsURL}{#1}} +\newcommand{\Series}[1]{\renewcommand{\lsSeries}{#1}} +\newcommand{\SeriesNumber}[1]{\renewcommand{\lsSeriesNumber}{#1}} +\newcommand{\BookDOI}[1]{\renewcommand{\lsBookDOI}{#1}} + +\newcommand{\lsImpressumCitationText}{ + \onlyAuthor + \renewcommand{\newlineCover}{} + \renewcommand{\newlineSpine}{} + {\@author}\if\lsEditorSuffix\empty\else\ \lsEditorSuffix\fi. % + {\the\year}. % + \textit{\@title}\if\@subtitle\empty\else: \textit{\@subtitle}\fi\ % + (\lsSeriesTitle). % + Berlin: Language Science Press. +} + +\newcommand{\lsImpressum}{ +\raggedright + +\lsImpressumCitationText + +\vfill + +This title can be downloaded at:\\ +\url{\lsURL} + +© \the\year, \iflsCollection the authors\else\@author\fi + +\newcommand{\ccby}{CC-BY} +\ifx\lsCopyright\ccby +Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): +http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ +\else +Published under the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 Licence (CC BY-ND 4.0): +http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/ +\fi + +\begin{tabular}{@{}l@{~}l} +ISBN: & \lsISBNdigital~(Digital) \\ + & \lsISBNhardcover~(Hardcover)\\ + & \lsISBNsoftcover~(Softcover)\\ + & \lsISBNsoftcoverus~(Softcover US)\\ +\end{tabular} + +\IfStrEq{\lsISSN}{??} % \IfStrEq from xstring + {} + {ISSN: \lsISSN} + +\IfStrEq{\lsBookDOI}{??} % \IfStrEq from xstring + {} + {\doi{\lsBookDOI}} + + +\bigskip + +Cover and concept of design: +Ulrike Harbort \\ +\if\@translator\empty\else +Translator: +\@translator \\ +\fi +\if\@typesetter\empty\else +Typesetting: +\@typesetter \\ +\fi +\if\@illustrator\empty\else +Illustration: +\@illustrator \\ +\fi +\if\@proofreader\empty\else +Proofreading: +\@proofreader \\ +\fi +\if\@openreviewer\empty\else +Open reviewing: +\@openreviewer \\ +\fi +Fonts: Linux Libertine, Arimo, DejaVu Sans Mono\lsAdditionalFontsImprint\\ +Typesetting software: \XeLaTeX + +\bigskip + +Language Science Press\\ +Habelschwerdter Allee 45\\ +14195 Berlin, Germany\\ +\href{http://langsci-press.org}{langsci-press.org} + +\vfill + +Storage and cataloguing done by FU Berlin \\[3ex] + +\IfFileExists{\logopath logo.pdf}{\includegraphics[width=5cm]{\logopath logo.pdf}}{\logotext} \\[3ex] + + +\vfill + + + +\noindent +\lsp has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for +external or third-party Internet websites referred to in this +publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites +is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. +%Information regarding prices, travel timetables and other factual information given in this work are correct at the time of first publication but \lsp does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter. +} + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Dedication: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\newcommand{\lsDedication}{ + \vspace*{.2\textheight} + \begin{center} + {\lsDedicationFont + \@dedication } + \end{center} + \vfill + \clearpage} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Header and footer: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\usepackage{datetime} +\usepackage{scrpage2} +\ohead{\headmark} +\ihead{} +\cfoot{} +\ofoot[]{\pagemark} +\iflsDraft + \ifoot{Draft of \today, \currenttime} +\fi +\iflsOpenReview + \ifoot{{\color{lsRed}Open review version}. Final version at \url{\lsURL}.} +\fi + +\newcommand{\lsPageStyleEmpty}{ + \ohead{} + \ihead{} + \cfoot{} + \ofoot[]{} +} + +\renewcommand*{\partpagestyle}{empty} + +\pagestyle{scrheadings} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Sectioning +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\setcounter{secnumdepth}{4} + +\def\subsubsubsection{\@startsection{paragraph}{3}{\z@}{-3.25ex plus +-1ex minus-.2ex}{1.5ex plus.2ex}{\reset@font\normalsize}} + +\let\subsubsubsectionmark\@gobble% + +\def\subsubsubsubsection{\@startsection{subparagraph}{3}{\z@}{-3.25ex plus +-1ex minus-.2ex}{1.5ex plus.2ex}{\reset@font\normalsize}} + +\let\subsubsubsubsectionmark\@gobble + +%% needed for hyperref +\def\toclevel@subsubsubsection{4} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Epigrams: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\def\epigram#1{\gdef\@epigram{#1}} % needs to be defined this way to check emptiness +\epigram{} +\def\epigramsource#1{\gdef\@epigramsource{#1}} +\epigramsource{} + + +%%% epigraph configuration +\usepackage{epigraph} +\setlength{\epigraphrule}{0pt} +\renewcommand{\textflush}{flushepinormal} +%\setlength{\epigraphwidth}{.2\textwidth} +\setlength{\afterepigraphskip}{0\baselineskip} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Footnotes: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\ifxetex +\addtokomafont{footnote}{\addfontfeatures{Numbers=Lining}} % numbers in footnotes +%\addtokomafont{footnotelabel}{\addfontfeatures{Numbers=Lining}} % numbers in footnote labels +%\addtokomafont{footnotereference}{\addfontfeatures{Numbers=Lining}} % numbers in footnote references +\fi + +\raggedbottom +\deffootnote[1.5em]{1.5em}{\normalparindent}{\textsuperscript{\thefootnotemark}\ } +\newlength{\normalparindent} +\AtBeginDocument{\setlength{\normalparindent}{\parindent}} + +\KOMAoptions{footnotes=multiple} + +%% http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/28465/multiple-footnotes-at-one-point/71015#71015 +\let\oldFootnote\footnote +\newcommand\nextToken\relax + +\renewcommand\footnote[1]{% +\oldFootnote{#1}\futurelet\nextToken\isFootnote} + +\newcommand\isFootnote{% +\ifx\footnote\nextToken\textsuperscript{,}\fi} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Quotes: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +%% quotes are indented at one side only. +\renewenvironment{quote}{\list{}{\rightmargin0pt\leftmargin8mm}%{\rightmargin\leftmargin}% +\item\relax} +{\endlist} + +%% quotations are indented at one side only +%% there is no indentation at the beginning of the quote +\renewenvironment{quotation} +{\list{}{\listparindent 1.5em% +%\itemindent \listparindent +%\rightmargin \leftmargin +\parsep \z@ \@plus\p@}% +\item\relax} +{\endlist} + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Citations: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +\iflsBiblatex % BibLaTeX + \usepackage[ + natbib=true, + style=\bstpath biblatex-sp-unified, + citestyle=\bstpath sp-authoryear-comp, + %refsection=chapter, + maxbibnames=99, + isbn=false, + doi=false, + url=false, + eprint=false, + backend=\lsBiblatexBackend, + indexing=cite, + \iflsCollection\else + toc=bib % make bibliography appear in toc + \fi + ]{biblatex} + \renewcommand{\postnotedelim}{: }% + \renewcommand{\multicitedelim}{\addsemicolon\space}% + \renewcommand{\compcitedelim}{\multicitedelim} + \DeclareFieldFormat{postnote}{#1}% + %\renewcommand{\nameyeardelim}{ }% + \defbibheading{references}{\chapter{References}} +\else %BibTeX + \usepackage{natbib} + \setlength{\bibsep}{0mm} + %% unified style sheet for linguistics journals + %% http://celxj.org/downloads/unified.bst + \bibliographystyle{./langsci/bst/unified} + %% This does not work ... + % \setcitestyle{ + % notesep={: }, % 2002: 125 + % aysep={~} % Gazdar 2002 + % } + + %% check what the unified people have to say on this. + \bibpunct[: ]{(}{)}{;}{a}{}{,} + %% They do not say anything about citations in the running text. + %% As was sown in \citew{Meier2002} -> As was shown in Meier (2002), ... + %% This is what De Gruyter does: + \let\citew=\citet + %% This is what Stefan did: + %\let\citew=\citealt +\fi + +\let\cite=\citet % in order to prevent inconsistencies between \cite and \citet + +%% penalties against widows and orphans in bibliography +%% http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/297705/atbeginenvironment-does-not-work-with-natbib/297721#297721 +\usepackage{etoolbox} +\apptocmd{\thebibliography}{% +\clubpenalty\@M +\@clubpenalty\clubpenalty +\widowpenalty\@M +} +{}{} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Floats: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\usepackage{floatrow} % For adjusting the position of the caption (default is below). +\floatsetup[table]{capposition=top} % As for tables, the caption appears above. +%% This sets the default for the positioning of floats +\renewcommand{\fps@figure}{htbp} +\renewcommand{\fps@table}{htbp} + +\usepackage{booktabs} % for nicer lines + +%% floats +%% http://mintaka.sdsu.edu/GF/bibliog/latex/floats.html +%% Alter some LaTeX defaults for better treatment of figures: + +%% See p.105 of "TeX Unbound" for suggested values. +%% See pp. 199-200 of Lamport's "LaTeX" book for details. +%% General parameters, for ALL pages: +\renewcommand{\topfraction}{0.9} % max fraction of floats at top +\renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{0.8} % max fraction of floats at bottom +%% Parameters for TEXT pages (not float pages): +\setcounter{topnumber}{2} +\setcounter{bottomnumber}{2} +\setcounter{totalnumber}{4} % 2 may work better +\setcounter{dbltopnumber}{2} % for 2-column pages +\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{0.9} % fit big float above 2-col. text +\renewcommand{\textfraction}{0.07} % allow minimal text w. figs +%% Parameters for FLOAT pages (not text pages): +\renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{0.7} % require fuller float pages + %% N.B.: floatpagefraction MUST be less than topfraction !! +\renewcommand{\dblfloatpagefraction}{0.7} % require fuller float pages + +% \usepackage{setspace} +% \usepackage{caption} +% \captionsetup{labelfont=bf} +% \captionsetup{% +% font={% +% stretch=.8% +% ,small% +% },% +% width=.8\textwidth +% } + +\setcapindent{0pt} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Appendices: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\appto\appendix{% + %% format of the appendix title page + \renewcommand*{\chapterformat}{% + \mbox{\chapapp~\thechapter\autodot:\enskip}% + } + %% format of the TOC entry + \renewcommand{\addchaptertocentry}[2]{ + \ifstr{#1}{}{% + \addtocentrydefault{chapter}{}{#2}% + }{% + \addtocentrydefault{chapter}{}{\chapapp~#1: #2}% + }% + } +} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Indexes: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\usepackage{index} +%% Wie im Stylefile, aber ohne \MakeUppercase +\renewenvironment{theindex}{% + \edef\indexname{\the\@nameuse{idxtitle@\@indextype}}% + \if@twocolumn + \@restonecolfalse + \else + \@restonecoltrue + \fi + \columnseprule \z@ + \columnsep 35\p@ + \twocolumn[% + \@makeschapterhead{\indexname}% + \ifx\index@prologue\@empty\else + \index@prologue + \bigskip + \fi + ]% +% \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\indexname}% +% {\MakeUppercase\indexname}% + \@mkboth{\indexname}% + {\indexname}% + \thispagestyle{plain}% + \parindent\z@ + \parskip\z@ \@plus .3\p@\relax + \let\item\@idxitem + \providecommand*\seealso[2]{\emph{see also} ##1} +}{% + \if@restonecol + \onecolumn + \else + \clearpage + \fi +} + +\newcommand{\lsLanguageIndexTitle}{Language index} % This can be changed according to the language. +\newcommand{\lsSubjectIndexTitle}{Subject index} +\newcommand{\lsNameIndexTitle}{Name index} + +\AtBeginDocument{ + \makeindex + \newindex{lan}{ldx}{lnd}{\lsLanguageIndexTitle} + % \newindex{aut}{adx}{and}{Name index} + \newindex{sbj}{sdx}{snd}{\lsSubjectIndexTitle} + \renewindex{default}{adx}{and}{\lsNameIndexTitle} %biblatex can only deal with the default index + \newindex{wrd}{wdx}{wnd}{Expression index} + \newindex{rwrd}{rdx}{rnd}{Reverse expression index} +} + +\indexproofstyle{\setlength{\overfullrule}{0pt}\raggedright\footnotesize} + +%% \index inside footnote +\def\infn#1#2{% + \hyperpage{#2}n#1% +}% +\newcommand{\footnoteindex}[2]{\index{#2|infn{#1}}} +\newcommand{\footnoteindex@sbj}[2]{\index[sbj]{#2|infn{#1}}} +\newcommand{\footnoteindex@lan}[2]{\index[lan]{#2|infn{#1}}} +\newcommand{\footnoteindex@wrd}[2]{\index[wrd]{#2|infn{#1}}} + + +% Author index +\newcommand{\ia}[1]{% + \if@noftnote% + \index{#1}% + \else% + \edef\tempnumber{\thefootnote}% + \expandafter\footnoteindex\expandafter{\tempnumber}{#1}% + % \index{#1|fn{\thefootnote}}% + \fi% +} + +% Subject index +\newcommand{\is}[1]{% + \if@noftnote% + \index[sbj]{#1}% + \else% + \edef\tempnumber{\thefootnote}% + \expandafter\footnoteindex@sbj\expandafter{\tempnumber}{#1}% + %\indexftn{#1}{\value{footnotemark}}% + \fi% +} + +% Language index +\newcommand{\il}[1]{% + \if@noftnote + \index[lan]{#1}% + \else% + \edef\tempnumber{\thefootnote}% + \expandafter\footnoteindex@lan\expandafter{\tempnumber}{#1}% + \fi% +} + +% \iflsDraft +% \usepackage{showidx} % Doesn't work with multiple indexes? +% \fi + +%% this is required by authorindex +\newif\ifshowindex \showindexfalse +\usepackage{authorindex} + +\iflsShowIndex % shows index commands in text + \RequirePackage{soul} + \RequirePackage[noadjust]{marginnote} + \renewcommand{\marginpar}{\marginnote} + \let\isold\is + \renewcommand{\isi}[1]{\sethlcolor{green}\hl{#1}\isold{#1}} + \renewcommand{\is}[1]{{\tikzstyle{notestyleraw} += [text width=1.5cm]\todo[color=green,size=\scriptsize]{\tiny#1}\isold{#1}}} +\fi + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Hyperref: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\usepackage[ + bookmarks=true,bookmarksopen=true,bookmarksopenlevel=1,% + bookmarksdepth=5, + bookmarksnumbered=true, + hyperindex=true,% + breaklinks=true, + draft=false, + plainpages=false, + pdfusetitle=true, % puts author and title in automatically, maybe only in final mode? + pdfkeywords={}, + pdfpagelayout=TwoPageRight, % first page is separate + %ps2pdf=true + ]{hyperref} + +%% gets rid of the warnings: +%% Failed to convert input string to UTF16 +%% http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/66722/tex-live-2012-xelatex-moderncv-error-failed-to-convert-input-string-to-utf1 +\hypersetup{unicode,pdfencoding=auto,bookmarksopenlevel=0} + +%% add hyperlinks for DOIs in bibliography; must appear after hyperref +\usepackage{doi} +\renewcommand{\doitext}{DOI:} +\iflsBiblatex +\renewbibmacro*{finentry}{\finentry + \iffieldundef{url}{}{ \url{\thefield{url}}\iffieldundef{urlday}{}{, accessed \thefield{urlyear}-\thefield{urlmonth}-\thefield{urlday}}.} + \iffieldundef{doi}{}{ {\color{lsGuidelinesGray}\doi{\thefield{doi}}}} +} +%\DeclareFieldFormat{doi}{{\color{lsGuidelinesGray}\doi{#1}}} +\fi + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Collection (edited volume): +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +%% for papers of collections: +\newcommand{\lsCollectionPaperAbstract}{Put abstract here with \string\abstract.} +\newcommand{\abstract}[1]{\renewcommand{\lsCollectionPaperAbstract}{#1}} +\newcommand{\ChapterDOI}[1]{\renewcommand{\lsChapterDOI}{#1}} + + +%% inside \author: +\renewcommand{\and}{} +\newcommand{\lastand}{} +\newcommand{\affiliation}[1]{} + +%% to be used below chapter titles +\newcommand{\chaptersubtitle}[1]{ + \vspace*{-2ex} + {\Large #1} + \chapterheadendvskip + \@afterindentfalse + \@afterheading + } + + +\iflsCollection + \iflsBiblatex\else + \ClassError{langsci/langscibook}{Collection option not compatible with plain BibTeX. Please use biblatex option}{} + \fi + + +\AtBeginDocument{ % for the citation in the footer + \onlyAuthor + \renewcommand{\newlineCover}{} + \renewcommand{\newlineSpine}{} + \edef\lsCollectionTitle{\@title} % \edef immediately expands \@title + \edef\lsCollectionEditor{\@author} + \addbibresource{collection_tmp.bib} + \newwrite\tempfile % open temporary bib file + \immediate\openout\tempfile=collection_tmp.bib +} +\AtEndDocument{\immediate\closeout\tempfile}% close temporary bib file + +%% customize \tableofcontents +\renewcommand{\@dotsep}{2.5} % space between dots +\renewcommand{\@tocrmarg}{1.5em} % right margin for leader +\renewcommand{\@pnumwidth}{1.5em} % width of page numbers +\usepackage{tocstyle} +\usetocstyle{standard} %\usetocstyle{allwithdot} +\iflsCollectionTOCLong\else + \setcounter{tocdepth}{0}\fi % show only parts and chapters +\settocstylefeature[-1]{pagenumberbox}{\csname @gobble\endcsname} % parts without page number +\settocstylefeature[-1]{leaders}{\hfill} % parts without dots# + +\usepackage{chngcntr} +\counterwithout{figure}{chapter} +\counterwithout{table}{chapter} + +%% Modified code from: +%% http://pastcounts.wordpress.com/2010/12/20/how-to-construct-a-collection-of-articles-with-latex/ +\newenvironment{collectionpaper}{ + \renewcommand{\documentclass}[2][]{}% + \renewcommand{\usepackage}[2][]{}% + \renewenvironment{document}{\begingroup}{\endgroup}% + + \renewcommand{\title}[1]{\renewcommand{\@title}{##1}} + \renewcommand{\author}[1]{\renewcommand{\@author}{##1}} + %\renewcommand{\thanks}[1]{\symbolfootnote[1]{##1}} + \lsPaper + } + {} + +\newcommand{\includepaper}[1]{ + \begin{collectionpaper} + \begin{refsection} + + \DeclareCiteCommand{\fullciteFooter} + {\defcounter{maxnames}{\blx@maxbibnames}% + \usebibmacro{prenote}} + {\usedriver + {\DeclareNameAlias{sortname}{default}} + {\thefield{entrytype}}} + {\multicitedelim} + {\usebibmacro{postnote}} + \renewcommand{\lsCollectionPaperCitationText}{\fullciteFooter{#1}} + + \include{#1}% + \edef\lsCollectionPaperLastPage{\thepage} % \lsCollectionPaperFirstPage is defined in \lsPaper + + %%% for citation in footer + %% preprocessing of author/editor names + \onlyAuthor + \renewcommand{\newlineCover}{} + \renewcommand{\newlineSpine}{} + \renewcommand{\newlineTOC}{} + \StrSubstitute{\@author}{,}{ and }[\authorTemp] + \StrSubstitute{\authorTemp}{\&}{ and }[\authorTemp] + \StrSubstitute{\lsCollectionEditor}{,}{ and }[\editorTemp] + \StrSubstitute{\editorTemp}{\&}{ and }[\editorTemp] + + %% write bib entry to file + %% FIXME: the publisher field needs a final period, since this is not provided by \fullciteFooter together with DOIs. + \immediate\write\tempfile{@incollection{#1,author={\authorTemp},title={{\@title}},booktitle={{\lsCollectionTitle}},editor={\editorTemp},publisher={Language Science Press.},Address={Berlin},year=\the\year,pages={\lsCollectionPaperFirstPage --\lsCollectionPaperLastPage},doi={\lsChapterDOI},options={skipbib=true}}} + + \end{refsection} + \end{collectionpaper}} +\fi + + + +\newcommand{\onlyAuthor}{% % collection paper + \renewcommand{\and}{, }% + \renewcommand{\lastand}{ \& }% + \renewcommand{\affiliation}[1]{} + } + +\newcommand{\AuthorAffiliation}{ + \renewcommand{\and}{\newline\newline} + \renewcommand{\lastand}{\newline\newline} + \renewcommand{\affiliation}[1]{\\[0.5ex]{\normalsize ##1}}} + +\newcommand{\lsCollectionPaperHeaderAuthor}{{% + \renewcommand{\newlineCover}{}% + \renewcommand{\newlineTOC}{}% + \onlyAuthor\@author}} + +\newcommand{\lsCollectionPaperHeaderTitle}{% + \renewcommand{\newlineCover}{} + \renewcommand{\newlineTOC}{} + \iflsCollectionChapter% + \thechapter\hspace{0.5em}\fi + \@title} + +\newcommand{\lsCollectionPaperTOC}{{% + \iflsCollectionChapter% + \protect\numberline{\thechapter}\fi + \@title\newline{\normalfont\@author}}} + +\newcommand{\lsCollectionPaperTitle}{{% + \renewcommand{\newlineTOC}{} + \renewcommand{\newlineCover}{\\} + \iflsCollectionChapter + \vspace*{-2\baselineskip} + {\LARGE Chapter \thechapter}\newline\newline\fi + \@title}} + +\newcommand{\lsCollectionPaperAuthor}{{% + \renewcommand{\newlineTOC}{} + \renewcommand{\newlineCover}{\\[0.5ex]} + \AuthorAffiliation\Large\@author}} + +\newcommand{\lsCollectionPaperCitation}{\scalebox{1.2}{ + \includegraphics{\logopath langsci_spinelogo_nocolor.pdf}}% + \hspace{0.8em}% + \parbox[b]{.85\textwidth}{\linespread{0.8}\small\normalfont\lsCollectionPaperCitationText}} + +\newcommand{\lsCollectionPaperCitationText}{\string\lsCollectionPaperCitationText.} + +\newcommand{\lsPaper}{ + \renewcommand{\maketitle}{ + \addtocounter{chapter}{1} + \addchap*{\lsCollectionPaperTitle} + \global\edef\lsCollectionPaperFirstPage{\thepage} % for citation in footer + \onlyAuthor + \renewcommand{\newlineCover}{} + \renewcommand{\newlineTOC}{\\} + \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{\lsCollectionPaperTOC}% + \ifoot[\lsCollectionPaperCitation]{\iflsDraft Draft of \today, \currenttime \fi} + \vspace*{-2ex} + \lsCollectionPaperAuthor% + \vspace*{\baselineskip}% + \ifx\@epigram\empty% + \else {\epigraph{\@epigram\\[-5ex]}{\@epigramsource}% + \epigram{}\epigramsource{}}% + \fi% + \begin{quote} + \small\lsCollectionPaperAbstract + \end{quote} + } + + \renewcommand*{\thesection}{\arabic{section}} + \setcounter{section}{0} + \setcounter{footnote}{0} + \setcounter{figure}{0} + \setcounter{table}{0} + \setcounter{equation}{0} % for examples + \ohead{} + \lehead{\lsCollectionPaperHeaderAuthor} + \rohead{\lsCollectionPaperHeaderTitle} +} + + +%writeout page numbers for separation of chapters + +\usepackage{newfile} +\newoutputstream{pages} +\openoutputfile{\jobname.pgs}{pages} +\newcommand{\writechapterpages}{\addtostream{pages}{\thepage}} + +\AtEndDocument{ + \closeoutputstream{pages} +} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Miscellaneous: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\usepackage[figuresright]{rotating} + +%% hspace over width of something without showing it +\newlength{\LSPTmp} +\newcommand*{\hspaceThis}[1]{\settowidth{\LSPTmp}{#1}\hspace*{\LSPTmp}} + + + +\endinput \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/langsci/langscibook.cls.backup b/langsci/langscibook.cls.backup new file mode 100644 index 0000000..56d6f6f --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/langscibook.cls.backup @@ -0,0 +1,1721 @@ +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% File: langscibook.cls +%% Author: Language Science Press (http://langsci-press.org) +%% Date: #FIXME UTC +%% Purpose: This file defines the basic document class +%% for books published with Language Science Press. +%% Language: LaTeX +%% Copyright 2012- Language Science Press +%% Licence: This work may be distributed and/or modified under the +%% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3 +%% of this license or (at your option) any later version. +%% The latest version of this license is in +%% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt +%% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX +%% version 2005/12/01 or later. +%% +%% This work has the LPPL maintenance status `maintained'. +%% +%% The Current Maintainer of this work is Sebastian Nordhoff. +%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Structure of this file: +% \- Paths +% \- Default values of variables +% \- Definition of conditionals +% \- Option handling +% \- MAIN CLASS +% \- General packages +% \- print on demand macros +% \- Output types (book, draft, cover) +% \- Page geometry +% \- Fonts +% \- Colors +% \- Book cover +% \- Series history +% \- Imprint +% \- Dedication +% \- Header and footer +% \- Sectioning +% \- Epigrams +% \- Footnotes +% \- Quotes +% \- Citations +% \- Floats +% \- Appendices +% \- Indexes +% \- Hyperref +% \- Edited volumes (Collection) +% \_ Miscellaneous +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +\ProvidesClass{langsci/langscibook}[2016/04/20 Language Science Press] + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Paths +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\newcommand{\fontpath}{} +\newcommand{\logopath}{} +\newcommand{\seriesinfopath}{} +\newcommand{\bstpath}{} +\newcommand{\stylepath}{} +% Paths can be overwritten with option "nonflat" + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Default values +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\usepackage{xspace} +\newcommand{\lsp}{Language Science Press\xspace} +\newcommand{\lsSeriesNumber}{??} +\newcommand{\lsISSN}{??} +\newcommand{\lsISBNdigital}{000-0-000000-00-0} +\newcommand{\lsISBNhardcover}{000-0-000000-00-0} +\newcommand{\lsISBNsoftcover}{000-0-000000-00-0} +\newcommand{\lsISBNsoftcoverus}{000-0-000000-00-0} +\newcommand{\lsBookDOI}{??} +\newcommand{\lsChapterDOI}{??} +\newcommand{\lsURL}{http://langsci-press.org/catalog} +\newcommand{\lsSeries}{eotms} +\newcommand{\lsSpineBreadth}{20mm} +\newcommand{\lsOutput}{book} %"short" makes no sense if "long" is deprecated +\newcommand{\lsFontsize}{11pt} +\newcommand{\lsCopyright}{CC-BY} +\newcommand{\lsBiblatexBackend}{bibtex} +\newcommand{\logotext}{FU-Logo} + +\newcommand{\lsBackBody}{Europan lingues es membres del sam familie. Lor separat existentie es un myth. Por scientie, musica, sport etc, litot Europa usa li sam vocabular. Li lingues differe solmen in li grammatica, li pronunciation e li plu commun vocabules. Omnicos directe al desirabilite de un nov lingua franca: On refusa continuar payar custosi traductores.} +\newcommand{\lsBackTitle}{\@title} +\newcommand{\BackTitle}[1]{\renewcommand{\lsBackTitle}{#1}} +\newcommand{\BackBody}[1]{\renewcommand{\lsBackBody}{#1}} + +\newcommand{\newlineCover}{\\} % \newline only on cover +\newcommand{\newlineSpine}{\\} % \newline only on spine +\newcommand{\newlineTOC}{\\} % \newline only in TOC entry + +\newcommand{\lsSpineTitle}{\@title} +\newcommand{\lsSpineAuthor}{\@author} +\newcommand{\SpineTitle}[1]{\renewcommand{\lsSpineTitle}{#1}} +\newcommand{\SpineAuthor}[1]{\renewcommand{\lsSpineAuthor}{#1}} + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Conditionals +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\newif\iflsDraft \lsDraftfalse +\newif\iflsOpenReview \lsOpenReviewfalse +\newif\iflsShowIndex \lsShowIndexfalse +\newif\iflsBiblatex \lsBiblatextrue +\newif\iflsCollection \lsCollectionfalse +\newif\iflsCollectionChapter \lsCollectionChapterfalse +\newif\iflsCollectionTOCLong \lsCollectionTOCLongfalse +\newif\iflsNewtxmath \lsNewtxmathtrue +\newif\iflsCover \lsCoverfalse %output format is cover +\newif\iflsUscover \lsUscoverfalse +\newif\iflsModfonts \lsModfontsfalse + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Option handling +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\RequirePackage{kvoptions} % for key-value options +\SetupKeyvalOptions{ + family=langscibook, + prefix=langscibook@ } +\DeclareStringOption{number}[??] + \define@key{langscibook}{number}{% + \renewcommand{\lsSeriesNumber}{#1}} +\DeclareStringOption{issn}[??] + \define@key{langscibook}{issn}{% + \renewcommand{\lsISSN}{#1}} +\DeclareStringOption{isbndigital}[000-0-000000-00-0] + \define@key{langscibook}{isbndigital}{% + \renewcommand{\lsISBNdigital}{#1}} +\DeclareStringOption{isbnsoftcover}[000-0-000000-00-0] + \define@key{langscibook}{isbnsoftcover}{% + \renewcommand{\lsISBNsoftcover}{#1}} +\DeclareStringOption{isbnhardcover}[000-0-000000-00-0] + \define@key{langscibook}{isbnhardcover}{% + \renewcommand{\lsISBNhardcover}{#1}} +\DeclareStringOption{url}[http://langsci-press.org/catalog] + \define@key{langscibook}{url}{% + \renewcommand{\lsURL}{#1}} +\DeclareStringOption{series}[eotms] + \define@key{langscibook}{series}{% + \renewcommand{\lsSeries}{#1}} +\DeclareStringOption{output}[book] + \define@key{langscibook}{output}{% + \renewcommand{\lsOutput}{#1}} +\DeclareStringOption{copyright}[CC-BY] + \define@key{langscibook}{copyright}{% + \renewcommand{\lsCopyright}{#1}} +\DeclareStringOption{biblatexbackend}[bibtex] + \define@key{langscibook}{biblatexbackend}{% + \renewcommand{\lsBiblatexBackend}{#1}} +% \DeclareVoidOption{long}{ +% \renewcommand{\lsOutput}{long}} +\DeclareVoidOption{smallfont}{ + \renewcommand{\lsFontsize}{10pt}} +\DeclareVoidOption{draftmode}{ % 'draftmode' instead of 'draft' due to undesirable side efects + \lsDrafttrue + \overfullrule=5pt } % to indicate overfull hboxes +\DeclareVoidOption{openreview}{ + \lsOpenReviewtrue% + \AtBeginDocument{\renewcommand{\lsISBNdigital}{000-0-000000-00-0}}} +\DeclareVoidOption{nonflat}{ + \renewcommand{\fontpath}{./langsci/fonts/} + \renewcommand{\logopath}{./langsci/graphics/} + \renewcommand{\seriesinfopath}{./langsci/seriesinfo/} + \renewcommand{\bstpath}{./langsci/bst/} + \renewcommand{\stylepath}{./langsci/styles/} +} +\DeclareVoidOption{modfonts}{ + \lsModfontstrue} +\DeclareVoidOption{showindex}{ + \lsShowIndextrue} +\DeclareVoidOption{biblatex}{ + \lsBiblatextrue} +\DeclareVoidOption{bibtex}{ + \lsBiblatexfalse} +\DeclareVoidOption{nonewtxmath}{ + \lsNewtxmathfalse} +\DeclareVoidOption{collection}{ + \lsCollectiontrue} +\DeclareVoidOption{collectionchapter}{ + \lsCollectiontrue% + \lsCollectionChaptertrue} +\DeclareVoidOption{collectiontoclong}{ + \lsCollectiontrue% + \lsCollectionTOCLongtrue} +\DeclareVoidOption{coverus}{ + \lsUscovertrue} +\ProcessKeyvalOptions{langscibook} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Class +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +\LoadClass[ + fontsize=\lsFontsize, % default is 11pt + footnotes=multiple, + numbers=noenddot, % no point after last number of chapters/sections + toc=bibliography, + index=totoc, + %chapterprefix=true, + %draft=yes, + %appendixprefix + ]{scrbook} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Packages +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\usepackage{etex} +\reserveinserts{18} +\usepackage{xstring} +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{hyphenat} + +\usepackage{tikz} % Needed for covers and advert page + \usetikzlibrary{positioning} + \usetikzlibrary{calc} + +\usepackage{pbox} % boxes with maximum width +\usepackage[hyphens]{url} +\urlstyle{same} + + +%% standard commands +\usepackage{\stylepath langsci-basic} +%% useful commands for glossings: +% \usepackage{\stylepath langsci-lgr} #FIXME this should probably be replaced by \usepackage{leipzig} +\usepackage{todonotes} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Print on demand macros +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\newcommand{\podsetup}{ + \lsCovertrue + \renewcommand{\maketitle}{} %no need for this + \StrLen{\@subtitle}[\subtitleStrLen] % check if a subtitle exists + \pagestyle{empty} + \pgfdeclarelayer{lspcls_bg} % Please make sure to never use lspcls_... PGF layers in any document + \pgfsetlayers{lspcls_bg,main} + \renewcommand{\and}{, }% + \renewcommand{\lastand}{ \& }% + \renewcommand{\affiliation}[1]{} +} + +% \usepackage[outline]{contour} + +\newcommand{\podspine}[1]{ + \renewcommand{\newlineCover}{} + \renewcommand{\and}{, } + \renewcommand{\lastand}{ \& } + \node [above = #1 of lspcls_bgspline.south] (lspcls_splinelogo) {\color{\lsSeriesColor}\includegraphics{\logopath langsci_spinelogo_nocolor.pdf}}; +% add number on spine +% inside logo +% \node [below = -7mm of lspcls_splinelogo] (lspcls_splinenumber) { \hspace*{4mm}{\parbox{.37cm}{\centering \contour{\lsSeriesColor}{\color{white}\sffamily \large \lsSeriesNumber }}}}; +% bottom centered +% \node [below = -1mm of lspcls_splinelogo] (lspcls_splinenumber) {\color{\lsSeriesColor} \hspace*{4mm}{\parbox{.37cm}{\centering\sffamily \large \lsSeriesNumber }}}; +% bottom leftaligned +% \node [below = -1mm of lspcls_splinelogo] (lspcls_splinenumber) {\color{\lsSeriesColor} \hspace*{4mm}{\parbox{.37cm}{\sffamily \large \lsSeriesNumber }}}; +% +\node [above = 225mm of lspcls_bgspline.south] (lspcls_splinenumber) {\color{\lsSeriesColor} + {\parbox{.37cm}{ + % \centering + \sffamily + \huge + \lsSeriesNumber + } + } +}; + + \node [font=\fontsize{18pt}{14pt}\selectfont, above left = 15mm and 4mm of lspcls_splinelogo.north, rotate=270] (lspcls_splinetitle) {\color{\lsSeriesColor} \lsSpineAuthorFont{\lsSpineAuthor\xspace\lsEditorSuffix} \hspace{13mm} \lsSpineTitleFont{\lsSpineTitle}}; + \renewcommand{\newlineCover}{\\} +} + +\newcommand{\podgeometry}[4]{ + \begin{pgfonlayer}{lspcls_bg} % background layer + \node [bg, left = #1 of current page.east, fill=\lsSeriesColor, minimum height=#2, minimum width=#3] (lspcls_bg1) {}; % Die können wir noch dynamisch bestimmen % 7.5mm -> 10.675mm for bleed + \node [bg, right = #1 of current page.west, fill=\lsSeriesColor, minimum height=#2, minimum width=#3] (lspcls_bg2) {}; + \node at (current page.center) [bg, minimum height=#4, minimum width=\spinewidth,dashed] (lspcls_bgspline) {}; % add [draw] option for preview mode + \end{pgfonlayer} +} + +\newcommand{\podbackcover}{ + \node [font=\fontsize{25pt}{10mm}\selectfont, right, below right = 16.5mm and 7.5mm of lspcls_bg2.north west, text width=11.5cm] (lspcls_backtitle) {\color{\lsCoverFontColour}\lsBackTitleFont{\raggedright\lsBackTitle\par}}; + \node [below = 10mm of lspcls_backtitle, text width=11.5cm, align=justify] {\color{\lsCoverFontColour}\lsBackBodyFont{\parindent=15pt\lsBackBody}}; + %\node [below right = 192.5mm and 97.5mm of lspcls_bg2.north west] {\color{\lsCoverFontColour}ISBN \lsBackBodyFont{\lsISBN}}; + \node [below right = 192.5mm and 97.5mm of lspcls_bg2.north west, text width=4cm] { + \colorbox{white}{ + \begin{pspicture}(0,0)(4.1,1in) + \psbarcode[transx=.4,transy=.3]{\lsISBNcover}{includetext height=.7}{isbn}% + \end{pspicture} + } + }; +} + +\newcommand{\podfrontcovertoptext}[1]{ + \newcommand{\lsCoverFontColour}{white} + \renewcommand{\and}{\\} + \renewcommand{\lastand}{\\} + + \node [execute at begin node={}, font=\fontsize{52pt}{16.75mm}\selectfont, below right = 10mm and 7.5mm of lspcls_bg1.north west, text width=#1, align=left] (lspcls_covertitle) {\color{\lsCoverFontColour}\lsCoverTitleFont{\raggedright\@title\par}}; % x = 15mm - 7.5mm ; y = 17.5mm - 7.5mm + + \ifnum\subtitleStrLen=0 % Is there a subtitle? + \node [font=\fontsize{25pt}{12.5mm}\selectfont, right, below = 11.2mm of lspcls_covertitle.south, text width=#1] {\color{\lsCoverFontColour}\lsCoverAuthorFont\nohyphens{\lsEditorPrefix\@author\par}}; % If not, just print the author + \else + \node [font=\fontsize{25pt}{10mm}\selectfont,below = 8mm of lspcls_covertitle.south, text width=#1] (lspcls_coversubtitle) {\color{\lsCoverFontColour} \lsCoverSubTitleFont \nohyphens{\@subtitle}\par}; + \node [font=\fontsize{25pt}{12.5mm}\selectfont, right, below = 11.2mm of lspcls_coversubtitle.south, text width=#1] {\color{\lsCoverFontColour}\lsCoverAuthorFont{\nohyphens{\lsEditorPrefix\@author\par}}}; + \fi +} + +\newcommand{\podcoverbottomtext}{ + \node [above right = 18.5mm and -.1mm of lspcls_bg1.south west, rectangle, fill=white, minimum size=17pt] (lspcls_square) {}; % 2 + \node [above left = 10mm and 7.5mm of lspcls_bg1.south east] {\color{\lsCoverFontColour}\includegraphics{\logopath langsci_logo_nocolor.pdf}}; + \path let \p1 = (lspcls_square.north east), \p2 = (lspcls_covertitle.west) in node at (\x2,\y1) (lspcls_seriesinfo) [font=\fontsize{17pt}{7.5mm}\selectfont, right, text width=95mm, anchor=north west] {\color{\lsCoverFontColour}\lsCoverSeriesFont{\lsSeriesTitle\par}}; +} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Output types +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +% \newcommand{\lsOutputLong}{long} +\newcommand{\lsOutputBook}{book} % standard book +\newcommand{\lsOutputShort}{short} % standard book, old key name +\newcommand{\lsOutputInprep}{inprep} % marks manuscript as in preparation +\newcommand{\lsOutputPaper}{paper} % paper in edited volume +\newcommand{\lsOutputGuidelines}{guidelines} % guidelines +\newcommand{\lsOutputCover}{cover} % FIXME remove this? +\newcommand{\lsOutputCoverBOD}{coverbod} % cover with BoD measurements +\newcommand{\lsOutputCoverDOB}{coverdob} % FIXME remove this? +\newcommand{\lsOutputCoverCS}{covercreatespace} % cover with CreateSpace measurements + + +%% Output types are defined with \newcommand above so they can be used with geometry. + +\AtBeginDocument{ +\ifx\lsOutput\lsOutputPaper % only if output=paper + \usepackage{chngcntr} + \counterwithout{figure}{chapter} + \counterwithout{table}{chapter} + \lsPaper +\else % only if output!=paper +\renewcommand{\maketitle}{ +\begin{titlepage} +\thispagestyle{empty} + +% \ifx\lsOutput\lsOutputLong % only if output=long +% \setcounter{page}{-3} +% %% First titlepage: +% {\lsFrontPage} +% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% \newpage\thispagestyle{empty} +% \null\newpage\thispagestyle{empty} +% %% Back page: +% {\lsBackPage} +% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% \newpage\thispagestyle{empty} +% \null\newpage\thispagestyle{empty} +% %% Book spine: +% {\lsSpine} +% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% \newpage\thispagestyle{empty} +% \null\newpage\thispagestyle{empty} +% %% Series information: +% {\lsSeriesHistory} +% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% \newpage\thispagestyle{empty} +% %% Schmutztitel: +% {\renewcommand{\lsCoverBlockColor}{white} +% \renewcommand{\lsCoverFontColor}{\lsSeriesColor} +% \lsSchmutztitel} +% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% \AtEndDocument{ +% \lsPageStyleEmpty +% \null\newpage\thispagestyle{empty} +% %% Advertisement: +% {\lsAdvertisement} +% } +% \fi + +\ifx\lsOutput\lsOutputBook % only if output=book + \setcounter{page}{-1} + %% First titlepage: + {\lsFrontPage} + %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + \newpage\thispagestyle{empty} + \null\newpage\thispagestyle{empty} + %% Series information: + {\lsSeriesHistory} + %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + \newpage\thispagestyle{empty} + %% Schmutztitel: + {\renewcommand{\lsCoverBlockColor}{white} + \renewcommand{\lsCoverFontColor}{\lsSeriesColor} + \lsSchmutztitel} + %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + \AtEndDocument{ + \lsPageStyleEmpty + \null\newpage\thispagestyle{empty} + %% Advertisement: + {\lsAdvertisement} + \null\newpage\thispagestyle{empty} + %% Back page: + {\lsBackPage} + \null\newpage\thispagestyle{empty} + } +\fi + + +\ifx\lsOutput\lsOutputShort %repeated from \lsOutputBook above for backward compatibility + \setcounter{page}{-1} + %% First titlepage: + {\lsFrontPage} + %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + \newpage\thispagestyle{empty} + \null\newpage\thispagestyle{empty} + %% Series information: + {\lsSeriesHistory} + %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + \newpage\thispagestyle{empty} + %% Schmutztitel: + {\renewcommand{\lsCoverBlockColor}{white} + \renewcommand{\lsCoverFontColor}{\lsSeriesColor} + \lsSchmutztitel} + %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + \AtEndDocument{ + \lsPageStyleEmpty + \null\newpage\thispagestyle{empty} + %% Advertisement: + {\lsAdvertisement} + \null\newpage\thispagestyle{empty} + %% Back page: + {\lsBackPage} + \null\newpage\thispagestyle{empty} + } +\fi + +\ifx\lsOutput\lsOutputInprep % only if output=inprep + {\renewcommand{\lsCoverBlockColor}{white} + \renewcommand{\lsCoverFontColor}{black} + \lsCoverBlock + \lsCoverTitleAuthor} +\fi + +\ifx\lsOutput\lsOutputGuidelines % only if output=guidelines + {\setcounter{page}{-1} + \renewcommand{\lsAdvertisement}{} + %% First titlepage: + {\lsFrontPage} + } + +\fi + +\ifx\lsOutput\lsOutputCoverBOD % only if output=cover + \podsetup + \begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture, overlay,bg/.style={outer sep=0}] + \podgeometry{24.5mm}{23.1cm}{15.2cm}{24.6cm} + \podspine{7.5mm} + \podfrontcovertoptext{137mm} + \podcoverbottomtext + \newcommand{\lsISBNcover}{\lsISBNhardcover} + \podbackcover + \end{tikzpicture} + %exit the document right here + \end{titlepage} + \end{document} + \fi + + +% ============================ +\ifx\lsOutput\lsOutputCoverCS % only if output=covercs + \podsetup + \begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture, overlay,bg/.style={outer sep=0}] + \podgeometry{10.675mm}{22.5cm}{15.5cm}{24cm} + \podspine{10.675mm} + \podfrontcovertoptext{140mm} + \podcoverbottomtext +% %unclear why this was different between BOD and CS +% %----------------------------- +% \node [above right = 18.5mm and -.1mm of lspcls_bg1.south west, rectangle, fill=white, minimum size=17pt] (lspcls_square) {}; % 2 +% \node [above left = 10mm and 7.5mm of lspcls_bg1.south east] {\color{\lsCoverFontColour}\includegraphics{\logopath langsci_logo_nocolor.pdf}}; +% % \node [below right = 197.5mm and 117.1mm of lspcls_bg1.north west] {\color{\lsCoverFontColour}\includegraphics{\logopath langsci_logo_nocolor.pdf}}; +% \path let \p1 = (lspcls_square.north east), \p2 = (lspcls_covertitle.west) in node at (\x2,\y1) (lspcls_seriesinfo) [font=\fontsize{17pt}{7.5mm}\selectfont, right, text width=95mm, anchor=north west] {\color{\lsCoverFontColour}\lsCoverSeriesFont{\lsSeriesTitle\par}}; +% %----------------------------- + \iflsUscover\newcommand{\lsISBNcover}{\lsISBNsoftcoverus}\else\newcommand{\lsISBNcover}{\lsISBNsoftcover}\fi + \podbackcover + \end{tikzpicture} + %exit the document right here + \end{titlepage} + \end{document} +\fi + +\end{titlepage} + +\frontmatter +\renewcommand{\frontmatter}{} + +\null\newpage\thispagestyle{empty} +\hypersetup{colorlinks=false, pdfborder={0 0 0}} % for hyperref +\color{black} +\lsInsideFont + +%% Imprint: +\ifx\lsOutput\lsOutputInprep{} +\else{ + \ifx\lsOutput\lsOutputGuidelines{} + \else{\lsImpressum} + \fi} +\fi +%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\null\newpage\thispagestyle{plain} +%\pagenumbering{roman} % or \frontmatter + +%% Dedication: +\ifx\@dedication\empty{} +\else{\lsDedication} +\fi +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +} %% \maketitle +\fi + +%% for those who like the example in numbered example sentences to be typeset in italics +%% this is possible for a complete series only. +\ifx\lsSeries\sidl + %\def\exfont{\normalsize\itshape} + \renewcommand{\eachwordone}{\itshape} % only \gll + + \let\oldtable\table % footnotes in tables without horizontal line + \let\endoldtable\endtable + \renewenvironment{table}{\setfootnoterule{0pt}\oldtable}{\endoldtable} +\fi + +} %% \AtBeginDocument + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Geometry +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +% For output type cover +\usepackage{catchfilebetweentags} +\newlength{\csspine} +\newlength{\bodspine} +\newlength{\bleed} +\newlength{\seitenbreite} +\newlength{\seitenhoehe} +\newlength{\spinewidth} +\newlength{\totalwidth} +\newlength{\totalheight} +\ExecuteMetaData[localmetadata.tex]{coverdimen} % Get only the information between the tag "coverdimen" from localmetadate.tex +\setlength{\bleed}{3.175mm} + + \ifx\lsOutput\lsOutputCoverCS % if output = cover; This is the CreateSpace Version + \lsCovertrue + \setlength{\bleed}{3.175mm} + \setlength{\seitenbreite}{169.9mm} + \setlength{\seitenhoehe}{244.1mm} + \setlength{\spinewidth}{\csspine} % Create Space Version + + \usepackage{calc} + + \setlength{\totalwidth}{\spinewidth+\seitenbreite+\seitenbreite+\bleed+\bleed} + \setlength{\totalheight}{\seitenhoehe+\bleed+\bleed} + \usepackage[paperheight=\totalheight, paperwidth=\totalwidth]{geometry} + \hyphenpenalty 750 +\fi + +\ifx\lsOutput\lsOutputCoverBOD + \lsCovertrue + \usepackage{calc} +% \input{./lengths.tex} + \newlength{\bodfold} + \newlength{\totalspine} + \setlength{\bodfold}{8mm} + \setlength{\seitenbreite}{192mm} + \setlength{\seitenhoehe}{280mm} % For BOD: Hardcover, Gerader Rücken, Kaschiert, papier 80g/m², weiß + \setlength{\spinewidth}{\bodspine} + \setlength{\totalspine}{\spinewidth+\bodfold+\bodfold} + \setlength{\totalwidth}{\spinewidth+\seitenbreite+\seitenbreite} + \setlength{\totalheight}{\seitenhoehe} + \usepackage[paperheight=\seitenhoehe, paperwidth=\totalwidth]{geometry} + \hyphenpenalty 750 +\fi + +%Page size and text area if not cover + +\iflsCover +%output types cover have already been handled +\else % output != cover + \usepackage[ + papersize={170mm,240mm} + ,top=27.4mm % TODO nachgemessen, nach Vermassung eigentlich 30mm-16pt = 25.8mm + ,inner=20.5mm, + ,outer=24.5mm + %,showframe,pass + ,marginparwidth=50pt + ]{geometry} +\fi + +\usepackage[ + absolute % for absolute positioning in titlepage + %,showboxes + ]{textpos} +\setlength{\TPHorizModule}{1mm} +\setlength{\TPVertModule}{\TPHorizModule} +\textblockorigin{0mm}{0mm} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Fonts +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\usepackage{ifxetex} +\ifxetex\else\ClassError{langsci/langscibook}{Please use XeLaTeX!}{}\fi +\usepackage{amssymb} % has to be loaded before other stuff +\PassOptionsToPackage{no-math}{fontspec} % must appear before metalogo or any fontspec stuff; deactivates fontspec's math settings, which is necessary to let newtxmath do the job +\usepackage{metalogo}\newcommand{\xelatex}{\XeLaTeX\xspace} +\usepackage{dejavu} +\usepackage{libertine} + +\setmonofont[ + Ligatures={TeX},Scale=MatchLowercase, + BoldFont = DejaVuSansMono-Bold.ttf , + SlantedFont = DejaVuSansMono-Oblique.ttf , + BoldSlantedFont = DejaVuSansMono-BoldOblique.ttf + ]{DejaVuSansMono.ttf} + +\iflsModfonts{% use Langsci fonts + \setsansfont[ + %Ligatures={TeX,Common}, % not supported by ttf + Scale=MatchLowercase, + Path=\fontpath, + BoldFont = Arimo-Bold_B.ttf , + ItalicFont = Arimo-Italic_B.ttf , + BoldItalicFont = Arimo-BoldItalic_B.ttf + ]{Arimo_B.ttf} + + + \setmainfont[ + Ligatures={TeX,Common}, + Path=\fontpath, + PunctuationSpace=0, + Numbers={Proportional}, + BoldFont = LinLibertine_RZ_B.otf , + ItalicFont = LinLibertine_RI_B.otf , + BoldItalicFont = LinLibertine_RZI_B.otf, + BoldSlantedFont = LinLibertine_RZ_B.otf, + SlantedFont = LinLibertine_R_B.otf, + SlantedFeatures = {FakeSlant=0.25}, + BoldSlantedFeatures = {FakeSlant=0.25}, + SmallCapsFeatures = {FakeSlant=0}, + ]{LinLibertine_R_B.otf} +\else % use standard fonts + \setsansfont[ + %Ligatures={TeX,Common}, % not supported by ttf + Scale=MatchLowercase, + Path=\fontpath, + BoldFont = Arimo-Bold.ttf , + ItalicFont = Arimo-Italic.ttf , + BoldItalicFont = Arimo-BoldItalic.ttf + ]{Arimo-Regular.ttf} + + + \setmainfont[ + Ligatures={TeX,Common}, + Path=\fontpath, + PunctuationSpace=0, + Numbers={Proportional}, + BoldFont = LinLibertine_RZ.otf , + ItalicFont = LinLibertine_RI.otf , + BoldItalicFont = LinLibertine_RZI.otf, + BoldSlantedFont = LinLibertine_RZ.otf, + SlantedFont = LinLibertine_R.otf, + SlantedFeatures = {FakeSlant=0.25}, + BoldSlantedFeatures = {FakeSlant=0.25}, + SmallCapsFeatures = {FakeSlant=0}, + ]{LinLibertine_R.otf} + +\fi + +\iflsNewtxmath % some users have problems when installing newtxmath +% \usepackage[libertine]{newtxmath} + + %% following http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/297328/xelatex-does-not-load-newtxmath-with-linuxlibertine-sometimes + %% due to a bug in XeTeX; unfortunately this is NOT extensively tested! + \usepackage{xpatch} + \xpretocmd{\textsuperscript} + {{\sbox0{$\textstyle x$}}} + {}{} + \AtBeginDocument{% + \DeclareSymbolFont{operators}{\encodingdefault}{\familydefault}{m}{n}% + \SetSymbolFont{operators}{bold}{\encodingdefault}{\familydefault}{b}{n}% + } +\fi + +\let\oldtabular\tabular % number in tabulars +\let\endoldtabular\endtabular +\renewenvironment{tabular}{\normalfont\addfontfeatures{Numbers=Lining}\selectfont\oldtabular}{\endoldtabular} + +%\frenchspacing +\usepackage[final]{microtype} + +\newcommand{\lsCoverTitleFont}[1]{\sffamily\addfontfeatures{Scale=MatchUppercase}\fontsize{52pt}{17.25mm}\selectfont #1} +\newcommand{\lsCoverSubTitleFont}{\sffamily\addfontfeatures{Scale=MatchUppercase}\fontsize{25pt}{10mm}\selectfont} +\newcommand{\lsCoverAuthorFont}{\fontsize{25pt}{12.5mm}\selectfont} +\newcommand{\lsCoverSeriesFont}{\sffamily\fontsize{17pt}{7.5mm}\selectfont} % fontsize? +\newcommand{\lsCoverSeriesHistoryFont}{\sffamily\fontsize{10pt}{5mm}\selectfont} +\newcommand{\lsInsideFont}{} % obsolete, see \setmainfont +\newcommand{\lsDedicationFont}{\fontsize{15pt}{10mm}\selectfont} +\newcommand{\lsBackTitleFont}{\sffamily\addfontfeatures{Scale=MatchUppercase}\fontsize{25pt}{10mm}\selectfont} +\newcommand{\lsBackBodyFont}{\lsInsideFont} +\newcommand{\lsSpineAuthorFont}{\fontsize{16pt}{14pt}\selectfont} +\newcommand{\lsSpineTitleFont}{\sffamily\fontsize{18pt}{14pt}\selectfont} + +\setkomafont{sectioning}{\normalcolor\bfseries} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Colors: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\usepackage{xcolor} +\input{\seriesinfopath langsci-series.def} % \lsSeriesColor, \lsSeriesTitle, \lsISSN and colors are defined here + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Cover: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\usepackage{pst-barcode} % for generating bar codes +\newcommand{\lsCoverFontColor}{white} +\newcommand{\lsCoverBlockColor}{\lsSeriesColor} + + +\newcommand{\lsEditorPrefix}{} +\newcommand{\lsEditorSuffix}{} +\iflsCollection % for collections: set \lsEditorSuffix depending on \@author + \AtBeginDocument{ + \renewcommand{\newlineCover}{} + \renewcommand{\newlineSpine}{} + \renewcommand{\lsEditorPrefix}{{\Large Edited by\\}} + \renewcommand{\lsEditorSuffix}{(ed.)} + \IfSubStr{\@author}{Press} % if \@author contains \& + %case true + {\renewcommand{\lsEditorSuffix}{(eds.)}} + %case false + {} + \IfSubStr{\@author}{,} % if \@author contains , + %case true + {\renewcommand{\lsEditorSuffix}{(eds.)}} + %case false + {} + } +\else +\fi + +\newcommand{\lsCoverBlock}{ + \begin{textblock}{155}(7.6,7.5) + \color{\lsCoverBlockColor} + \raggedright\rule{155mm}{225mm} + \end{textblock} + \iflsDraft + \begin{textblock}{155}(30,80) + \color{lsLightGray} + \rotatebox{40}{ + \begin{tabular}{c} + \scalebox{10}{DRAFT}\\ + of \today, \currenttime + \end{tabular}} + \end{textblock} + \fi + \iflsOpenReview + \iflsDraft + \ClassError{langsci/langscibook}{Open review mode not compatible with draft mode. Please disable one of them}{} + \fi + \begin{textblock}{170}(-20,75) + \rotatebox{30}{ + \colorbox{red}{ + \parbox[c][15ex][c]{220mm}{\centering\lsCoverTitleFont\color{white}Open Review\\[-0.1ex]} + % \begin{tabular}{c} + % ~\\ + % \scalebox{6}{\color{red}Open Review}\\[-0.5ex] + % ~%version of \today, \currenttime + % \end{tabular} + } + } + \end{textblock} + \fi} + +\newcommand{\lsCoverTitleAuthor}{ + \renewcommand{\and}{\\} + \renewcommand{\lastand}{\\} + \renewcommand{\newlineCover}{\\} + \renewcommand{\newlineSpine}{} + \lsCoverBlock + + \begin{textblock}{140}(15,17.5) + \color{\lsCoverFontColor} + \raggedright + {\lsCoverTitleFont{\@title\\}} + + \ifx\@subtitle\empty + \else \vspace{8mm} {\lsCoverSubTitleFont \@subtitle\\} + \fi + + \vspace{11.2mm} % 20mm - 25pt + + \raggedright + {\lsCoverAuthorFont + \lsEditorPrefix\@author\\} + \end{textblock}} + +\newcommand{\lsCoverSeries}{ + \begin{textblock}{95}(7.4,209) + \color{white} + \raggedright\rule{3.6mm}{3.5mm} + \color{\lsCoverFontColor} + \hspace{3mm}\parbox[t]{85mm}{\raggedright\lsCoverSeriesFont + \lsSeriesTitle\\} + \end{textblock}} + +\newcommand{\lsCoverLogo}{ + \begin{textblock}{33}(124.6,205) + \raggedright\IfFileExists{\logopath langsci_logo_nocolor.pdf}{\includegraphics{\logopath langsci_logo_nocolor.pdf}}{langsci logo} + \end{textblock}} + +\newcommand{\lsFrontPage}{ % Front page + \lsCoverBlock + \lsCoverTitleAuthor + \lsCoverSeries + \lsCoverLogo} + +\newcommand{\lsSchmutztitel}{ % Schmutztitel + \lsCoverBlock + \lsCoverTitleAuthor + \lsCoverLogo} + +%\usepackage{pdfpages} +\newcommand{\lsAdvertisement}{ + \include{\logopath langsci-advertisement} +} + +\newcommand{\lsBackPage}{ % Back page + \lsCoverBlock + + \begin{textblock}{115}(15,24) % 30mm-6mm + \color{white} + {\raggedright + \lsBackTitleFont + \lsBackTitle \\ \null} + + \lsBackBodyFont + + \noindent + \lsBackBody + \end{textblock} + + \begin{textblock}{40}(105,200) + \lsBackBodyFont\sffamily + \colorbox{white}{% + \begin{pspicture}(0,0)(4.1,1in) + \psbarcode[transx=0.4,transy=0.3]{\lsISBNdigital}{includetext height=0.7}{isbn} + \end{pspicture} + }% + \end{textblock}} + +% \newcommand{\lsSpine}{ % Book spine +% \renewcommand{\newlineSpine}{\\} +% \renewcommand{\newlineCover}{} +% \begin{textblock}{40}(65,0) +% \rotatebox{90}{\color{black}\begin{minipage}[c][\lsSpineBreadth][c]{\paperheight} +% \color{\lsSeriesColor} +% \hspace{7.5mm} +% \IfFileExists{\logopath langsci_spinelogo_nocolor.pdf}{$\vcenter{\hbox{\includegraphics[angle=-90,origin=c]{\logopath langsci_spinelogo_nocolor.pdf}}}$}{logo} +% \hspace{15mm} +% {\lsSpineTitleFont +% \rotatebox[origin=c]{180}{\pbox[c]{150mm}{\lsSpineTitle}}} +% \hspace{13mm} +% {\lsSpineAuthorFont +% \rotatebox[origin=c]{180}{\pbox[c]{100mm}{\lsSpineAuthor\if\lsEditorSuffix\empty\else\ \lsEditorSuffix\fi}}} +% \end{minipage}} +% \end{textblock}} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Series history: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\newcommand{\lsSeriesHistory}{ +\color{black} +\raggedright\lsCoverSeriesHistoryFont + +\IfFileExists{\seriesinfopath \lsSeries-info.tex}{\input{\seriesinfopath\lsSeries-info}}{ + Series information: \seriesinfopath \lsSeries-info.tex not found!} + +\IfStrEq{\lsISSN}{??} % \IfStrEq from xstring + {} + {\vfill\hfill ISSN: \lsISSN} + +} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Imprint: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% for imprint: +\def\translator#1{\gdef\@translator{#1}} +\translator{} + +\def\typesetter#1{\gdef\@typesetter{#1}} +\typesetter{} + +\def\proofreader#1{\gdef\@proofreader{#1}} +\proofreader{} + +\def\openreviewer#1{\gdef\@openreviewer{#1}} +\openreviewer{} + +\def\illustrator#1{\gdef\@illustrator{#1}} +\illustrator{} + +\newcommand{\lsAdditionalFontsImprint}{} +\newcommand{\AdditionalFontImprint}[1]{ + \edef\fontstemp{\lsAdditionalFontsImprint} + \renewcommand{\lsAdditionalFontsImprint}{\fontstemp, #1} +} + +%\def\@author{\@latex@warning@no@line{No \noexpand\author given}} +\newcommand{\ISBNdigital}[1]{\renewcommand{\lsISBNdigital}{#1}} +\newcommand{\ISBNsoftcover}[1]{\renewcommand{\lsISBNsoftcover}{#1}} +\newcommand{\ISBNsoftcoverus}[1]{\renewcommand{\lsISBNsoftcoverus}{#1}} +\newcommand{\ISBNhardcover}[1]{\renewcommand{\lsISBNhardcover}{#1}} + +\newcommand{\URL}[1]{\renewcommand{\lsURL}{#1}} +\newcommand{\Series}[1]{\renewcommand{\lsSeries}{#1}} +\newcommand{\SeriesNumber}[1]{\renewcommand{\lsSeriesNumber}{#1}} +\newcommand{\BookDOI}[1]{\renewcommand{\lsBookDOI}{#1}} + +\newcommand{\lsImpressumCitationText}{ + \onlyAuthor + \renewcommand{\newlineCover}{} + \renewcommand{\newlineSpine}{} + {\@author}\if\lsEditorSuffix\empty\else\ \lsEditorSuffix\fi. % + {\the\year}. % + \textit{\@title}\if\@subtitle\empty\else: \textit{\@subtitle}\fi\ % + (\lsSeriesTitle). % + Berlin: Language Science Press. +} + +\newcommand{\lsImpressum}{ +\raggedright + +\lsImpressumCitationText + +\vfill + +This title can be downloaded at:\\ +\url{\lsURL} + +© \the\year, \iflsCollection the authors\else\@author\fi + +\newcommand{\ccby}{CC-BY} +\ifx\lsCopyright\ccby +Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): +http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ +\else +Published under the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 Licence (CC BY-ND 4.0): +http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/ +\fi + +\begin{tabular}{@{}l@{~}l} +ISBN: & \lsISBNdigital~(Digital) \\ + & \lsISBNhardcover~(Hardcover)\\ + & \lsISBNsoftcover~(Softcover)\\ + & \lsISBNsoftcoverus~(Softcover US)\\ +\end{tabular} + +\IfStrEq{\lsISSN}{??} % \IfStrEq from xstring + {} + {ISSN: \lsISSN} + +\IfStrEq{\lsBookDOI}{??} % \IfStrEq from xstring + {} + {\doi{\lsBookDOI}} + + +\bigskip + +Cover and concept of design: +Ulrike Harbort \\ +\if\@translator\empty\else +Translator: +\@translator \\ +\fi +\if\@typesetter\empty\else +Typesetting: +\@typesetter \\ +\fi +\if\@illustrator\empty\else +Illustration: +\@illustrator \\ +\fi +\if\@proofreader\empty\else +Proofreading: +\@proofreader \\ +\fi +\if\@openreviewer\empty\else +Open reviewing: +\@openreviewer \\ +\fi +Fonts: Linux Libertine, Arimo, DejaVu Sans Mono\lsAdditionalFontsImprint\\ +Typesetting software: \XeLaTeX + +\bigskip + +Language Science Press\\ +Habelschwerdter Allee 45\\ +14195 Berlin, Germany\\ +\href{http://langsci-press.org}{langsci-press.org} + +\vfill + +Storage and cataloguing done by FU Berlin \\[3ex] + +\IfFileExists{\logopath logo.pdf}{\includegraphics[width=5cm]{\logopath logo.pdf}}{\logotext} \\[3ex] + + +\vfill + + + +\noindent +\lsp has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for +external or third-party Internet websites referred to in this +publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites +is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. +%Information regarding prices, travel timetables and other factual information given in this work are correct at the time of first publication but \lsp does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter. +} + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Dedication: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\newcommand{\lsDedication}{ + \vspace*{.2\textheight} + \begin{center} + {\lsDedicationFont + \@dedication } + \end{center} + \vfill + \clearpage} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Header and footer: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\usepackage{datetime} +\usepackage{scrpage2} +\ohead{\headmark} +\ihead{} +\cfoot{} +\ofoot[]{\pagemark} +\iflsDraft + \ifoot{Draft of \today, \currenttime} +\fi +\iflsOpenReview + \ifoot{{\color{lsRed}Open review version}. Final version at \url{\lsURL}.} +\fi + +\newcommand{\lsPageStyleEmpty}{ + \ohead{} + \ihead{} + \cfoot{} + \ofoot[]{} +} + +\renewcommand*{\partpagestyle}{empty} + +\pagestyle{scrheadings} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Sectioning +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\setcounter{secnumdepth}{4} + +\def\subsubsubsection{\@startsection{paragraph}{3}{\z@}{-3.25ex plus +-1ex minus-.2ex}{1.5ex plus.2ex}{\reset@font\normalsize}} + +\let\subsubsubsectionmark\@gobble% + +\def\subsubsubsubsection{\@startsection{subparagraph}{3}{\z@}{-3.25ex plus +-1ex minus-.2ex}{1.5ex plus.2ex}{\reset@font\normalsize}} + +\let\subsubsubsubsectionmark\@gobble + +%% needed for hyperref +\def\toclevel@subsubsubsection{4} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Epigrams: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\def\epigram#1{\gdef\@epigram{#1}} % needs to be defined this way to check emptiness +\epigram{} +\def\epigramsource#1{\gdef\@epigramsource{#1}} +\epigramsource{} + + +%%% epigraph configuration +\usepackage{epigraph} +\setlength{\epigraphrule}{0pt} +\renewcommand{\textflush}{flushepinormal} +%\setlength{\epigraphwidth}{.2\textwidth} +\setlength{\afterepigraphskip}{0\baselineskip} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Footnotes: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\ifxetex +\addtokomafont{footnote}{\addfontfeatures{Numbers=Lining}} % numbers in footnotes +%\addtokomafont{footnotelabel}{\addfontfeatures{Numbers=Lining}} % numbers in footnote labels +%\addtokomafont{footnotereference}{\addfontfeatures{Numbers=Lining}} % numbers in footnote references +\fi + +\raggedbottom +\deffootnote[1.5em]{1.5em}{\normalparindent}{\textsuperscript{\thefootnotemark}\ } +\newlength{\normalparindent} +\AtBeginDocument{\setlength{\normalparindent}{\parindent}} + +\KOMAoptions{footnotes=multiple} + +%% http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/28465/multiple-footnotes-at-one-point/71015#71015 +\let\oldFootnote\footnote +\newcommand\nextToken\relax + +\renewcommand\footnote[1]{% +\oldFootnote{#1}\futurelet\nextToken\isFootnote} + +\newcommand\isFootnote{% +\ifx\footnote\nextToken\textsuperscript{,}\fi} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Quotes: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +%% quotes are indented at one side only. +\renewenvironment{quote}{\list{}{\rightmargin0pt\leftmargin8mm}%{\rightmargin\leftmargin}% +\item\relax} +{\endlist} + +%% quotations are indented at one side only +%% there is no indentation at the beginning of the quote +\renewenvironment{quotation} +{\list{}{\listparindent 1.5em% +%\itemindent \listparindent +%\rightmargin \leftmargin +\parsep \z@ \@plus\p@}% +\item\relax} +{\endlist} + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Citations: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +\iflsBiblatex % BibLaTeX + \usepackage[ + natbib=true, + style=\bstpath biblatex-sp-unified, + citestyle=\bstpath sp-authoryear-comp, + %refsection=chapter, + maxbibnames=99, + isbn=false, + doi=false, + url=false, + eprint=false, + backend=\lsBiblatexBackend, + indexing=cite, + \iflsCollection\else + toc=bib % make bibliography appear in toc + \fi + ]{biblatex} + \renewcommand{\postnotedelim}{: }% + \renewcommand{\multicitedelim}{\addsemicolon\space}% + \renewcommand{\compcitedelim}{\multicitedelim} + \DeclareFieldFormat{postnote}{#1}% + %\renewcommand{\nameyeardelim}{ }% + \defbibheading{references}{\chapter{References}} +\else %BibTeX + \usepackage{natbib} + \setlength{\bibsep}{0mm} + %% unified style sheet for linguistics journals + %% http://celxj.org/downloads/unified.bst + \bibliographystyle{./langsci/bst/unified} + %% This does not work ... + % \setcitestyle{ + % notesep={: }, % 2002: 125 + % aysep={~} % Gazdar 2002 + % } + + %% check what the unified people have to say on this. + \bibpunct[: ]{(}{)}{;}{a}{}{,} + %% They do not say anything about citations in the running text. + %% As was sown in \citew{Meier2002} -> As was shown in Meier (2002), ... + %% This is what De Gruyter does: + \let\citew=\citet + %% This is what Stefan did: + %\let\citew=\citealt +\fi + +\let\cite=\citet % in order to prevent inconsistencies between \cite and \citet + +%% penalties against widows and orphans in bibliography +%% http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/297705/atbeginenvironment-does-not-work-with-natbib/297721#297721 +\usepackage{etoolbox} +\apptocmd{\thebibliography}{% +\clubpenalty\@M +\@clubpenalty\clubpenalty +\widowpenalty\@M +} +{}{} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Floats: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\usepackage{floatrow} % For adjusting the position of the caption (default is below). +\floatsetup[table]{capposition=top} % As for tables, the caption appears above. +%% This sets the default for the positioning of floats +\renewcommand{\fps@figure}{htbp} +\renewcommand{\fps@table}{htbp} + +\usepackage{booktabs} % for nicer lines + +%% floats +%% http://mintaka.sdsu.edu/GF/bibliog/latex/floats.html +%% Alter some LaTeX defaults for better treatment of figures: + +%% See p.105 of "TeX Unbound" for suggested values. +%% See pp. 199-200 of Lamport's "LaTeX" book for details. +%% General parameters, for ALL pages: +\renewcommand{\topfraction}{0.9} % max fraction of floats at top +\renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{0.8} % max fraction of floats at bottom +%% Parameters for TEXT pages (not float pages): +\setcounter{topnumber}{2} +\setcounter{bottomnumber}{2} +\setcounter{totalnumber}{4} % 2 may work better +\setcounter{dbltopnumber}{2} % for 2-column pages +\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{0.9} % fit big float above 2-col. text +\renewcommand{\textfraction}{0.07} % allow minimal text w. figs +%% Parameters for FLOAT pages (not text pages): +\renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{0.7} % require fuller float pages + %% N.B.: floatpagefraction MUST be less than topfraction !! +\renewcommand{\dblfloatpagefraction}{0.7} % require fuller float pages + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Appendices: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\appto\appendix{% + %% format of the appendix title page + \renewcommand*{\chapterformat}{% + \mbox{\chapapp~\thechapter\autodot:\enskip}% + } + %% format of the TOC entry + \renewcommand{\addchaptertocentry}[2]{ + \ifstr{#1}{}{% + \addtocentrydefault{chapter}{}{#2}% + }{% + \addtocentrydefault{chapter}{}{\chapapp~#1: #2}% + }% + } +} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Indexes: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\usepackage{index} +%% Wie im Stylefile, aber ohne \MakeUppercase +\renewenvironment{theindex}{% + \edef\indexname{\the\@nameuse{idxtitle@\@indextype}}% + \if@twocolumn + \@restonecolfalse + \else + \@restonecoltrue + \fi + \columnseprule \z@ + \columnsep 35\p@ + \twocolumn[% + \@makeschapterhead{\indexname}% + \ifx\index@prologue\@empty\else + \index@prologue + \bigskip + \fi + ]% +% \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\indexname}% +% {\MakeUppercase\indexname}% + \@mkboth{\indexname}% + {\indexname}% + \thispagestyle{plain}% + \parindent\z@ + \parskip\z@ \@plus .3\p@\relax + \let\item\@idxitem + \providecommand*\seealso[2]{\emph{see also} ##1} +}{% + \if@restonecol + \onecolumn + \else + \clearpage + \fi +} + +\newcommand{\lsLanguageIndexTitle}{Language index} % This can be changed according to the language. +\newcommand{\lsSubjectIndexTitle}{Subject index} +\newcommand{\lsNameIndexTitle}{Name index} + +\AtBeginDocument{ + \makeindex + \newindex{lan}{ldx}{lnd}{\lsLanguageIndexTitle} + % \newindex{aut}{adx}{and}{Name index} + \newindex{sbj}{sdx}{snd}{\lsSubjectIndexTitle} + \renewindex{default}{adx}{and}{\lsNameIndexTitle} %biblatex can only deal with the default index + \newindex{wrd}{wdx}{wnd}{Expression index} + \newindex{rwrd}{rdx}{rnd}{Reverse expression index} +} + +\indexproofstyle{\setlength{\overfullrule}{0pt}\raggedright\footnotesize} + +%% \index inside footnote +\def\infn#1#2{% + \hyperpage{#2}n#1% +}% +\newcommand{\footnoteindex}[2]{\index{#2|infn{#1}}} +\newcommand{\footnoteindex@sbj}[2]{\index[sbj]{#2|infn{#1}}} +\newcommand{\footnoteindex@lan}[2]{\index[lan]{#2|infn{#1}}} +\newcommand{\footnoteindex@wrd}[2]{\index[wrd]{#2|infn{#1}}} + + +% Author index +\newcommand{\ia}[1]{% + \if@noftnote% + \index{#1}% + \else% + \edef\tempnumber{\thefootnote}% + \expandafter\footnoteindex\expandafter{\tempnumber}{#1}% + % \index{#1|fn{\thefootnote}}% + \fi% +} + +% Subject index +\newcommand{\is}[1]{% + \if@noftnote% + \index[sbj]{#1}% + \else% + \edef\tempnumber{\thefootnote}% + \expandafter\footnoteindex@sbj\expandafter{\tempnumber}{#1}% + %\indexftn{#1}{\value{footnotemark}}% + \fi% +} + +% Language index +\newcommand{\il}[1]{% + \if@noftnote + \index[lan]{#1}% + \else% + \edef\tempnumber{\thefootnote}% + \expandafter\footnoteindex@lan\expandafter{\tempnumber}{#1}% + \fi% +} + +% \iflsDraft +% \usepackage{showidx} % Doesn't work with multiple indexes? +% \fi + +%% this is required by authorindex +\newif\ifshowindex \showindexfalse +\usepackage{authorindex} + +\iflsShowIndex % shows index commands in text + \RequirePackage{soul} + \RequirePackage[noadjust]{marginnote} + \renewcommand{\marginpar}{\marginnote} + \let\isold\is + \renewcommand{\isi}[1]{\sethlcolor{green}\hl{#1}\isold{#1}} + \renewcommand{\is}[1]{{\tikzstyle{notestyleraw} += [text width=1.5cm]\todo[color=green,size=\scriptsize]{\tiny#1}\isold{#1}}} +\fi + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Hyperref: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\usepackage[ + bookmarks=true,bookmarksopen=true,bookmarksopenlevel=1,% + bookmarksdepth=5, + bookmarksnumbered=true, + hyperindex=true,% + breaklinks=true, + draft=false, + plainpages=false, + pdfusetitle=true, % puts author and title in automatically, maybe only in final mode? + pdfkeywords={}, + pdfpagelayout=TwoPageRight, % first page is separate + %ps2pdf=true + ]{hyperref} + +%% gets rid of the warnings: +%% Failed to convert input string to UTF16 +%% http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/66722/tex-live-2012-xelatex-moderncv-error-failed-to-convert-input-string-to-utf1 +\hypersetup{unicode,pdfencoding=auto,bookmarksopenlevel=0} + +%% add hyperlinks for DOIs in bibliography; must appear after hyperref +\usepackage{doi} +\renewcommand{\doitext}{DOI:} +\iflsBiblatex +\renewbibmacro*{finentry}{\finentry + \iffieldundef{doi} + {} + { {\color{lsGuidelinesGray}\doi{\thefield{doi}}}} +} +%\DeclareFieldFormat{doi}{{\color{lsGuidelinesGray}\doi{#1}}} +\fi + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Collection (edited volume): +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +%% for papers of collections: +\newcommand{\lsCollectionPaperAbstract}{Put abstract here with \string\abstract.} +\newcommand{\abstract}[1]{\renewcommand{\lsCollectionPaperAbstract}{#1}} +\newcommand{\ChapterDOI}[1]{\renewcommand{\lsChapterDOI}{#1}} + + +%% inside \author: +\renewcommand{\and}{} +\newcommand{\lastand}{} +\newcommand{\affiliation}[1]{} + +%% to be used below chapter titles +\newcommand{\chaptersubtitle}[1]{ + \vspace*{-2ex} + {\Large #1} + \chapterheadendvskip + \@afterindentfalse + \@afterheading + } + + +\iflsCollection + \iflsBiblatex\else + \ClassError{langsci/langscibook}{Collection option not compatible with plain BibTeX. Please use biblatex option}{} + \fi + + +\AtBeginDocument{ % for the citation in the footer + \onlyAuthor + \renewcommand{\newlineCover}{} + \renewcommand{\newlineSpine}{} + \edef\lsCollectionTitle{\@title} % \edef immediately expands \@title + \edef\lsCollectionEditor{\@author} + \addbibresource{collection_tmp.bib} + \newwrite\tempfile % open temporary bib file + \immediate\openout\tempfile=collection_tmp.bib +} +\AtEndDocument{\immediate\closeout\tempfile}% close temporary bib file + +%% customize \tableofcontents +\renewcommand{\@dotsep}{2.5} % space between dots +\renewcommand{\@tocrmarg}{1.5em} % right margin for leader +\renewcommand{\@pnumwidth}{1.5em} % width of page numbers +\usepackage{tocstyle} +\usetocstyle{standard} %\usetocstyle{allwithdot} +\iflsCollectionTOCLong\else + \setcounter{tocdepth}{0}\fi % show only parts and chapters +\settocstylefeature[-1]{pagenumberbox}{\csname @gobble\endcsname} % parts without page number +\settocstylefeature[-1]{leaders}{\hfill} % parts without dots# + +\usepackage{chngcntr} +\counterwithout{figure}{chapter} +\counterwithout{table}{chapter} + +%% Modified code from: +%% http://pastcounts.wordpress.com/2010/12/20/how-to-construct-a-collection-of-articles-with-latex/ +\newenvironment{collectionpaper}{ + \renewcommand{\documentclass}[2][]{}% + \renewcommand{\usepackage}[2][]{}% + \renewenvironment{document}{\begingroup}{\endgroup}% + + \renewcommand{\title}[1]{\renewcommand{\@title}{##1}} + \renewcommand{\author}[1]{\renewcommand{\@author}{##1}} + %\renewcommand{\thanks}[1]{\symbolfootnote[1]{##1}} + \lsPaper + } + {} + +\newcommand{\includepaper}[1]{ + \begin{collectionpaper} + \begin{refsection} + + \DeclareCiteCommand{\fullciteFooter} + {\defcounter{maxnames}{\blx@maxbibnames}% + \usebibmacro{prenote}} + {\usedriver + {\DeclareNameAlias{sortname}{default}} + {\thefield{entrytype}}} + {\multicitedelim} + {\usebibmacro{postnote}} + \renewcommand{\lsCollectionPaperCitationText}{\fullciteFooter{#1}} + + \include{#1}% + \edef\lsCollectionPaperLastPage{\thepage} % \lsCollectionPaperFirstPage is defined in \lsPaper + + %%% for citation in footer + %% preprocessing of author/editor names + \onlyAuthor + \renewcommand{\newlineCover}{} + \renewcommand{\newlineSpine}{} + \renewcommand{\newlineTOC}{} + \StrSubstitute{\@author}{,}{ and }[\authorTemp] + \StrSubstitute{\authorTemp}{\&}{ and }[\authorTemp] + \StrSubstitute{\lsCollectionEditor}{,}{ and }[\editorTemp] + \StrSubstitute{\editorTemp}{\&}{ and }[\editorTemp] + + %% write bib entry to file + %% FIXME: the publisher field needs a final period, since this is not provided by \fullciteFooter together with DOIs. + \immediate\write\tempfile{@incollection{#1,author={\authorTemp},title={{\@title}},booktitle={{\lsCollectionTitle}},editor={\editorTemp},publisher={Language Science Press.},Address={Berlin},year=\the\year,pages={\lsCollectionPaperFirstPage --\lsCollectionPaperLastPage},doi={\lsChapterDOI},options={skipbib=true}}} + + \end{refsection} + \end{collectionpaper}} +\fi + + + +\newcommand{\onlyAuthor}{% % collection paper + \renewcommand{\and}{, }% + \renewcommand{\lastand}{ \& }% + \renewcommand{\affiliation}[1]{} + } + +\newcommand{\AuthorAffiliation}{ + \renewcommand{\and}{\newline\newline} + \renewcommand{\lastand}{\newline\newline} + \renewcommand{\affiliation}[1]{\\[0.5ex]{\normalsize ##1}}} + +\newcommand{\lsCollectionPaperHeaderAuthor}{{% + \renewcommand{\newlineCover}{}% + \renewcommand{\newlineTOC}{}% + \onlyAuthor\@author}} + +\newcommand{\lsCollectionPaperHeaderTitle}{% + \renewcommand{\newlineCover}{} + \renewcommand{\newlineTOC}{} + \iflsCollectionChapter% + \thechapter\hspace{0.5em}\fi + \@title} + +\newcommand{\lsCollectionPaperTOC}{{% + \iflsCollectionChapter% + \protect\numberline{\thechapter}\fi + \@title\newline{\normalfont\@author}}} + +\newcommand{\lsCollectionPaperTitle}{{% + \renewcommand{\newlineTOC}{} + \renewcommand{\newlineCover}{\\} + \iflsCollectionChapter + \vspace*{-2\baselineskip} + {\LARGE Chapter \thechapter}\newline\newline\fi + \@title}} + +\newcommand{\lsCollectionPaperAuthor}{{% + \renewcommand{\newlineTOC}{} + \renewcommand{\newlineCover}{\\[0.5ex]} + \AuthorAffiliation\Large\@author}} + +\newcommand{\lsCollectionPaperCitation}{\scalebox{1.2}{ + \includegraphics{\logopath langsci_spinelogo_nocolor.pdf}}% + \hspace{0.8em}% + \parbox[b]{.85\textwidth}{\linespread{0.8}\small\normalfont\lsCollectionPaperCitationText}} + +\newcommand{\lsCollectionPaperCitationText}{\string\lsCollectionPaperCitationText.} + +\newcommand{\lsPaper}{ + \renewcommand{\maketitle}{ + \addtocounter{chapter}{1} + \addchap*{\lsCollectionPaperTitle} + \global\edef\lsCollectionPaperFirstPage{\thepage} % for citation in footer + \onlyAuthor + \renewcommand{\newlineCover}{} + \renewcommand{\newlineTOC}{\\} + \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{\lsCollectionPaperTOC}% + \ifoot[\lsCollectionPaperCitation]{\iflsDraft Draft of \today, \currenttime \fi} + \vspace*{-2ex} + \lsCollectionPaperAuthor% + \vspace*{\baselineskip}% + \ifx\@epigram\empty% + \else {\epigraph{\@epigram\\[-5ex]}{\@epigramsource}% + \epigram{}\epigramsource{}}% + \fi% + \begin{quote} + \small\lsCollectionPaperAbstract + \end{quote} + } + + \renewcommand*{\thesection}{\arabic{section}} + \setcounter{section}{0} + \setcounter{footnote}{0} + \setcounter{figure}{0} + \setcounter{table}{0} + \setcounter{equation}{0} % for examples + \ohead{} + \lehead{\lsCollectionPaperHeaderAuthor} + \rohead{\lsCollectionPaperHeaderTitle} +} + + +%writeout page numbers for separation of chapters + +\usepackage{newfile} +\newoutputstream{pages} +\openoutputfile{\jobname.pgs}{pages} +\newcommand{\writechapterpages}{\addtostream{pages}{\thepage}} + +\AtEndDocument{ + \closeoutputstream{pages} +} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Miscellaneous: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\usepackage[figuresright]{rotating} + +%% hspace over width of something without showing it +\newlength{\LSPTmp} +\newcommand*{\hspaceThis}[1]{\settowidth{\LSPTmp}{#1}\hspace*{\LSPTmp}} + + + +\endinput \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/langsci/seriesinfo/cfls-info.tex b/langsci/seriesinfo/cfls-info.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a66ed81 --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/seriesinfo/cfls-info.tex @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +%% -*- coding:utf-8 -*- +{\large Conceptual Foundations of Language Science} + +\bigskip + +\textbf{Series editors}\\ +Mark Dingemanse, \textit{Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics} \\ +N. J. Enfield, \textit{University of Sydney} + + +\bigskip + + +\textbf{Editorial board}\\ +Balthasar Bickel, \textit{University of Zürich}, +Claire Bowern, \textit{Yale University}, +Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen, \textit{University of Helsinki}, +William Croft, \textit{University of New Mexico}, +Rose-Marie Déchaine, \textit{University of British Columbia}, +William A. Foley, \textit{University of Sydney} , +William F. Hanks, \textit{University of California at Berkeley}, +Paul Kockelman, \textit{Yale University}, +Keren Rice, \textit{University of Toronto}, +Sharon Rose, \textit{University of California at San Diego}, +Frederick J. Newmeyer, \textit{University of Washington}, +Wendy Sandler, \textit{University of Haifa}, +Dan Sperber \textit{Central European University} + + +\bigskip +\bigskip + +\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}% for undoing \raggedright and justify the following two paragraphs + +No scientific work proceeds without conceptual foundations. In language science, our concepts about language determine our assumptions, direct our attention, and guide our hypotheses and our reasoning. Only with clarity about conceptual foundations can we pose coherent research questions, design critical experiments, and collect crucial data. +% +This series publishes short and accessible books that explore well-defined topics in the conceptual foundations of language science. The series provides a venue for conceptual arguments and explorations that do not require the traditional book-length treatment, yet that demand more space than a typical journal article allows. +\end{minipage} + +\bigskip +\bigskip + +In this series: + +\begin{enumerate} +\item N. J. Enfield. \textit{Natural causes of language}. + +\end{enumerate} + + diff --git a/langsci/seriesinfo/classics-info.tex b/langsci/seriesinfo/classics-info.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..96250f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/seriesinfo/classics-info.tex @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +%% -*- coding:utf-8 -*- +{\large Classics in Linguistics} + +\bigskip + +Chief Editors: Martin Haspelmath, Stefan Müller + +\bigskip + +In this series: + +\begin{enumerate} +\item Lehmann, Christian. Thoughts on grammaticalization. +\item Schütze, Carson T. The empirical base of linguistics: Grammaticality judgments and linguistic methodology. +\item Bickerton, Derek. Roots of language. +\item von der Gabelentz, Georg. Die Sprachwissenschaft: Ihre Aufgaben, Methoden und bisherigen Ergebnisse. +\end{enumerate} + + +\vfill + +% \gdef\lsISSN{XXXX-YYYY}% +% \hfill ISSN: \lsISSN diff --git a/langsci/seriesinfo/cmle-info.tex b/langsci/seriesinfo/cmle-info.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2eb12f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/seriesinfo/cmle-info.tex @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +%% -*- coding:utf-8 -*- +{\large Computational Models of Language Evolution} + +\bigskip + +Editors: Luc Steels, Remi van Trijp + +\bigskip + +In this series: + +\begin{enumerate} +\item Steels, Luc. The Talking Heads Experiment: Origins of words and meanings. +\item Vogt, Paul. How mobile robots can self-organize a vocabulary. +\item Bleys, Joris. Language strategies for the domain of colour. +\item van Trijp, Remi. The evolution of case grammar. +\item Spranger, Michael. The evolution of grounded spatial language. +\end{enumerate} + + diff --git a/langsci/seriesinfo/eotms-info.tex b/langsci/seriesinfo/eotms-info.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..92acb97 --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/seriesinfo/eotms-info.tex @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +%% -*- coding:utf-8 -*- +{\large Em­pir­i­cal­ly Ori­ent­ed The­o­ret­i­cal Mor­phol­o­gy and Syn­tax} + +\bigskip + +Chief Editor: Stefan Müller \\ +Consulting Editors: Berthold Crysmann, Laura Kallmeyer + +\bigskip + +In this series: + +\begin{enumerate} +\item Lichte, Timm. Syntax und Valenz: Zur Modellierung kohärenter und elliptischer Strukturen mit Baumadjunktionsgrammatiken +%\item Bîlbîie, Gabriela. Grammaire des constructions elliptiques: Une étude comparative des phrases sans verbe en roumain et en français +\end{enumerate} + + + diff --git a/langsci/seriesinfo/labphon-logo.pdf b/langsci/seriesinfo/labphon-logo.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ff700e0 Binary files /dev/null and b/langsci/seriesinfo/labphon-logo.pdf differ diff --git a/langsci/seriesinfo/langsci-colors.def b/langsci/seriesinfo/langsci-colors.def new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9ba525d --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/seriesinfo/langsci-colors.def @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Color definitions: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\definecolor{lsLightBlue}{cmyk}{0.6,0.05,0.05,0} +\definecolor{lsMidBlue}{cmyk}{0.75,0.15,0,0} +\definecolor{lsMidDarkBlue}{cmyk}{0.9,0.4,0.05,0} +\definecolor{lsDarkBlue}{cmyk}{0.9,0.5,0.15,0.3} +\definecolor{lsNightBlue}{cmyk}{1,0.47,0.22,0.68} +\definecolor{lsYellow}{cmyk}{0,0.25,1,0} +\definecolor{lsLightOrange}{cmyk}{0,0.50,1,0} +\definecolor{lsMidOrange}{cmyk}{0,0.64,1,0} +\definecolor{lsDarkOrange}{cmyk}{0,0.78,1,0} +\definecolor{lsRed}{cmyk}{0.05,1,0.8,0} +\definecolor{lsLightWine}{cmyk}{0.3,1,0.6,0} +\definecolor{lsMidWine}{cmyk}{0.54,1,0.65,0.1} +\definecolor{lsDarkWine}{cmyk}{0.58,1,0.70,0.35} +\definecolor{lsSoftGreen}{cmyk}{0.32,0.02,0.72,0} +\definecolor{lsLightGreen}{cmyk}{0.4,0,1,0} +\definecolor{lsMidGreen}{cmyk}{0.55,0,0.9,0.1} +\definecolor{lsRichGreen}{cmyk}{0.6,0,0.9,0.35} +\definecolor{lsDarkGreen1}{cmyk}{0.85,0.02,0.95,0.38} +\definecolor{lsDarkGreen2}{cmyk}{0.85,0.05,1,0.5} +\definecolor{lsNightGreen}{cmyk}{0.88,0.15,1,0.66} +\definecolor{lsLightGray}{cmyk}{0,0,0,0.17} +\definecolor{lsGuidelinesGray}{cmyk}{0,0.04,0,0.45} + +\definecolor{langscicol1}{cmyk}{0.6,0.05,0.05,0} +\definecolor{langscicol2}{cmyk}{0.75,0.15,0,0} +\definecolor{langscicol3}{cmyk}{0.9,0.4,0.05,0} +\definecolor{langscicol4}{cmyk}{0.9,0.5,0.15,0.3} +\definecolor{langscicol5}{cmyk}{1,0.47,0.22,0.68} +\definecolor{langscicol6}{cmyk}{0,0.25,1,0} +\definecolor{langscicol7}{cmyk}{0,0.50,1,0} +\definecolor{langscicol8}{cmyk}{0,0.64,1,0} +\definecolor{langscicol9}{cmyk}{0,0.78,1,0} +\definecolor{langscicol10}{cmyk}{0.05,1,0.8,0} +\definecolor{langscicol11}{cmyk}{0.3,1,0.6,0} +\definecolor{langscicol12}{cmyk}{0.54,1,0.65,0.1} +\definecolor{langscicol13}{cmyk}{0.58,1,0.70,0.35} +\definecolor{langscicol14}{cmyk}{0.32,0.02,0.72,0} +\definecolor{langscicol15}{cmyk}{0.4,0,1,0} +\definecolor{langscicol16}{cmyk}{0.55,0,0.9,0.1} +\definecolor{langscicol17}{cmyk}{0.6,0,0.9,0.35} +\definecolor{langscicol18}{cmyk}{0.85,0.02,0.95,0.38} +\definecolor{langscicol19}{cmyk}{0.85,0.05,1,0.5} +\definecolor{langscicol20}{cmyk}{0.88,0.15,1,0.66} + + +\newcommand{\lsptable}[2]{ +\resizebox{#1}{!}{ +\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX} + \cellcolor{langscicol1}&\cellcolor{langscicol2}&\cellcolor{langscicol3}&\cellcolor{langscicol4}&\cellcolor{langscicol5}&\cellcolor{langscicol6}&\cellcolor{langscicol7}&\cellcolor{langscicol8}&\cellcolor{langscicol9}&\cellcolor{langscicol10}&\cellcolor{langscicol11}&\cellcolor{langscicol12}&\cellcolor{langscicol13}&\cellcolor{langscicol14}&\cellcolor{langscicol15}&\cellcolor{langscicol16}&\cellcolor{langscicol17}&\cellcolor{langscicol18}&\cellcolor{langscicol19}&\cellcolor{langscicol20} + \rule{0pt}{#2} +\end{tabularx} +} +} diff --git a/langsci/seriesinfo/langsci-series.def b/langsci/seriesinfo/langsci-series.def new file mode 100644 index 0000000..65f14de --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/seriesinfo/langsci-series.def @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Series information: +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\input{\seriesinfopath langsci-colors.def} % color definitions + +\newcommand{\calseries}{calseries} +\newcommand{\eotms}{eotms} +\newcommand{\eotmsig}{eotmsig} +\newcommand{\sidl}{sidl} +\newcommand{\algad}{algad} +\newcommand{\tmnlp}{tmnlp} +\newcommand{\nc}{nc} %Niger Congo +\newcommand{\tbls}{tbls} %Textbooks in Language Sciences +\newcommand{\silp}{silp} %Studies in Laboratory Phonology +\newcommand{\tdgi}{tdgi} %Topics at the Discourse Grammar Interface +\newcommand{\cmle}{cmle} %Computational Models of Language Evolution +\newcommand{\cfls}{cfls} %Conceptual Foundation of the Language Sciences +\newcommand{\lv}{lv} %Language Variation +\newcommand{\classics}{classics} +\newcommand{\dummyseries}{dummyseries} +\newcommand{\guidelines}{guidelines} +\newcommand{\lsSeriesFontColor}{white} + +\AtBeginDocument{ +\ifx\lsSeries\algad + \newcommand{\lsSeriesTitle}{African Language Grammars \newlineCover and Dictionaries~\lsSeriesNumber} + \newcommand{\lsSeriesColor}{lsLightOrange} +\fi +\ifx\lsSeries\calseries %\cal is already taken as a command + \newcommand{\lsSeriesTitle}{Contemporary African Linguistics~\lsSeriesNumber} + \newcommand{\lsSeriesColor}{lsMidWine} +\fi +\ifx\lsSeries\cfls + \newcommand{\lsSeriesTitle}{Conceptual Foundations of \newlineCover Language Science~\lsSeriesNumber} + \newcommand{\lsSeriesColor}{lsNightGreen} + \renewcommand{\lsISSN}{2363-877X} +\fi +\ifx\lsSeries\classics + \newcommand{\lsSeriesTitle}{Classics in Linguistics~\lsSeriesNumber} + \newcommand{\lsSeriesColor}{black} + \renewcommand{\lsISSN}{2366-374X} +\fi +\ifx\lsSeries\cmle + \newcommand{\lsSeriesTitle}{Computational Models of Language Evolution~\lsSeriesNumber} + \newcommand{\lsSeriesColor}{lsNightBlue} + \renewcommand{\lsISSN}{2364-7809} +\fi +\ifx\lsSeries\eotms + \newcommand{\lsSeriesTitle}{Empirically Oriented Theoretical \newlineCover Morphology and Syntax~\lsSeriesNumber} + \newcommand{\lsSeriesColor}{lsMidBlue} + \renewcommand{\lsISSN}{2366-3529} +\fi +\ifx\lsSeries\eotmsig + \newcommand{\lsSeriesTitle}{Implemented Grammars~\lsSeriesNumber} + \newcommand{\lsSeriesColor}{lsMidBlue} +\fi +\ifx\lsSeries\lv + \newcommand{\lsSeriesTitle}{Language Variation~\lsSeriesNumber} + \newcommand{\lsSeriesColor}{lsDarkWine} + \renewcommand{\lsISSN}{2366-7818} +\fi +\ifx\lsSeries\nc + \newcommand{\lsSeriesTitle}{Monographs on Comparative Niger-Congo~\lsSeriesNumber} + \newcommand{\lsSeriesColor}{lsRed} +\fi +\ifx\lsSeries\ogs + \newcommand{\lsSeriesTitle}{Open Generative Syntax~\lsSeriesNumber} + \newcommand{\lsSeriesColor}{lsDarkGreen1} +\fi +\ifx\lsSeries\scl + \newcommand{\lsSeriesTitle}{Studies in Caribbean Languages~\lsSeriesNumber} + \newcommand{\lsSeriesColor}{lsDarkOrange} +\fi +\ifx\lsSeries\sidl + \newcommand{\lsSeriesTitle}{Studies in Diversity Linguistics~\lsSeriesNumber} + \newcommand{\lsSeriesColor}{lsRichGreen} + \renewcommand{\lsISSN}{2363-5568} +\fi +\ifx\lsSeries\silp + \newcommand{\lsSeriesTitle}{Studies in Laboratory Phonology~\lsSeriesNumber} + \newcommand{\lsSeriesColor}{lsLightWine} + \renewcommand{\lsISSN}{2363-5576} +\fi +\ifx\lsSeries\tbls + \newcommand{\lsSeriesTitle}{Textbooks in Language Sciences~\lsSeriesNumber} + \newcommand{\lsSeriesColor}{lsYellow} + \renewcommand{\lsISSN}{2364-6209} +\fi +\ifx\lsSeries\tdgi + \newcommand{\lsSeriesTitle}{Topics at the Discourse Grammar Interface~\lsSeriesNumber} + \newcommand{\lsSeriesColor}{lsMidDarkBlue} +\fi +\ifx\lsSeries\tmnlp + \newcommand{\lsSeriesTitle}{Translation and Multilingual Natural \newlineCover Language Processing~\lsSeriesNumber} + \newcommand{\lsSeriesColor}{lsDarkBlue} + \renewcommand{\lsISSN}{2364-8899} +\fi +\ifx\lsSeries\dummyseries + \newcommand{\lsSeriesTitle}{~} + \newcommand{\lsSeriesColor}{lsNightGreen} +\fi +\ifx\lsSeries\guidelines + \newcommand{\lsSeriesTitle}{Language Science Press Guidelines} + \newcommand{\lsSeriesColor}{lsGuidelinesGray} + \renewcommand{\lsCoverFontColor}{black} +\fi +} diff --git a/langsci/seriesinfo/lv-info.tex b/langsci/seriesinfo/lv-info.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..697e2a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/seriesinfo/lv-info.tex @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +%% -*- coding:utf-8 -*- +{\large Language Variation} + +\bigskip + +Editors: John Nerbonne, Dirk Geeraerts + +\bigskip + +In this series: + +\begin{enumerate} +\item Côté, Marie-Hélène, Remco Knooihuizen and John Nerbonne (eds.). The future of dialects. +\end{enumerate} + + +\vfill + +% \gdef\lsISSN{XXXX-YYYY}% +% \hfill ISSN: \lsISSN + + diff --git a/langsci/seriesinfo/sidl-info.tex b/langsci/seriesinfo/sidl-info.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..615f0c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/seriesinfo/sidl-info.tex @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +%% -*- coding:utf-8 -*- +{\large Studies in Diversity Linguistics} + +\bigskip + +Chief Editor: Martin Haspelmath \\ +Consulting Editors: Fernando Zúñiga, Peter Arkadiev, Ruth Singer, Pilar Valen­zuela + +\bigskip + +In this series: + +\begin{enumerate} +\item Handschuh, Corinna. A typology of marked-S languages. +\item Rießler, Michael. Adjective attribution. +\item Klamer, Marian (ed.). The Alor-Pantar languages: History and typology. +\item Berghäll, Liisa. A grammar of Mauwake (Papua New Guinea). +\item Wilbur, Joshua. A grammar of Pite Saami. +\item Dahl, Östen. Grammaticalization in the North: Noun phrase morphosyntax in Scandinavian vernaculars. +\item Schackow, Diana. A grammar of Yakkha. +\item Liljegren, Henrik. A grammar of Palula. +\item Shimelman, Aviva. A grammar of Yauyos Quechua. +\item Rudin, Catherine \& Bryan James Gordon (eds.). Advances in the study of Siouan languages and linguistics. +\end{enumerate} + + + diff --git a/langsci/seriesinfo/silp-info.tex b/langsci/seriesinfo/silp-info.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1610ba7 --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/seriesinfo/silp-info.tex @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +%% -*- coding:utf-8 -*- + +{\raggedleft\IfFileExists{./langsci/seriesinfo/labphon-logo.pdf}{\includegraphics[width=5cm]{./langsci/seriesinfo/labphon-logo.pdf}}{LabPhon-Logo}} + +\bigskip + +{\large Studies in Laboratory Phonology} + +\bigskip + +Chief Editor: Martine Grice% (Chief Editor, University of Cologne, Germany), +\\ +Editors: Doris Mücke, % (University of Cologne, Germany), + Taehong Cho % (Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea) + +\bigskip + +In this series: + +\begin{enumerate} +\item Cangemi, Francesco. Prosodic detail in Neapolitan Italian. +\item Drager, Katie. linguistic variation, identity construction, and cognition. +\end{enumerate} + + + + + + diff --git a/langsci/seriesinfo/tbls-info.tex b/langsci/seriesinfo/tbls-info.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cf59e13 --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/seriesinfo/tbls-info.tex @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +%% -*- coding:utf-8 -*- +{\large Textbooks in Language Sciences} + +\bigskip + +Editors: Stefan Müller, Martin Haspelmath \\ +Editorial Board: Claude Hagège, Marianne Mithun, Anatol Stefanowitsch, Foong Ha Yap + +\bigskip + +In this series: + +\begin{enumerate} +\item Müller, Stefan. Grammatical theory: From transformational grammar to constraint-based approaches. +\item Schäfer, Roland. Einführung in die grammatische Beschreibung des Deutschen. +\end{enumerate} + + + diff --git a/langsci/seriesinfo/tmnlp-info.tex b/langsci/seriesinfo/tmnlp-info.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..525ea20 --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/seriesinfo/tmnlp-info.tex @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +%% -*- coding:utf-8 -*- +{\large Translation and Multilingual Natural Language Processing} + +\bigskip + +Chief Editor: Oliver \v{C}ulo (Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz) \\ +Consulting Editors: Silvia Hansen-Schirra (Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz) +Reinhard Rapp (Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz) + +\bigskip + +In this series: + +\begin{enumerate} +\item Fantinuoli, Claudio \& Federico Zanettin (eds.). New directions in corpus-based translation studies. +\item Neumann, Stella, Oliver Čulo \& Silvia Hansen-Schirra (eds.). Annotation, exploitation and evaluation of parallel corpora. Translation: Computation, Corpora, Cognition Part I. +\item Čulo, Oliver \& Silvia Hansen-Schirra (eds.). Crossroads between contrastive linguistics, translation studies and machine translation. Translation: Computation, Corpora, Cognition II. +\item Rehm, Georg, Felix Sasaki, Daniel Stein \& Andreas Witt (eds.). Language technologies for a multilingual Europe. Translation: Computation, Corpora, Cognition III. +\item Hansen-Schirra, Silvia \& Sambor Grucza (eds.). Eyetracking and applied linguistics. +\end{enumerate} + + diff --git a/langsci/styles/avm.sty b/langsci/styles/avm.sty new file mode 100755 index 0000000..52d25ce --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/styles/avm.sty @@ -0,0 +1,184 @@ +%% avm.sty - a style file for attribute-value matrices +%% Copyright 1992, 1993, 2006, 2013 Christopher Manning (manning@cs.stanford.edu) +% +% v 1.00 mar 29, 1992 +% v 1.01 dec 6, 1993 +% v 1.02 jan 5, 2006 +% v 1.03 dec 8, 2013 +% +% This work may be distributed and/or modified under the +% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3 +% of this license or (at your option) any later version. +% The latest version of this license is in +% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt +% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX +% version 2005/12/01 or later. +% +% This work has the LPPL maintenance status `maintained'. +% +% The Current Maintainer of this work is Christopher Manning. +% +% This work consists of the files avm.sty, avm-doc.tex, avm-test.tex. + +\newif\ifavmactive\newif\ifavmsorted\newif\ifavmlabeled +\newif\ifavmcenter\newif\ifavmbottom +\newif\ifavmbottomright\newif\ifavmtopleft\newif\ifavmtopright + +\newdimen\avmdimen +\newbox\avmboxone\newbox\avmboxthree + +\def\avmoptions#1{\avmactivefalse\avmsortedfalse\avmlabeledfalse + \avmcenterfalse\avmbottomfalse + \avmbottomrightfalse\avmtopleftfalse\avmtoprightfalse + \def\more{#1}\ifx\more\empty\else\avmjoptions#1,\@nil\fi} +\def\avmjoptions#1,#2\@nil{\def\more{#2}\csname avm#1true\endcsname + \ifx\more\empty\else\avmjoptions#2\@nil\fi} + + +\def\avmfont#1{\def\avmjfont{#1}} +\def\avmjfont{} + +\def\avmvalfont#1{\def\avmjvalfont{#1}} +\def\avmjvalfont{} + +\def\avmsortfont#1{\def\avmjsortfont{#1}} +\def\avmjsortfont{} + +\def\avmhskip#1{\def\avmjhskip{#1}} +\def\avmjhskip{1em} + +\def\avmbskip#1{\def\avmjbskip{#1}} +\def\avmjbskip{0em} + +\def\avmvskip#1{\def\avmjvskip{#1}} +\def\avmjvskip{0.385ex}%was .3875 + + +\def\avmjprolog#1{$\mskip-\thinmuskip + \left#1\hskip\avmjbskip\vcenter\bgroup\vskip\avmjvskip + \ialign\bgroup\avmjfont + \strut ##\unskip\hfil + &&\hskip\avmjhskip\avmjvalfont ##\unskip\hfil\cr} +\def\avmjpostlog#1{\crcr\egroup\vskip\avmjvskip\egroup + \hskip\avmjbskip\right#1\mskip-\thinmuskip$\ignorespaces} + + +\def\avmjcatcode{\let\lparen=(\let\rparen=)\catcode`\[=13\catcode`\]=13 + \catcode`\<=13\catcode`\@=13\catcode`\(=13\catcode`\)=13 + \catcode`\>=13\catcode`\|=13} + +{\avmjcatcode % new group: redefine above catcodes as active + +\gdef\specialavm{\avmjcatcode +\def({\avmjprolog\lparen}% +\def){\avmjpostlog\rparen}% +\def<{\avmjprolog\langle}% +\def>{\avmjpostlog\rangle}% +\ifavmsorted +\def[##1{\setbox\avmboxthree=\hbox{\avmjsortfont##1\/}\setbox2=\hbox + \bgroup\avmjprolog\lbrack}% +\def]{\avmjpostlog\rbrack\egroup\avmjsort}% +\else\ifavmlabeled +\def[##1{\def\more{##1}\setbox2=\hbox\bgroup\avmjprolog[}% +\def]{\avmjpostlog]\egroup\node{\more}{\box2}}% +\else +\def[{\avmjprolog\lbrack}% +\def]{\avmjpostlog\rbrack}% +\fi\fi +% +\def\<{$\langle$}\def\>{$\rangle$}% +\def\({\lparen} +\def\){\rparen}% +\def\[{\lbrack} +\def\]{\rbrack}% +\def|{$\,\vert\,$}% +\def@##1{\avmbox{##1}}% +} % end defn of \specialavm +} % restore active catcodes + + +\long\def\avm{\begingroup +\ifavmactive\specialavm +\else +\def\({\avmjprolog(}% +\def\){\avmjpostlog)}% +\def\<{\avmjprolog\langle}% +\def\>{\avmjpostlog\rangle}% +% +\ifavmsorted +\def\[##1{\setbox\avmboxthree=\hbox{\avmjsortfont##1\/}\setbox + 2=\hbox\bgroup\avmjprolog[}% +\def\]{\avmjpostlog]\egroup\avmjsort}% +\else\ifavmlabeled +\def\[##1{\def\more{##1}\setbox2=\hbox\bgroup\avmjprolog[}% +\def\]{\avmjpostlog]\egroup\node{\more}{\box2}}% +\else +\def\[{\avmjprolog[}% +\def\]{\avmjpostlog]}% +\fi\fi +% +\def\|{$\,\vert\,$}% +\def\@##1{\avmbox{##1}}% +\fi % end not active +% +\ifx\LaTeX\undefined\def\\{\cr}% running under TeX +\else \ifx\@tabularcr\relax +\def\\{\@arraycr}% fix for the Mainz array package +\else +\def\\{\@tabularcr}% Leverage off LaTeX's \\*[dimen] options +\fi +\fi +\def\!{\node}% +\long\def\avmjsort{\dimen2=\ht2\advance\dimen2 by -.25\baselineskip + \global\dimen\avmdimen=\wd\avmboxthree + \ifavmtopleft \raise\dimen2\llap{\box\avmboxthree}\box2% + \else\ifavmtopright \box2\raise\dimen2\box\avmboxthree + \else\ifavmbottomright \box2\lower\dimen2\box\avmboxthree + \else \lower\dimen2\llap{\box\avmboxthree}\box2% + \fi\fi\fi}% +\long\def\sort##1##2{\setbox2=\hbox{##2}\setbox + \avmboxthree=\hbox{\avmjsortfont##1\/}\dimen2=\ht2% + \advance\dimen2 by -.25\baselineskip + \ifavmtopleft \raise\dimen2\box\avmboxthree\box2% + \else\ifavmtopright \box2\raise\dimen2\box\avmboxthree% + \else\ifavmbottomright \box2\lower\dimen2\box\avmboxthree% + \else \lower\dimen2\box\avmboxthree\box2% + \fi\fi\fi}% +\long\def\osort##1##2{\setbox2=\hbox{##2}\setbox + \avmboxthree=\hbox{\avmjsortfont ##1\/}\avmjsort}% +\def\asort##1{\avmspan{\avmjsortfont ##1}\\}% +\def\avml{\avmjprolog.}% +\def\avmr{\avmjpostlog.}% +\def\avmb##1{\node{##1}{\lbrack\;\rbrack}}% +\def\avmd##1{\node{##1}{---}}% +\def\q##1{\ifx ##1\{$\lbrace$\else + \ifx ##1\}$\rbrace$\else + \ifx ##1<$\langle$\else + \ifx ##1>$\rangle$\fi \fi \fi \fi}% +\def\{{\avmjprolog\lbrace}% +\def\}{\avmjpostlog\rbrace}% +\def\;{\hskip\avmjhskip}% +\def\avmspan##1{\multispan2\strut ##1\expandafter\hfil}% +\avmjfont +\openup\avmjvskip +\setbox\avmboxone=\hbox\bgroup\ignorespaces +} % end defn of \avm + + +\def\endavm{\egroup\ifvmode\leavevmode\fi % this if is useful! + \ifavmsorted\null\hskip\dimen\avmdimen\fi + \ifavmcenter + \box\avmboxone + \else \ifavmbottom + \lower.575\baselineskip\hbox{\vbox{\box\avmboxone\null}}% + \else +% the next bit is ripped off from Emma's \evnup in lingmacros.sty + \dimen2=\ht\avmboxone\advance\dimen2 by -.725\baselineskip + \lower\dimen2\box\avmboxone +\fi \fi \endgroup} + + +% based on TeXbook exercise 21.3 +\def\avmbox#1{\setbox2=\hbox{$\scriptstyle #1$}\lower.2ex\vbox{\hrule + \hbox{\vrule\kern1.25pt + \vbox{\kern1.25pt\box2\kern1.25pt}\kern1.25pt\vrule}\hrule}} diff --git a/langsci/styles/jambox.sty b/langsci/styles/jambox.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ccf65af --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/styles/jambox.sty @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% JAMBOX: RIGHT-COLUMN ANNOTATIONS %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Alexis Dimitriadis +% +% This is version 0.3 (informal release, Nov. 2003). +% +% Line up material a fixed distance from the right margin. For annotating +% example sentences, usually with a short note in parentheses. +% May overflow to the left or right, or line up on the next line as necessary. +% +% \jambox[width]{text} Align 'text' starting 'width' distance from the +% right margin (default \the\jamwidth). +% \jam(something) Align a note delimited by parentheses (which are +% retained). No optional argument. +% \jambox*{text} Set \jamwidth to the width of 'text', then align it. +% (\jamwidth stays set for the rest of the environment). +% +% Notes: +% +% Distance from the right margin can be set to an explicit amount, or to the +% width of some piece of text, as follows: +% +% \jamwidth=2in\relax Or +% \settowidth\jamwidth {(``annotation'')} +% +% \jamwidth is locally scoped, so it can be set globally or inside an example +% environment. +% +% BUG: Not compatible with ragged-right mode. +% +% Incompatibilities: Not useful with the vanilla cgloss4e.sty, which ends +% glossed lines prematurely. +% I do have a suitably modified file, cgloss.sty. With it you can do the +% following: +% \gll To kimeno. \\ +% the text \\ \jambox{(Greek)} +% \trans `The text.' + + +\newdimen\jamwidth \jamwidth=2in +\def\jambox{\@ifnextchar[{\@jambox} + {\@ifnextchar*{\@jamsetbox}{\@jambox[\the\jamwidth]}}} + +% Quickie invocation: The argument is delimited by the parentheses (no width +% argument allowed). I redefine it in my documents to add formatting. +% Syntax: \jam(Some note) +% +\def\jam(#1){\jambox{(#1)}} + +% Set width AND display the argument. +% The star is read and ignored; the argument #1 is boxed, used to set +% \jamwidth, then passed to \@jambox (which also puts it in \@tempboxa!) +% +\def\@jamsetbox*#1{\setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{#1}\jamwidth=\wd\@tempboxa + \@jambox[\the\jamwidth]{\box\@tempboxa}} + +%% Version 1: old & stupid +%% \def\@jambox[#1]#2{\hfill\hbox to #1 {#2\hfil}} + +% Version 2: +% Always takes up \jamwidth space, even if it means breaking the line. But it +% works on ragged-right mode, too. +% \def\@jambox[#1]#2{\setbox\@tempboxa\hbox {#2\hfil}% +% \ifdim \wd\@tempboxa<#1\relax \wd\@tempboxa=#1\relax\fi +% \hskip 0.5em plus 1fill +% \penalty 100\vadjust{}\nobreak\hfill\box\@tempboxa\par} +% The penalty enables a break. \vadjust inserts an empty element +% at the beginning of the next line, protecting \hfill from being discarded. + +% Version 3: +% This seems to cover everything! But unfortunately, it won't work in +% ragged-right mode-- the line is broken BEFORE the last word, to make enough +% space... +\def\@jambox[#1]#2{{\setbox\@tempboxa\hbox {#2}% + \ifdim \wd\@tempboxa<#1\relax % if label fits in the alloted space: + \@tempdima=#1\relax \advance\@tempdima by-\wd\@tempboxa % remaining \hspace + \unskip\nobreak\hfill\penalty250 % break line here if necessary + \hskip 1.2em minus 1.2em % used when the line extends past the margin + \hbox{}\nobreak\hfill\box\@tempboxa\nobreak + \hskip\@tempdima minus \@tempdima\hbox{}% + \else % the label is too wide: just right-align it + \hfill\penalty50\hbox{}\nobreak\hfill\box\@tempboxa + \fi + % suppress closing glue: + \parfillskip=0pt \finalhyphendemerits=0 \par}} +% The penalty enables a break, taken only if the line cannot fit. +% The \hbox{} ensures the next line does not begin with \hfill, which would +% be discarded if initial. +% (\vadjust inserts an empty element at the beginning of the next line, so +% that COULD be used instead of \hbox{}). +% Algorithm adapted from The TeXBook. +% +% The closing \par could be a problem if there is a \parskip... diff --git a/langsci/styles/langsci-basic.sty b/langsci/styles/langsci-basic.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8a83121 --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/styles/langsci-basic.sty @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% File: langsci-basic.sty +%% Author: Language Science Press (http://langsci-press.org) +%% Date: 2016-01-16 16:47:43 UTC +%% Purpose: This file contains essential macros and is included +%% into langscibook.cls +%% Language: LaTeX +%% Licence: +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\newcommand{\sectref}[1]{§\ref{#1}} +\newcommand{\chapref}[1]{Chapter~\ref{#1}} +\newcommand{\partref}[1]{Part~\ref{#1}} +\newcommand{\tabref}[1]{Table~\ref{#1}} +\newcommand{\figref}[1]{Figure~\ref{#1}} + +\newcommand{\lsptoprule}{\midrule\toprule} +\newcommand{\lspbottomrule}{\bottomrule\midrule} + +\newcommand{\REF}[1]{(\ref{#1})} + +\newcommand{\isi}[1]{\is{#1}#1} +\newcommand{\iai}[1]{\ia{#1}#1} +\newcommand{\ili}[1]{\il{#1}#1} + +\newcommand{\ob}{{\upshape [}} %opening bracket +\newcommand{\cb}{{\upshape ]}} %closing bracket +\newcommand{\op}{{\upshape (}} %opening paren +\newcommand{\cp}{{\upshape )}} %closing paren +\newcommand{\db}{\hspaceThis{[}} %dummy space for [ in IMT line +\newcommand{\rmfnm}{{\upshape\footnotemark}} %romanfootnotemark + +\newcommand{\citegen}[2][]{\citeauthor{#2}'s (\citeyear[#1]{#2})} + +\newcommand{\protectedex}[1]{ +\noindent +\parbox{\textwidth}{ +#1} +} + +\newcommand{\largerpage}[1][1]{ +\enlargethispage{#1\baselineskip} +} + +\newcommand\shorttitlerunninghead[1]{\rohead{\thechapter\hspace{.5em} #1}} + diff --git a/langsci/styles/langsci-bidi.sty b/langsci/styles/langsci-bidi.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000..51aafa9 --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/styles/langsci-bidi.sty @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% File: langsci-bidi.sty +%% Author: Language Science Press (http://langsci-press.org) +%% Date: 2016-01-16 16:47:43 UTC +%% Purpose: This file contains stuff for typesetting bidirectional texts. +%% Language: LaTeX +%% Licence: +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +% shamelessly borrowed from the bidi package +% xetex-bidi.def + +\newcommand{\TeXXeTOn}{\TeXXeTstate=1 } +\newcommand{\TeXXeTOff}{\TeXXeTstate=0 } +\TeXXeTOn + +\newcommand{\RL}[1]{\beginR#1\endR} diff --git a/langsci/styles/langsci-cgloss.sty b/langsci/styles/langsci-cgloss.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000..60b5c6b --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/styles/langsci-cgloss.sty @@ -0,0 +1,465 @@ +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% File: langsci-cgloss.sty +%% Author: Language Science Press (http://langsci-press.org) +%% Date: 2016-01-16 16:47:43 UTC +%% Purpose: This file contains an adpated version of the cgloss +%% package for glossing linguistic examples. +%% Language: LaTeX +%% Licence: +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +% -*- LaTeX -*- + +% Modified version of cgloss4e.sty. Hacked and renamed cgloss.sty +% by Alexis Dimitriadis (alexis@babel.ling.upenn.edu) + +% Following borrows from Covington's style files inspired by Midnight by M. +% de Groot, adapted to be used with gb4e.sty: examples beginning with \ex can +% contain glosses directly. Default is +% Linguistic Inquiry style with all lines in \rm; to change a line (eg. to +% \it for a particular journal, change the appropriate line: e.g., +% \let\eachwordone=\rm in a copy of this file. Note that it will NOT work +% to put \it before the line as the words are parsed separately. + +% Use \singlegloss to force single-spaced glosses even in double-space +% environments. Works also in footnotes (^M as delimiter replaced by +% \\)---hpk +% + +% Changes by Alexis Dimitriadis +% +% Removed flushleft environment and initial vskip to make macros usable +% on the same line with earlier and/or later text, e.g., +% \item Q: \gll ... \\ +% ... \\ \hfill (Greek) +% \trans Q: `...' +% Note: Text following the gloss will appear on line one of the example; +% To get a line break, insert one manually with \\ or use \trans or \glt. +% (\gln does not end the line, since it was already the +% case in cgloss4e that a translation must be ended with a line break). +% +% Modified \glt to keep translation on the same page as the text. + +% BUGS: does not work very gracefully with double spacing (struts are not +% automatically inserted after the \vboxes used by the macros). +% In double space mode without \nosinglegloss, when a translation +% is not given, the next line of text is single-spaced from the glossed text. +% With \nosinglegloss, the translation is set too close to the bottom line. + + +%%% +%%% Sentences with word-by-word glosses +%%% + +% See covingtn.tex for full documentation. Some examples: +% +% Displayed sentence with gloss and translation: +% +% \gll Dit is een Nederlands voorbeeld.\\ +% This is a Dutch example.\\ +% \glt `This is an example in Dutch.' +% +% Same, using bracketing where words do not correspond one-to-one: +% +% \gll Dit is een voorbeeldje in het Nederlands.\\ +% This is a {little example} in {} Dutch.\\ +% \glt `This is a little example in Dutch.' +% +% If you want to align 3 lines rather than two, use \glll instead of \gll. +% +% Layout is critical between \gll (or \glll) and \glt (or \gln). +% +% Thanks to Marcel R. van der Goot for permission to reproduce code. +\let\@gsingle=1 +\def\singlegloss{\let\@gsingle=1} +\def\nosinglegloss{\let\@gsingle=0} +\@ifundefined{new@fontshape}% + {\def\@selfnt{\ifx\@currsize\normalsize\@normalsize\else\@currsize\fi}} + {\def\@selfnt{\selectfont}} + +\def\gll% % Introduces 2-line text-and-gloss. + {\raggedright% + \bgroup %\begin{flushleft} + \ifx\@gsingle1% conditionally force single spacing (hpk/MC) + \def\baselinestretch{1}\@selfnt\fi +% \vskip\baselineskip\def\baselinestretch{1}% +% \@selfnt\vskip-\baselineskip\fi% + \bgroup + \twosent +} + +\def\glll% % Introduces 3-line text-and-gloss. + {\bgroup %\begin{flushleft} + \ifx\@gsingle1% conditionally force single spacing (hpk/MC) + \def\baselinestretch{1}\@selfnt\fi +% \vskip\baselineskip\def\baselinestretch{1}% +% \@selfnt\vskip-\baselineskip\fi% + \bgroup + \threesent +} + + +\def\gllll% % Introduces 4-line text-and-gloss. + {\bgroup %\begin{flushleft} + \ifx\@gsingle1% conditionally force single spacing (hpk/MC) + \def\baselinestretch{1}\@selfnt\fi +% \vskip\baselineskip\def\baselinestretch{1}% +% \@selfnt\vskip-\baselineskip\fi% + \bgroup + \foursent +} + + +\def\glllll% % Introduces 5-line text-and-gloss. + {\bgroup %\begin{flushleft} + \ifx\@gsingle1% conditionally force single spacing (hpk/MC) + \def\baselinestretch{1}\@selfnt\fi +% \vskip\baselineskip\def\baselinestretch{1}% +% \@selfnt\vskip-\baselineskip\fi% + \bgroup + \fivesent +} + + +\def\gllllll% % Introduces 6-line text-and-gloss. + {\bgroup %\begin{flushleft} + \ifx\@gsingle1% conditionally force single spacing (hpk/MC) + \def\baselinestretch{1}\@selfnt\fi +% \vskip\baselineskip\def\baselinestretch{1}% +% \@selfnt\vskip-\baselineskip\fi% + \bgroup + \sixsent +} + + +\def\glllllll% % Introduces 7-line text-and-gloss. + {\bgroup %\begin{flushleft} + \ifx\@gsingle1% conditionally force single spacing (hpk/MC) + \def\baselinestretch{1}\@selfnt\fi +% \vskip\baselineskip\def\baselinestretch{1}% +% \@selfnt\vskip-\baselineskip\fi% + \bgroup + \sevensent +} + + +\def\gllllllll% % Introduces 8-line text-and-gloss. + {\bgroup %\begin{flushleft} + \ifx\@gsingle1% conditionally force single spacing (hpk/MC) + \def\baselinestretch{1}\@selfnt\fi +% \vskip\baselineskip\def\baselinestretch{1}% +% \@selfnt\vskip-\baselineskip\fi% + \bgroup + \eightsent +} + +% \def\glt{\vskip.0\baselineskip} + +% redefine \gltoffset to set off translation from ex and gloss +\@ifundefined{gltoffset}{\def\gltoffset{0pt}}{} + +\def\glt{\ifhmode\\*[\gltoffset]\else\nobreak\vskip\gltoffset\nobreak\fi} + + +% Introduces a translation +\let\trans\glt + +\def\gln{\relax} +\def\glend{} % obsolete + % Ends the gloss environment. + +% The following TeX code is adapted, with permission, from: +% gloss.tex: Macros for vertically aligning words in consecutive sentences. +% Version: 1.0 release: 26 November 1990 +% Copyright (c) 1991 Marcel R. van der Goot (marcel@cs.caltech.edu). +% Original Midnight/gloss.tex and Midnight/gloss.doc are available from +% csvax.cs.caltech.edu [131.215.131.131] in pub/tex +% and many other anonymous ftp archives. + +\newbox\lineone % boxes with words from first line +\newbox\linetwo +\newbox\linethree +\newbox\linefour +\newbox\linefive +\newbox\linesix +\newbox\lineseven +\newbox\lineeight +\newbox\wordone % a word from the first line (hbox) +\newbox\wordtwo +\newbox\wordthree +\newbox\wordfour +\newbox\wordfive +\newbox\wordsix +\newbox\wordseven +\newbox\wordeight +\newbox\gline % the constructed double line (hbox) +\newskip\glossglue % extra glue between glossed pairs or tuples +\glossglue = 0pt plus 2pt minus 1pt % allow stretch/shrink between words +%\glossglue = 5pt plus 2pt minus 1pt % allow stretch/shrink between words +\newif\ifnotdone + +\@ifundefined{eachwordone}{\let\eachwordone=\upshape}{\relax} +\@ifundefined{eachwordtwo}{\let\eachwordtwo=\upshape}{\relax} +\@ifundefined{eachwordthree}{\let\eachwordthree=\upshape}{\relax} +\@ifundefined{eachwordfour}{\let\eachwordfour=\upshape}{\relax} +\@ifundefined{eachwordfive}{\let\eachwordfive=\upshape}{\relax} +\@ifundefined{eachwordsix}{\let\eachwordsix=\upshape}{\relax} +\@ifundefined{eachwordseven}{\let\eachwordseven=\upshape}{\relax} +\@ifundefined{eachwordeight}{\let\eachwordeight=\upshape}{\relax} + +\def\lastword#1#2#3% #1 = \each, #2 = line box, #3 = word box + {\setbox#2=\vbox{\unvbox#2% + \global\setbox#3=\lastbox + }% + \ifvoid#3\global\setbox#3=\hbox{#1\strut{} }\fi + % extra space following \strut in case #1 needs a space + } + +\def\testdone + {\ifdim\ht\lineone=0pt + \ifdim\ht\linetwo=0pt \notdonefalse % tricky space after pt + \else\notdonetrue + \fi + \else\notdonetrue + \fi + } + +\gdef\getwords(#1,#2)#3 #4\\% #1=linebox, #2=\each, #3=1st word, #4=remainder + {\setbox#1=\vbox{\hbox{#2\strut#3 }% adds space + \unvbox#1% + }% + \def\more{#4}% + \ifx\more\empty\let\more=\donewords + \else\let\more=\getwords + \fi + \more(#1,#2)#4\\% + } + +\gdef\donewords(#1,#2)\\{}% + +\gdef\twosent#1\\ #2\\{% #1 = first line, #2 = second line + \getwords(\lineone,\eachwordone)#1 \\% + \getwords(\linetwo,\eachwordtwo)#2 \\% + \loop\lastword{\eachwordone}{\lineone}{\wordone}% + \lastword{\eachwordtwo}{\linetwo}{\wordtwo}% + \global\setbox\gline=\hbox{\unhbox\gline + \hskip\glossglue + \vtop{\box\wordone % vtop was vbox + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordtwo + }% + }% + \testdone + \ifnotdone + \repeat + \egroup % matches \bgroup in \gloss + \gl@stop} + +\gdef\threesent#1\\ #2\\ #3\\{% #1 = first line, #2 = second line, #3 = third + \getwords(\lineone,\eachwordone)#1 \\% + \getwords(\linetwo,\eachwordtwo)#2 \\% + \getwords(\linethree,\eachwordthree)#3 \\% + \loop\lastword{\eachwordone}{\lineone}{\wordone}% + \lastword{\eachwordtwo}{\linetwo}{\wordtwo}% + \lastword{\eachwordthree}{\linethree}{\wordthree}% + \global\setbox\gline=\hbox{\unhbox\gline + \hskip\glossglue + \vtop{\box\wordone % vtop was vbox + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordtwo + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordthree + }% + }% + \testdone + \ifnotdone + \repeat + \egroup % matches \bgroup in \gloss + \gl@stop} + + + +\gdef\foursent#1\\ #2\\ #3\\ #4\\{% #1 = first line, #2 = second line, #3 = third + \getwords(\lineone,\eachwordone)#1 \\% + \getwords(\linetwo,\eachwordtwo)#2 \\% + \getwords(\linethree,\eachwordthree)#3 \\% + \getwords(\linefour,\eachwordfour)#4 \\% + \loop\lastword{\eachwordone}{\lineone}{\wordone}% + \lastword{\eachwordtwo}{\linetwo}{\wordtwo}% + \lastword{\eachwordthree}{\linethree}{\wordthree}% + \lastword{\eachwordfour}{\linefour}{\wordfour}% + \global\setbox\gline=\hbox{\unhbox\gline + \hskip\glossglue + \vtop{\box\wordone % vtop was vbox + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordtwo + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordthree + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordfour + }% + }% + \testdone + \ifnotdone + \repeat + \egroup % matches \bgroup in \gloss + \gl@stop} + + + +\gdef\fivesent#1\\ #2\\ #3\\ #4\\ #5\\{% #1 = first line, #2 = second line, #3 = third + \getwords(\lineone,\eachwordone)#1 \\% + \getwords(\linetwo,\eachwordtwo)#2 \\% + \getwords(\linethree,\eachwordthree)#3 \\% + \getwords(\linefour,\eachwordfour)#4 \\% + \getwords(\linefive,\eachwordfive)#5 \\% + \loop\lastword{\eachwordone}{\lineone}{\wordone}% + \lastword{\eachwordtwo}{\linetwo}{\wordtwo}% + \lastword{\eachwordthree}{\linethree}{\wordthree}% + \lastword{\eachwordfour}{\linefour}{\wordfour}% + \lastword{\eachwordfive}{\linefive}{\wordfive}% + \global\setbox\gline=\hbox{\unhbox\gline + \hskip\glossglue + \vtop{\box\wordone % vtop was vbox + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordtwo + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordthree + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordfour + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordfive + }% + }% + \testdone + \ifnotdone + \repeat + \egroup % matches \bgroup in \gloss + \gl@stop} + + + +\gdef\sixsent#1\\ #2\\ #3\\ #4\\ #5\\ #6\\{% #1 = first line, #2 = second line, #3 = third + \getwords(\lineone,\eachwordone)#1 \\% + \getwords(\linetwo,\eachwordtwo)#2 \\% + \getwords(\linethree,\eachwordthree)#3 \\% + \getwords(\linefour,\eachwordfour)#4 \\% + \getwords(\linefive,\eachwordfive)#5 \\% + \getwords(\linesix,\eachwordsix)#6 \\% + \loop\lastword{\eachwordone}{\lineone}{\wordone}% + \lastword{\eachwordtwo}{\linetwo}{\wordtwo}% + \lastword{\eachwordthree}{\linethree}{\wordthree}% + \lastword{\eachwordfour}{\linefour}{\wordfour}% + \lastword{\eachwordfive}{\linefive}{\wordfive}% + \lastword{\eachwordsix}{\linesix}{\wordsix}% + \global\setbox\gline=\hbox{\unhbox\gline + \hskip\glossglue + \vtop{\box\wordone % vtop was vbox + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordtwo + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordthree + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordfour + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordfive + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordsix + }% + }% + \testdone + \ifnotdone + \repeat + \egroup % matches \bgroup in \gloss + \gl@stop} + + + +\gdef\sevensent#1\\ #2\\ #3\\ #4\\ #5\\ #6\\ #7\\{% #1 = first line, #2 = second line, #3 = third + \getwords(\lineone,\eachwordone)#1 \\% + \getwords(\linetwo,\eachwordtwo)#2 \\% + \getwords(\linethree,\eachwordthree)#3 \\% + \getwords(\linefour,\eachwordfour)#4 \\% + \getwords(\linefive,\eachwordfive)#5 \\% + \getwords(\linesix,\eachwordsix)#6 \\% + \getwords(\lineseven,\eachwordseven)#7 \\% + \loop\lastword{\eachwordone}{\lineone}{\wordone}% + \lastword{\eachwordtwo}{\linetwo}{\wordtwo}% + \lastword{\eachwordthree}{\linethree}{\wordthree}% + \lastword{\eachwordfour}{\linefour}{\wordfour}% + \lastword{\eachwordfive}{\linefive}{\wordfive}% + \lastword{\eachwordsix}{\linesix}{\wordsix}% + \lastword{\eachwordseven}{\lineseven}{\wordseven}% + \global\setbox\gline=\hbox{\unhbox\gline + \hskip\glossglue + \vtop{\box\wordone % vtop was vbox + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordtwo + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordthree + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordfour + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordfive + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordsix + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordseven + }% + }% + \testdone + \ifnotdone + \repeat + \egroup % matches \bgroup in \gloss + \gl@stop} + + + +\gdef\eightsent#1\\ #2\\ #3\\ #4\\ #5\\ #6\\ #7\\ #8\\{% #1 = first line, #2 = second line, #3 = third + \getwords(\lineone,\eachwordone)#1 \\% + \getwords(\linetwo,\eachwordtwo)#2 \\% + \getwords(\linethree,\eachwordthree)#3 \\% + \getwords(\linefour,\eachwordfour)#4 \\% + \getwords(\linefive,\eachwordfive)#5 \\% + \getwords(\linesix,\eachwordsix)#6 \\% + \getwords(\lineseven,\eachwordseven)#7 \\% + \getwords(\lineeight,\eachwordeight)#8 \\% + \loop\lastword{\eachwordone}{\lineone}{\wordone}% + \lastword{\eachwordtwo}{\linetwo}{\wordtwo}% + \lastword{\eachwordthree}{\linethree}{\wordthree}% + \lastword{\eachwordfour}{\linefour}{\wordfour}% + \lastword{\eachwordfive}{\linefive}{\wordfive}% + \lastword{\eachwordsix}{\linesix}{\wordsix}% + \lastword{\eachwordseven}{\lineseven}{\wordseven}% + \lastword{\eachwordeight}{\lineeight}{\wordeight}% + \global\setbox\gline=\hbox{\unhbox\gline + \hskip\glossglue + \vtop{\box\wordone % vtop was vbox + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordtwo + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordthree + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordfour + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordfive + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordsix + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordseven + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordeight + }% + }% + \testdone + \ifnotdone + \repeat + \egroup % matches \bgroup in \gloss + \gl@stop} + +%\def\gl@stop{{\hskip -\glossglue}\unhbox\gline\end{flushleft}} + +% \leavevmode puts us back in horizontal mode, so that a \\ will work +\def\gl@stop{{\hskip -\glossglue}\unhbox\gline\leavevmode \egroup} + +\endinput \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/langsci/styles/langsci-eng-hyp.sty b/langsci/styles/langsci-eng-hyp.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a702f44 --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/styles/langsci-eng-hyp.sty @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% $RCSfile: eng-hyp.sty,v $ +%% $Revision: 1.1 $ +%% $Date: 2003/11/26 10:40:43 $ +%% Author: Stefan Mueller (FU Berlin) +%% Purpose: +%% Language: LaTeX +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% $Log: eng-hyp.sty,v $ +%% Revision 1.1 2003/11/26 10:40:43 stefan +%% *** empty log message *** +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +% American taken from Webster, also contains German words for bibliography + +\hyphenation{ +Ajd-ukie-wicz +Ana-ly-se +Ar-bei-ten +Ar-beits-pa-pie-re +Be-kannt-ma-chung +Be-rich-te +Ber-lin +Bi-blio-gra-phi-sches +Bild-hau-er +De-kom-po-si-tions-struk-tu-ren +Deu-tsche +Deu-tschen +Die-sing +Ein-füh-rung +Ent-wick-lung +Er-eig-nis-sen +Er-folgs-wel-le +Fan-se-low +Fest-schrift +For-mu-lie-rens +For-schungs-pro-gramm +Ge-gen-warts-spra-che +ger-ma-ni-sti-sche +Ger-ma-ni-sti-sche +ger-ma-ni-sti-sch-en +Ger-ma-ni-sti-sch-en +Han-sen +Ha-bili-ta-tions-schrift +Hand-bü-cher +Hoch-schul-schrif-ten +Kall-mey-er +Kep-ser +Koe-nig +Ka-ri-mi +Krie-ger +lin-gui-sti-sche +Lin-gui-sti-sche +lin-gui-sti-schen +Lin-gui-sti-schen +Mann-heim +Mikkel-sen +Mit-tel-bach +Me-ger-doo-mi-an +Meu-rers +Nie-mey-er +Nord-deut-scher +No-mi-nal-phra-se +No-mi-nal-phra-sen +Ober-feld-um-stel-lung +Or-tho-gra-phie +Prze-piór-kow-ski +Rich-ter +Schwarz-kopf +Spra-che +Sprach-ana-ly-se +Sprach-sys-tem +Sprach-wis-sen-schaft +To-ma-sel-lo +To-ron-to +trans-for-ma-tions-gram-ma-ti-sches +trenn-ba-re +Tü-bing-en +Um-welt-ver-gif-tung +Ver-ar-bei-tung +Ver-ächt-lich-ma-chung +ver-gleich-en-de +Ver-lags-buch-hand-lung +West-deut-scher +Wis-sen-schaft-liche +weath-er +Zeit-schrift +} diff --git a/langsci/styles/langsci-forest-setup.sty b/langsci/styles/langsci-forest-setup.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dc7c887 --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/styles/langsci-forest-setup.sty @@ -0,0 +1,186 @@ +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% File: langsci-forest-setup.sty +%% Author: Language Science Press (http://langsci-press.org) +%% Date: 2016-01-16 16:47:43 UTC +%% Purpose: This file contains optional styles and settings for the +%% forest package. +%% Language: LaTeX +%% Licence: +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +% texlive 2015 is broken (in comparison to texlive 2013) +% a workaround is to use a different pgf driver. +% See email from Akira Kakuto to Stefan Müller 15.01.2016 + +%deceive the driver +\def\pdftexversion{140} +%use the old driver for dvipdfm +\def\pgfsysdriver{pgfsys-dvipdfm.def} + +% http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Linguistics#Syntactic_trees +\usepackage{tikz-dependency} + +\usetikzlibrary{tikzmark} % saves positions in tikz pictures, allows to connect arbitrary text + + +% http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/256280/drawing-complex-dependency-diagrams-with-tikz-forest +\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta} + +\tikzset{deparrow/.style={-Latex}}%,blue}} + + +\usepackage{forest} +% does not work +%\usepackage[external]{forest}\tikzexternalize\usepackage{morewrites} + + +% specification for all trees +\forestset{.style={for tree={parent anchor=south, child anchor=north,align=center,base=top}}} + + +% http://www.texample.net/tikz/examples/borrowers-and-lenders/ +\usetikzlibrary{arrows} %,positioning} +\tikzset{ + %Define standard arrow tip + >=stealth'} + + + +%% \forestset{ +%% sn edges/.style={for tree={parent anchor=south, child anchor=north,align=center,base=bottom,where n children=0{tier=word}{}}}, +%% background tree/.style={for tree={text opacity=0.2,draw opacity=0.2,edge={draw opacity=0.2}}} +%% } + + + +% The following code fixes the size of triangles for examples with translations. The specification +% ",delay=with translation" at the leaves is important to make this work. +% http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/167978/smaller-roofs-for-forest/205311#205311 +\forestset{ + with translation/.style={ + l sep=0,inner xsep=0, + append translation/.expanded/.wrap pgfmath arg={\gettranslation{##1}}{content}, + content/.expanded/.wrap pgfmath arg={\gettext{##1}}{content}, + }, + append translation/.style={append={[#1,no edge,l=0,inner xsep=0,inner ysep=0,outer ysep=0,before computing xy={l-=2pt}]}} +} + +\def\gettext#1{\gettextA#1;;\endget} +\def\gettextA#1;#2;{\removesep#1;} +\def\gettranslation#1{\gettranslationA#1;;\endget} +\def\gettranslationA#1;#2;{\removesep#2;} +\def\removesep#1;#2\endget{#1} + + +% a specific style that specifies the word tier: all nodes that do not have any children +% to do: make this style default and change all other figures explicitely as is described here: +% http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/167983/getting-rid-of-a-default-where-specification +\forestset{ +sn edges/.style={for tree={parent anchor=south, child anchor=north,align=center,base=top}, + where n children=0{tier=word,delay=with translation}{} %,delay=with translation + }, +sn edges without translation/.style={for tree={parent anchor=south, child anchor=north,align=center,base=top}, + where n children=0{tier=word}{} + }, +word tier/.style={where n children=0{tier=word}{} + }, +% +% dependency grammar trees, projective trees only, I guess. St. Mü. 29.09.2014 +dg edges/.style={for tree={parent anchor=south, child anchor=north,align=center,base=bottom}, + where n children=0{tier=word,edge=dotted,calign with current edge,delay=with translation}{} + }, +% +% Adjunct edges as suggested by Engels, 1977 +% http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/204770/defining-a-special-edge-style-for-connecting-nodes-in-forest/204819#204819 +dg adjunct/.style={edge path={\noexpand\path[\forestoption{edge}] +(!u.parent anchor)--(.child anchor)-- +(0,#1)\forestoption{edge label};}}, +% +dg adjunct/.default=6pt, +% +% for Tesniere-style translations +dg transfer/.style={edge path={\noexpand\path[\forestoption{edge}, rounded corners=3pt] + % the line downwards + (!u.parent anchor)-- +($(0,-l)-(0,4pt)$)-- +($(12pt,-l)-(0,4pt)$) + % the horizontal line + ($(!p.north west)+(0,l)-(0,20pt)$)--($(.north east)+(0,l)-(0,20pt)$)\forestoption{edge label};},!p.edge'={}}, +% for Tesniere-style junctions +dg junction/.style={no edge, tikz+={\draw (!p.east)--(!.west) (.east)--(!n.west);} }, +% +% +% +% http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/256280/drawing-complex-dependency-diagrams-with-tikz-forest/256300#256300 +% in the tree draw the highest nodes of the inheritance network. For lower nodes insert empty nodes +% "[]". These will be filled by the same word and the numbers will be provided with bars according +% to remoteness from the word level. +% +% So cool! Thanks Sašo Živanović +% + wg/.style={ + for tree={ + no edge, + draw, + outer ysep=1pt, + }, + copy label/.style={ + for children={ + if content={}{ + content/.pgfmath={content("!u")}, + calign with current, + edge={draw,{-Triangle[open,reversed]}}, + copy label, + !u.content/.pgfmath={content}, + !u.content+=', + }{ + copy label, + } + } + }, + delay={ + copy label, + for tree={name/.pgfmath={content}}, + }, + for tree={content format={\strut\forestoption{content}}}, + where n children={0}{ + tier=word, + }{}, + }, +% +% +% TAG +% http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/207459/getting-old-school-trees-with-forest +% fit -> fit=band causes all nodes to have nothing below them +tag/.style={for tree={parent anchor=south, child anchor=north,align=center,base=top,fit=rectangle}, + where n children=0{delay=with translation}{}, +% the following breaks the alignments in sets + begin draw/.code={\begin{tikzpicture}[baseline=(current bounding box.center)]} +}, +% +% like the tag style, but without fit rectangle +no word baseline/.style={for tree={parent anchor=south, child anchor=north,align=center,base=top}, + where n children=0{delay=with translation}{}}, +% +% a style that creates an arrow pointing to the substitution node from a tree top node encoded as daughter +substitution/.style={edge={<-,dashed},l+=\baselineskip}, +% +% +% +typehierarchy/.style={for tree={parent anchor=south, child + anchor=north,align=center,base=top,font=\itshape,fit=rectangle}}, +% if there are instances as leaves in the hiarchy +instance/.style={edge=dotted}, +% +% auxiliary nodes without node label +empty nodes/.style={ + delay={where content={}{shape=coordinate,for parent={for children={anchor=north}}}{}}} +} + + + + +% Manual page 52 +\forestset{ +nice empty nodes/.style={ +for tree={calign=fixed edge angles}, +delay={where content={}{shape=coordinate,for parent={for children={anchor=north}}}{}} +}} diff --git a/langsci/styles/langsci-gb4e.sty b/langsci/styles/langsci-gb4e.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c326ed2 --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/styles/langsci-gb4e.sty @@ -0,0 +1,511 @@ +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% File: langsci-gb4e.sty +%% Author: Language Science Press (http://langsci-press.org) +%% Date: 2016-01-16 16:47:43 UTC +%% Purpose: This file contains an adapted version of the gb4e package +%% for typetting linguistic examples. +%% Language: LaTeX +%% Licence: +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\ProvidesPackage{langsci/styles/langsci-gb4e}[2000/09/05] +\def\gbVersion{4e} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Format of examples: % +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% \begin{exe} or \exbegin +% (arab.) +% \begin{xlist} or \xlist +% (1st embedding, alph.) +% \begin{xlisti} or \xlisti +% (2st embedding, rom.) +% \end{xlisti} or \endxlisti +% +% \end{xlist} or \endxlist +% +% \end{exe} or \exend +% +% Other sublist-styles: xlistA (Alph.), xlistI (Rom.), xlistn (arab) +% +% \ex (produces Number) +% \ex (numbered example) +% \ex[jdgmt]{sentence} (numbered example with judgement) +% +% \exi{ident} (produces identifier) +% \exi{ident} (example numbered with identifier) +% \exi{ident}[jdgmt]{sentence} (dito with judgement) +% (\exr, \exp and \sn are defined in terms of \exi) +% +% \exr{label} (produces cross-referenced Num.) +% \exr{label} (cross-referenced example) +% \exr{label}[jdgmt]{sentence} (cross-referenced example with judgement) +% +% \exp{label} (same as +% \exp{label} \exr but +% \exp{label}[jdgmt]{sentence} with prime) +% +% \sn (unnumbered example) +% \sn[jdgmt]{sentence} (unnumbered example with judgement) +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% For my own lazyness (HANDLE WITH CARE---this works only +% in boringly normal cases.... ): +% +% \ea works like \begin{exe}\ex or \begin{xlist}\ex, +% depending on context +% \z works like \end{exe} or \end{xlist}, dep on context +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% auxiliary files +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\input{\stylepath langsci-cgloss.sty} +\input{\stylepath jambox.sty} + + +\@ifundefined{new@fontshape}{\def\reset@font{}\let\mathrm\rm\let\mathit\mit}{} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Font Specifications (Detmar) +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +% Define commands for fonts to be used: +% +% 1) regular +% a. example line +\newcommand{\exfont}{\normalsize\upshape} +% b. glossing line +\newcommand{\glossfont}{\normalsize\upshape} +% c. translation font +\newcommand{\transfont}{\normalsize\upshape} % 08.01.2014 changed small to normalsize (Martin Haspelmath) +% d. example number +\newcommand{\exnrfont}{\exfont\upshape} +% +% 2) in footnote +% a. example line +\newcommand{\fnexfont}{\footnotesize\itshape} +% b. glossing line +\newcommand{\fnglossfont}{\footnotesize\upshape} +% c. translation font +\newcommand{\fntransfont}{\footnotesize\upshape} +% d. example number +\newcommand{\fnexnrfont}{\fnexfont\upshape} + +% new user command for specifying translations: +%\newcommand{\mytrans}[1]{{\trans`#1'}\vskip.6\baselineskip} + +% make examples in footnotes smaller: +\let\beforeExFootnote\footnote +\renewcommand{\footnote}[1]{\begingroup% +\let\exfont\fnexfont% +\let\glossfont\fnglossfont% +\let\transfont\fntransfont% +\let\exnrfont\fnexnrfont% +%\renewcommand{\@@xsi}{\let\@xsi\roman}% set example numbering to roman +\beforeExFootnote{#1}% +\endgroup} + + +\renewcommand{\eachwordone}{\exfont} +\renewcommand{\eachwordtwo}{\glossfont} +\renewcommand{\eachwordthree}{\glossfont} % same font for both gloss lines + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% Macros for examples, roughly following Linguistic Inquiry style. %% +%% From here on best not to tamper, else all the examples and cross- %% +%% references will come out scrambled! (see also note below) - CT %% +%% Completely rewritten for more robustness and flexibility. (hpk) %% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\def\qlist{\begin{list}{\Alph{xnum}.}{\usecounter{xnum}% +\setlength{\rightmargin}{\leftmargin}}} +\def\endqlist{\end{list}} + +\newif\if@noftnote\@noftnotetrue +\newif\if@xrec\@xrecfalse +\@definecounter{fnx} + +%%%% adapted from latex.tex to get examples in footnotes right +%% \long\def\@footnotetext#1{% +%% \@noftnotefalse\setcounter{fnx}{0}% +%% \insert\footins{\reset@font\footnotesize +%% \interlinepenalty\interfootnotelinepenalty +%% \splittopskip\footnotesep +%% \splitmaxdepth \dp\strutbox \floatingpenalty \@MM +%% \hsize\columnwidth \@parboxrestore +%% \edef\@currentlabel{\csname p@footnote\endcsname\@thefnmark}\@makefntext +%% {\rule{\z@}{\footnotesep}\ignorespaces +%% #1\strut}}\@noftnotetrue} + + +% same effect but more compact +\let\oldFootnotetext\@footnotetext + +\renewcommand\@footnotetext[1]{% + \@noftnotefalse\setcounter{fnx}{0}% + \oldFootnotetext{#1}\@noftnotetrue} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% counters % +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +\newcount\@xnumdepth \@xnumdepth = 0 + +\@definecounter{xnumi} +\@definecounter{xnumii} +\@definecounter{xnumiii} +\@definecounter{xnumiv} +%\@definecounter{equation} +%\setcounter{equation}{0} + +% book +%\renewcommand\theequation +% {\ifnum \c@chapter>\z@ \thechapter.\fi \@arabic\c@equation} +%\def\thexnumi{\@xsi{xnumi}} +\def\thexnumi +{\if@noftnote% +\@arabic\@xsi{xnumi}% +\else% +\@roman\@xsi{xnumi}% +\fi% +} +\def\thexnumii{\@xsii{xnumii}} +\def\thexnumiii{\@xsiii{xnumiii}} +\def\thexnumiv{\@xsiv{xnumiv}} +\def\p@xnumii{\thexnumi% +\if@noftnote% +\else% +.% +\fi} +\def\p@xnumiii{\thexnumi\thexnumii-} +\def\p@xnumiv{\thexnumi\thexnumii-\thexnumiii-} + +\def\xs@default#1{\csname @@xs#1\endcsname} +\def\@@xsi{\let\@xsi\arabic} +\def\@@xsii{\let\@xsii\alph} +\def\@@xsiii{\let\@xsiii\roman} +\def\@@xsiv{\let\@xsi\arabic} + +\@definecounter{rxnumi} +\@definecounter{rxnumii} +\@definecounter{rxnumiii} +\@definecounter{rxnumiv} + +\def\save@counters{% +\setcounter{rxnumi}{\value{xnumi}}% +\setcounter{rxnumii}{\value{xnumii}}% +\setcounter{rxnumiii}{\value{xnumiii}}% +\setcounter{rxnumiv}{\value{xnumiv}}}% + + +\def\reset@counters{% +\setcounter{xnumi}{\value{rxnumi}}% +\setcounter{xnumii}{\value{rxnumii}}% +\setcounter{xnumiii}{\value{rxnumiii}}% +\setcounter{xnumiv}{\value{rxnumiv}}}% + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% widths % +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\def\exewidth#1{\def\@exwidth{#1}} +%\exewidth{(234)} +\exewidth{(34)} + +%% St. M�. 02.05.2004 +\def\gblabelsep#1{\def\@gblabelsep{#1}} +\gblabelsep{1em} + + + +%% St. M�. 02.05.2004 +\def\subexsep#1{\def\@subexsep{#1}} +\subexsep{1.5ex} + +% set initial sizes of example number and judgement sizes +\exewidth{\exnrfont (35)} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% example lists % +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\def\exe{% + %\ifnum\value{equation}>9 \exewidth{(23)}\else\fi% inserted by LSP, for large example numbers + \ifnum\value{equation}>99 \exewidth{(235)}\else\fi% inserted by LSP, for large example numbers + \@ifnextchar [{\@exe}{\@exe[\@exwidth]}} +\def\@exe[#1]{\ifnum \@xnumdepth >0% + \if@xrec\@exrecwarn\fi% + \if@noftnote\@exrecwarn\fi% + \@xnumdepth0\@listdepth0\@xrectrue% + \save@counters% + \fi% + \advance\@xnumdepth \@ne \@@xsi% + \if@noftnote% + \begin{list}{(\thexnumi)}% + {\usecounter{xnumi}\@subex{#1}{\@gblabelsep}{0em}% + \setcounter{xnumi}{\value{equation}}}% + \else% + \begin{list}{(\roman{xnumi})}% + % 1em is the indentation of footnotes in koma-script + % if this does not work for everybody, use parameters ... + {\usecounter{xnumi}\@subex{(iiv)}{\@gblabelsep}{1.5em}% + \setcounter{xnumi}{\value{fnx}}}% + \fi} + +% \begin{list}{(\thexnumi)}% +% {\usecounter{xnumi}\@subex{#1}{1em}% +% \if@noftnote% +% \setcounter{xnumi}{\value{equation}}% +% \else% +% \setcounter{xnumi}{\value{fnx}}% +% \fi}} + +\def\endexe{\if@noftnote\setcounter{equation}{\value{xnumi}}% + \else\setcounter{fnx}{\value{xnumi}}% + \reset@counters\@xrecfalse\fi\end{list}} + +\def\@exrecwarn{\typeout{*** Recursion on "exe"---your + example numbering will probably be screwed up!}} + +\def\xlist{\@ifnextchar [{\@xlist{}}{\@xlist{}[iv.]}} +\def\xlista{\@ifnextchar [{\@xlist{\alph}}{\@xlist{\alph}[m.]}} +\def\xlistabr{\@ifnextchar [{\@xlist{(\alph)}}{\@xlist{(\alph)}[m.]}} +\def\xlisti{\@ifnextchar [{\@xlist{\roman}}{\@xlist{\roman}[iv.]}} +\def\xlistn{\@ifnextchar [{\@xlist{\arabic}}{\@xlist{\arabic}[9.]}} +\def\xlistA{\@ifnextchar [{\@xlist{\Alph}}{\@xlist{\Alph}[M.]}} +\def\xlistI{\@ifnextchar [{\@xlist{\Roman}}{\@xlist{\Roman}[IV.]}} + +\def\endxlist{\end{list}} +\def\endxlista{\end{list}} +\def\endxlistabr{\end{list}} +\def\endxlistn{\end{list}} +\def\endxlistA{\end{list}} +\def\endxlistI{\end{list}} +\def\endxlisti{\end{list}} + + + + +%%% a generic sublist-styler +\def\@xlist#1[#2]{\ifnum \@xnumdepth >3 \@toodeep\else% + \advance\@xnumdepth \@ne% + \edef\@xnumctr{xnum\romannumeral\the\@xnumdepth}% + \def\@bla{#1} + \ifx\@bla\empty\xs@default{\romannumeral\the\@xnumdepth}\else% + \expandafter\let\csname @xs\romannumeral\the\@xnumdepth\endcsname#1\fi + \begin{list}{\csname the\@xnumctr\endcsname.}% + {\usecounter{\@xnumctr}\@subex{#2}{\@subexsep}{0em}}\fi} + +%% Added third argument to be able to add some more space to leftmargin +%% for footnotes that have bigger indentation. +%% St. M�. 07.01.2007 +\def\@subex#1#2#3{\settowidth{\labelwidth}{#1}\itemindent\z@\labelsep#2% + \ifnum\the\@xnumdepth=1% + \topsep 7\p@ plus2\p@ minus3\p@\itemsep3\p@ plus2\p@\else% + \topsep1.5\p@ plus\p@\itemsep1.5\p@ plus\p@\fi% + \parsep\p@ plus.5\p@ minus.5\p@% + \leftmargin\labelwidth\advance\leftmargin#2\advance\leftmargin#3\relax} + +%%% the example-items +\def\ex{\@ifnextchar [{\@ex}{\item}} +\def\@ex[#1]#2{\item\@exj[#1]{#2}} +\def\@exj[#1]#2{\@exjbg{#1} #2 \end{list}} +% without understanding anything: +\def\exs#1{\item\begin{samepage}#1\end{samepage}} +%-- end +\def\exi#1{\item[#1]\@ifnextchar [{\@exj}{}} +\def\judgewidth#1{\def\@jwidth{#1}} +\judgewidth{??} +\judgewidth{*} % if wider judgements are needed, enlarge within papers +\def\@exjbg#1{\begin{list}{#1}{\@subex{\@jwidth}{.5ex}{0em}}\item} +\def\exr#1{\exi{{(\ref{#1})}}} +\def\exp#1{\exi{{(\ref{#1}$'$)}}} +\def\sn{\exi{}} +\def\bu{\item[$\bullet$]} + +%%% Lazy abbrevs (HANDLE WITH CARE!) +%\def\ea{\ifnum\@xnumdepth=0\begin{exe}[(34)]\else\begin{xlist}[iv.]\fi\raggedright\ex} steht unten noch mal +%\def\ea{\ifnum\@xnumdepth=0\begin{exe}[(\theequation)]\else\begin{xlist}[iv.]\fi\raggedright\ex} +\def\easragged{\ifnum\@xnumdepth=0\begin{exe}[(34)]\else\begin{xlist}[iv.]\fi\raggedright\ex\begin{tabular}[t]{@{}b{\linewidth}@{}}} +\def\eas{\ifnum\@xnumdepth=0\begin{exe}[(34)]\else\begin{xlist}[iv.]\fi\ex\begin{tabular}[t]{@{}b{\linewidth}@{}}} +\def\eaa{\ifnum\@xnumdepth=0\begin{exe}[(\theequation)]\else\begin{xlist}[iv.]\fi\raggedright\ex} + + +\def\ex{\@ifnextchar [{\exnrfont\@ex}{\exnrfont\item\exfont}} +\def\@ex[#1]#2{\item\@exj[#1]{\exfont#2}} + +\def\@exjbg#1{\begin{list}{{\exnrfont#1}}{\@subex{\@jwidth}{.5ex}{0em}}\item} +\def\exi#1{\item[{\exnrfont#1}]\@ifnextchar [{\exnrfont\@exj}{}} + +\def\ea{\ifnum\@xnumdepth=0\begin{exe}\else\begin{xlist}[iv.]\fi\raggedright\ex} +\def\eal{\begin{exe}\exnrfont\ex\begin{xlist}[iv.]\raggedright} +\def\ealnoraggedright{\begin{exe}\exnrfont\ex\begin{xlist}[iv.]} +\def\eanoraggedright{\ifnum\@xnumdepth=0\begin{exe}\else\begin{xlist}[iv.]\fi\ex} +\def\glt{\nopagebreak\vskip.17\baselineskip\transfont\parindent0ex} + + + +% copied from here: +% http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/23677/command-for-paragraph-indentation-after-equations + +%% As Barbara Beeton has commented, forcing the first paragraph after an equation environment to +%% indent can be achieved with \aftergroup -- use this command to add a \par after the group +%% established by the environment. + +%% Forcing the first paragraph after an environment not to indent isn't that straightforward. I came +%% up with the following: + +%% I defined a new macro \@doendeq that will redefine \everypar so that it a) removes the +%% indentation from the first paragraph following it b) reverts to its original (empty) +%% definition. (\@doendeq is an abridged version of LaTeX's \@doendpe which is used after +%% paragraph-making environments.) + +%% To change every instance of the equation environment to remove indents after it, one could +%% simply add \aftergroup\@doendeq to the definition of \endequation. As you are looking for a +%% command to modify only some instances of equation, I used \csappto from the etoolbox package +%% to locally add\aftergroup\@doendeq to \end<\@currenvir> (\@currenvir being the name of the +%% current environment). + +%% I suspect that there are more elegant ways to do this. + +%% \newcommand*{\@doendeq}{% +%% \everypar{{\setbox\z@\lastbox}\everypar{}}% +%% } +%% \newcommand*{\eqcntd}{% +%% \csappto{end\@currenvir}{% +%% \aftergroup\@doendeq +%% }% +%% } + + +\def\z{\ifnum\@xnumdepth=1\end{exe}\else\end{xlist}\fi} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% completely undocumented code +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +% for enforcing samepage we put stuff in a tabular environment +\def\zs{\end{tabular}\ifnum\@xnumdepth=1\end{exe}\else\end{xlist}\fi} +% %\def\zt{\ifnum\@xnumdepth=1\end{exe}\else\end{xlist}\fi\end{tabular}} +% % if an example is final in a footnote +% \def\zlast{\ifnum\@xnumdepth=1\end{exe}\else\end{xlist}\fi\vspace{-\baselineskip}} +\def\zlast{\z\vspace{-\baselineskip}} +\def\eafirst{\vspace{-1.5\baselineskip}\ea} +% +% % St. Mue. 26.02.00 +% \def\eaf#1{\begin{exe}[(iv)]\exi{(#1)}} +% \def\eal{\begin{exe}[(\theequation)]\ex\begin{xlist}[iv.]} +% \def\eal{\begin{exe}\ex\begin{xlist}[iv.]\raggedright} steht unten noch mal +% \def\eafl#1{\begin{exe}[(iv)]\exi{(#1)}\begin{xlist}[iv.]} +% \def\eaal{\begin{exe}[(\theequation)]\ex\begin{xlist}[iv.]} +\def\zl{\end{xlist}\end{exe}} +% % if an example is final in a footnote +% Hey, Sebastian, why did you comment this out? Please tell me, if you do such things. 22.07.2014 +\def\zllast{\end{xlist}\end{exe}\removelastskip} +% +% +% %%%%%%% \lcomment for breaks in (example-)lists (leaves all counters +% %%%%%%% as they are) (hpk) +% \newlength{\lcommentsep} +% \lcommentsep = 1ex +% +% \long\def\lcomment#1% +% {\vspace{\lcommentsep} +% \item[]\hspace*{-\leftmargin}% +% \@tempskipa=\linewidth% +% \addtolength{\@tempskipa}{\rightmargin}% +% \addtolength{\@tempskipa}{\leftmargin}% +% \parbox{\@tempskipa}{#1}% +% \vspace{\lcommentsep}% +% } + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Picture examples +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +%%%%%% control the alignment of exampleno. and (picture-)example +%%%%%% (by Lex Holt ). +\def\attop#1{\leavevmode\vtop{\strut\vskip-\baselineskip\vbox{#1}}} +\def\atcenter#1{$\vcenter{#1}$} +%%%%%% + +% \exewidth{\exnrfont (\theequation)}} + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% several examples in one line +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\newcommand{\xbox}[2]{\noindent\parbox[t]{#1}{#2}\noindent} + +%\newcommand{\nobreakbox}[1]{\xbox{\linewidth}{#1}} + + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Bars and other superscripts for projections; specifiers +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\let\prmbrs=0 +\def\primebars{\let\prmbrs=1} +\def\obar#1{\ifmmode#1^{0}\else#1$^{0}$\fi} %% FIX +\def\mbar#1{\ifmmode#1^{\mathrm{max}}\else#1\textsuperscript{max}\fi} +\def\ibar#1{\ifx\prmbrs0% + \ifmmode\overline{\mathrm{#1}}\else$\overline{\mbox{#1}}$\fi% + \else\ifmmode#1^{'}\else#1$^{'}$\fi\fi} +\def\iibar#1{\ifx\prmbrs0% + \ifmmode\overline{\overline{\mathrm{#1}}}% + \else$\overline{\overline{\mbox{#1}}}$\fi% + \else #1P\fi} + + +\def\spec#1{[Spec,#1]} %Def. of "Specifier of #1" + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% custom markup +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\def\ct#1{{\em #1\/}} %Citation of linguistic material with alternative style: +%\def\ct#1{`#1'} +\def\tx{\bf} %Introduction of technical terms with alternative style: +%\def\tx{\em} + + + diff --git a/langsci/styles/langsci-lgr.sty b/langsci/styles/langsci-lgr.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ed7f526 --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/styles/langsci-lgr.sty @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% File: langsci-lgr.sty +%% Author: Language Science Press (http://langsci-press.org) +%% Date: 2016-01-16 16:47:43 UTC +%% Purpose: This file contains shortcuts for the Leipzig Glossing +%% Rules. +%% Language: LaTeX +%% Licence: +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\newcommand{\abl}{\textsc{abl}{}\xspace} %ablative +\newcommand{\abs}{\textsc{abs}{}\xspace} %absolutive +\newcommand{\acc}{\textsc{acc}{}\xspace} %accusative +\newcommand{\adj}{\textsc{adj}{}\xspace} %adjective +\newcommand{\adv}{\textsc{adv}{}\xspace} %adverb(ial) +\newcommand{\agr}{\textsc{agr}{}\xspace} %agreement +\newcommand{\all}{\textsc{all}{}\xspace} %allative +\newcommand{\antip}{\textsc{antip}{}\xspace} %antipassive +\newcommand{\appl}{\textsc{appl}{}\xspace} %applicative +\newcommand{\art}{\textsc{art}{}\xspace} %article +\newcommand{\aux}{\textsc{aux}{}\xspace} %auxiliary +\newcommand{\ben}{\textsc{ben}{}\xspace} %benefactive +\newcommand{\caus}{\textsc{caus}{}\xspace} %causative +\newcommand{\clf}{\textsc{clf}{}\xspace} %classifier +\newcommand{\com}{\textsc{com}{}\xspace} %comitative +\newcommand{\comp}{\textsc{comp}{}\xspace} %complementizer +\newcommand{\compl}{\textsc{compl}{}\xspace} %completive +\newcommand{\cond}{\textsc{cond}{}\xspace} %conditional +\newcommand{\cop}{\textsc{cop}{}\xspace} %copula +\newcommand{\cvb}{\textsc{cvb}{}\xspace} %converb +\newcommand{\dat}{\textsc{dat}{}\xspace} %dative +\newcommand{\decl}{\textsc{decl}{}\xspace} %declarative +\newcommand{\dem}{\textsc{dem}{}\xspace} %demonstrative +\newcommand{\dist}{\textsc{dist}{}\xspace} %distal +\newcommand{\distr}{\textsc{distr}{}\xspace} %distributive +\newcommand{\du}{\textsc{du}{}\xspace} %dual +\newcommand{\dur}{\textsc{dur}{}\xspace} %durative +\newcommand{\erg}{\textsc{erg}{}\xspace} %ergative +\newcommand{\excl}{\textsc{excl}{}\xspace} %exclusive +\newcommand{\foc}{\textsc{foc}{}\xspace} %focus +\newcommand{\fut}{\textsc{fut}{}\xspace} %future +\newcommand{\gen}{\textsc{gen}{}\xspace} %genitive +\newcommand{\imp}{\textsc{imp}{}\xspace} %imperative +\newcommand{\incl}{\textsc{incl}{}\xspace} %inclusive +\newcommand{\ind}{\textsc{ind}{}\xspace} %indicative +\newcommand{\indf}{\textsc{indf}{}\xspace} %indefinite +\newcommand{\ins}{\textsc{ins}{}\xspace} %instrumental +\newcommand{\intr}{\textsc{intr}{}\xspace} %intransitive +\newcommand{\ipfv}{\textsc{ipfv}{}\xspace} %imperfective +\newcommand{\irr}{\textsc{irr}{}\xspace} %irrealis +\newcommand{\loc}{\textsc{loc}{}\xspace} %locative +\newcommand{\nmlz}{\textsc{nmlz}{}\xspace} %nominalizer/nominalization +\newcommand{\nom}{\textsc{nom}{}\xspace} %nominative +\newcommand{\obj}{\textsc{obj}{}\xspace} %object +\newcommand{\obl}{\textsc{obl}{}\xspace} %oblique +\newcommand{\pass}{\textsc{pass}{}\xspace} %passive +\newcommand{\pfv}{\textsc{pfv}{}\xspace} %perfective +\newcommand{\pl}{\textsc{pl}{}\xspace} %plural +\newcommand{\poss}{\textsc{poss}{}\xspace} %possessive +\newcommand{\pred}{\textsc{pred}{}\xspace} %predicative +\newcommand{\prf}{\textsc{prf}{}\xspace} %perfect +\newcommand{\prs}{\textsc{prs}{}\xspace} %present +\newcommand{\prog}{\textsc{prog}{}\xspace} %progressive +\newcommand{\proh}{\textsc{proh}{}\xspace} %prohibitive +\newcommand{\prox}{\textsc{prox}{}\xspace} %proximal/proximate +\newcommand{\pst}{\textsc{pst}{}\xspace} %past +\newcommand{\ptcp}{\textsc{ptcp}{}\xspace} %participle +\newcommand{\purp}{\textsc{purp}{}\xspace} %purposive +\newcommand{\quot}{\textsc{quot}{}\xspace} %quotative +\newcommand{\recp}{\textsc{recp}{}\xspace} %reciprocal +\newcommand{\refl}{\textsc{refl}{}\xspace} %reflexive +\newcommand{\rel}{\textsc{rel}{}\xspace} %relative +\newcommand{\res}{\textsc{res}{}\xspace} %resultative +\newcommand{\sbj}{\textsc{sbj}{}\xspace} %subject +\newcommand{\sbjv}{\textsc{sbjv}{}\xspace} %subjunctive +\newcommand{\sg}{\textsc{sg}{}\xspace} %singular +\newcommand{\tr}{\textsc{tr}{}\xspace} %transitive +\newcommand{\voc}{\textsc{voc}{}\xspace} %vocative \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/langsci/styles/langsci-optional.sty b/langsci/styles/langsci-optional.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e7d2aa6 --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/styles/langsci-optional.sty @@ -0,0 +1,192 @@ +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% File: langsci-optional.sty +%% Author: Language Science Press (http://langsci-press.org) +%% Date: 2016-01-16 16:47:43 UTC +%% Purpose: This file contains useful, but not essential, +%% macros for books using langscibook.cls +%% Language: LaTeX +%% Licence: +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + + +% Heiko Oberdiek +% http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/136644/vertical-space-in-interaction-with-figure-center-environment +\newcommand{\oneline}[1]{% + \begingroup + \sbox0{\ignorespaces#1\unskip}% + \leavevmode + \ifdim\wd0>\linewidth + \hbox to\linewidth{% + \hss\resizebox{\linewidth}{!}{\copy0 }\hss + }% + \else + \copy0 % + \fi + \endgroup +} + +\newcommand{\centerfit}[1]{% + \begingroup + \sbox0{\ignorespaces#1\unskip}% + \leavevmode + \ifdim\wd0>\linewidth + \hbox to\linewidth{% + \hss\resizebox{\linewidth}{!}{\copy0 }\hss + }% + \else + \centerline{\copy0 }% + \fi + \endgroup +} + +% Helps to fit verbatim onto one line: +% http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/140593/shrinking-verbatim-text/ +\usepackage{fancyvrb} +\newenvironment{fitverb} + {\SaveVerbatim{rlwv}} + {\endSaveVerbatim + \sbox0{\BUseVerbatim{rlwv}} + \begingroup\center % don't add indentation + \ifdim\wd0>\linewidth + \resizebox{\linewidth}{!}{\copy0}% + \else + \copy0 + \fi + \endcenter\endgroup} + +\VerbatimFootnotes + + +% http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/73464/inserting-rtl-text-in-verbatim-environment?rq=1 +% verbatim with RTL text + +%\DefineVerbatimEnvironment{rtlverbatim}{Verbatim}{commandchars=+\[\]} + + +\newcommand{\ispackage}[1]{\if@noftnote% +\is{package!{\scshape #1}}% +\else% +\is{package!{\scshape #1}|fn{*}}% +\fi% +} + +% breaks the index +%\usepackage{doc} + + +\newcommand{\ispackageb}[1]{ +\is{package!\texttt{#1}|(} +} +\newcommand{\ispackagee}[1]{ +\is{package!\texttt{#1}|)} +} + +\newcommand{\isoption}[1]{\if@noftnote% +\is{option!\texttt{#1}}% +\else% +\is{option!\texttt{#1}|fn{*}}% +\fi% +} + +\newcommand{\iscommand}[1]{\if@noftnote% +\index{#1@{\ttfamily $\backslash$#1}}% +\else% +\is{{#1@\ttfamily $\backslash$#1}|fn{*}}% +\fi% +} + + +\newcommand\displaycmd[2]{% + \DescribeMacro{#2}\centerline{\cmd{#1}}} + +% \mex considered evil, as we need explicit reference to examples in XML +% % The following allows for a quick reference to following or preceeding examples (\mex{1}) or +% % (\mex{0}) but also (\mex{-1}) +% % taken from covington.sty (check) +% \newcounter{lsptempcnt} +% +% \newcommand{\mex}[1]{\setcounter{lsptempcnt}{\value{equation}}% +% \addtocounter{lsptempcnt}{#1}% +% \arabic{lsptempcnt}}% + +\newcommand{\fitpagewidth}[1]{ + \resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{#1} +} + + + +%add intonation bars over morphemes or words +\newcommand{\intline}[2]{\settowidth{\LSPTmp}{#2}\raisebox{#1pt}{\parbox{.1mm}{\rule{\LSPTmp}{.5pt}}}#2} + +%add rising or falling intonation +\newcommand{\dline}[3]{% + \parbox{.1mm}{\begin{picture}(0,0)% + \put(0,#1){\line(#2,-1){#3}}% + \end{picture}% + }% +} + +%% rotated table headers +% create lengths +\newlength{\rotheight} +\newlength{\rotwidth} + +\newcommand{\rotatehead}[2][1cm]{ +%width is the width of the parbox +%height is the buffer space used to vertically stretch the headere +\setlength{\rotwidth}{#1} +\setlength{\rotheight}{.85\rotwidth} + \begin{rotate}{33}~ %nbsp shifts the content away from the line underneath + \parbox{\rotwidth}{\raggedright #2} + \end{rotate}% + \rule{0pt}{\rotheight} %add zero width rule to get the right table height +} + +% example metadata + +\newcommand{\langinfo}[3]{{\upshape #1\il{#1}~(% +\ifx\\#2\\% +\else% +#2; +\fi% +#3)}\nopagebreak[4]\ignorespaces} + + +\newcommand{\fittable}[1]{\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{#1}} + + +% integrate see also in multiple indexes +\def\igobble#1 {} +\newcommand{\langsciseealso}{\par\addvspace{.1\baselineskip}\hspace*{1.4cm}\hangindent=1.4cm\seealso} +\newcommand{\ilsa}[2]{\il{#1@\igobble | langsciseealso{#2}}} +\newcommand{\issa}[2]{\is{#1@\igobble | langsciseealso{#2}}} + +\usepackage{tabularx} +\usepackage{array} +\newenvironment{widetabular}[1][1] + {\tabularx{#1\textwidth}} + {\endtabularx} + + +\newcommand{\citetv}[1]{\citeauthor{#1} (\citeyear*{#1} [this volume])} +\newcommand{\citepv}[1]{(\citealt{#1} [this volume])} + + +% Vowel chart tikz commands +\newcommand{\aeiou}{% + \node at (1.5,0) (a) {a}; + \node at (0,3) (i) {i}; + \node at (3,3) (u) {u}; + \node at (0.5,1.5) (e) {e}; + \node at (2.5,1.5) (o) {o}; +} +\newcommand{\aeiouEO}{% + \node at (1.5,0) (a) {a}; + \node at (0,3) (i) {i}; + \node at (3,3) (u) {u}; + \node at (0.25,2) (e) {e}; + \node at (2.75,2) (o) {o}; + \node at (0.75,1) (E) {ε}; + \node at (2.25,1) (O) {ɔ}; +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/langsci/styles/langsci-tbls.sty b/langsci/styles/langsci-tbls.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000..297c425 --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/styles/langsci-tbls.sty @@ -0,0 +1,160 @@ +\usepackage[framemethod=tikz]{mdframed} +\mdfsetup{skipabove=2\baselineskip,skipbelow=2\baselineskip,frametitlefont=\sffamily\bfseries\Large, needspace=4\baselineskip, splittopskip=1.5\baselineskip} +\mdfsetup{apptotikzsetting={\tikzset{mdfbackground/.append style={draw=none}}}} +\newcommand{\langscisymbol}{book} +\newlength{\trennlinie} +\setlength{\trennlinie}{.8mm} +\newcommand{\tblsboxcolor}{black} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\mdfdefinestyle{yellowexercise}{% + linewidth=1.5pt, linecolor=lsYellow, + innerleftmargin=5mm, innerrightmargin=5mm, innerbottommargin=5mm, + frametitleaboveskip=15mm, frametitlebelowskip=10mm,frametitlerule=false, innertopmargin=0, repeatframetitle=false, + firstextra={\useasboundingbox (P) rectangle (P);\node[xshift=5mm,right,draw=lsYellow, line width=1.5pt,rectangle, minimum size=10mm, fill=white] at (P-|O) {\color{blue}{\includegraphics[width=10mm]{langsci/graphics/tbls-\langscisymbol.eps}}};}, % if environment is on multiple pages, print this on the first page. + singleextra={\useasboundingbox (P) rectangle (P);\node[xshift=5mm,right,draw=lsYellow, line width=1.5pt,rectangle, minimum size=10mm, fill=white] at (P-|O) {\color{blue}{\includegraphics[width=10mm]{langsci/graphics/tbls-\langscisymbol.eps}}};} % if env. does not span multiple pages, print the same. +% singleextra={\node[xshift=5mm,right,draw=lsYellow, line width=1.5pt,rectangle, minimum size=10mm, fill=white] at (P-|O) {{\color{lsYellow}\input{langsci/graphics/book2.tex}}};} % if env. does not span multiple pages, print the same. + } + +\mdfdefinestyle{greyexercise}{% + everyline=true,ignorelastdescenders=true, + linewidth=0pt,backgroundcolor=black!12, + innerleftmargin=5mm, innerrightmargin=5mm, innerbottommargin=5mm, innertopmargin=5mm, + frametitleaboveskip=15mm, frametitlebelowskip=5mm,frametitlerule=false, repeatframetitle=false, + firstextra={\useasboundingbox (P) rectangle (P);\node[xshift=5mm,right,draw=black!20, line width=1.5pt,rectangle, minimum size=10mm, fill=white] at (P-|O) {{\color{lsYellow}\includegraphics[width=10mm]{langsci/graphics/tbls-\langscisymbol.eps}}};}, % if environment is on multiple pages, print this on the first page. + singleextra={\useasboundingbox (P) rectangle (P);\node[xshift=5mm,right,draw=black!20, line width=1.5pt,rectangle, minimum size=10mm, fill=white] at (P-|O) {{\color{lsYellow}\includegraphics[width=10mm]{langsci/graphics/tbls-.\langscisymbol.eps}}};} % if env. does not span multiple pages, print the same. + % singleextra={\node[xshift=5mm,right,draw=lsYellow, line width=1.5pt,rectangle, minimum size=10mm, fill=white] at (P-|O) {{\color{lsYellow}\input{langsci/graphics/book2.tex}}};} % if env. does not span multiple pages, print the same. + } + + +\mdfdefinestyle{tblsbox}{% + leftline=false, rightline=false, frametitleaboveskip=5mm, frametitlebelowskip=5mm,frametitlerule=false, repeatframetitle=false, linewidth=\trennlinie, linecolor=\tblsboxcolor, innerbottommargin=5mm, innertopmargin=5mm,innerleftmargin=0mm,innerrightmargin=0 + } + +\mdfdefinestyle{tblsframedbox}{% + frametitleaboveskip=10mm, frametitlebelowskip=5mm,frametitlerule=false, repeatframetitle=false, linewidth=\trennlinie, linecolor=\tblsboxcolor, innerbottommargin=5mm, innertopmargin=5mm +} + +\newcommand{\tblsfillcolour}{black!12} +\mdfdefinestyle{tblsfilledbox}{% + hidealllines=true, backgroundcolor=\tblsfillcolour, frametitleaboveskip=2\baselineskip, frametitlebelowskip=0mm,frametitlerule=false, repeatframetitle=false, innerleftmargin=5mm, innerrightmargin=5mm, innerbottommargin=5mm, innertopmargin=5mm +} + +\mdfdefinestyle{tblsfilledcolumnbox}{% % Copy of tblsfilledbox with multicols + hidealllines=true, backgroundcolor=\tblsfillcolour, frametitleaboveskip=5mm, frametitlebelowskip=0mm,frametitlerule=false, repeatframetitle=false, innerleftmargin=5mm, innerrightmargin=5mm, innerbottommargin=5mm, innertopmargin=5mm,startinnercode={\begin{multicols}{2}},endinnercode={\end{multicols}} +} + +\mdfdefinestyle{tblsframedcolumnbox}{% + frametitleaboveskip=10mm, frametitlebelowskip=5mm,frametitlerule=false, repeatframetitle=false, linewidth=\trennlinie, linecolor=\tblsboxcolor, innerbottommargin=5mm, innertopmargin=5mm, startinnercode={\begin{multicols}{2}},endinnercode={\end{multicols}} +} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +\newcommand{\tblsbwbox}[4][]{% +\\ + \noindent + \colorbox{#2}{ +\parbox{.97\textwidth}{ +\centering +\parbox{.9\textwidth}{ + + %add logo if requested + \ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\bigskip}{ + \begin{flushleft} + \hspace*{3.5mm} \raisebox{0mm}[0mm][0mm]{\color{white}\includegraphics[width=10mm]{langsci/graphics/#1.eps}} + \end{flushleft}} + %add header + \boxheader{#3} + \begin{multicols*}{2} + #4 + \end{multicols*} + \bigskip + } +} +} +\\[1em] +} + + + +\newcommand{\tblsbwboxdark}[3][]{% + \noindent + \tblsbwbox[#1]{gray}{#2}{#3} +} + +\newcommand{\tblsbwboxlight}[3][]{% + \noindent + \tblsbwbox[#1]{lightgray}{#2}{#3} +} + +\newcommand{\tblscolboxdark}[3][]{% + \tblsbwboxdark[#1]{#2}{#3} +} + +\newcommand{\tblscolboxlight}[3][]{% + \tblsbwboxlight[#1]{#2}{#3} +} + + +\newcommand{\tblsthinline}{\rule{\textwidth}{.8mm}} +\newcommand{\tblsthickline}{{\color{gray}\rule{\textwidth}{1.5mm}}} +\newcommand{\tblsthickcolorline}{{\color{lsYellow}\rule{\textwidth}{1.5mm}}} + +\newcommand{\tblssandwich}[3]{ +% \\ + +\medskip +\noindent +#1 +\\[2em] +\boxheader{#2} +\\[1em] +\noindent% +#3 +\smallskip +\noindent +#1 +\\[1em] +} + +\newcommand{\tblsbwthinsandwich}[2]{ + \tblssandwich{\tblsthinline}{#1}{#2} +} + +\newcommand{\tblsbwthicksandwich}[2]{ + \tblssandwich{\tblsthickline}{#1}{#2} +} + +\newcommand{\tblscolthicksandwich}[2]{ + \tblssandwich{\tblsthickcolorline}{#1}{#2} +} + +\newcommand{\tblscolthinsandwich}[2]{ + \tblssandwich{\tblsthinline}{#1}{#2} +} + +\newcommand{\tblscolframebox}[3][]{ + \fboxrule.8mm + \noindent + \begin{figure} + \begin{flushleft} + \hspace*{3.5mm} + \raisebox{-10mm}[0mm][0mm]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{}{\includegraphics[width=10mm]{langsci/graphics/#1.eps}}} \\ + \end{flushleft} + \color{lsYellow}\framebox[\textwidth]{% + \color{black} + \parbox{.92\textwidth}{% + \vspace*{.5cm} + \boxheader{#2} + \begin{multicols*}{2} + #3 + \end{multicols*} + } + } + \end{figure} +} + + +\newcommand{\boxheader}[1]{\medskip{\Large\bfseries\sffamily #1}} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/langsci/styles/langsci-tobi.sty b/langsci/styles/langsci-tobi.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000..003c122 --- /dev/null +++ b/langsci/styles/langsci-tobi.sty @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +\newcommand{\tobi}[3][0]{\parbox{0cm}{\raisebox{.8em}[0cm]{\hspace{#1mm}#3}}#2} + +\renewcommand{\H}[2][0]{\tobi[#1]{#2}{\textsc{h}}} %put H above letter +\renewcommand{\L}[2][0]{\tobi[#1]{#2}{\textsc{l}}} %put L above letter +\newcommand{\E}[2][0]{\tobi[#1]{#2}{\textsc{!}}} %put ! above letter (_E_xclamation) +\renewcommand{\P}[2][0]{\tobi[#1]{#2}{\textsc{\%}}} %put % above letter (_P_ercentage) +\renewcommand{\S}[2][0]{\tobi[#1]{#2}{\textsc{*}}} %put * above letter (_S_tar) + diff --git a/lengths.tex b/lengths.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..df9a9b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/lengths.tex @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + +\setlength{\csspine}{18.304256mm} % Please calculate: Total Page Number (excluding cover, usually (Total Page - 3)) * 0.0572008 mm +\setlength{\bodspine}{20mm} % Please calculate: Total Page Number (excluding cover) * BODFACTOR + BODABS + diff --git a/localbibliography.bib b/localbibliography.bib new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ea7f50f --- /dev/null +++ b/localbibliography.bib @@ -0,0 +1,5296 @@ +%% This BibTeX bibliography file was created using BibDesk. +%% http://bibdesk.sourceforge.net/ + + +%% Created for Micha at 2016-09-22 09:53:15 +0200 + + +%% Saved with string encoding Unicode (UTF-8) + + + +@article{jalava2013a, + Abstract = {Nenets expresses property with lexical items that represent two main word classes: nouns and verbs. This study focuses on the morphological and syntactic features that are typical to adjectives in other languages and also characteristic to property words in Nenets: attributive and predicative positions, derivation, comparative construction and the formation of adverbs of manner. It argues that Nenets property words have fea- tures that distinguish them from other nouns and verbs. Furthermore, the study aims at explaining the dichotomy of Nenets property words in two words classes. At the same time, the study takes part in the discussion of the cross-linguistic universality of adjec- tives and linguistic categorization.}, + Author = {Jalava, Lotta}, + Date-Added = {2016-09-18 11:55:38 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-18 11:55:38 +0000}, + journal = {Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja}, + Keywords = {adjective}, + Pages = {37-67}, + Subtitle = {Properties of property words}, + Title = {``Adjectives'' in {T}undra {N}enets}, + Volume = {94}, + Year = {2013}} + +@book{nikolaeva2014a, + Author = {Nikolaeva, Irina}, + Date-Added = {2016-09-18 11:42:15 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-18 11:43:06 +0000}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Number = {65}, + Publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton}, + Series = {Mouton Grammar Library}, + Title = {A grammar of {T}undra {N}enets}, + Year = {2014}} + +@incollection{wagner-nagy2002b, + Author = {Wagner-Nagy, Beáta}, + Crossref = {wagner-nagy2002a}, + Date-Added = {2016-09-18 10:35:28 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-18 10:35:28 +0000}, + Keywords = {syntax,Nganasan}, + Pages = {145-185}, + Title = {Mondattani áttekintés}, + crossref = {wagner-nagy2002a}} + +@book{fortescue2005a, + Author = {Fortescue, Michael}, + Date-Added = {2016-09-13 16:49:37 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-13 16:49:37 +0000}, + Keywords = {dictionary,historical linguistics}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Number = {23}, + Pagetotal = {496}, + Publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + Series = {Trends in Linguistics Documentation}, + Title = {Comparative {C}hukotko-{K}amchatkan dictionary}, + Year = {2005}} + +@book{robbeetsEtAl2013a, + Author = {Martine Robbeets and Hubert Cuyckens}, + Date-Added = {2016-09-09 15:36:30 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-09 15:38:56 +0000}, + Address = {Amsterdam}, + Number = {132}, + Publisher = {John Benjamins}, + Series = {Studies in Language Companion Series}, + Subtitle = {With special focus on the {T}ranseurasian languages}, + Title = {Shared grammaticalization}, + Year = {2013}} + +@incollection{salminen1998a, + Author = {Tapani Salminen}, + Crossref = {abondolo1998a}, + Date-Added = {2016-07-14 09:20:06 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-18 12:28:33 +0000}, + Keywords = {language description}, + Pages = {516-547}, + Title = {Tundra {N}enets}, + crossref = {abondolo1998a}} + +@book{johanson2002a, + Author = {Johanson, Lars}, + Date-Added = {2016-07-13 16:00:14 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-07-13 16:00:14 +0000}, + Address = {Richmond}, + Publisher = {Curzon}, + Title = {Structural factors in {T}urkic language contacts}, + Year = {2002}} + +@article{haspelmath2010b, + Abstract = {In this discussion note, I argue that we need to distinguish carefully between descriptive categories, that is, categories of particular languages, and comparative concepts, which are used for crosslinguistic comparison and are specifically created by typologists for the purposes of comparison. Descriptive formal categories cannot be equated across languages because the criteria for category assignment are different from language to language. This old structuralist insight (called categorial particularism) has recently been emphasized again by several linguists, but the idea that linguists need to identify `crosslinguistic categories' before they can compare languages is still widespread, especially (but not only) in generative linguistics. Instead, what we have to do (and normally do in practice) is to create comparative concepts that allow us to identify comparable phenomena across languages and to formulate crosslinguistic generalizations. Comparative concepts have to be universally applicable, so they can only be based on other universally applicable concepts: conceptual-semantic concepts, general formal concepts, and other comparative concepts. Comparative concepts are not always purely semantically based concepts, but outside of phonology they usually contain a semantic component. The fact that typologists compare languages in terms of a separate set of concepts that is not taxonomically superordinate to descriptive linguistic categories means that typology and language-particular analysis are more independent of each other than is often thought.}, + Author = {Haspelmath, Martin}, + Date-Added = {2016-07-13 15:08:55 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 13:01:51 +0000}, + journal = {Language}, + Number = {3}, + Pages = {663-687}, + Title = {Comparative concepts and descriptive categories in cross-linguistic studies}, + Volume = {86}, + Year = {2010}} + +@incollection{stolz2015a, + Author = {Stolz, Thomas}, + Booktitle = {Borrowed morphology}, + Date-Added = {2016-07-01 05:49:48 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-07-01 05:50:02 +0000}, + Editor = {Francesco Gardani and Peter Arkadiev and Nino {Amiridze}}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Number = {8}, + Pages = {269-301}, + Publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton}, + Series = {Language Contact and Bilingualism}, + Subtitle = {Loss, realignment and innovation}, + Title = {Adjective-noun agreement in language contact}, + Year = {2015}} + +@book{korjakov2006a, + Author = {Korjakov, Jurij B.}, + Date-Added = {2016-06-17 08:57:44 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-06-17 08:59:32 +0000}, + Address = {Moskva}, + Publisher = {Institut Jazykoznanija RAN}, + Title = {Atlas kavkazskich jazykov}, + Year = {2006}} + +@article{holvoetEtAl2012a, + Author = {Holvoet, Axel and Birut{\.e} Spraunien{\.e}}, + Date-Added = {2016-06-17 08:30:44 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-06-17 08:31:40 +0000}, + journal = {Baltic Linguistics}, + Pages = {65-99}, + Title = {Towards a semantic map for definite adjectives in {B}altic}, + Volume = {3}, + Year = {2012}} + +@book{babby2009a, + Author = {Babby, Leonard H.}, + Date-Added = {2016-06-17 08:28:04 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-06-17 08:28:46 +0000}, + Address = {Cambridge}, + Number = {120}, + Publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + Series = {Cambridge Studies in Linguistics}, + Title = {The Syntax of Argument Structure}, + Year = {2009}} + +@book{sorokina2010a, + Author = {Sorokina, Irina P.}, + Date-Added = {2016-06-17 07:24:46 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-06-17 07:25:04 +0000}, + Address = {Saint Petersburg}, + Publisher = {Nauka}, + Title = {\.Eneckij jazyk}, + Year = {2010}} + +@book{beekes1995a, + Author = {Beekes, Robert S. P.}, + Date-Added = {2016-06-16 15:36:06 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-06-16 15:37:13 +0000}, + Address = {Amsterdam}, + Publisher = {John Benjamins}, + Title = {Comparative {I}ndo-{E}uropean linguistics}, + Year = {1995}} + +@book{siegl2013a, + Author = {Siegl, Florian}, + Date-Added = {2016-06-16 13:38:41 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-06-16 13:38:58 +0000}, + Address = {Helsinki}, + Number = {267}, + Publisher = {Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura}, + Series = {Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia}, + Title = {Materials on {F}orest {E}nets, an indigenous language of northern {S}iberia}, + Year = {2013}} + +@book{feist2015a, + Author = {Feist, Timothy}, + Date-Added = {2016-06-16 13:21:21 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-06-16 13:21:21 +0000}, + Keywords = {Saamic linguistics,language description,Kola Saami}, + Address = {Helsinki}, + Number = {273}, + Publisher = {Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura}, + Series = {Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia}, + Title = {A grammar of {S}kolt {S}aami}, + Year = {2015}, + Bdsk-Url-1 = {??}} + +@phdthesis{riesler2011a, + Abstract = {http://omnibus.uni-freiburg.de/\textascitilde mr5496/downl/RIESSLER2011.pdf}, + Author = {Michael Rießler}, + Date-Added = {2016-06-01 11:27:52 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-06-01 11:28:39 +0000}, + Institution = {Universität Leipzig}, + Address = {Leipzig}, + Note = {[{CD-ROM}]}, + Title = {Typology and evolution of adjective attribution marking in the languages of northern {E}urasia}, + Url = {http://d-nb.info/1013503309/}, + Year = {2011}, + Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://omnibus.uni-freiburg.de/~mr5496/downl/RIESSLER2011.pdf}, + Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://omnibus.uni-freiburg.de/%5Ctextascitilde%20mr5496/downl/RIESSLER2011.pdf}, + Bdsk-Url-3 = {http://d-nb.info/1013503309}, + Bdsk-Url-4 = {http://d-nb.info/1013503309/}} + +@collection{wagner-nagy2002a, + Booktitle = {Chrestomathia nganasanica}, + Date-Added = {2016-06-01 09:59:52 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-22 07:08:22 +0000}, + Editor = {Beáta Wagner-Nagy}, + Address = {Szeged}, + Number = {10}, + Publisher = {SzTE Finnugor Tanszék}, + Series = {Studia Uralo-Altaica (Supplementum)}, + Title = {Chrestomathia nganasanica}, + Year = {2002}} + +@incollection{kotcheva1996a, + Abstract = {Saami linguistics}, + Author = {Kotcheva, Kristina}, + Booksubtitle = {Föredrag från det 1:a studentkollokviet i nordisk språkvetenskap}, + Booktitle = {Nordisk språkhistoria}, + Date-Added = {2016-06-01 09:54:59 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-06-01 09:56:35 +0000}, + Editor = {Jurij Kusmenko and Sven Lange}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Number = {7}, + Pages = {36-45}, + Publisher = {Nordeuropa-Institut}, + Series = {Kleine Schriften des Nordeuropa-Instituts}, + Subtitle = {Synkroni och diakroni}, + Title = {\textit{Den}-lösa konstruktionen i svenska}, + Year = {1996}} + +@article{marusic-etal2007b, + Author = {Marušič, Franc and Žaucer, Rok}, + Date-Added = {2016-05-28 09:18:12 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 09:19:09 +0000}, + journal = {Pismo}, + Number = {1}, + Pages = {102-124}, + Title = {On the adjectival definite article in {S}lovenian}, + Volume = {5}, + Year = {2007}} + +@book{dahl2004a, + Author = {Dahl, {\"O}sten}, + Date-Added = {2016-03-30 12:39:35 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-30 12:47:40 +0000}, + Address = {Amsterdam}, + Number = {71}, + Publisher = {John Benjamins}, + Series = {Studies in language companion series}, + Title = {The growth and maintenance of linguistic complexity}, + Year = {2004}} + +@book{svonni2009a, + Author = {Svonni, Mikael}, + Call-Number = {MR (PDF)}, + Date-Added = {2016-03-27 16:08:04 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-27 16:08:04 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description,Saamic linguistics,North Saami}, + Address = {Tromsø}, + Publisher = {Universitetet i Tromsø}, + Subtitle = {Kompendium}, + Title = {Samisk grammatik}, + Year = {2009}} + +@book{schafer2015a, + Author = {Roland Schäfer}, + Date-Added = {2016-03-26 13:55:44 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 13:49:19 +0000}, + Doi = {10.17169/langsci.b17.34}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Number = {2}, + Publisher = {Language Science Press}, + Series = {Textbooks in Language Sciences}, + Title = {Einführung in die grammatische {B}eschreibung des {D}eutschen}, + Year = {2015}} + +@book{liljegren2016a, + Author = {Henrik Liljegren}, + Date-Added = {2016-03-26 13:28:10 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-26 13:29:09 +0000}, + Doi = {10.17169/langsci.b82.86}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Number = {8}, + Publisher = {Language Science Press}, + Series = {Studies in Diversity Linguistics}, + Title = {A grammar of {P}alula}, + Year = {2016}} + +@book{berghall2016a, + Author = {Liisa Berghäll}, + Date-Added = {2016-03-26 13:09:48 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-26 13:29:17 +0000}, + Doi = {10.17169/langsci.b67.96}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Number = {4}, + Publisher = {Language Science Press}, + Series = {Studies in Diversity Linguistics}, + Title = {A grammar of {M}auwake}, + Year = {2016}} + +@book{wilbur2014a, + Author = {Joshua Wilbur}, + Date-Added = {2016-03-26 12:26:07 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-30 11:36:04 +0000}, + Doi = {10.17169/langsci.b17.34}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Number = {5}, + Publisher = {Language Science Press}, + Series = {Studies in Diversity Linguistics}, + Title = {A grammar of {P}ite {S}aami}, + Year = {2014}} + +@book{schackow2015a, + Author = {Diana Schackow}, + Date-Added = {2016-03-26 12:23:14 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-26 12:25:41 +0000}, + Doi = {10.17169/langsci.b66.106}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Number = {7}, + Publisher = {Language Science Press}, + Series = {Studies in Diversity Linguistics}, + Title = {A grammar of {Y}akkha}, + Year = {2015}} + +@book{dahl2015a, + Author = {Dahl, {\"O}sten}, + Date-Added = {2016-03-22 16:25:18 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-25 13:11:25 +0000}, + Doi = {10.17169/langsci.b73.17}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Number = {6}, + Publisher = {Language Science Press}, + Series = {Studies in Diversity Linguistics}, + Subtitle = {Noun phrase morphosyntax in {S}candinavian vernaculars}, + Title = {Grammaticalization in the {N}orth}, + Year = {2015}} + +@incollection{haspelmath2010, + Author = {Haspelmath, Martin}, + Booktitle = {The {O}xford handbook of grammatical analysis}, + Date-Added = {2011-03-29 20:13:37 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2014-12-01 11:18:20 +0000}, + Editor = {Heine, Bernd and Narrog, Heiko}, + Keywords = {Theoretical linguistics;Functional linguistics;Generative linguistics}, + Address = {Oxford}, + Pages = {341-365}, + Publisher = {Oxford University Press}, + Title = {Framework-free grammatical theory}, + Year = {2010}} + +@incollection{bickel-etal2002, + Author = {Balthasar Bickel and Johanna Nichols}, + Booktitle = {Proceedings of the {I}nternational {LREC} {W}orkshop on {R}esources and {T}ools in {F}ield {L}inguistics, {L}as {P}almas, 26--27 {M}ay 2002}, + Date-Added = {2008-08-28 10:28:30 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 08:11:54 +0000}, + Doi = {10.5167/uzh-76860}, + Editor = {Austin, Peter and Helen Dry and Peter Witternburg}, + Address = {Nijmegen}, + Publisher = {ISLE and DOBES}, + Title = {Autotypologizing databases and their use in fieldwork}, + Year = {2003}} + +@article{bickel2007, + Author = {Bickel, Balthasar}, + Call-Number = {MR}, + Date-Added = {2009-10-09 13:39:39 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2014-11-28 14:01:16 +0000}, + journal = {Linguistic Typology}, + Pages = {239-251}, + Subtitle = {Major current developments}, + Title = {Typology in the 21st century}, + Volume = {11}, + Year = {2007}} + +@book{walsOnline2013, + Booktitle = {The World Atlas of Language Structures Online}, + Date-Added = {2016-02-02 19:09:27 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-02-02 19:09:27 +0000}, + Editor = {Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath}, + Keywords = {Typology}, + Address = {Leipzig}, + Publisher = {Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology}, + Title = {The World Atlas of Language Structures Online}, + Url = {http://wals.info/}, + Urldate = {2016-01-28}, + Year = {2013}} + +@article{nichols1986, + Author = {Nichols, Johanna}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy)}, + Date-Added = {2008-01-07 16:42:54 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2008-01-07 16:43:57 +0100}, + journal = {Language}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase}, + Pages = {56-119}, + Title = {Head-marking and dependent-marking grammars}, + Volume = {62}, + Year = {1986}} + +@book{rijkhoff2002, + Author = {Jan Rijkhoff}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Call-Number = {MR}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-11-10 16:43:51 +0100}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase;Syntax;Typology;Attribution}, + Address = {Oxford}, + Publisher = {Oxford University Press}, + Series = {Oxford studies in typology and linguistic theory}, + Title = {The noun phrase}, + Year = {2002}} + +@book{wetzer1996, + Abstract = {Noun phrase}, + Author = {Wetzer, Harrie}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Call-Number = {MR}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2014-11-28 11:10:50 +0000}, + Keywords = {Adjective;Parts of speech;Predication}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Number = {17}, + Publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + Series = {Empirical Approaches to Language Typology}, + Title = {The Typology of Adjectival Predication}, + Year = {1996}} + +@thesis{derbyshire1979, + Author = {Derbyshire, Desmond C.}, + Date-Added = {2009-10-22 14:22:06 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 12:56:38 +0000}, + Institution = {University of London}, + Address = {London}, + Title = {Hixkaryana syntax}, + Type = {phdthesis}, + Year = {1979}} + +@article{hengeveld-etal2004, + Author = {Hengeveld, Kees J. and Rijkhoff, Jan and Siewierska, Anna}, + Call-Number = {MR (PDF)}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-26 20:35:13 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-07-19 10:35:47 +0200}, + journal = {Journal of Linguistics}, + Number = {3}, + Pages = {527-570}, + Title = {Parts-of-speech systems and word order}, + Volume = {40}, + Year = {2004}} + +@book{poppe1964, + Author = {Poppe, Nicholas}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-11 16:23:33 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2014-11-28 10:10:59 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description;Turkic}, + Address = {Bloomington}, + Number = {36}, + Publisher = {Indiana University}, + Series = {Uralic and Altaic Series}, + Subtitle = {Descriptive grammar and texts with a {B}ashkir-{E}nglish glossary}, + Title = {Bashkir manual}, + Year = {1964}} + +@incollection{testelec1998, + Author = {Testelets, Yakov G.}, + Booktitle = {Constituent order in the languages of {E}urope}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-03 16:31:50 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2014-11-28 11:09:51 +0000}, + Editor = {Siewierska, Anna}, + Keywords = {Syntax;Typology;Europe}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Number = {20:1}, + Pages = {649-679}, + Publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + Series = {Empirical Approaches to Language Typology}, + Title = {Word order variation in some {SOV} languages of {E}urope}, + Year = {1998}} + +@incollection{kibort2010a, + Author = {Kibort, Anna}, + Crossref = {kibort-etal2010}, + Date-Added = {2008-08-20 15:40:41 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2014-12-02 09:23:39 +0000}, + Address = {Oxford}, + Pages = {64-106}, + Title = {Towards a typology of grammatical features}, + crossref = {kibort-etal2010}} + +@book{aronoff1994, + Author = {Aronoff, Mark}, + Date-Added = {2010-06-25 11:03:21 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2014-11-28 14:03:14 +0000}, + Keywords = {Morphology;Typology}, + Address = {Cambridge}, + Publisher = {MIT Press}, + Subtitle = {Stems and inflectional classes}, + Title = {Morphology by itself}, + Year = {1994}} + +@article{corbett1987, + Abstract = {!kopieren}, + Author = {Corbett, Greville G.}, + Date-Added = {2007-07-16 16:32:35 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-06-26 08:43:01 +0200}, + journal = {Language}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase;Typology}, + Pages = {299-345}, + Title = {The morphology-syntax interface}, + Volume = {63}, + Year = {1987}} + +@incollection{carstairs-mccarthy2000a, + Author = {Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew}, + Crossref = {booijETAL2000a}, + Date-Added = {2010-06-26 08:36:07 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-21 15:34:37 +0000}, + Pages = {264-272}, + Title = {Category and feature}, + crossref = {booijETAL2000a}} + +@book{corbett2006, + Author = {Corbett, Greville G.}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Call-Number = {MR (PDF, section)}, + Date-Added = {2008-08-21 10:07:30 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-06-25 10:57:03 +0200}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase;Attribution;Syntax;Morphology}, + Address = {Cambridge}, + Publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + Series = {Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics}, + Title = {Agreement}, + Year = {2006}} + +@article{corbett-etal2006, + Abstract = {Morphological features characterize variations in morphological form which are independent of syntactic context. They contrast with morphosyntactic features, which characterize variations in form correlated with different syntactic contexts. Morphological features account for formal variation across lexemes (inflectional class), as well as morphosyntactically incoherent alternations within the paradigm of a single lexeme. Such morphological features are not available to the syntax, as is made explicit in the principle of `morphology-free syntax'. Building on work on stress patterns in Network Morphology and on stems in Paradigm Function Morphology, we take initial steps towards a typology of these morphological features. We identify four types: inflectional class features (affixal and prosodic), stem indexing features, syncretic index features and morphophonological features. Then we offer a first list of criteria for distinguishing them from morphosyntactic features (independently of the principle of morphology-free syntax). Finally we review the arguments demonstrating the need to recognize morphological features.}, + Author = {Corbett, Greville G. and Baerman, Matthew}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy)}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-07-19 10:14:57 +0200}, + journal = {Morphology}, + Keywords = {Morphology;Morphosyntax;Typology;Inflection}, + Number = {2}, + Pages = {231-246}, + Title = {Prolegomena to a typology of morphological features}, + Volume = {16}, + Year = {2006}} + +@incollection{bickel-etal2007, + Author = {Bickel, Balthasar and Nichols, Johanna}, + Booktitle = {Grammatical Categories and the Lexicon}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2014-11-28 14:02:48 +0000}, + Edition = {2}, + Editor = {Shopen, Timothy}, + Keywords = {Morphology;Typology}, + Address = {Cambridge}, + Maintitle = {Language typology and syntactic description}, + Pages = {169-240}, + Publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + Title = {Inflectional morphology}, + Volume = {3}, + Year = {2007}} + +@incollection{kibort2008a, + Author = {Anna Kibort}, + Booktitle = {Grammatical Features}, + Date-Added = {2008-08-24 16:48:01 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-21 15:16:31 +0000}, + Editor = {Anna Kibort and Greville G. Corbett}, + Lastchecked = {2014-02-16}, + Publisher = {Surrey Morphology Group}, + Title = {A typology of grammatical features}, + Url = {http://www.grammaticalfeatures.net/inventory.html}, + Urldate = {2014-02-16}, + Year = {2008--2016}} + +@book{buchholz-etal1987, + Author = {Buchholz, Oda and Fiedler, Wilfried}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-07-19 09:18:06 +0200}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {Leipzig}, + Publisher = {Enzyklopädie}, + Title = {Albanische {G}rammatik}, + Year = {1987}} + +@book{beyer-etal1987, + Author = {Beyer, Arthur and Bochmann, Klaus and Bronsert, Siegfried}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-05-17 13:28:44 +0200}, + Keywords = {Rumanian;Language description;IE;Northern Eurasia;Europe}, + Address = {Leipzig}, + Publisher = {Enzyklopädie}, + Title = {Grammatik der rumänischen {S}prache der {G}egenwart}, + Year = {1987}} + +@book{holm-etal1970, + Author = {Holm, Britta and Elizabeth Nylund}, + Date-Added = {2010-06-26 09:19:03 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-06-26 09:20:09 +0200}, + Keywords = {Language description;North Germanic}, + Address = {Stockholm}, + Publisher = {Skriptor}, + Title = {Deskriptiv svensk grammatik}, + Year = {1970}} + +@article{itkonen-t1980a, + Author = {Itkonen, Terho}, + Date-Added = {2014-11-26 11:57:17 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2014-11-26 11:57:17 +0000}, + journal = {Virittäjä}, + Keywords = {Finnish,North-Germanic,definiteness,noun phrase,semantics,morphology}, + Pages = {27-38}, + Title = {Spesies suomessa ja germaanisissa kielissä}, + Volume = {84}, + Year = {1980}} + +@book{mahootian1997, + Author = {Mahootian, Shahrzad}, + Date-Added = {2007-07-19 04:26:11 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-03-18 09:55:37 +0200}, + Keywords = {Language description; Persian}, + Address = {London}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Series = {Descriptive grammars}, + Title = {Persian}, + Year = {1997}} + +@book{melcuk2006, + Abstract = {Noun phrase: Russian genitive in numeral phrases p.158 Noun phrase: Nominal agreement p.159 syntactic cases vs. semantic cases syntax-morphology interface typology of morphological processes}, + Author = {Mel'čuk, Igor}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Call-Number = {StaBi}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 13:31:23 +0000}, + Keywords = {Morphology;Syntax}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Number = {146}, + Publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + Series = {Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs}, + Title = {Aspects of the theory of morphology}, + Year = {2006}} + +@incollection{croft1995, + Abstract = {scetch of a typology of genitive constructions}, + Author = {Croft, William}, + Booktitle = {Approaches to language typology}, + Call-Number = {MR}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-04 18:09:25 +0100}, + Editor = {Masayoshi Shibatani and Theodora Bynon}, + Keywords = {Attribution; Noun phrase;}, + Address = {Oxford}, + Pages = {85-145}, + Publisher = {Clarendon Press}, + Title = {Modern syntactic typology}, + Year = {1995}} + +@incollection{AUTOTYP-NP, + Author = {Bickel, Balthasar and Nichols, Johanna and Michael Rießler}, + Crossref = {AUTOTYP}, + Date-Added = {2009-10-21 13:48:57 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 12:36:44 +0000}, + Lastchecked = {2016-07-19}, + Title = {{NP} structures}, + Url = {http://www.autotyp.uzh.ch/projects/nps/nps.html}, + crossref = {AUTOTYP}} + +@book{karlsson1999, + Author = {Karlsson, Fred}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-08 14:49:26 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-04-08 09:55:10 +0000}, + Address = {London}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Series = {Routledge grammars}, + Subtitle = {An essential grammar}, + Title = {Finnish}, + Year = {1999}} + +@incollection{volodin1997, + Author = {Aleksandr P. Volodin}, + Booktitle = {Paleoaziatskie jazyki}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy)}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-21 12:56:39 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 09:48:02 +0000}, + Editor = {Jarceva, Viktorija N.}, + Keywords = {Language description;Northern Eurasia}, + Address = {Moskva}, + Pages = {60-71}, + Publisher = {Indrik}, + Series = {Jazyki mira}, + Title = {Itel'menskij jazyk}, + Year = {1997}} + +@incollection{lytkin1966a, + Author = {Lytkin, Vasilij I.}, + Booktitle = {Finno-ugorskie i samodijskie jazyki}, + Call-Number = {MR}, + Date-Added = {2007-07-10 10:49:01 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2014-11-26 12:59:59 +0000}, + Editor = {Lytkin, Vasilij I. and Majtinskaja, Klara E.}, + Keywords = {Language description;Komi;Uralic}, + Address = {Moskva}, + Maintitle = {Jazyki narodov {SSSR}}, + Pages = {281-299}, + Publisher = {Nauka}, + Title = {Komi-{Z}yrjanskij jazyk}, + Volume = {3}, + Year = {1966}} + +@book{refsing1986, + Author = {Kirsten Refsing}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-20 15:48:36 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-22 16:55:24 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {Aarhus}, + Publisher = {University Press}, + Subtitle = {The morphology and syntax of the {S}hizunai dialect}, + Title = {The {A}inu language}, + Year = {1986}} + +@incollection{jachontova1997, + Abstract = {ЯХОНТОВА, НАТАЛИЯ СЕРГЕЕВНА}, + Author = {Jachontova, Natalija S.}, + Crossref = {alpatovEtAl1997a}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-21 19:51:10 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-21 15:46:14 +0000}, + Pages = {10-18}, + Title = {Mongol'skie jazyki}, + crossref = {alpatovEtAl1997a}} + +@book{larsson1929, + Abstract = {incorporation of a possessor: pappa-bok-a (p.124)}, + Author = {Larsson, Seth}, + Date-Added = {2008-01-07 16:51:16 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-05 11:10:29 +0100}, + Address = {Uppsala}, + Publisher = {Appelberg}, + Title = {{Substantivböjningen i {V}ästerbottens folkmål}}, + Year = {1929}} + +@incollection{sandstrom-etal2003, + Author = {Sandström, Göran and Holmberg, Anders}, + Crossref = {vangsnesEtAl2003a}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-04-08 09:44:42 +0000}, + Origdate = {1996}, + Pages = {99-111}, + Title = {Ett polysyntetiskt drag i svenska dialekter}, + crossref = {vangsnesEtAl2003a}} + +@book{julien2005, + Author = {Julien, Marit}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-30 12:49:37 +0000}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase; North Germanic}, + Address = {Amsterdam}, + Number = {87}, + Publisher = {John Benjamins}, + Series = {Linguistik Aktuell}, + Title = {Nominal phrases from a {S}candinavian perspective}, + Year = {2005}} + +@incollection{dahl2003, + Author = {Dahl, {\"O}sten}, + Booksubtitle = {Dialect grammar from a cross-linguistic perspective}, + Booktitle = {Dialectology meets typology}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy);MR (PDF)}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-30 12:39:01 +0000}, + Editor = {Kortmann, Bernd}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase;Attribution;Article;North Germanic}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Number = {153}, + Pages = {147-180}, + Publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + Series = {Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs}, + Subtitle = {Competing grammaticalization processes in standard and non-standard varieties}, + Title = {Definite articles in {S}candinavian}, + Year = {2003}} + +@incollection{steele1978, + Author = {Steele, Susan}, + Booktitle = {Syntax}, + Date-Added = {2009-04-17 10:50:39 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-27 15:29:36 +0000}, + Editor = {Joseph H. Greenberg and Charles A. Ferguson and Edith A. Moravcsik}, + Address = {Stanford}, + Maintitle = {Universals of human language 4}, + Pages = {585-623}, + Publisher = {Stanford University Press}, + Subtitle = {A typological study}, + Title = {Word order variation}, + Year = {1978}} + +@book{janas1976, + Author = {Janaš, P{\v e}tr}, + Date-Added = {2009-01-27 18:01:00 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 13:17:14 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {Bautzen}, + Publisher = {Domowina}, + Subtitle = {Für den {G}ebrauch der {S}orbischen {E}rweiterten {O}berschule}, + Title = {Niedersorbische {G}rammatik}, + Year = {1976}} + +@article{melcuk1993, + Author = {Mel'čuk, Igor}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Date-Added = {2009-04-17 11:20:19 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-04-17 11:23:36 +0200}, + journal = {Lingvisticae Investigationes}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase}, + Pages = {307-372}, + Title = {Agreement, government, congruence}, + Volume = {17}, + Year = {1993}} + +@book{kress1982, + Author = {Kress, Bruno}, + Call-Number = {MR}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-19 13:59:54 +0200}, + Keywords = {Language description;North Germanic;Icelandic}, + Address = {Leipzig}, + Publisher = {Enzyklopädie}, + Title = {Isländische {G}rammatik}, + Year = {1982}} + +@incollection{comrie1998, + Author = {Comrie, Bernard}, + Crossref = {ramatEtAl1998a}, + Date-Added = {2008-01-07 16:48:35 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-22 17:11:25 +0000}, + Pages = {74-97}, + Subtitle = {Genetic and typological perspectives}, + Title = {The {I}ndo-{E}uropean linguistic family}, + crossref = {ramatEtAl1998a}} + +@incollection{nichols1994a, + Author = {Nichols, Johanna}, + Booktitle = {The {N}orth {E}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy part)}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-05 12:33:56 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-04 16:03:30 +0100}, + Editor = {Rieks Smeets}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {Delmar}, + Pages = {1-77}, + Publisher = {Caravan Books}, + Series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + Title = {Chechen}, + Number = {4}, + Year = {1994}} + +@book{malchukov2000, + Author = {Malchukov, Andrej L.}, + Date-Added = {2008-01-07 16:46:47 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-04-08 09:54:31 +0000}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {3}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {LINCOM Studies in Language Typology}, + Subtitle = {Towards a typology}, + Title = {Dependency reversal in noun-attributive constructions}, + Year = {2000}} + +@article{ross1998, + Author = {Ross, Malcolm}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-05-16 13:32:51 +0200}, + journal = {Oceanic Linguistics}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase; Adjective;Possession;Typology}, + Number = {2}, + Pages = {234-276}, + Title = {Possessive like attributive constructions in the {O}ceanic languages of {N}orthwest {M}elanesia}, + Volume = {37}, + Year = {1998}} + +@book{mosel1994, + Author = {Mosel, Ulrike}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy)}, + Date-Added = {2008-01-07 16:53:41 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-16 21:41:27 +0200}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {31}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Saliba}, + Year = {1994}} + +@book{margetts1999, + Abstract = {with a grammatical sketch}, + Author = {Margetts, Anna}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2011-01-31 16:16:27 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {Nijmegen}, + Publisher = {Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics}, + Series = {MPI Series in Psycholinguistics}, + Title = {Valence and transitivity in {S}aliba, an {O}ceanic language of {P}apua {N}ew {G}uinea}, + Year = {1999}} + +@book{ortmann2002b, + Author = {Ortmann, Albert}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-21 15:47:43 +0000}, + Keywords = {Attribution; Noun phrase; Morphology}, + Address = {Tübingen}, + Number = {458}, + Publisher = {Niemeyer}, + Series = {Linguistische Arbeiten}, + Subtitle = {Schnittstellen und {{\"O}}konomie}, + Title = {Kategorien des {N}omens}, + Year = {2002}} + +@incollection{schroder2002, + Author = {Schroeder, Christoph}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Booksubtitle = {Festschrift {W}infried {B}oeder zum 65. {G}eburtstag}, + Booktitle = {Philologie, {T}ypologie und {S}prachstruktur}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy)}, + Date-Added = {2007-12-02 11:04:29 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2010-02-15 12:03:13 +0100}, + Editor = {W. Bublitz and M. von Roncador and H. Vater}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase;Attribution}, + Address = {Frankfurt am Main}, + Pages = {191-210}, + Publisher = {Peter Lang}, + Title = {Zur {N}ominalphrasenstruktur des {K}irmancı̂}, + Year = {2002}} + +@incollection{riesler2006b, + Author = {Michael Rießler}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Booksubtitle = {Livet i samernas bosättningsområde för ett tusen år sedan}, + Booktitle = {Sápmi {Y1K}}, + Date-Added = {2008-01-03 17:18:59 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2008-09-17 21:05:35 +0200}, + Editor = {Amft, Andrea and Svonni, Mikael}, + Address = {Umeå}, + Pages = {135-150}, + Publisher = {Umeå universitet}, + Title = {On samiskans attributiva adjektivform}, + Year = {2006}} + +@thesis{mendoza2004, + Author = {Imke Mendoza}, + Date-Added = {2008-01-04 15:08:26 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 13:43:47 +0000}, + Institution = {Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München}, + Address = {München}, + Subtitle = {Die primären {A}usdrucksmittel}, + Title = {Nominaldetermination im {P}olnischen}, + Type = {Habilitationsschrift im Fach Slavische Philologie}, + Year = {2004}} + +@book{melcuk1998, + Author = {Mel'čuk, Igor}, + Date-Added = {2007-12-02 17:19:27 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 13:32:21 +0000}, + Address = {Moskva}, + Maintitle = {Kurs obščej morfologii}, + Publisher = {Jazyki Russkoj Kul'tury}, + Title = {Morfologičeskie značenija}, + Volume = {2}, + Year = {1998}} + +@article{wissemann1958, + Author = {Wissemann, Heinz}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy)}, + Date-Added = {2008-01-04 12:25:11 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 13:56:21 +0000}, + journal = {Indogermanische Forschungen}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase; Attribution; Adjective; Definiteness}, + Number = {1}, + Pages = {61-78}, + Subtitle = {Die {G}rundfunktion des bestimmten {A}djektivs im {B}altischen und {S}lavischen}, + Title = {Zur nominalen {D}etermination {I}}, + Volume = {63}, + Year = {1958}} + +@book{kramsky1972, + Author = {Krámsk{\'y}, Ji{\v r}ı́}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy)}, + Date-Added = {2008-01-04 12:54:40 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2009-05-17 13:36:39 +0200}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase;Definiteness;Typology;Attribution}, + Address = {The Hague}, + Publisher = {Mouton}, + Title = {The article and the concept of definiteness in language}, + Year = {1972}} + +@incollection{trost1966, + Author = {Pavel Trost}, + Booktitle = {{Prof. dr. Antonı́nu Dostálovi, DrSc., k 60. narozeninám}}, + Date-Added = {2008-01-04 13:42:52 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2008-01-04 13:46:35 +0100}, + Editor = {Zde{\v n}ka Havránková and Jaroslav Popela}, + Address = {Praha}, + Number = {10}, + Pages = {35-38}, + Publisher = {Universita Karlova}, + Series = {Bulletin {\'U}stavu ruského jazyka a literatury}, + Title = {{O složeném adjektivu baltoslovanském}}, + Year = {1966}} + +@thesis{zwarts2003, + Address = {Utrecht}, + Author = {Zwarts, Joost}, + Date-Added = {2007-10-05 11:11:56 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 12:55:50 +0000}, + Institution = {Universiteit Utrecht}, + Address = {Utrecht}, + Subtitle = {A {S}outhern {N}ilotic language of {K}enya}, + Title = {The phonology of {E}ndo}, + Type = {phdthesis}, + Year = {2003}} + +@book{li-etal1981, + Author = {Charles N. Li and Sandra A. Thompson}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-19 11:10:00 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-07-15 10:23:56 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {Berkeley}, + Publisher = {University of California Press}, + Subtitle = {A functional reference grammar}, + Title = {Mandarin {C}hinese}, + Year = {1981}} + +@incollection{dryer2007, + Abstract = {This unique three-volume survey brings together a team of leading scholars to explore the syntactic and morphological structures of the world's languages. Clearly organized and broad-ranging, it covers topics such as parts-of-speech, passives, complementation, relative clauses, adverbial clauses, inflectional morphology, tense, aspect, mood and diexis. The contributors look at the major ways that these notions are realized, and provide informative sketches of them at work in a range of languages. Each volume is accessibly written and clearly explains each new concept introduced. Although the volumes can be read independently, together they provide an indispensable reference work for all linguists and fieldworkers interested in cross-linguistic generalizations. Most of the chapters in the second edition are substantially revised or completely new - some on topics not covered by the first edition. Volume I: Clause structure; Volume II: Complex Constructions; Volume III: Grammatical Categories and the Lexicon}, + Author = {Dryer, Matthew S.}, + Booktitle = {Complex constructions, language typology and syntactic description}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy)}, + Date-Added = {2009-10-20 10:27:36 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-27 16:16:15 +0000}, + Edition = {2}, + Editor = {Shopen, Timothy}, + Keywords = {Typology;Noun phrase}, + Address = {Cambridge}, + Pages = {151-205}, + Publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + Series = {Language typology and syntactic description}, + Title = {Noun phrase structure}, + Volume = {2}, + Year = {2007}} + +@book{himmelmann1997, + Author = {Himmelmann, Nikolaus}, + Date-Added = {2008-01-06 15:54:19 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 13:02:36 +0000}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase; Grammaticalization;Attribution;Typology}, + Address = {Tübingen}, + Number = {362}, + Publisher = {Niemeyer}, + Series = {Linguistische Arbeiten}, + Subtitle = {Zur {E}mergenz syntaktischer {S}truktur}, + Title = {Deiktikon, {A}rtikel, {N}ominalphrase}, + Year = {1997}} + +@book{lehmann1984, + Author = {Lehmann, Christian}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 13:28:05 +0000}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase;Relative clause;Attribution;Typology}, + Address = {Tübingen}, + Number = {3}, + Publisher = {Narr}, + Series = {Language Universals Series}, + Subtitle = {Typologie seiner {S}trukturen. {T}heorie seiner {F}unktionen. {K}ompendium seiner {G}rammatik}, + Title = {Der {R}elativsatz}, + Year = {1984}} + +@article{dryer1989a, + Author = {Dryer, Matthew S.}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-05 09:56:44 +0100}, + journal = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase;Article;Word order;Syntax}, + Pages = {83-97}, + Title = {Article-noun order}, + Volume = {25}, + Year = {1989}} + +@book{gamillscheg1937, + Author = {Gamillscheg, Ernst}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy)}, + Date-Added = {2009-04-17 15:05:19 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2014-11-26 13:01:10 +0000}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase;Historical linguistics;Indoeuropean}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Number = {1936:27}, + Publisher = {Akademie der Wissenschaften}, + Series = {Sitzungsberichte der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-his\-to\-ri\-sche Klasse}, + Title = {{Zum romanischen Artikel und Possessivpronomen}}, + Year = {1937}} + +@incollection{jacobs-etal1994, + Author = {Jacobs, Neil G. and Prince, Ellen F. and {van der Auwera}, Johan}, + Booktitle = {The {G}ermanic languages}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-27 16:12:50 +0000}, + Editor = {König, Ekkehard}, + Address = {Cambridge}, + Pages = {388-419}, + Publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + Series = {Cambridge Language Surveys}, + Title = {Yiddish}, + Year = {1994}} + +@incollection{plank2003, + Abstract = {Abstract: The result of over five years of close collaboration among an international group of leading typologists within the EUROTYP program, this volume is about the morphology and syntax of the noun phrase. Particular attention is paid to nominal inflectional categories and inflectional systems and to the syntax of determination, modification, and conjunction. Its areal focus, like that of other EUROTYP volumes, is on the languages of Europe; but in order to appreciate what is peculiarly European about their noun phrases, a more comprehensive and genuinely typological view is taken at the full range of cross-linguistic variation within this structural domain. There has been no shortage lately of contributions to the theory of noun phrase structure; the present volume is, however, unique in the extent to which its theorizing is empirically grounded. Contributors Abbreviations I. Introduction Frans Plank Noun phrase structure: an und fII. On inflection Aleksandr E. Kibrik Nominal inflection galore: Daghestanian, with side glances at Europe and the world Edith Moravcsik Inflectional morphology in the Hungarian noun phrase: A typological assessment Frans Plank The selective elaboration of nominal or pronominal inflection Greville G. Corbett Types of typology, illustrated from gender systems III. On (over-)determination Frans Plank Double articulation Edith Moravcsik Non-compositional definiteness marking in Hungarian noun phrases David Gil English goes Asian: Number and (in)definiteness in the Singlish noun phrase Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm A woman of sin, a man of duty, and a hell of a mess: Non-determiner genitives in Swedish IV. On amplification James R. Hurford The interaction between numerals and nouns Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm Possessive noun phrases in the languages of Europe Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm Action nominal constructions in the languages of Europe Leon Stassen Noun phrase conjunction: The coordinative and the comitative strategy}, + Author = {Plank, Frans}, + Booktitle = {Noun Phrase Structure in the Languages of {E}urope}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-27 15:42:37 +0000}, + Editor = {Plank, Frans}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Number = {20-7}, + Pages = {337-395}, + Publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + Series = {Empirical Approaches to Language Typology/EUROTYP}, + Title = {Double articulation}, + Year = {2003}} + +@book{ruge1986, + Author = {Ruge, Hans}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 13:47:53 +0000}, + Address = {Köln}, + Publisher = {Romiosini}, + Subtitle = {Lautlehre, {F}ormenlehre, {S}yntax}, + Title = {Grammatik des {N}eugriechischen}, + Year = {1986}} + +@incollection{whorf1946, + Abstract = {p. 162 on preaspiration}, + Author = {Whorf, Benjamin L.}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Booktitle = {Linguistic structures of {N}ative {A}merica}, + Date-Added = {2008-01-07 16:40:33 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-26 16:07:02 +0000}, + Editor = {Cornelius Osgood and Harry Hoijer}, + Address = {New York}, + Number = {6}, + Pages = {158-183}, + Publisher = {Viking Fund}, + Series = {Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology}, + Title = {The {H}opi language, {T}oreva dialect}, + Year = {1946}} + +@phdthesis{rubin1994, + Abstract = {!! Noun modification in Mandarin Chinese, Romanian, Tagalog}, + Author = {Rubin, Edward J.}, + Date-Added = {2008-01-07 16:44:29 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-22 17:01:11 +0000}, + Address = {Ithaca}, + School = {Cornell University}, + Subtitle = {A syntactic analysis and its consequences}, + Title = {Modification}, + Year = {1994}} + +@incollection{gil2005, + Author = {Gil, David}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Booktitle = {The world atlas of language structures online}, + Date-Added = {2009-05-13 10:25:57 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-07-19 10:25:18 +0200}, + Editor = {Haspelmath, Martin and Dryer, Matthew S. and Gil, David and Comrie, Bernard}, + Keywords = {Typology;Database;Noun phrase;Attribution}, + Lastchecked = {2009-04-19}, + Address = {München}, + Publisher = {Max Planck Digital Library}, + Title = {Genitives, adjectives and relative clauses}, + Url = {http://wals.info/feature/description/60/}, + Year = {2005}} + +@incollection{haspelmath2003, + Author = {Haspelmath, Martin}, + Booktitle = {The new psychology of language}, + Call-Number = {MR (PDF)}, + Date-Added = {2009-05-31 13:40:29 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-04-08 09:31:46 +0000}, + Editor = {Tomasello, Michael}, + Keywords = {Typology}, + Address = {Mahwah}, + Pages = {211-242}, + Publisher = {Erlbaum}, + Subtitle = {Semantic maps and cross linguistic comparison}, + Title = {The geometry of grammatical meaning}, + Volume = {2}, + Year = {2003}} + +@article{foley1980, + Author = {Foley, William A.}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy)}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-12-08 12:34:19 +0100}, + journal = {Studies in Language}, + Keywords = {Syntax;Noun phrase;Typology}, + Notes = {!Diss}, + Number = {2}, + Pages = {171-199}, + Title = {Towards a universal typology of the noun phrase}, + Volume = {4}, + Year = {1980}} + +@incollection{bickel1999, + Author = {Bickel, Balthasar}, + Booktitle = {Topics in {N}epalese Linguistics}, + Date-Added = {2010-06-25 21:13:05 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-07-18 20:04:17 +0200}, + Editor = {Yogendra P. Yadava and Warren G. Glover}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase}, + Address = {Kathmandu}, + Pages = {271-296}, + Publisher = {Royal Nepal Academy}, + Title = {Nominalization and focus constructions in some {K}iranti languages}, + Year = {1999}} + +@book{matisoff1973, + Author = {Matisoff, James A.}, + Date-Added = {2009-10-24 22:11:03 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-10-24 22:12:20 +0200}, + Keywords = {language description}, + Address = {Berkeley}, + Number = {75}, + Publisher = {University of California Press}, + Series = {University of California Publications in Linguistics}, + Title = {The Grammar of {L}ahu}, + Year = {1973}} + +@inproceedings{salminen2007, + Author = {Tapani Salminen}, + Booktitle = {Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages}, + Date-Added = {2007-10-15 11:56:04 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-04-09 14:40:46 +0200}, + Editor = {Christopher Moseley}, + Keywords = {Typology;Sociolinguistics;Historical linguistics}, + Address = {London}, + Pages = {211-280}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Title = {Europe and {N}orth {A}sia}, + Year = {2007}} + +@online{bibiko2005, + Author = {Bibiko, Hans-Jörg}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Date-Added = {2009-04-19 12:03:12 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-09 12:44:20 +0200}, + Lastchecked = {2015-04-19}, + Title = {The interactive reference tool for the {World Atlas of Language Structures}}, + Url = {http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/research/tool.php}, + Year = {2005}} + +@collection{AUTOTYP, + Date-Added = {2009-04-19 12:21:38 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-21 15:17:01 +0000}, + Editor = {Bickel, Balthasar and Nichols, Johanna}, + Lastchecked = {2016-07-19}, + Publisher = {Universität Zürich}, + Subtitle = {An international network of typological linguistic databases}, + Title = {Autotyp}, + Url = {http://www.autotyp.uzh.ch/}, + Year = {2001--2016}} + +@article{van-pottelberge2001, + Author = {{Van Pottelberge}, Jeroen}, + Date-Added = {2009-04-19 12:54:11 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-04-08 09:53:44 +0000}, + journal = {Linguistik online}, + Keywords = {Typology;Contact linguistics;Areal typology}, + Lastchecked = {2009-04-19}, + Subtitle = {Beschreiben sie Sprachen oder Linguisten?}, + Title = {Sprachbünde}, + Url = {http://www.linguistik-online.de/1_01/VanPottelberge.html}, + Volume = {8}, + Year = {2001}} + +@book{de-reuse1994, + Abstract = {(Saami loanword): one loan relating to reindeer-herding, from Saamis brought to Alaska as herders (Grant, Handout at LWT, EVA-MPI 4 Febr 05)}, + Author = {{de Reuse}, Willem Joseph}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-21 15:49:35 +0000}, + Address = {Salt Lake City}, + Publisher = {University of Utah Press}, + Series = {Studies in the Indigenous languages of the Americas}, + Subtitle = {The language and its contacts with {C}hukchi}, + Title = {Siberian {Y}upik {E}skimo}, + Year = {1994}} + +@book{skorik1960, + Author = {Petr Ja. Skorik}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-20 18:30:59 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-22 16:42:10 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description;Northern Eurasia}, + Address = {Moskva}, + Publisher = {Nauka}, + Subtitle = {Fonetika i morfologija imennych častej reči}, + Title = {Grammatika čukotskogo jazyka}, + Year = {1960}} + +@book{nagayama2003, + Author = {Yukari Nagayama}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-04-08 09:33:54 +0000}, + Address = {Osaka}, + Number = {A2/038}, + Publisher = {ELPR}, + Series = {Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim Publications Series}, + Title = {Grammatical outline of {A}lutor}, + Year = {2003}} + +@book{comrie1981, + Author = {Bernard Comrie}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2011-01-31 16:06:23 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description;Areal Typology;Contact linguistics;Northern Eurasia}, + Address = {Cambridge}, + Publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + Series = {Cambridge Language Surveys}, + Title = {The languages of the {S}oviet {U}nion}, + Year = {1981}} + +@book{kampfe-etal1995, + Author = {Hans-Rainer Kämpfe and Alexander P. Volodin}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-20 21:21:35 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 09:46:06 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description;Northern Eurasia}, + Address = {Wiesbaden}, + Number = {1}, + Publisher = {Harrassowitz}, + Series = {Tunguso Sibirica}, + Title = {Abriß der tschuktischen {G}rammatik auf der {B}asis der {S}chriftsprache}, + Year = {1995}} + +@book{kibrik-etal2000, + Author = {Aleksandr E. Kibrik and Sandro V. Kodzasov and Irina A. Murav'eva}, + Author-Translation = {Aleksandr Evgen'evič Kibrikevič Kibrik;Sandro Vasil'evič Kodzasov;Irina Anatol'evna Murav'eva}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-02-15 09:26:08 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description;Northern Eurasia}, + Address = {Moskva}, + Publisher = {Nasledie}, + Title = {{Jazyk i fol'klor aljutorcev}}, + Year = {2000}} + +@incollection{bogoras1922, + Author = {Waldemar Bogoras}, + Booktitle = {Handbook of the {A}merican {I}ndian languages. 2}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-20 18:15:19 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-07-19 09:15:53 +0200}, + Editor = {Franz Boas}, + Keywords = {Language description;Northern Eurasia}, + Address = {Washington, D. C.}, + Number = {40}, + Pages = {631-903}, + Publisher = {Bureau of American Ethnology}, + Series = {Bulletin of the Smithonian Institute}, + Title = {Chukchee}, + Year = {1922}} + +@thesis{dunn1999, + Author = {Dunn, Michael}, + Date-Added = {2010-06-26 10:42:31 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 12:56:59 +0000}, + Institution = {Australian National University}, + Address = {Canberra}, + Title = {A grammar of {C}hukchi}, + Type = {phdthesis}, + Year = {1999}} + +@book{georg-etal1999, + Author = {Ralf-Stefan Georg and Alexander P. Volodin}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-22 07:06:20 +0000}, + Address = {Wiesbaden}, + Number = {5}, + Publisher = {Harrassowitz}, + Series = {Tunguso Sibirica}, + Subtitle = {Grammatik und {T}exte}, + Title = {Die itelmenische {S}prache}, + Year = {1999}} + +@book{gruzdeva1998, + Author = {Ekaterina Gruzdeva}, + Date-Added = {2011-04-12 16:02:40 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 12:57:29 +0000}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {111}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Nivkh}, + Year = {2003}} + +@incollection{jakobson1971, + Author = {Jakobson, Roman}, + Booktitle = {Selected writings}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-21 21:16:34 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-02-14 16:21:20 +0100}, + Editor = {Roman Jakobson}, + Keywords = {Language description;Northern Eurasia;Adjective}, + Address = {The Hague}, + Maintitle = {Notes on {G}ilyak}, + Pages = {72-97}, + Publisher = {Mouton}, + Title = {Word and language}, + Volume = {2}, + Year = {1971}} + +@book{panfilov1965, + Author = {Panfilov, Vladimir Z.}, + Author-Translation = {Vladimir Zinovevič Panfilov}, + Date-Added = {2009-10-26 12:33:48 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2010-02-15 10:29:07 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {Moskva}, + Publisher = {Nauka}, + Title = {Grammatika nivchskogo jazyka}, + Volume = {2}, + Year = {1965}} + +@article{backhouse1984, + Author = {Backhouse, A. E.}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-26 20:05:38 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-07-18 19:51:51 +0200}, + journal = {Lingua}, + Keywords = {Adjective;Noun phrase}, + Pages = {169-186}, + Title = {Have all the adjectives gone?}, + Volume = {62}, + Year = {1984}} + +@book{pustet1989, + Author = {Pustet, Regina}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy)}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-07-19 11:24:10 +0200}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase;Adjective;Parts of speech;Attribution}, + Address = {Frankfurt am Main}, + Number = {7}, + Publisher = {Peter Lang}, + Series = {Continuum. Schriftenreihe zur Linguistik}, + Title = {{Die Morphosyntax des ``Adjektivs'' im Sprachvergleich}}, + Year = {1989}} + +@book{martin-etal1969, + Author = {Martin, Samuel E. and Lee, Young-Sook}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-19 14:05:13 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-19 14:06:23 +0200}, + Address = {New Haven}, + Publisher = {Yale University Press}, + Title = {Beginning {K}orean}, + Year = {1969}} + +@book{chang1996, + Author = {Chang, Suk-Jin}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-05 16:35:19 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-30 12:48:02 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language Description;Northern Eurasia}, + Address = {Amsterdam}, + Number = {4}, + Publisher = {John Benjamins}, + Series = {London Oriental and African Language Library}, + Title = {Korean}, + Year = {1996}} + +@incollection{yuo2003, + Author = {Anne O. Yue}, + Booktitle = {The {S}ino-{T}ibetan languages}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-16 13:56:59 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-25 15:07:20 +0000}, + Editor = {Graham Thurgood and Randy J. LaPolla}, + Address = {London}, + Pages = {84-125}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + Subtitle = {Grammar}, + Title = {Chinese dialects}, + Year = {2003}} + +@incollection{kalimov1968, + Author = {Abdurachman A. Kalimov}, + Crossref = {vinogradovEtAl1968a}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-17 13:48:13 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-26 16:28:13 +0000}, + Pages = {474-488}, + Title = {Dunganskij jazyk}, + crossref = {vinogradovEtAl1968a}} + +@article{zevachina2001, + Author = {Tat'jana S. Zevachina}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-17 15:51:32 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-13 06:21:21 +0000}, + journal = {Jazyk, soznanie, kommunikacija}, + Pages = {69-86}, + Title = {Funkcional'no-grammatičeskaja parametrizacija prilagatel'nogo (po dannym polevogo issledovanija dunganskogo jazyka)}, + Volume = {20}, + Year = {2001}} + +@incollection{janhunen2003b, + Author = {Juha Janhunen}, + Crossref = {janhunen2003a}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-16 12:52:12 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-10 12:27:27 +0000}, + Pages = {1-29}, + Title = {Proto-{M}ongolic}, + crossref = {janhunen2003a}} + +@incollection{svantesson2003, + Author = {Svantesson, Jan-Olof}, + Crossref = {janhunen2003a}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-26 16:11:02 +0000}, + Pages = {154-176}, + Title = {Khalkha}, + crossref = {janhunen2003a}} + +@incollection{weiers2003, + Author = {Michael Weiers}, + Crossref = {janhunen2003a}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-16 13:07:54 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-26 16:11:35 +0000}, + Pages = {248-264}, + Title = {Moghol}, + crossref = {janhunen2003a}} + +@incollection{slater2003, + Author = {Keith W. Slater}, + Crossref = {janhunen2003a}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-16 13:16:47 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-26 16:10:47 +0000}, + Pages = {307-324}, + Title = {Mangghuer}, + crossref = {janhunen2003a}} + +@incollection{tsumagari2003, + Author = {Toshiro Tsumagari}, + Crossref = {janhunen2003a}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-16 13:00:10 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-26 16:11:20 +0000}, + Pages = {129-153}, + Title = {Dagur}, + crossref = {janhunen2003a}} + +@incollection{sunik1968a, + Author = {Sunik, Orest P.}, + Crossref = {vinogradovEtAl1968a}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-09 18:57:31 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-26 16:27:47 +0000}, + Pages = {53-67}, + Title = {Tunguso-man'\-čžur\-skie jazyki (vvedenie)}, + crossref = {vinogradovEtAl1968a}} + +@incollection{kormusin2005, + Author = {Kormušin, Igor' V.}, + Booksubtitle = {{\.E}nciklopedija v trech tomach}, + Booktitle = {Jazyki Rossijskoj Federacii i sosednich gosudarstv}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-15 10:10:25 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 10:08:04 +0000}, + Editor = {Vinogradov, Viktor A. and Jarceva, Viktorija N.}, + Address = {Moskva}, + Pages = {127-137}, + Publisher = {Nauka}, + Title = {Tunguso-man'\-čžur\-skie jazyki}, + Volume = {3}, + Year = {2005}} + +@book{malchukov1995, + Author = {Malchukov, Andrej L.}, + Call-Number = {MR (book copy)}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-12 13:58:28 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-10-26 13:40:37 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description;Tungusic;Northern Eurasia}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {12}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Even}, + Year = {1995}} + +@book{bulatova-etal1999, + Author = {Bulatova, Nadezhda and Grenoble, Lenore}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-03 13:15:28 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 09:32:48 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description;Tungusic;Northern Eurasia}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {141}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Evenki}, + Year = {1999}} + +@incollection{benzing1993b, + Author = {Benzing, Johannes}, + Booktitle = {Bolgarisch-tschuwaschische {S}tudien}, + Date-Added = {2009-05-16 13:34:17 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 12:26:07 +0000}, + Editor = {Claus Schönig}, + Address = {Wiesbaden}, + Number = {12}, + Origdate = {1940}, + Pages = {1-17}, + Publisher = {Harrassowitz}, + Series = {Turcologica}, + Title = {Das Possessivsuffix der dritten {P}erson}, + Year = {1993}} + +@book{nikolaeva-etal2001, + Author = {Nikolaeva, Irina and Tolskaya, Maria}, + Author-Translation = {Irina Alekseevna Nikolaeva}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy part)}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-17 21:05:53 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-02-15 10:17:01 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description;Tungusic;Northern Eurasia}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + Series = {Mouton Grammar Library}, + Title = {A grammar of {U}dihe}, + Volume = {22}, + Year = {2001}} + +@incollection{avrorin-etal1967, + Author = {Avrorin, Valentin A. and Lebedeva, Elena P.}, + Crossref = {vinogradovEtAl1968a}, + Date-Added = {2009-10-26 13:49:44 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-26 16:26:29 +0000}, + Pages = {191-210}, + Title = {Oročskij jazyk}, + crossref = {vinogradovEtAl1968a}} + +@book{petrova1967, + Author = {Petrova, Taisija I.}, + Author-Translation = {Taisija Ivanovna Petrova}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-12 14:32:56 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-02-15 10:41:44 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description;Tungusic;Northern Eurasia;Siberia}, + Address = {Leningrad}, + Publisher = {Nauka}, + Title = {{Jazyk orokov (ul'ta)}}, + Year = {1967}} + +@book{sunik1985, + Abstract = {Sunik, Orest Petrovič}, + Author = {Sunik, Orest P.}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-12 14:08:34 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-22 16:55:09 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description;Tungusic;Northern Eurasia}, + Address = {Leningrad}, + Publisher = {Nauka}, + Subtitle = {Issledovanija i materialy}, + Title = {Ul'čskij jazyk}, + Year = {1985}} + +@book{maslova2003a, + Author = {Maslova, Elena}, + Date-Added = {2009-05-17 11:34:15 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-05 12:11:55 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description;Yukagir;Northern Eurasia}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {372}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Tundra {Y}ukaghir}, + Year = {2003}} + +@book{maslova2003b, + Author = {Maslova, Elena}, + Author-Translation = {Elena Sergeeva Maslova}, + Call-Number = {MR}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-02-15 10:06:48 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description;Northern Eurasia;Yukagir}, + Lid = {Yukaghir}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Number = {27}, + Publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + Series = {Mouton Grammar Library}, + Title = {A grammar of {K}olyma {Y}ukaghir}, + Year = {2003}} + +@book{krejnovic1982, + Author = {Krejnovič, Eruchim A.}, + Author-Translation = {Eruchim Abramovič Krejnovič}, + Date-Added = {2009-05-15 15:55:57 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-02-15 09:42:57 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description;Northern Eurasia;Yukagir}, + Address = {Leningrad}, + Publisher = {Nauka}, + Title = {Issledovanija i materialy po jukagirskomu jazyku}, + Year = {1982}} + +@incollection{werner1997a, + Author = {Heinrich Werner}, + Booktitle = {Paleoaziatskie jazyki}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-21 20:33:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 10:36:17 +0000}, + Editor = {Jarceva, Viktorija N.}, + Address = {Moskva}, + Pages = {169-177}, + Publisher = {Indrik}, + Series = {Jazyki mira}, + Title = {Jenisejskie jazyki}, + Year = {1997}} + +@book{vajda2004, + Abstract = {Abstract: Ket is the only surviving member of the formerly widespread Yeniseic family and one of the world's more intriguing language isolates. Its phonology, vocabulary, and grammar differ strikingly from the surrounding families. A system of five phonemic tones, apparently derived from simplified consonant articulations, mark the beginning of each phonological word. Agreement-related inflections reflect a tripartite noun-class division based on animacy and gender. The polysynthetic verb contains ten position classes and involves a variety of distinct agreement patterns: active/inactive, ergative/absolutive, nominative/accusative, and two that employ redundant subject markers. Each stem selects one of these strategies as part of its lexical makeup. The co-indexed subject and object NPs are zero-marked regardless of the verb's agreement type. Incorporation affects certain intransitive subjects, as well as objects, instruments, and directional adverbs. Important derivational categories include event number (punctual vs. iterative) and transitivity, with transitive and intransitive stems normally differing in some formal way. Causatives, inceptives, and even infinitives are distinct lexemes rather than grammatical forms of another stem. The only verbal inflectional categories are tense (past/non-past), mood (indicative/imperative), and agreement in person, class, and number with at most two grammatical terms. Particles convey other temporal and modal nuances. Most morphemes are roots or grammatical inflections. With so few derivational affixes, compounding is the most prevalent technique of lexeme creation. Redundant inflections also play a role in stem formation. This is manifested most obviously in the verb, but occurs in the noun too. Despite its isolate status, Ket shares certain areal features with its Uralic, Turkic, and Tungusic neighbors. These include a nominal paradigm containing a dozen cases and a propensity to use postpositions or case suffixes as clausal subordinators. Ket is spoken today by a few hundred of the 1,200 Ket people, mainly in remote areas near the Yenisei River in the Turukhansk District of Russia's Krasnoyarsk Province. Most speakers are adults who know Russian fluently too. This book contains the first full-length description of Ket to appear in English. It covers all aspects of the phonology, morphology and syntax of Southern Ket (the dialect with the most speakers), and briefly discusses the traditional culture and its characteristic vocabulary. Also included is a previously unpublished folktale with interlinear morpheme glosses and an English translation.}, + Author = {Edward J. Vajda}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy)}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2008-09-19 13:00:39 +0200}, + Keywords = {Language description;Northern Eurasia}, + Lid = {Ket}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {2004}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Ket}, + Year = {2004}} + +@misc{vajda2005, + Abstract = {adjective agreement attribution attributive nominalization Noun phrase}, + Author = {Edward J. Vajda}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy)}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-19 11:32:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2008-09-19 11:35:17 +0200}, + Howpublished = {Talk given at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Lid = {Ket}, + Month = {March}, + Title = {Ket language structure in typological perspective}, + Year = {2005}} + +@incollection{krukova2007, + Author = {Elena A. Krjukova}, + Booktitle = {{Tipologija jazyka i teorija grammatiki: materialy meždunarodnoj konferencii posvjaščennoj 100-letiju so dnja roždenija S. D. Kacnel'sona}}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-21 20:43:06 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-07-19 11:10:33 +0200}, + Editor = {M. D Voejkova}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase;Historical linguistics;Attribution;Northern Eurasia}, + Address = {Sankt\hyp{}Peterburg}, + Pages = {115-117}, + Publisher = {Nestor-Istorija}, + Title = {{Substantivacija v jenisejskich jazykach (na materiale ketskogo, jugskogo i kottskogo jazykov)}}, + Year = {2007}} + +@incollection{clark1998a, + Author = {Clark, Larry}, + Booktitle = {The {T}urkic languages}, + Crossref = {johansonEtAl1998a}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-22 07:22:17 +0000}, + Editor = {Johanson, Lars and Csató, Éva Ágnes}, + Address = {London}, + Pages = {434-452}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + Title = {Chuvash}, + crossref = {johansonEtAl1998a}, + Year = {1998}} + +@book{krueger1961, + Author = {Krueger, John Richard}, + Date-Added = {2007-07-19 06:29:57 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-22 16:42:27 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description;Northern Eurasia;Europe;Turkic}, + Address = {Bloomington}, + Number = {7}, + Publisher = {Indiana University}, + Series = {Uralic and Altaic Series}, + Subtitle = {Introduction, grammar, reader, and vocabulary}, + Title = {Chuvash manual}, + Year = {1961}} + +@book{siraliev-etal1971, + Author = {Širaliev, Mamedaga Š. and Sevort'an, {\.E}rvand V.}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-12 10:43:06 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-07-19 12:12:56 +0200}, + Keywords = {Language description;Turkic;Northern Eurasia}, + Lid = {Azerbaijani}, + Address = {Baku}, + Publisher = {{\.E}lm}, + Title = {{Grammatika azerbajdžanskogo jazyka (fonetika, morfologija i sintaksis)}}, + Year = {1971}} + +@incollection{boeschoten1998, + Author = {Boeschoten, Hendrik}, + Booktitle = {The {T}urkic languages}, + Crossref = {johansonEtAl1998a}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-12 11:47:20 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-22 07:21:54 +0000}, + Editor = {Csató, Éva Ágnes and Johanson, Lars}, + Address = {London}, + Pages = {357-378}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Title = {Uzbek}, + crossref = {johansonEtAl1998a}, + Year = {1998}} + +@incollection{kazenin1996a, + Author = {Kazenin, Konstantin}, + Booktitle = {Godoberi}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-11 10:31:06 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 13:23:25 +0000}, + Editor = {Alexandr E. Kibrik}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {2}, + Pages = {148-154}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {LINCOM Studies in Caucasian Linguistics}, + Title = {Word order in noun phrases}, + Year = {1996}} + +@incollection{tatevosov1996a, + year = {1996}, + Author = {Tatevosov, Sergej G.}, + Booksubtitle = {II. Attributives}, + Booktitle = {Godoberi}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-11 10:03:14 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-02-15 12:16:25 +0100}, + Editor = {Alexandr E. Kibrik}, + Keywords = {Caucasus;Europe;Noun phrase;Adjective}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {2}, + Pages = {20-35}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {LINCOM Studies in Caucasian Linguistics}, + Year = {1996}} + +@incollection{alekseev-etal2004, + Author = {Alekseev, Michail E. and Radžabov, Ramazan N.}, + Booktitle = {The {N}orth {E}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + Call-Number = {Stabi OEL}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-03 16:49:43 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-07-18 19:43:54 +0200}, + Editor = {Michael Job}, + Address = {Ann Arbour}, + Pages = {115-163}, + Publisher = {Caravan Books}, + Series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + Title = {Tsez}, + Number = {3}, + Year = {2004}} + +@book{zirkov1955, + Author = {Žirkov, Lev I.}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-11 14:48:06 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-22 16:41:29 +0000}, + Keywords = {Caucasus;Europe;Language description}, + Address = {Moskva}, + Publisher = {Nauka}, + Subtitle = {Fonetika i morfologija}, + Title = {Lakskij jazyk}, + Year = {1955}} + +@incollection{isaev2004, + Author = {Isaev, Magomed-Šapi A.}, + Booktitle = {The {N}orth {E}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + Call-Number = {Stabi OEL}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-03 16:52:23 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 10:28:59 +0000}, + Editor = {Michael Job}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {Ann Arbour}, + Pages = {299-343}, + Publisher = {Caravan Books}, + Series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + Title = {Dargwa}, + Number = {3}, + Year = {2004}} + +@incollection{schulze-furhoff1994, + Author = {Schulze-Fürhoff, Wolfgang}, + Booktitle = {The {N}orth {E}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-05 13:35:53 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-21 15:51:42 +0000}, + Editor = {Rieks Smeets}, + Address = {Delmar}, + Pages = {447-514}, + Publisher = {Caravan Books}, + Series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + Title = {Udi}, + Number = {4}, + Year = {1994}} + +@book{kurbanov1986, + Author = {Kurbanov, Kazi K.}, + Author-Translation = {Kazi Kerimovič Kurbanov}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-11 13:17:32 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-02-15 12:37:45 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Europe}, + Address = {Machačkala}, + Publisher = {Dagučpedgiz}, + Title = {{Morfologija tabasaranskogo jazyka (posobie dlja učitelja}}, + Year = {1986}} + +@incollection{kibrik1994a, + Author = {Kibrik, Aleksandr E.}, + Booktitle = {The {N}orth {E}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + Call-Number = {Stabi OEL}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-05 13:18:39 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-05 13:20:28 +0200}, + Editor = {Rieks Smeets}, + Keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Northern Eurasia;Europe}, + Address = {Delmar}, + Pages = {297-265}, + Publisher = {Caravan Books}, + Series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + Title = {Archi}, + Number = {4}, + Year = {1994}} + +@incollection{talibov2004, + Author = {Talibov, Bukar B.}, + Booktitle = {The {N}orth {E}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + Call-Number = {Stabi OEL}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-03 16:53:02 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-02-15 12:15:09 +0100}, + Editor = {Michael Job}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {Ann Arbour}, + Pages = {347-419}, + Publisher = {Caravan Books}, + Series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + Title = {Tsakhur}, + Number = {3}, + Year = {2004}} + +@book{haspelmath1993, + Author = {Haspelmath, Martin}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 18:14:09 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-05 10:25:02 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Northern Eurasia;Europe}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Number = {9}, + Publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + Series = {Mouton Grammar Library}, + Title = {A grammar of {L}ezgian}, + Year = {1993}} + +@incollection{alekseev1994a, + Author = {Alekseev, Michail E.}, + Booktitle = {The {N}orth {E}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + Call-Number = {Stabi OEL}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-05 13:13:41 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-07-18 18:09:52 +0200}, + Editor = {Rieks Smeets}, + Keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Northern Eurasia;Europe}, + Address = {Delmar}, + Pages = {213-258}, + Publisher = {Caravan Books}, + Series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + Title = {Rutul}, + Number = {4}, + Year = {1994}} + +@incollection{nichols1994b, + Author = {Nichols, Johanna}, + Booktitle = {The {N}orth {E}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy part)}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-04 16:42:19 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-04 16:03:38 +0100}, + Editor = {Rieks Smeets}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {Delmar}, + Pages = {79-145}, + Publisher = {Caravan Books}, + Series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + Title = {Ingush}, + Number = {4}, + Year = {1994}} + +@incollection{holisky-etal1994, + Author = {Holisky, Dee Ann and Gagua, Rusudan}, + Booktitle = {The {N}orth {E}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + Call-Number = {Stabi OEL}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-05 12:31:29 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-05 12:33:21 +0200}, + Editor = {Rieks Smeets}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {Delmar}, + Pages = {147-212}, + Publisher = {Caravan Books}, + Series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + Title = {Tsova-{T}ush ({B}atsbi)}, + Number = {4}, + Year = {1994}} + +@incollection{hewitt1989a, + Author = {Hewitt, George B.}, + Booktitle = {The {N}orth {W}est {C}aucasian languages}, + Call-Number = {Stabi OEL}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-05 09:49:28 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2011-01-31 16:05:38 +0100}, + Editor = {Hewitt, George B.}, + Keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Europe;Northern Eurasia}, + Address = {Delmar}, + Pages = {38-88}, + Publisher = {Caravan Books}, + Series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + Title = {Abkhaz}, + Number = {2}, + Year = {1994}} + +@incollection{lomtatidze-etal1989, + Author = {Ketevan Lomtatidze and Rauf Klychev}, + Booktitle = {The {N}orth {W}est {C}aucasian languages}, + Call-Number = {Stabi OEL}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-05 10:26:31 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2011-01-31 16:05:49 +0100}, + Editor = {Hewitt, George B.}, + Keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Europe;Northern Eurasia}, + Address = {Delmar}, + Pages = {89-154}, + Publisher = {Caravan Books}, + Series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + Title = {Abaza}, + Number = {2}, + Year = {1994}} + +@incollection{colarusso1989, + Author = {Colarusso, John}, + Booktitle = {The {N}orth {W}est {C}aucasian languages}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-05 10:53:03 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2011-01-31 16:04:15 +0100}, + Editor = {Hewitt, George B.}, + Keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Europe;Northern Eurasia}, + Address = {Delmar}, + Pages = {261-355}, + Publisher = {Caravan Books}, + Series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + Title = {East {C}ircassian ({K}abardian dialect)}, + Number = {2}, + Year = {1994}} + +@incollection{harris1991a, + Author = {Harris, Alice C.}, + Booktitle = {The {K}artvelian languages}, + Call-Number = {Stabi OEL}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-03 15:00:32 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-03 15:05:26 +0200}, + Editor = {Harris, Alice C.}, + Keywords = {Historical linguistics;Kartvelian}, + Address = {Delmar}, + Pages = {7-83}, + Publisher = {Caravan Books}, + Series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + Title = {Overview on the history of the {K}artvelian languages}, + Number = {1}, + Year = {1991}} + +@book{tuite1998, + Author = {Tuite, Kevin}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-08 18:52:06 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-22 17:06:59 +0000}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase;Syntax;Morphology;Caucasus;Europe;Historical linguistics}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {12}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {LINCOM Studies in Caucasian Linguistics}, + Subtitle = {Number agreement and morphosyntactic orientation in the {S}outh {C}aucasian languages}, + Title = {Kartvelian morphosyntax}, + Year = {1998}} + +@incollection{aronson1991, + Author = {Aronson, Howard I.}, + Booktitle = {The {K}artvelian languages}, + Call-Number = {Stabi OEL}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-03 15:06:19 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-07-18 19:45:42 +0200}, + Editor = {Harris, Alice C.}, + Keywords = {Historical linguistics;Kartvelian}, + Address = {Delmar}, + Pages = {219-312}, + Publisher = {Caravan Books}, + Series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + Title = {Modern {G}eorgian}, + Number = {1}, + Year = {1991}} + +@book{tuite1997, + Author = {Tuite, Kevin}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-11 11:10:22 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-02-15 12:39:02 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Europe}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {139}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Svan}, + Year = {1997}} + +@incollection{schmidt1991, + Author = {Schmidt, Karl Horst}, + Booktitle = {The {K}artvelian languages}, + Call-Number = {Stabi OEL}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-03 15:08:19 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-03 15:09:04 +0200}, + Editor = {Harris, Alice C.}, + Keywords = {Historical linguistics;Kartvelian}, + Address = {Delmar}, + Pages = {473-556}, + Publisher = {Caravan Books}, + Series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + Title = {Svan}, + Number = {1}, + Year = {1991}} + +@incollection{harris1991b, + Author = {Harris, Alice C.}, + Booktitle = {The {K}artvelian languages}, + Call-Number = {Stabi OEL}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-03 15:05:34 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-03 15:06:12 +0200}, + Editor = {Harris, Alice C.}, + Keywords = {Historical linguistics;Kartvelian}, + Address = {Delmar}, + Pages = {313-394}, + Publisher = {Caravan Books}, + Series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + Title = {Mingrelian}, + Number = {1}, + Year = {1991}} + +@book{krotkoff1982, + Author = {Krotkoff, Georg}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-11 14:36:49 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-22 16:52:32 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description;Semitic}, + Address = {New Haven}, + Number = {64}, + Publisher = {American Oriental Society}, + Series = {American Oriental Series}, + Subtitle = {Text, grammar, and vocabulary}, + Title = {A {N}eo-{A}ramaic dialect of {K}urdistan}, + Year = {1982}} + +@book{borg-etal1996, + Author = {Borg, Albert and Marie Azzopardi-Alexander}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-08 11:23:20 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-04 17:45:08 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description;Semitic;Europe}, + Address = {London}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Series = {Routledge Descriptive Grammars}, + Title = {Maltese}, + Year = {1996}} + +@book{aquilina1959, + Author = {Aquilina, Joseph}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-08 11:14:11 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-22 16:41:47 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description;Semitic;Europe}, + Address = {Malta}, + Publisher = {The Royal University}, + Subtitle = {A study in mixed grammar and vocabulary}, + Title = {The structure of {M}altese}, + Year = {1959}} + +@article{hall1938, + Author = {Robert A. Hall, Jr.}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-08 14:12:32 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-08 14:14:16 +0200}, + journal = {Language}, + Keywords = {Language description;Uralic}, + Number = {2}, + Pages = {9-113}, + Title = {An Analytical Grammar of the {H}ungarian Language}, + Volume = {14}, + Year = {1938}} + +@book{decsy1990, + Abstract = {p.80-81 keine Kongruenz in NP (bei Adjektiven) p.81 POSS als DEF}, + Author = {Décsy, Gyula}, + Date-Added = {2007-07-10 11:07:48 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-22 16:55:52 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description;Uralic;Northern Eurasia;Historical linguistics}, + Address = {Bloomington}, + Number = {9}, + Publisher = {Eurolingua}, + Series = {Bibliotheca nostratica}, + Subtitle = {A comprehensive reconstruction}, + Title = {The {U}ralic protolanguage}, + Year = {1990}} + +@book{winkler2001, + Author = {Winkler, Eberhard}, + Call-Number = {MR}, + Date-Added = {2007-07-18 22:20:51 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-25 15:10:27 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description; Udmurt}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {212}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Udmurt}, + Year = {2001}} + +@book{csucs1990, + Author = {Csúcs, Sándor}, + Date-Added = {2010-07-07 12:17:00 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-22 07:07:54 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description;Uralic;Udmurt}, + Address = {Budapest}, + Publisher = {Tankönyvkiadó}, + Title = {Chrestomathia votiacica}, + Year = {1990}} + +@incollection{senkevic-g1968, + Author = {Senkevič-Gudkova, Viktorija V.}, + Author-Transl = {В. В. Сенкевич-Гудкова; Viktor Maksimovič Žirmunskij; Orest Petrovič Sunik}, + Booktitle = {Voprosy teorii častej reči}, + Call-Number = {MR (PDF); MR (copy)}, + Date-Added = {2016-02-02 19:17:14 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-02-02 19:17:53 +0000}, + Editor = {Žirmunskij, Viktor M. and Sunik, Orest P.}, + Keywords = {Saamic linguistics,morphology,adjective,Kola Saami}, + Lid = {sms}, + Address = {Leningrad}, + Pages = {274-281}, + Publisher = {Nauka}, + Subtitle = {Na materiale jazykov različnych tipov}, + Title = {O differencjal'nych morfologičeskich priznakach imeni prilagatel'nogo v saamskom jazyke (na materiale notozerskogo dialekta)}, + Year = {1968}} + +@book{nickel1990, + Author = {Nickel, Klaus Peter}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy)}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-12-07 16:15:53 +0100}, + Keywords = {Saami linguistics;Language description}, + Address = {Kárášjohka}, + Publisher = {Davvi Girji}, + Title = {Samisk grammatikk}, + Year = {1996}} + +@book{decsy1991, + Abstract = {p. 57 proto-IE hatte wahrscheinlich keine Kongruenz in NPs (so wie auch Tocharisch keine hat)}, + Author = {Décsy, Gyula}, + Date-Added = {2009-10-30 13:16:55 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-22 17:06:12 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description;IE;Northern Eurasia;Historical linguistics}, + Address = {Bloomington}, + Number = {10}, + Publisher = {Eurolingua}, + Series = {Bibliotheca nostratica}, + Subtitle = {A computational reconstruction}, + Title = {The {I}ndo-{E}uropean protolanguage}, + Year = {1998}} + +@incollection{watkins1998, + Author = {Watkins, Calvert}, + Crossref = {ramatEtAl1998a}, + Date-Added = {2007-07-10 11:36:59 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-22 17:11:09 +0000}, + Pages = {25-73}, + Subtitle = {Comparison and reconstruction}, + Title = {Proto-{I}ndo-{E}uropean}, + crossref = {ramatEtAl1998a}} + +@incollection{demiraj1998, + Author = {Demiraj, Shaban}, + Crossref = {ramatEtAl1998a}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-27 16:18:27 +0000}, + Pages = {480-501}, + Title = {Albanian}, + crossref = {ramatEtAl1998a}} + +@book{sasse1991, + Author = {Sasse, Hans-Jürgen}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 13:48:55 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {Wiesbaden}, + Publisher = {Harrassowitz}, + Subtitle = {Die albanischen {S}prachreste in {G}riechenland}, + Title = {Arvanitika}, + Volume = {1}, + Year = {1991}} + +@incollection{ajello1998, + Author = {Ajello, Roberto}, + Crossref = {ramatEtAl1998a}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-22 17:09:19 +0000}, + Pages = {197-227}, + Title = {Armenian}, + crossref = {ramatEtAl1998a}} + +@book{masica1991, + Author = {Masica, Colin P.}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-12 13:54:36 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-02-15 10:03:54 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description;IE}, + Address = {Cambridge}, + Publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + Series = {Cambridge Language Surveys}, + Title = {The {Indo-Aryan} languages}, + Year = {1991}} + +@book{halwachs-etal2002, + Author = {Halwachs, Dieter W. and Michael Wogg}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Date-Added = {2009-01-29 14:54:28 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2011-01-31 16:07:58 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description;IE;Europe}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {107}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {{Burgenland-Romani}}, + Year = {2002}} + +@book{hancock1995, + Author = {Hancock, Ian}, + Date-Added = {2009-10-26 16:17:48 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-05 10:17:16 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description;Indoeuropean}, + Address = {Columbus}, + Publisher = {Slavica}, + Title = {A handbook of {V}lax {R}omani}, + Year = {1993}} + +@book{rastorgueva1963, + Abstract = {Вера Сергеевна Расторгуева}, + Author = {Rastorgueva, Vera S. and Paper, Herbert H.}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Date-Added = {2009-01-27 16:58:41 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2014-11-28 10:15:14 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {Bloomington}, + Number = {28}, + Publisher = {Indiana University}, + Series = {Publications / Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore and Linguistics}, + Title = {A short sketch of {T}ajik grammar}, + Year = {1963}} + +@book{schulze2000, + Author = {Schulze, Wolfgang}, + Date-Added = {2009-01-29 20:01:17 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 09:49:24 +0000}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {380}, + Publisher = {Lincom Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Northern {T}alysh}, + Year = {2000}} + +@book{abaev1964, + Author = {Abaev, Vasilij I.}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Call-Number = {MR (PDF)}, + Date-Added = {2009-01-29 19:34:58 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2010-07-18 18:11:33 +0200}, + Keywords = {Language description;Indoeuropean;Iranian}, + Address = {Bloomington}, + Publisher = {Indiana University Press}, + Title = {A grammatical sketch of {O}ssetic}, + Year = {1964}} + +@incollection{thodarson1989, + Author = {Thordarson, Fridrik}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Booktitle = {Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum}, + Call-Number = {MR (PDF); MR (copy)}, + Date-Added = {2009-01-29 19:22:57 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2009-01-29 19:24:42 +0100}, + Editor = {Schmitt, Rüdiger}, + Keywords = {Language description;Indoeuropean;Iranian}, + Address = {Wiesbaden}, + Pages = {456-79}, + Publisher = {Reichert}, + Title = {Ossetic}, + Year = {1989}} + +@book{bechert1993, + Author = {Bechert, Johannes}, + Date-Added = {2007-07-10 15:59:31 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2007-07-10 16:01:35 +0200}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase; Typology}, + Address = {[Strasbourg]}, + Publisher = {ESF}, + Series = {Eurotyp Working Papers I/4}, + Title = {Definiteness and article systems}, + Year = {1993}} + +@incollection{macauley1992, + Author = {Donald MacAulay}, + Crossref = {macauley1992b}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-18 12:22:21 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-26 16:16:03 +0000}, + Pages = {137-248}, + Title = {The {S}cottish {G}aelic language}, + crossref = {macauley1992b}} + +@incollection{odochartaigh1992, + Author = {Cathair {\'O} Dochartaigh}, + Crossref = {macauley1992b}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-18 12:07:23 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-26 16:16:28 +0000}, + Pages = {11-99}, + Title = {The {I}rish language}, + crossref = {macauley1992b}} + +@incollection{thomsen1992, + Author = {Robert L. Thomson}, + Crossref = {macauley1992b}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-18 12:19:20 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-26 16:17:24 +0000}, + Pages = {100-136}, + Title = {The {M}anx language}, + crossref = {macauley1992b}} + +@incollection{thomas1992a, + Author = {Alan R. Thomas}, + Crossref = {macauley1992b}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-18 12:53:37 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-26 16:16:58 +0000}, + Pages = {251-345}, + Title = {The {W}elsh language}, + crossref = {macauley1992b}} + +@incollection{ternes1992, + Author = {Elmar Ternes}, + Crossref = {macauley1992b}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-18 12:58:25 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-26 16:16:45 +0000}, + Pages = {371-452}, + Title = {The {B}reton language}, + crossref = {macauley1992b}} + +@incollection{thomas1992b, + Author = {Alan R. Thomas}, + Crossref = {macauley1992b}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-18 13:07:30 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-26 16:17:13 +0000}, + Pages = {346-370}, + Title = {The {C}ornish language}, + crossref = {macauley1992b}} + +@book{heinrichs1954, + Author = {Heinrichs, Heinrich Matthias}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy)}, + Date-Added = {2007-07-19 06:56:37 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-05-17 11:45:36 +0200}, + Keywords = {Germanic;IE;Historical linguistics;Noun phrase;Attribution}, + Address = {Gießen}, + Publisher = {Schmitz}, + Title = {{Studien zum bestimmten Artikel in den germanischen Sprachen}}, + Year = {1954}} + +@book{ringgaard1960, + Author = {Ringgaard, Kristian}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-10-27 09:53:37 +0100}, + Keywords = {Phonology;North Germanic}, + Lid = {Danish;Jutlandic}, + Address = {Aarhus}, + Publisher = {Universitetsforlaget}, + Title = {{Vestjysk st{ø}d}}, + Year = {1960}} + +@article{borjars1994, + Author = {Börjars, Kersti}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-10-27 10:06:51 +0100}, + journal = {Nordic Journal of Linguistics}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase;Syntax}, + Pages = {219-252}, + Title = {Swedish double determination in a {E}uropean typological perspective}, + Volume = {17}, + Year = {1994}} + +@incollection{julien2003, + Author = {Julien, Marit}, + Booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 19th Scandinavian Conference of Linguistics}}, + Call-Number = {MR (PDF);MR (copy)}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-05 10:35:04 +0100}, + Editor = {Anne Dahl and Kristine Bentzen and Peter Svenonius}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase;Generative syntax;North Germanic}, + Address = {Troms{ø}}, + Number = {31:1}, + Pages = {230-244}, + Publisher = {Troms{ø} university}, + Series = {Nordlyd}, + Title = {Double definiteness in {S}candinavian}, + Year = {2003}} + +@incollection{holmberg-etal2003, + Author = {Holmberg, Anders and Sandström, Göran}, + Crossref = {vangsnesEtAl2003a}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-04-08 09:44:13 +0000}, + Origdate = {1996}, + Pages = {85-98}, + Title = {Vad är det för särskilt med nordsvenska nominalfraser?}, + crossref = {vangsnesEtAl2003a}} + +@incollection{delsing1996b, + Author = {Delsing, Lars-Olof}, + Booktitle = {Syntaktisk variasjon i nordiske målf{ø}re}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-27 16:19:34 +0000}, + Editor = {Vangsnes, {\O}ystein A.}, + Number = {9}, + Pages = {24-74}, + Publisher = {Universitetet i Bergen}, + Address = {Bergen}, + Series = {Nordica Bergensia}, + Title = {Nominalfrassyntax i skandinaviska dialekter}, + Year = {1996}} + +@book{posner1996, + Author = {Rebecca Posner}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-16 11:07:37 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 08:21:07 +0000}, + Keywords = {Historical linguistics}, + Address = {Cambridge}, + Publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + Series = {Cambridge Language Surveys}, + Title = {The {R}omance languages}, + Year = {1996}} + +@incollection{silvestri1998, + Author = {Silvestri, Domenico}, + Crossref = {ramatEtAl1998a}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-12 14:11:04 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-22 17:10:52 +0000}, + Pages = {322-344}, + Title = {The {I}talic languages}, + crossref = {ramatEtAl1998a}} + +@thesis{zlatic1997, + Author = {Larisa Zlati{\'c}}, + Date-Added = {2007-07-18 21:44:24 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 12:56:03 +0000}, + Institution = {The University of Texas at Austin}, + Address = {Austin}, + Title = {The Structure of the {S}erbian Noun Phrase}, + Type = {phdthesis}, + Year = {1997}} + +@book{kordic1997, + Author = {Snjezana Kordic}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-08 09:35:47 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-05 10:53:48 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {148}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {{Serbo-Croatian}}, + Year = {1997}} + +@article{marusic-etal2007, + Author = {Marušič, Franc and Žaucer, Rok}, + Date-Added = {2007-07-16 13:19:05 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 09:18:09 +0000}, + journal = {Slavistična revija}, + Number = {1-2}, + Pages = {223-247}, + Title = {O določnem ta v pogovorni slovenščini (z navezavo na določno obliko pridevnika)}, + Volume = {55}, + Year = {2007}} + +@incollection{browne1993, + Author = {Browne, Wayles}, + Booktitle = {The {S}lavonic languages}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-12 16:27:49 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-04 17:45:23 +0100}, + Editor = {Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {London}, + Pages = {306-387}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + Title = {{Serbo-Croat}}, + Year = {1993}} + +@incollection{priestly1993, + Author = {Priestly, Tom M. S.}, + Booktitle = {The {S}lavonic languages}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-12 15:02:47 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-07-19 11:23:47 +0200}, + Editor = {Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett}, + Keywords = {Slavic languages;Language description}, + Address = {London}, + Pages = {388-451}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + Title = {Slovene}, + Year = {1993}} + +@book{saltarelli1988, + Author = {Mario Saltarelli}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-20 22:40:33 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2008-09-20 22:41:40 +0200}, + Keywords = {Language description;Northern Eurasia}, + Address = {London}, + Publisher = {Croom Helm}, + Series = {Croom Helm Descriptive Grammars}, + Title = {Basque}, + Year = {1988}} + +@book{hualde-etal2003, + Date-Added = {2008-09-20 17:13:55 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-06-16 15:42:01 +0000}, + Editor = {Hualde, José Ignacio and Ortiz de Urbina, Jon}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Number = {26}, + Publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + Series = {Mouton Grammar Library}, + Title = {A grammar of {B}asque}, + Year = {2003}} + +@book{nichols1992, + Author = {Nichols, Johanna}, + Date-Added = {2010-06-23 18:53:34 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-06-23 18:54:28 +0200}, + Keywords = {Historical linguistics;Typology;Areal typology;Northern Eurasia}, + Address = {Chicago}, + Publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, + Title = {Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time}, + Year = {1992}} + +@book{decsy1998, + Abstract = {p. 75 POSS:3SG -si als DEF (based on Old Turkic data) p.76 Wortfolge A+N Agreement/non-agreement of adj. not mentioned in syntax part}, + Author = {Décsy, Gyula}, + Date-Added = {2009-10-30 13:14:12 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-22 17:06:23 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description;Turkic;Northern Eurasia;Historical linguistics}, + Address = {Bloomington}, + Number = {11}, + Publisher = {Eurolingua}, + Series = {Bibliotheca nostratica}, + Subtitle = {A computational reconstruction}, + Title = {The {T}urkic protolanguage}, + Year = {1998}} + +@book{kelmakov-etal1999, + Author = {Kel'makov, Valentin and Hännikäinen, Sara}, + Date-Added = {2007-07-17 18:06:34 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-27 16:10:11 +0000}, + Address = {Helsinki}, + Number = {14}, + Publisher = {Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura}, + Series = {Hilfsmittel für das Studium der finnisch-ugrischen Sprachen}, + Title = {Udmurtin kielioppia ja harjoituksia}, + Year = {1999}} + +@book{alatyrev1970, + Abstract = {possessive article contrastive-deictic declension}, + Author = {Alatyrev, Vasilij I.}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-22 07:52:39 +0000}, + Address = {Iževsk}, + Publisher = {Udmurtskij Naučno-Issledovatel'skij Institut Istorii, {\.E}konomiki, Lite\-ra\-tury i Jazyka}, + Subtitle = {Rasširennyj doklad na {III} {M}eždunarodnom {K}ongresse {F}inno-{U}grovedov v g. {T}alline}, + Title = {Vydelitel'no-ukazatel'naja kategorija v udmurtskom jazyke}, + Year = {1970}} + +@article{kiekbaev1965, + Author = {Kiekbaev, Džalil' G.}, + Date-Added = {2009-10-30 14:14:37 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2009-10-30 14:16:49 +0100}, + journal = {Sovetskoe finno-ugrovedenie}, + Keywords = {Uralic;Turkic;Noun phrase}, + Number = {4}, + Pages = {237-244}, + Title = {{O grammatičeskoj kategorij opredelennosti i neopredelennosti v uralo-altajskich jazykach}}, + Volume = {1}, + Year = {1965}} + +@book{tauli1966, + Author = {Tauli, Valter}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy)}, + Date-Added = {2009-05-11 12:35:26 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2014-11-28 10:17:54 +0000}, + Keywords = {Uralic;Historical linguistics}, + Address = {Bloomington}, + Number = {17}, + Publisher = {Indiana University}, + Series = {Uralic and Altaic Series}, + Title = {Structural Tendencies in {U}ralic Languages}, + Year = {1966}} + +@article{kunnap2004, + Abstract = {Finno-Ugric, Selkup, Turkic and Tungusic share a common (preferred) use of the 3rd person possessive suffix (3Px) in the non-personal definite function. Based on the use of (Northern) Samoyedic languages one could imagine that in a number of Uralic languages the text meant for the addressee (= the 2nd person) sounds natural when determined by means of the 2Px, meaning something like 'the matter heard by you'. The 3Px usage is here related to a more general definiteness (in Samoyedic languages in case of the concepts 'sun', 'moon', 'sky', 'earth' etc., since these phenomena are determined by their unique and universal nature already, not by the listener's hearing). Thus, it may be supposed that a non-personal general-definite function has always been inherent to the Uralic 3Px}, + Author = {Künnap, Ago}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy); MR (PDF)}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-08-05 17:28:11 +0200}, + journal = {Linguistica Uralica}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase; Typology; Possession; Uralic}, + Number = {1}, + Pages = {1-4}, + Title = {About the non-personal definite function of the {U}ralic 3rd person possessive suffix}, + Volume = {40}, + Year = {2004}} + +@book{serebrennikov1963, + Author = {Serebrennikov, Boris A.}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-10-30 14:38:48 +0100}, + Keywords = {Uralic;Historical linguistics;Morphology}, + Address = {Moskva}, + Publisher = {Nauka}, + Title = {{Istoričeskaja morfologija permskich jazykov}}, + Year = {1963}} + +@book{alhoniemi1993, + Author = {Alhoniemi, Alho}, + Call-Number = {MR}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-04-26 12:06:52 +0200}, + Keywords = {Language description;Uralic}, + Address = {Hamburg}, + Publisher = {Buske}, + Title = {{Grammatik des Tscheremissischen (Mari)}}, + Year = {1993}} + +@incollection{helimski2005, + Abstract = {The "Northern European Sprachbund" (Wagner etc.) is not mentioned}, + Author = {Eugene Helimski}, + Booksubtitle = {A linguistic and cognitive approach}, + Booktitle = {The {U}ralic languages today}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-04-08 09:48:00 +0000}, + Editor = {Fernandez-Vest, M. M. Jocelyne}, + Address = {Paris}, + Number = {240}, + Pages = {87-99}, + Publisher = {Honoré Champion}, + Series = {Biblioth{\`e}que de l'Ecole des hautes études}, + Subtitle = {Areal connections within and across the family}, + Title = {Uralic languages in {S}prachbünde}, + Year = {2005}} + +@incollection{pavlov1985, + Author = {Pavlov, Ivan P.}, + Booktitle = {Issledovanija po fonetike, morfologii i frazeologii sovremennogo čuvašskogo jazyka}, + Date-Added = {2009-05-16 13:28:56 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-27 15:56:01 +0000}, + Editor = {Pavlov, Ivan P.}, + Address = {{\v C}eboksary}, + Pages = {3-15}, + Publisher = {Naučno-issledovatel'skij institut jazyka, literatura, istorii i {\.e}konomiki}, + Title = {Kategorija vydelenija v sovremennom čuvašskom jazyke}, + Year = {1985}} + +@incollection{benzing1963, + Author = {Benzing, Johannes}, + Booktitle = {Turkologie}, + Date-Added = {2010-02-05 12:15:08 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 12:25:50 +0000}, + Editor = {Spuler, Bertold}, + Keywords = {Turkic;Language description}, + Address = {Leiden}, + Maintitle = {Altaistik}, + Number = {5}, + Pages = {61-71}, + Publisher = {Brill}, + Series = {Handbuch der Orientalistik}, + Title = {Das {T}schuwaschische}, + Volume = {1}, + Year = {1963}} + +@inbook{mikkola1950, + Abstract = {p.52 bestimmte Adj im Baltischen und Germanischen}, + Author = {Mikkola, Jooseppi Julius}, + Booktitle = {Formenlehre}, + Date-Added = {2007-12-31 16:19:25 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-04-08 10:05:46 +0000}, + Address = {Heidelberg}, + Mainsubtitle = {Einführung in das vergleichende Studium der slavischen Sprachen}, + Maintitle = {Urslavische Grammatik}, + Publisher = {Winter}, + Volume = {3}, + Year = {1950}} + +@book{leskien1871, + Author = {Leskien, August}, + Date-Added = {2008-01-04 11:47:29 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 13:28:54 +0000}, + Address = {Weimar}, + Publisher = {H. Böhlau}, + Subtitle = {Grammatik, {T}exte, {G}lossar}, + Title = {Handbuch der altbulgarischen (altkirchenslavischen) {S}prache}, + Year = {1871}} + +@book{leskien1919, + Author = {Leskien, August}, + Date-Added = {2008-01-04 11:49:02 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-05 11:13:06 +0100}, + Address = {Heidelberg}, + Publisher = {Winter}, + Title = {{Litauisches Lesebuch mit Grammatik und Wörterbuch}}, + Year = {1919}} + +@article{wijk1935, + Author = {{van Wijk}, Nicolaas}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy)}, + Date-Added = {2007-12-28 12:31:32 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2010-02-15 12:18:34 +0100}, + journal = {Germanoslavica}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase; Attribution}, + Number = {1}, + Pages = {19-30}, + Rating = {0}, + Read = {Yes}, + Title = {{Eine slavisch-germanische syntaktische Parallele}}, + Volume = {3}, + Year = {1935}} + +@incollection{schmidt1959, + Author = {Schmidt, Karl Horst}, + Booksubtitle = {II {I}ndogermanica -- {O}rientalica}, + Booktitle = {Geburtstagsgabe für {W}ilhelm {W}issmann}, + Date-Added = {2007-12-28 13:08:56 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-27 15:36:03 +0000}, + Editor = {Hoffmann, Karl and Humbach, Helmut}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {14}, + Pages = {13-22}, + Publisher = {J. Kitzinger}, + Series = {Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft}, + Title = {Zur {K}omplexion attributiv bestimmter {N}omina und zur {F}rage der ``bestimmten {A}djektiva''}, + Year = {1959}} + +@incollection{koch1992, + Author = {Koch, Christoph}, + Booksubtitle = {Materialien des vom 21.--22. {S}eptember 1989 in {J}ena in {Z}usammenarbeit mit der {I}ndogermanischen {G}esellschaft durchgeführten {K}olloquiums}, + Booktitle = {Indogermanisch, {S}lawisch und {B}altisch}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy)}, + Date-Added = {2008-01-05 22:17:05 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 13:25:37 +0000}, + Editor = {Barschel, Bernd and Kozianka, Maria and Karin Weber}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase; Adjective; Attribution; Relative clause; Historical linguistics; Slavic; Baltic; Indoeuropean}, + Address = {München}, + Pages = {45-88}, + Publisher = {Otto Sagner}, + Title = {Zur {V}orgeschichte des relativen {A}ttributkonnexes im {B}altischen und {S}lavischen}, + Year = {1992}} + +@article{pohl1980, + Author = {Pohl, Heinz Dieter}, + Date-Added = {2008-01-04 16:24:58 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 13:45:59 +0000}, + journal = {Klagenfurter Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft}, + Pages = {58-101}, + Subtitle = {Die {F}iktion von der baltisch\hyp{}slavischen {S}pracheinheit}, + Title = {Baltisch und {S}lavisch}, + Titleaddon = {Erster {T}eil}, + Volume = {6}, + Year = {1980}} + +@article{tolstoj1957, + Author = {Tolstoj, Nikita I.}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy)}, + Date-Added = {2007-07-19 05:38:07 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-07-19 11:43:12 +0200}, + journal = {Voprosy slavjanskogo jazykoznanija}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase; Slavic; Adjective; Attribution}, + Pages = {45-122}, + Title = {{Značenie polnych i kratkich form prilagatelnych v staroslavjanskom jazyke}}, + Volume = {2}, + Year = {1957}} + +@book{delbruck1893, + Author = {Delbrück, Berthold}, + Date-Added = {2007-12-30 12:08:54 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-04 18:11:37 +0100}, + Address = {Strassburg}, + Publisher = {Trübner}, + Series = {Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen}, + Title = {{Vergleichende Syntax der indogermanischen Sprachen}}, + Volume = {1}, + Year = {1893}} + +@book{brugmann-etal1916, + Author = {Brugmann, Karl and Delbrück, Berthold}, + Date-Added = {2008-01-04 20:38:04 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-22 16:39:26 +0000}, + Address = {Straßburg}, + Publisher = {Trübner}, + Subtitle = {{Kurzgefasste Darstellung der Geschichte des Altindischen, Altiranischen (Avestischen und Altpersischen), Altarmenischen, Altgriechischen, Lateinischen, Umbrisch-Samnitischen, Altirischen, Gotischen, Althochdeutschen, Litauischen und Altkirchenslavischen}}, + Title = {Grundriss der vergleichenden {G}rammatik der indogermanischen {S}prachen}, + Year = {1897--1916}} + +@article{koch1999, + Author = {Koch, Christoph}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy)}, + Date-Added = {2007-07-19 06:03:09 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 13:26:01 +0000}, + journal = {Zeitschrift für Slavistik}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase;Slavic;Attribution}, + Number = {4}, + Pages = {455-475}, + Subtitle = {Die westslavischen {A}dverbialadjektiva auf \textit{-ej's-}}, + Title = {Weiterungen des relativen {A}ttributivkonnexes}, + Volume = {44}, + Year = {1999}} + +@book{meillet1931, + Author = {Antoine Meillet}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-15 15:44:51 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-05 12:13:30 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Lid = {Old Persian}, + Address = {Paris}, + Publisher = {Honoré Champion}, + Title = {{Grammaire du vieux-perse}}, + Year = {1931}} + +@incollection{samvelian2007b, + Author = {Pollet Samvelian}, + Booksubtitle = {Papers in honor of {M}ohammad {R}eza {B}ateni}, + Booktitle = {Aspects of {I}ranian linguistics}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-13 18:16:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-27 15:40:39 +0000}, + Editor = {Karimi, S. and Samiian, V. and Don Stilo}, + Address = {Cambridge}, + Pages = {339-361}, + Publisher = {Cambridge Scholars Publishing}, + Subtitle = {Evidence from {P}ersian and {K}urmanji {K}urdish}, + Title = {The {E}zafe as a head-marking inflectional affix}, + Year = {2007}} + +@book{ringe2006, + Author = {Ringe, Don}, + Date-Added = {2007-11-01 14:40:25 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2010-02-15 11:35:29 +0100}, + Keywords = {Historical linguistics; Indoeuropean; Germanic}, + Address = {Oxford}, + Publisher = {Oxford University Press}, + Title = {{From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic}}, + Volume = {1: A Linguistic History of English}, + Year = {2006}} + +@incollection{philippi1997, + Author = {Philippi, Julia}, + Booktitle = {Parameters of morphosyntactic change}, + Date-Added = {2009-05-26 18:16:36 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-27 15:44:24 +0000}, + Editor = {Ans van Kemenade and Nigel Vincent}, + Pages = {62-93}, + address = {Cambridge}, + Publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + Title = {The rise of the article in the {G}ermanic languages}, + Year = {1997}} + +@incollection{riesler2006a, + Author = {Michael Rießler}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Booktitle = {Grenzgänger}, + Booktitleaddon = {Festschrift zum 65. Geburtstag von Jurij Kusmenko}, + Date-Added = {2008-06-18 14:25:07 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-10 12:25:34 +0000}, + Editor = {Antje Hornscheidt and Kristina Kotcheva and Tomas Milosch and Michael Rießler}, + Keywords = {Areal typology; Typology; Syntax; Morphology; North Germanic; Noun phrase; Attribution}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Number = {9}, + Pages = {258-274}, + Publisher = {Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin}, + Series = {Berliner Beiträge zur Skandinavistik}, + Title = {Die {E}volution attributiver {M}arkierungen im {N}ordgermanischen}, + Year = {2006}} + +@incollection{nocentini1996, + Author = {Nocentini, Alberto}, + Booksubtitle = {Atti del {C}onvegno svoltosi a {F}irenze 26--28 ottobre 1995}, + Booktitle = {Determinezza e indeterminezza nelle lingue slave}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy)}, + Date-Added = {2008-01-04 15:41:25 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 13:45:18 +0000}, + Editor = {Rosanna Benacchio and Francesca Fici and Lucyna Gebert}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase; Attribution; Definiteness; Typology}, + Address = {Firenze}, + Number = {5}, + Pages = {1-9}, + Publisher = {Unipress}, + Series = {Problemi di morfosintassi delle lingue slave}, + Title = {Typology and genesis of the article in the {E}uropean languages}, + Year = {1996}} + +@book{kusmenko2008, + Author = {Jurij Kusmenko}, + Date-Added = {2007-07-02 14:57:38 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 13:27:08 +0000}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Number = {10}, + Publisher = {Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin}, + Series = {Berliner Beiträge zur Skandinavistik}, + Subtitle = {Beitrag zur nordgermanischen {S}prachgeschichte}, + Title = {Der samische {E}influss auf die skandinavischen {S}prachen}, + Year = {2008}} + +@book{lund1932, + Author = {Lund, Jens}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-05 11:20:05 +0100}, + Keywords = {North Germanic;Language description;Phonology;Morphology;Danish;Dialectology}, + Address = {K{ø}benhavn}, + Publisher = {Rietzel}, + Title = {{Morsingmålets Lyd- og Forml{{\ae}}re}}, + Year = {1932}} + +@book{delsing1993, + Author = {Delsing, Lars-Olof}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 09:32:08 +0000}, + Keywords = {North Germanic;Noun phrase;Syntax}, + Address = {Lund}, + Publisher = {Lunds universitet}, + Subtitle = {A comparative study}, + Title = {The internal structure of noun phrases in the {S}candinavian languages}, + Year = {1993}} + +@book{astrom1893, + Author = {Åström, Per}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 09:37:39 +0000}, + Address = {Stockholm}, + Number = {13:2}, + Publisher = {Kungliga Gustav Adolfs Akademien för svensk folkkultur}, + Series = {Svenska landsmål och svenskt folkliv}, + Title = {Degerforsmålets formlära}, + Year = {1893}} + +@incollection{riesler2001a, + Author = {Rießler, Michael}, + Booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 18th Scandinavian Conference of Linguistics}}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-02-05 20:51:12 +0100}, + Editor = {Holmer, Arthur and Svantesson, Jan-Olof and Viberg, Åke}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase;Contact linguistics;Saami linguistics;North Germanic}, + Address = {Lund}, + Number = {39:2}, + Pages = {168-179}, + Publisher = {Lunds universitet}, + Series = {Travaux de l'Institut de Linguistique de Lund}, + Title = {North {S}candinavian and {S}aami -- two morphosyntactic parallels}, + Year = {2001}} + +@incollection{riesler2002a, + Abstract = {Saami linguistics}, + Author = {Michael Rießler}, + Booksubtitle = {Föredrag från det 5:e studentkollokviet i nordisk språkvetenskap}, + Booktitle = {Strövtåg i nordisk språkvetenskap}, + Date-Modified = {2016-06-01 09:54:54 +0000}, + Editor = {Jurij Kusmenko and Sven Lange}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Number = {27}, + Pages = {78-90}, + Publisher = {Nordeuropa-Institut}, + Series = {Kleine Schriften des Nordeuropa-Instituts}, + Title = {Samiskt och finskt substrat i nordskandinaviska dialekter}, + Year = {2002}} + +@incollection{stilo2005, + Author = {Stilo, Donald}, + Booktitle = {Linguistic Convergence and Areal Diffusion: Case studies from {I}ranian, {S}emitic and {T}urkic}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-04 17:25:42 +0100}, + Editor = {Csató, Éva Ágnes and Isaksson, Bo and Jahani, Carina}, + Keywords = {Contact linguistics;Areal typology;Northern Eurasia}, + Address = {London}, + Number = {41:1}, + Pages = {35-63}, + Publisher = {Routledge Curzon}, + Series = {Forum for Modern Language Studies}, + Title = {Iranian as buffer zone between the universal typologies of {T}urkic and {S}emitic}, + Year = {2005}} + +@incollection{alekseev1994b, + Author = {Alekseev, Michail E.}, + Booktitle = {The {N}orth {E}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + Call-Number = {Stabi OEL}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-05 13:16:41 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-07-18 18:10:00 +0200}, + Editor = {Rieks Smeets}, + Keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Northern Eurasia;Europe}, + Address = {Delmar}, + Pages = {259-296}, + Publisher = {Caravan Books}, + Series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + Title = {Budukh}, + Number = {4}, + Year = {1994}} + +@incollection{kibrik1994b, + Author = {Kibrik, Aleksandr E.}, + Booktitle = {The {N}orth {E}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + Call-Number = {Stabi OEL}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-05 13:25:23 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-05 13:25:52 +0200}, + Editor = {Rieks Smeets}, + Keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Northern Eurasia;Europe}, + Address = {Delmar}, + Pages = {367-406}, + Publisher = {Caravan Books}, + Series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + Title = {Khinalug}, + Number = {4}, + Year = {1994}} + +@incollection{nielsen1933, + Author = {Nielsen, Konrad}, + Booktitle = {Liber semisaecularis {S}ocietatis {F}enno-{U}gricae}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-18 11:57:01 +0000}, + Editor = {Arthur Byhan and Berthold Laufer and Just K. Qvigstad and Karl B. Wiklund}, + Address = {Helsinki}, + Number = {67}, + Pages = {296-307}, + Publisher = {Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura}, + Series = {Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia}, + Title = {A note on the origin of attributive forms in {L}app}, + Year = {1933}} + +@book{atanyi1942, + Author = {Atányi, István}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 09:36:36 +0000}, + Address = {Budapest}, + Number = {6}, + Publisher = {Hornyánszky}, + Series = {Finnugor értekezések}, + Title = {A lapp melléknevek attributı́v-predikatı́v alakpárjainak kérdéséhez}, + Year = {1942}} + +@article{atanyi1943, + Author = {Atányi, István}, + Date-Added = {2007-12-19 12:35:30 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-22 07:45:57 +0000}, + journal = {Nyelvtudományi közlemények}, + Keywords = {Saami linguistics;Noun phrase; Adjective}, + Number = {2}, + Pages = {307-355}, + Title = {A lapp melléknevek attributı́v-predikatı́v alakpárjainak kérdéséhez}, + Volume = {51}, + Year = {1943}} + +@book{korhonen-m1981, + Author = {Korhonen, Mikko}, + Bib = {LWT}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-22 07:03:20 +0000}, + Address = {Helsinki}, + Number = {370}, + Publisher = {Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura}, + Series = {Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran Toimituksia}, + Title = {Johdatus lapin kielen historiaan}, + Year = {1981}} + +@incollection{sarv-m2001, + Author = {Sarv, Marju}, + Booktitle = {Congressus Nonus Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum 7.-13.8.2000. Tartu}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy);MR (PDF)}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-07-19 11:34:06 +0200}, + Editor = {Seilenthal, Tõnu and Nurk, Anu and Palo, Triinu}, + Keywords = {Saami linguistics;Adjective; Noun phrase;Kola Saami}, + Address = {Tartu}, + Number = {5: Dissertationes sectionum: Linguistica II}, + Pages = {150-157}, + Publisher = {Eesti Fennougristide Komitee}, + Title = {Predicative and attributive forms of adjectives in {K}ola and {S}kolt {S}ami dialects}, + Year = {2001}} + +@book{sammallahti1998b, + Author = {Pekka Sammallahti}, + Date-Added = {2007-06-26 11:47:06 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-22 17:06:39 +0000}, + Address = {Kárášjohka}, + Publisher = {Davvi Girji}, + Subtitle = {An introduction}, + Title = {The {S}aami languages}, + Year = {1998}} + +@book{qvigstad1893, + Author = {Qvigstad, Just Knud}, + Bib = {LWT}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy)}, + Date-Modified = {2008-07-26 15:35:05 +0200}, + Address = {Christiania}, + Number = {1}, + Publisher = {Christiania Videnskabs-Selskab}, + Series = {Christiania Videnskabs-Selskabs Forhandlinger for 1893}, + Title = {Nordische {L}ehnwörter im {L}appischen}, + Year = {1893}} + +@book{lehtiranta1989, + Author = {Juhani Lehtiranta}, + Date-Added = {2007-06-26 22:20:20 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-27 16:10:29 +0000}, + Address = {Helsinki}, + Number = {200}, + Publisher = {Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura}, + Read = {Yes}, + Series = {Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia}, + Title = {Yhteissaamelainen sanasto}, + Year = {1989}} + +@incollection{skold1954, + Author = {Sköld, Tryggve}, + Booktitle = {{Scandinavia at Fenno-Ugrica: studier tillägnade Björn Collinder}}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-02-15 12:11:29 +0100}, + Editor = {Strömbeck, Dag}, + Keywords = {Saami linguistics;Etymology;Contact linguistics;Historical linguistics;Phonology;North Germanic}, + Address = {Stockholm}, + Pages = {33-48}, + Publisher = {Almqvist \& Wiksell}, + Title = {{Om uttalet av runan R och några nordiska lånord i lapskan}}, + Year = {1954}} + +@book{bergsland1946, + Author = {Bergsland, Knut}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-22 16:40:08 +0000}, + Keywords = {Saami linguistics; Language description; South Saami}, + Address = {Oslo}, + Number = {43}, + Publisher = {Aschehoug}, + Series = {Instituttet for sammenlignende kulturforskning, Serie B, Skrifter}, + Subtitle = {Et forsøk på strukturell språkbeskrivelse}, + Title = {Røros-lappisk grammatikk}, + Year = {1948}} + +@book{judakin1997, + Author = {Judakin, Anatolij P.}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-04-08 09:46:30 +0000}, + Address = {Moskva}, + Publisher = {Glas}, + Subtitle = {Stanovlenie sistemy padežej}, + Title = {Sravnitel'no-istoričeskaja grammatika finno-ugorskich jazykov}, + Year = {1997}} + +@book{budenz1870, + Author = {Budenz, Jozséf}, + Date-Added = {2007-12-19 12:27:23 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 09:34:05 +0000}, + Address = {Pest}, + Publisher = {L. Aigner}, + Title = {Ugrische {S}prachstudien}, + Volume = {1-2}, + Year = {1869-1870}} + +@incollection{nielsen1945b, + Author = {Nielsen, Konrad}, + Booktitle = {Lappiske studier}, + Date-Added = {2008-01-03 17:22:10 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-27 16:06:12 +0000}, + Editor = {Nielsen, Konrad}, + Address = {Oslo}, + Number = {1}, + Pages = {199-209}, + Publisher = {A. W. Br{ø}ggers boktrykkeri}, + Series = {Studia septentrionalia}, + Title = {A note on the origin of attributive forms in {L}app}, + Year = {1945}} + +@article{janhunen1981, + Author = {Juha Janhunen}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy)}, + Date-Added = {2008-01-03 22:18:19 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2009-10-30 13:24:10 +0100}, + journal = {Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen}, + Keywords = {Language description;Uralic}, + Pages = {23-42}, + Title = {On the structure of {P}roto-{U}ralic}, + Volume = {44}, + Year = {1981}} + +@book{bartens1989, + Author = {Bartens, Hans-Hermann}, + Call-Number = {MR}, + Date-Modified = {2009-05-17 11:51:59 +0200}, + Keywords = {Saami linguistics;Language description;Uralic;North Saami;Textbook}, + Address = {Hamburg}, + Publisher = {Buske}, + Title = {Lehrbuch der saamischen (lappischen) {S}prache}, + Year = {1989}} + +@book{bergsland1976, + Author = {Bergsland, Knut}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-18 11:56:29 +0000}, + Address = {Wiesbaden}, + Number = {11}, + Publisher = {Harrassowitz}, + Series = {Veröffentlichungen der Societas Uralo-Altaica}, + Title = {Lappische {G}rammatik mit {L}esestücken}, + Year = {1976}} + +@incollection{honti1997, + Author = {Honti, László}, + Booksubtitle = {Vorträge des {S}ymposiums aus {A}nlaß des 30-jährigen {B}estehens der {F}innougristik an der {R}ijksuniversiteit {G}roningen 21.--23. {N}ovember 1996}, + Booktitle = {Finnisch-ugrische {S}prachen in {K}ontakt}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-21 12:40:41 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 13:04:11 +0000}, + Editor = {Hahmo, Sirkka-Liisa and Hofstra, Tette and Honti, László and {van Linde}, Paul and Nikkilä, Osmo}, + Address = {Maastricht}, + Pages = {135-144}, + Publisher = {Shaker}, + Subtitle = {Zum historischen {H}intergrund der {A}ttributivkongruenz in uralischen {S}prachen}, + Title = {Fremdes oder {E}igenständiges?}, + Year = {1997}} + +@article{tauli1955, + Abstract = {?Saami}, + Author = {Tauli, Valter}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-07-19 11:38:03 +0200}, + journal = {Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher}, + Keywords = {Contact linguistics;Uralic}, + Pages = {7-31}, + Title = {On the foreign contacts of the {U}ralic languages}, + Volume = {27}, + Year = {1955}} + +@incollection{hajdu1996, + Abstract = {concord agreement}, + Author = {Hajdú, Péter}, + Booktitle = {Ünnepi könyv {M}ikola {T}ibor tiszteletére}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-21 12:46:45 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 12:59:45 +0000}, + Editor = {Mészáros, Edit}, + Keywords = {Saami linguistics;Historical linguistics;Noun phrase}, + Address = {Szeged}, + Pages = {114-118}, + Publisher = {JATE Finnugor Tanszék}, + Title = {Lappáliák}, + Year = {1996}} + +@article{mark1979, + Author = {Márk, Tamás}, + Date-Added = {2007-07-13 11:53:37 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2007-07-13 11:57:13 +0200}, + journal = {Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase: Agreement, Attribution}, + Pages = {208-212}, + Title = {Wortart und {K}ongruenz}, + Volume = {43}, + Year = {1979}} + +@article{ravila1941, + Author = {Ravila, Paavo}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-21 12:55:37 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-22 06:54:55 +0000}, + journal = {Finnisch-ugrische Forschungen}, + Keywords = {Historical linguistics;Uralic;Noun phrase;Attribution}, + Pages = {1-136}, + Title = {Über die {V}erwendung der {N}umeruszeichen in den uralischen {S}prachen}, + Volume = {27}, + Year = {1941}} + +@incollection{papp1962, + Author = {Papp, István}, + Booktitle = {Commentationes {F}enno-{U}gricae in honorem {P}aavo {R}avila}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-21 12:50:44 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 08:06:10 +0000}, + Address = {Helsinki}, + Number = {125}, + Pages = {399-412}, + Publisher = {Suomais-Ugrilainen Seura}, + Series = {Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia}, + Title = {Zur Frage der Kongruenz des {A}djektivattributs im {F}innischen}, + Year = {1962}} + +@article{leinonen2006a, + Author = {Leinonen, Marja}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-04-08 09:52:27 +0000}, + journal = {Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja}, + Pages = {93-114}, + Subtitle = {Komin possessiivisuffiksin ei-possessiivista funktioista}, + Title = {Omistussuhteen ulokkeita}, + Volume = {91}, + Year = {2006}} + +@incollection{hudson1997, + Author = {Hudson, Grover}, + Booktitle = {The {S}emitic languages}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 14:45:43 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2009-12-23 14:47:58 +0100}, + Editor = {Hetzron, Robert}, + Keywords = {Africa;Language description;Semitic}, + Address = {London}, + Pages = {457-485}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + Title = {Amharic and {A}rgobba}, + Year = {1997}} + +@incollection{haider-etal1984, + Author = {Hubert Haider and Ronald Zwanziger}, + Booktitle = {Historical Syntax}, + Date-Added = {2009-10-30 16:04:12 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-04-08 09:57:15 +0000}, + Editor = {Fisiak, Jacek}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase;Attribution;Indoeuropean;Historical linguistics}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Pages = {137-172}, + Publisher = {Mouton}, + Subtitle = {The `ezafe'\hyp{}construction from {O}ld {I}ranian to {M}odern {P}ersian}, + Title = {Relatively attributive}, + Year = {1984}} + +@article{samvelian2007, + Abstract = {This paper discusses the status of the Ezafe particle -(y)e in Persian and provides an affixal analysis of the Ezafe, formalized within Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG). The Ezafe, a feature of certain Western Iranian languages, is realized as an enclitic and links the head noun to its modifiers and to the possessor NP. The latter follow the head and are linked to one another by the Ezafe. On the basis of crucial empirical facts that have never been discussed in previous studies, I argue that the Ezafe is best regarded as an affix attaching to nominal heads (nouns, adjectives and some prepositions), as well as to nominal intermediate projections, and marking them as expecting a modifier or a direct nominal complement. Viewed as such, the Ezafe construction is an instance of the head-marked pattern of morphological marking of grammatical relations. This analysis differs from all previous accounts of the Ezafe (i.e. as case-marker, syntactic or phonological linker) and entails that the Ezafe, which originated in the Old Iranian relative particle -hya, has undergone a process of reanalysis-grammaticalization, to end up as a part of nominal morphology.}, + Author = {Samvelian, Pollet}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-02-15 11:51:52 +0100}, + journal = {Journal of Linguistics}, + Keywords = {Noun phrase;Attribution}, + Number = {3}, + Pages = {605-645}, + Title = {A (phrasal) affix analysis of the {P}ersian {\it {E}zafe}}, + Volume = {43}, + Year = {2007}} + +@incollection{koptjevskaja-tamm2006, + Author = {Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria}, + Booksubtitle = {Convergence in historical and typological perspective}, + Booktitle = {Linguistic areas}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-17 14:10:28 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-04-08 09:51:37 +0000}, + Editor = {Matras, Yaron and April McMahon and Nigel Vincent}, + Address = {Houndmills}, + Pages = {182-226}, + Publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, + Subtitle = {Two potential isoglosses in the {C}ircum-{B}altic area}, + Title = {The circle that won't come full}, + Year = {2006}} + +@book{heine-etal2005, + Author = {Heine, Bernd and Kuteva, Tania}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-05 10:26:07 +0100}, + Keywords = {Contact linguistics;Areal typology}, + Address = {Cambridge}, + Publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + Series = {Cambridge approaches to language contact}, + Title = {Language contact and grammatical change}, + Year = {2005}} + +@incollection{riesler2009, + Author = {Michael Rießler}, + Booksubtitle = {A comparative handbook of lexical borrowing}, + Booktitle = {Loanwords in the world's languages}, + Date-Added = {2010-06-23 14:39:26 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-18 11:44:47 +0000}, + Editor = {Martin Haspelmath and Uri Tadmor}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Pages = {384-413}, + Publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton}, + Title = {Loanwords in {K}ildin {S}aami, a {U}ralic language of northern {E}urope}, + Year = {2009}} + +@book{everett-etal1997, + Author = {Daniel L. Everett and Barbara Kern}, + Date-Added = {2010-07-12 18:00:29 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-22 17:02:33 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {London}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Series = {Routledge Descriptive Series}, + Subtitle = {The {P}acaas {N}ovos language of {W}estern {B}razil}, + Title = {Wari'}, + Year = {1997}} + +@book{kouwenberg1994, + Author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-19 13:09:29 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-05 10:55:12 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description;Creole}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Number = {12}, + Publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + Series = {Mouton Grammar Library}, + Title = {Berbice {D}utch {C}reole}, + Year = {1994}} + +@book{chirikba2003, + Author = {Viacheslav A. Chirikba}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-11 10:54:35 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-04 17:57:00 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Europe}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {119}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Abkhaz}, + Year = {2003}} + +@incollection{paris1989, + Author = {Paris, Catherine}, + Booktitle = {The {N}orth {W}est {C}aucasian languages}, + Call-Number = {Stabi OEL}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-05 11:47:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2011-01-31 16:05:59 +0100}, + Editor = {Hewitt, George B.}, + Keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Europe;Northern Eurasia}, + Address = {Delmar}, + Pages = {155-260}, + Publisher = {Caravan Books}, + Series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + Title = {West {C}ircassian ({A}dyghe: {A}bzakh dialect)}, + Number = {2}, + Year = {1994}} + +@book{colarusso2006, + Author = {Colarusso, John}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-17 19:18:17 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2011-01-31 16:04:56 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Europe;Abkhaz-Adyge}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {200}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Ma\-te\-ri\-als}, + Title = {Kabardian ({E}ast {C}ircassian)}, + Year = {2006}} + +@incollection{nguyen1987, + Author = {Đı̀nh-Ho{\`a} Nguy\~{{\^e}}n}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Booktitle = {The world's major languages}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-18 15:17:58 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-02-14 16:12:17 +0100}, + Editor = {Bernard Comrie}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {London}, + Pages = {777-796}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + Title = {Vietnamese}, + Year = {1987}} + +@phdthesis{szakos1994, + Author = {Szakos, József}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-19 14:14:13 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 13:51:10 +0000}, + Address = {Bonn}, + School = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn}, + Subtitle = {Untersuchungen zur {S}ynchronie einer austronesischen {S}prache auf {T}aiwan}, + Title = {Die Sprache der {C}ou}, + Year = {1994}} + +@incollection{schachter1987, + Author = {Paul Schachter}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Booktitle = {The world's major languages}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-18 16:10:49 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-02-14 16:12:05 +0100}, + Editor = {Bernard Comrie}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {London}, + Pages = {936-958}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + Title = {Tagalog}, + Year = {1987}} + +@book{kutsch-lojenga1994, + Author = {Kutsch Lojenga, Constance}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-19 13:16:25 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-04-08 09:56:13 +0000}, + Address = {Köln}, + Number = {9}, + Publisher = {Köppe}, + Series = {Nilo\hyp{}Saharan. Linguistic Analyses and Documentation}, + Subtitle = {A {C}entral-{S}udanic language of {Z}aire}, + Title = {Ngiti}, + Year = {1994}} + +@book{wolff1993, + Author = {Wolff, Ekkehard H.}, + Call-Number = {MR}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 17:55:39 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-25 15:08:09 +0000}, + Address = {Münster}, + Number = {2}, + Publisher = {Lit}, + Series = {Hamburger Beiträge zur Afrikanistik}, + Subtitle = {Zur {B}egleitung des {F}remdsprachenunterrichts und zur {E}inführung in das {S}elbststudium}, + Title = {Referenzgrammatik des {H}ausa}, + Year = {1993}} + +@incollection{zukova1997, + Author = {Žukova, Alevtina N.}, + Booktitle = {Paleoaziatskie jazyki}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-21 15:06:47 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-25 14:54:54 +0000}, + Editor = {Jarceva, Viktorija N.}, + Keywords = {Language description;Northern Eurasia}, + Address = {Moskva}, + Pages = {39-53}, + Publisher = {Indrik}, + Series = {Jazyki mira}, + Title = {Korjakskij jazyk}, + Year = {1997}} + +@book{stroomer1995, + Author = {Harry Stroomer}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-18 15:54:27 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-19 13:45:33 +0200}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {Köln}, + Number = {11}, + Publisher = {Köppe}, + Series = {Cushitic Language Studies}, + Title = {A grammar of {B}oraane {O}romo ({K}enya)}, + Year = {1995}} + +@book{asher1982, + Author = {Asher, Ron E.}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-19 13:34:25 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-19 13:36:34 +0200}, + Address = {Amsterdam}, + Number = {7}, + Publisher = {North-Holland}, + Series = {Lingua Descriptive Studies}, + Title = {Tamil}, + Year = {1982}} + +@book{fortescue1984, + Author = {Fortescue, Michael}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-19 14:11:04 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-19 14:12:10 +0200}, + Keywords = {Language description;Eskimo}, + Address = {London}, + Publisher = {Croom Helm}, + Title = {West {G}reenlandic}, + Year = {1984}} + +@book{merlan1983, + Author = {Merlan, Franceska}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-19 13:40:50 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-19 13:41:57 +0200}, + Address = {Canberra}, + Number = {B:89}, + Publisher = {Australian National University}, + Series = {Pacific Linguistics}, + Title = {Ngalakan grammar, texts, and vocabulary}, + Year = {1983}} + +@book{harriehausen1990, + Author = {Harriehausen, Bettina}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-19 13:12:05 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 13:00:37 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {Tübingen}, + Number = {245}, + Publisher = {Niemeyer}, + Series = {Linguistische Arbeiten}, + Subtitle = {Syntaktische {A}nalyse einer gesprochenen {S}prache mithilfe datenverarbeitungstechnischer {M}ittel und sprachvergleichender {B}eschreibung des südostasiatischen {S}prachraumes}, + Title = {Hmong {N}jua}, + Year = {1990}} + +@book{nau1996, + Author = {Nicole Nau}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 15:49:05 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 08:22:10 +0000}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {217}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Latvian}, + Year = {1996}} + +@book{press2005, + Author = {Ian Press}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 15:50:29 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 08:19:48 +0000}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {439}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Standard {L}ithuanian}, + Year = {2005}} + +@book{phillips2004, + Author = {John D. Phillips}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 16:00:27 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 08:21:51 +0000}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {434}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Manx grammar}, + Year = {2004}} + +@book{lockwood1955, + Author = {Lockwood, William B.}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 16:38:29 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2010-07-19 11:12:33 +0200}, + Address = {K{ø}benhavn}, + Publisher = {Ejnar Munksgaard}, + Title = {An introduction to {M}odern {F}aroese}, + Year = {1955}} + +@book{donaldson1997, + Author = {Donaldson, Bruce}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-08 14:52:48 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 09:31:12 +0000}, + Address = {London}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Series = {Routledge grammars}, + Subtitle = {A comprehensive grammar}, + Title = {Dutch}, + Year = {1997}} + +@book{tiersma1985, + Author = {Tiersma, Peter Meijes}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 16:43:29 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2009-12-23 16:44:24 +0100}, + Address = {Dordrecht}, + Publisher = {Foris}, + Title = {Frisian reference grammar}, + Year = {1985}} + +@book{reese2006, + Author = {Reese, Johannes}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-22 11:58:58 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 08:19:14 +0000}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {462}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Subtitle = {The modern {A}lemannic vernacular in and around {Z}urich}, + Title = {Swiss {G}erman}, + Year = {2006}} + +@book{matras-etal2003, + Author = {Yaron Matras and Gertrud Reershemius}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-22 13:41:05 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-05 12:12:18 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description;Indoeuropean;Germanic}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {421}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {{Low German}}, + Year = {2003}} + +@book{schanen-etal2006, + Author = {Schanen, Fran{\c c}ois and Zimmer, Jacqui}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 16:53:12 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-04 17:12:35 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description;Indoeuropean;Europe}, + Address = {Esch-sur-Alzette}, + Publisher = {Schortgen}, + Title = {{Lëtzebuergesch Grammaire}}, + Volume = {1-3}, + Year = {2005-2006}} + +@book{katz1987, + Author = {Katz, Dovid}, + Date-Added = {2010-01-04 16:10:49 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-04 16:12:02 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description;Indoeuropean;Europe}, + Address = {London}, + Publisher = {Duckworth}, + Title = {Grammar of the {Y}iddish language}, + Year = {1987}} + +@incollection{oranskaja2001, + Author = {Oranskaja, Tat'jana I.}, + Crossref = {vonogradovEtAl2001a}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-17 20:57:06 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 10:06:34 +0000}, + Pages = {413-426}, + Title = {Par'ja jazyk}, + crossref = {vonogradovEtAl2001a}} + +@book{cech2006, + Author = {Cech, Petra}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 15:41:50 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 09:32:34 +0000}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {457}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Subtitle = {The dialect of the {D}olenjski {R}oma in {N}ovo {M}esto and {B}ela {K}rajina, {S}lovenia}, + Title = {Dolenjska {R}omani}, + Year = {2006}} + +@book{tenser2005, + Author = {Tenser, Anton}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 15:44:30 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 08:12:59 +0000}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {452}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Lithuanian {R}omani}, + Year = {2005}} + +@book{cech-etal2003, + Abstract = {Sepecides is a non-vlah Romani dialect (Romani belonging to the New Indian languages) spoken by several related grand families now living in Izmir/Tur key and Volos/Greece. This formerly united group of basket weavers split up around 1920, when exchanges of Greek/Turkish population took place. One pa rt of the group migrated to Turkey and settled finally in Izmir, the others moved to Volos (Greece) and stayed there. Since then their previously unif orm Romani developed under different linguistical conditions. Both variants are endangered in their transmission to the younger generation by the impa ct of TV and school education. The Izmir variety of Sepe..ides shows the characteristics of other non-Vlah dialects like unshortened pronominal forms, Greek, Southern-Slavic but no Rumanian lexems etc. under the influe nce of the agglutinative Turkish language it has preserved a rich derivatio nal morphology absent from corresponding dialects. As Sepecides has not previously been described, the sketch will present a survey of the entire grammatical system as well as short chapters on phon ology and syntax. One chapter will analyze the various influences of the Turkish language on Sepe..ides and their morphological and idiomatical implications. Investigations are based on approx. 130 hours of recorded ta lks ranging from tales, songs, and biographical notes to short anecdotes an d explanations of phrases and proverbs.}, + Author = {Cech, Petra and Heinschink, Mozes F.}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-22 07:17:06 +0000}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {109}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Sepečides-{R}omani}, + Year = {2003}} + +@book{holzinger1995, + Author = {Holzinger, Daniel}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 15:46:11 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 09:28:58 +0000}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {105}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Romanes}, + Year = {1995}} + +@book{aygen2007, + Author = {Gül{\c s}at Aygen}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 15:47:29 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 09:34:25 +0000}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {468}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Kurmanjı̂ {K}urdish}, + Year = {2007}} + +@incollection{payne1989, + Author = {Payne, John}, + Booktitle = {Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum}, + Call-Number = {MR (PDF)}, + Date-Added = {2010-02-15 12:40:12 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2010-02-15 12:44:15 +0100}, + Editor = {Rüdiger Schmitt}, + Keywords = {Iranian;Pamir}, + Address = {Wiesbaden}, + Pages = {417-444}, + Publisher = {Ludwig Reichert}, + Title = {Pamir languages}, + Year = {1989}} + +@book{ido2005, + Author = {Ido, Shinji}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-16 21:36:17 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-07-19 10:43:38 +0200}, + Keywords = {Language description;IE;Northern Eurasia}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {442}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Tajik}, + Year = {2005}} + +@incollection{dzidalaev2000, + Abstract = {Джидалаев Нурислам Сиражутинович}, + Author = {Džidalaev, Nurislam S.}, + Crossref = {gamzatov2000}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-11 16:06:21 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 10:11:02 +0000}, + Pages = {218-236}, + Title = {Tatskij jazyk}, + crossref = {gamzatov2000}} + +@incollection{harris1997, + Author = {Harris, Martin}, + Booktitle = {The {R}omance languages}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 16:41:13 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-05 10:04:34 +0100}, + Editor = {Harris, Martin and Nigel Vincent}, + Address = {London}, + Pages = {209-245}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + Title = {French}, + Year = {1997}} + +@book{perez-bouza1996, + Author = {Pérez Bouza, José A.}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 16:44:53 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2009-12-23 16:46:16 +0100}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {70}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {{El Gallego}}, + Year = {1996}} + +@book{maiden-etal2000, + Author = {Maiden, Martin and Cecilia Robustelli}, + Date-Added = {2010-01-04 16:13:34 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-04 16:15:08 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description;Indoeuropean;Europe}, + Address = {London}, + Publisher = {Edward Arnold}, + Title = {A reference grammar of {M}odern {I}talian}, + Year = {2000}} + +@book{gartner1998, + Author = {Gärtner, Eberhard}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 16:55:16 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2009-12-23 16:56:41 +0100}, + Address = {Tübingen}, + Publisher = {Niemeyer}, + Title = {{Grammatik der portugiesischen Sprache}}, + Year = {1998}} + +@incollection{haiman1997, + Author = {Haiman, John}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Booktitle = {The {R}omance languages}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-13 06:24:53 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-22 07:24:07 +0000}, + Editor = {Harris, Martin and Vincent, Nigel}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {London}, + Pages = {351-390}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + Title = {Rhaeto-{R}omance}, + Year = {1997}} + +@book{torrego1998, + Author = {Torrego, Leonardo Gómez}, + Call-Number = {MR}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 17:06:06 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2011-01-31 16:22:48 +0100}, + Address = {Madrid}, + Publisher = {SM}, + Title = {{Gramática didáctica del Español}}, + Year = {1998}} + +@book{hualde1992, + Author = {Hualde, José Ignacio}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 17:09:29 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2009-12-23 17:10:54 +0100}, + Address = {London}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Series = {Descriptive grammars}, + Title = {Catalan}, + Year = {1992}} + +@book{giacomo-marcellesi1997, + Author = {Mathée Giacomo-Marcellesi}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 16:47:10 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2009-12-23 16:48:12 +0100}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {65}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Corse}, + Year = {1997}} + +@incollection{jones1997, + Author = {Jones, Michael}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Booktitle = {The {R}omance languages}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 17:02:19 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2009-12-23 17:03:04 +0100}, + Editor = {Harris, Martin and Vincent, Nigel}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {London}, + Pages = {314-350}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + Title = {Sardinian}, + Year = {1997}} + +@incollection{mayo1993, + Author = {Mayo, Peter}, + Booktitle = {The {S}lavonic languages}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-12 15:21:10 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-12 15:22:17 +0200}, + Editor = {Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {London}, + Pages = {887-946}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + Title = {Belorussian}, + Year = {1993}} + +@incollection{shevelov1993, + Author = {Shevelov, George Y.}, + Booktitle = {The {S}lavonic languages}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-12 15:22:31 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-12 15:23:18 +0200}, + Editor = {Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {London}, + Pages = {947-998}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + Title = {Ukrainian}, + Year = {1993}} + +@book{friedman2002, + Author = {Victor A. Friedman}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-08 09:29:26 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-08 09:30:37 +0200}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {117}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Macedonian}, + Year = {2002}} + +@book{janda-etal2000, + Author = {Laura A. Janda and Charles E. Townsend}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-08 09:31:57 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-07-19 10:55:36 +0200}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {125}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Czech}, + Year = {2000}} + +@incollection{stone1993b, + Author = {Gerald Stone}, + Booktitle = {The {S}lavonic languages}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy)}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-19 15:14:11 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-04 17:25:47 +0100}, + Editor = {Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {London}, + Pages = {759-794}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + Title = {Cassubian}, + Year = {1993}} + +@book{feldstein-etal2002, + Author = {Ronald Feldstein and Steven Franks}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 16:01:41 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 09:30:54 +0000}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {393}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Polish}, + Year = {2002}} + +@incollection{short1993b, + Author = {Short, David}, + Booktitle = {The {S}lavonic languages}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-12 15:18:23 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-02-15 10:53:09 +0100}, + Editor = {Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett}, + Keywords = {Slavic languages;Language description}, + Address = {London}, + Pages = {533-592}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + Title = {Slovak}, + Year = {1993}} + +@incollection{stone1993a, + Author = {Stone, Gerald}, + Booktitle = {The {S}lavonic languages}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-12 15:16:59 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-02-15 10:53:02 +0100}, + Editor = {Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett}, + Keywords = {Slavic languages;Language description}, + Address = {London}, + Pages = {593-685}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + Title = {Sorbian}, + Year = {1993}} + +@book{schaarschmidt2004, + Author = {Gunter Schaarschmidt}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 16:03:39 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 08:18:54 +0000}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {160}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Upper {S}orbian}, + Year = {2004}} + +@book{mithun-etal1982, + Author = {Mithun, Marianne and Henry, Reginald}, + Date-Added = {2010-01-04 16:18:38 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-04 16:20:43 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {Brantford}, + Publisher = {Woodland Indian Cultural and Educational Centre}, + Title = {A {C}ayuga grammar}, + Year = {1982}} + +@book{reh1985, + Author = {Reh, Mechthild}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-19 14:01:22 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 13:46:57 +0000}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Publisher = {Reimer}, + Subtitle = {Beschreibung, {T}exte, {W}örterverzeichnis}, + Title = {Die {K}rongo-{S}prache ({N}ı̀in{\`o} {M}ó-dı̀)}, + Year = {1985}} + +@book{cherchi1999, + Author = {Marcello Cherchi}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-11 11:18:00 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-02-15 12:37:17 +0100}, + Keywords = {Caucasus;Europe;Language description}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {147}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Georgian}, + Year = {1999}} + +@incollection{holisky1991, + Author = {Holisky, Dee Ann}, + Booktitle = {The {K}artvelian languages}, + Call-Number = {Stabi OEL}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-03 15:07:24 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-03 16:26:27 +0200}, + Editor = {Harris, Alice C.}, + Keywords = {Historical linguistics;Kartvelian}, + Address = {Delmar}, + Pages = {395-472}, + Publisher = {Caravan Books}, + Series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + Title = {Laz}, + Number = {1}, + Year = {1991}} + +@book{hagman1977, + Author = {Hagman, Roy Stephan}, + Date-Added = {2010-01-05 10:00:57 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2014-11-28 10:13:00 +0000}, + Address = {Bloomington}, + Number = {15}, + Publisher = {Indiana University Press}, + Series = {Language Science Monographs}, + Title = {Nama {H}ottentott grammar}, + Year = {1977}} + +@book{conrad1991, + Author = {Conrad, Robert J.}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-19 13:24:44 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-19 13:26:24 +0200}, + Address = {Canberra}, + Number = {C:113}, + Publisher = {Australian National University}, + Series = {Pacific Linguistics}, + Title = {An outline of {B}ukiyip grammar}, + Year = {1991}} + +@book{zuniga2000, + Author = {Zúñiga, Fernando}, + Date-Added = {2010-01-04 16:21:14 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-25 15:10:10 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {376}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Mapudungun}, + Year = {2000}} + +@incollection{skribnik2003, + Author = {Elena Skribnik}, + Crossref = {janhunen2003a}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-16 13:27:53 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-26 16:10:35 +0000}, + Pages = {102-128}, + Title = {Buryat}, + crossref = {janhunen2003a}} + +@incollection{blasing2003, + Author = {Uwe Bläsing}, + Crossref = {janhunen2003a}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-16 13:21:21 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-26 16:09:56 +0000}, + Pages = {229-247}, + Title = {Kalmuck}, + crossref = {janhunen2003a}} + +@book{janhunen2005, + Author = {Juha Janhunen}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-08 09:22:30 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 09:28:42 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {173}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Khamnigan {M}ongol}, + Year = {2005}} + +@incollection{birtalan2003, + Author = {Birtalan, Ágnes}, + Crossref = {janhunen2003a}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-16 13:25:48 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-26 16:09:28 +0000}, + Pages = {210-228}, + Title = {Oirat}, + crossref = {janhunen2003a}} + +@book{kimball1991, + Author = {Kimball, Geoffrey}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-19 13:50:08 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-05 10:45:52 +0100}, + Address = {Lincoln}, + Publisher = {University of Nebraska Press}, + Title = {Koasati grammar}, + Year = {1991}} + +@incollection{magomedbekova2000, + Author = {Magomedbekova, Zagidat M.}, + Crossref = {gamzatov2000}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-11 15:57:18 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 10:10:30 +0000}, + Pages = {306-318}, + Title = {Achvachskij jazyk}, + crossref = {gamzatov2000}} + +@incollection{saidova2000, + Author = {Saidova, Patimat A.}, + Crossref = {gamzatov2000}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-11 16:00:20 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 10:09:41 +0000}, + Pages = {275-288}, + Title = {Andijskij jazyk}, + crossref = {gamzatov2000}} + +@book{alekseev-etal1997, + Author = {Alekseev, Michail E. and Ataev, Boris M.}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-11 13:08:55 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-02-15 12:36:25 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Europe}, + Address = {Moskva}, + Publisher = {Academia}, + Title = {{Avarskij jazyk}}, + Year = {1998}} + +@incollection{magomedova2000a, + Abstract = {Магомедова Патимат Тураловна}, + Author = {Magomedova, Patimat T.}, + Crossref = {gamzatov2000}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-11 15:53:36 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 10:10:15 +0000}, + Pages = {319-331}, + Title = {Bagvalinskij jazyk}, + crossref = {gamzatov2000}} + +@incollection{KibrikEtAl2004, + Author = {Kibrik, Aleksandr E. and Testelets, Jakov G.}, + Booktitle = {The {N}orth {E}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + Call-Number = {Stabi OEL}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-03 16:51:35 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-02-02 19:20:21 +0000}, + Editor = {Michael Job}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {Ann Arbour}, + Pages = {217-295}, + Publisher = {Caravan Books}, + Series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + Title = {Bezhta}, + Number = {3}, + Year = {2004}} + +@incollection{azaev2000, + Author = {Azaev, Ch. G.}, + Crossref = {gamzatov2000}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-11 15:48:35 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 10:11:16 +0000}, + Pages = {346-359}, + Title = {Botlichskij jazyk}, + crossref = {gamzatov2000}} + +@incollection{magomedova2004, + Author = {Magomedova, Patimat T.}, + Booktitle = {The {N}orth {E}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + Call-Number = {Stabi OEL}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-03 16:46:37 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-07-19 11:14:33 +0200}, + Editor = {Michael Job}, + Keywords = {Historical linguistics}, + Address = {Ann Arbour}, + Pages = {3}, + Publisher = {Caravan Books}, + Series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + Title = {Chamalal}, + Number = {3}, + Year = {2004}} + +@incollection{saidova2004, + Author = {Saidova, Patimat A.}, + Author-Translation = {Patimat Abduaevna Sajdova}, + Booktitle = {The {N}orth {E}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + Call-Number = {Stabi OEL}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-03 16:49:13 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-02-15 11:47:03 +0100}, + Editor = {Michael Job}, + Keywords = {Historical linguistics}, + Address = {Ann Arbour}, + Pages = {69-112}, + Publisher = {Caravan Books}, + Series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + Title = {Ghodoberi}, + Number = {3}, + Year = {2004}} + +@incollection{isakov-etal2004, + Abstract = {Халилов, Маджид Шарипович Исаков, Исак Абдулвахидович}, + Author = {Isakov, Isak A. and Xalilov, Madžid Š.}, + Booktitle = {The {N}orth {E}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + Call-Number = {Stabi OEL}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-03 16:50:18 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-07-19 10:52:48 +0200}, + Editor = {Michael Job}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {Ann Arbour}, + Pages = {169-214}, + Publisher = {Caravan Books}, + Series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + Title = {Hinukh}, + Number = {3}, + Year = {2004}} + +@book{van-den-berg1995, + Author = {{van den Berg}, Helma}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-11 10:40:24 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-04 17:41:06 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Europe}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {1}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {LINCOM Studies in Caucasian Linguistics}, + Title = {A grammar of {H}unzib (with texts and lexicon)}, + Year = {1995}} + +@book{magomedbekova1971, + Author = {Magomedbekova, Zagidat M.}, + Author-Translation = {Zagidat Magomedovna Magomedbekova}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-11 14:39:36 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-04-08 09:57:30 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Europe}, + Address = {Tbilisi}, + Publisher = {Mecniereba}, + Subtitle = {Grammatičeskij analiz, teksty, slovar'}, + Title = {Karatinskij jazyk}, + Year = {1971}} + +@incollection{magomedova2000b, + Author = {Magomedova, Patimat T.}, + Crossref = {gamzatov2000}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-11 15:44:07 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 10:09:59 +0000}, + Pages = {422-435}, + Title = {Tindinskij jazyk}, + crossref = {gamzatov2000}} + +@incollection{abdullaev2000, + year={2000}, + Abstract = {Гамзатов, Гаджи Гамзатович}, + Author = {Abdullaev, Isa Ch.}, + Crossref = {gamzatov2000}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-11 16:04:47 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 10:12:21 +0000}, + Pages = {134-151}, + Title = {Lakskij jazyk}, + crossref = {gamzatov2000}} + +@book{sauman1941, + Author = {Šaumjan, R. M.}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-11 13:35:34 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-04-08 10:06:20 +0000}, + Keywords = {Caucasus;Language description;Europe}, + Address = {Moskva}, + Number = {2}, + Publisher = {Nauka}, + Series = {Caucasica}, + Subtitle = {S tekstami i slovarem}, + Title = {Grammatičeskij očerk agul'skogo jazyka}, + Year = {1941}} + +@book{deseriev1959, + Author = {Dešeriev, Junus D.}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 17:54:47 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-22 07:07:00 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Northern Eurasia;Europe}, + Address = {Moskva}, + Publisher = {Nauka}, + Title = {Grammatika chinalugskogo jazyka}, + Year = {1959}} + +@incollection{saadiev1994, + Author = {Saadiev, Šamseddin M.}, + Booktitle = {The {N}orth {E}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + Call-Number = {Stabi OEL}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-05 13:30:04 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 09:58:34 +0000}, + Editor = {Rieks Smeets}, + Keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Northern Eurasia;Europe}, + Address = {Delmar}, + Pages = {407-446}, + Publisher = {Caravan Books}, + Series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + Title = {Kryts}, + Number = {4}, + Year = {1994}} + +@book{schulze1997, + Author = {Wolfgang Schulze}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-11 11:03:47 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 09:49:33 +0000}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {133}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Tsakhur}, + Year = {1997}} + +@book{cook1984, + Author = {Cook, Eung-Do}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-19 14:03:43 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-19 14:04:34 +0200}, + Address = {Vancouver}, + Publisher = {University of British Columbia}, + Title = {A {S}arcee grammar}, + Year = {1984}} + +@book{arnott1970, + Author = {Arnott, David W.}, + Date-Added = {2010-01-04 16:25:17 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2010-07-18 19:45:18 +0200}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {Oxford}, + Publisher = {Oxford University Press}, + Title = {The nominal and verbal systems of {F}ula}, + Year = {1970}} + +@book{tucker1995, + Author = {Tucker, Childs G.}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-19 13:57:10 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-22 17:01:54 +0000}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Number = {16}, + Publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + Series = {Mouton Grammar Library}, + Subtitle = {A {S}outhern {A}tlantic language}, + Title = {A grammar of {K}isi}, + Year = {1995}} + +@book{schaub1985, + Author = {Schaub, Willi}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-19 14:00:32 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-19 14:01:09 +0200}, + Address = {London}, + Publisher = {Croom Helm}, + Title = {Babungo}, + Year = {1985}} + +@book{guma1971, + Author = {Guma, Samson Mbizo}, + Date-Added = {2010-01-04 16:32:20 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-04 16:34:09 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {Pietermaritzburg}, + Publisher = {Shuter and Shuter}, + Title = {An outline structure of {S}outhern {S}otho}, + Year = {1971}} + +@book{gromova-etal1995, + Abstract = {Громова, Нелли Владимировна}, + Author = {Gromova, Nelli V. and Ochotina, Natalija V.}, + Date-Added = {2010-01-04 16:28:32 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-22 07:05:52 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {Moskva}, + Publisher = {Nasledie}, + Title = {Teoretičeskaja grammatika jazyka suachili}, + Year = {1995}} + +@book{bamgbose1966, + Author = {Bamgbo\.se, Ay\.o}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-18 14:20:58 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-22 07:43:44 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {Cambridge}, + Publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + Title = {A grammar of {Y}oruba}, + Year = {1966}} + +@book{brauner1974, + Author = {Brauner, Siegmund}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-19 13:58:44 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-19 13:59:33 +0200}, + Address = {Leipzig}, + Publisher = {Enzyklopädie}, + Title = {{Lehrbuch des Bambara}}, + Year = {1974}} + +@book{noonan1992, + Author = {Noonan, Michael}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-19 13:18:53 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-19 13:20:07 +0200}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Number = {7}, + Publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + Series = {Mouton Grammar Library}, + Title = {A grammar of {L}ongo}, + Year = {1992}} + +@article{rausch1912, + Author = {Rausch, Peter J.}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-19 13:20:36 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-07-19 11:26:49 +0200}, + journal = {Anthropos}, + Pages = {105-134, 585-616, 964-994}, + Title = {{Die Sprache von Südost-Bougainville, Deutsche Salomoninseln}}, + Volume = {7}, + Year = {1912}} + +@book{foley1991, + Author = {Foley, William A.}, + Date-Added = {2010-01-04 16:37:45 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 09:30:39 +0000}, + Address = {Stanford}, + Publisher = {Stanford University Press}, + Title = {The {Y}imas language of {N}ew {G}uinea}, + Year = {1991}} + +@book{borg1985, + Author = {Alexander Borg}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-08 12:32:13 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-22 16:54:26 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description;Semitic}, + Address = {Stuttgart}, + Number = {47:4}, + Publisher = {Steiner\hyp{}Wiesbaden}, + Series = {Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes}, + Subtitle = {A historical and comparative investigation into the phonology and morphology of the {A}rabic vernacular spoken by the {M}aronites of {K}ormakiti village in the {K}yrenia district of {N}orth-{W}estern {C}yprus}, + Title = {Cypriot {A}rabic}, + Year = {1985}} + +@book{gary-etal1982, + Author = {Gary, Judith Olmsted and Gamal-Eldin, Saad}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-26 19:58:49 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-26 20:00:42 +0200}, + Keywords = {Language description;Semitic}, + Address = {Amsterdam}, + Number = {6}, + Publisher = {North-Holland}, + Series = {Lingua Descriptive Studies}, + Title = {Cairene {E}gyptian {C}olloqial {A}rabic}, + Year = {1982}} + +@book{leslau1995, + Author = {Leslau, Wolf}, + Date-Added = {2010-01-04 16:35:38 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-04 16:36:34 +0100}, + Keywords = {Semitic;Language description;Africa}, + Address = {Wiesbaden}, + Publisher = {Harrassowitz}, + Title = {Reference grammar of {A}mharic}, + Year = {1995}} + +@incollection{wheatley1987, + Author = {Julian K. Wheatley}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Booktitle = {The world's major languages}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-18 15:26:23 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-02-14 16:11:47 +0100}, + Editor = {Bernard Comrie}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {London}, + Pages = {834-854}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + Title = {Burmese}, + Year = {1987}} + +@book{heath1998, + Author = {Heath, Jeffrey}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-22 11:40:28 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-04 17:02:24 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Lid = {Songhai}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Number = {19}, + Publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + Series = {Mouton Grammar Library}, + Title = {A grammar of {K}oyra {C}hiini}, + Year = {1998}} + +@book{saul-etal1980, + Author = {Saul, Janice E. and Freiberger Wilson, Nancy}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-19 13:36:56 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-19 13:38:40 +0200}, + Address = {Dallas}, + Number = {62}, + Publisher = {SIL}, + Series = {Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics}, + Title = {Nung grammar}, + Year = {1980}} + +@incollection{hudak1987, + Author = {Thomas John Hudak}, + Bib = {Diss}, + Booktitle = {The world's major languages}, + Date-Added = {2008-09-18 15:15:47 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-02-14 16:12:10 +0100}, + Editor = {Bernard Comrie}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {London}, + Pages = {757-757}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + Title = {Thai}, + Year = {1987}} + +@book{evans1995, + Author = {Evans, Nicholas D.}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-19 13:39:12 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-22 17:01:35 +0000}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Number = {15}, + Publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + Series = {Mouton Grammar Library}, + Subtitle = {With historical-comparative notes on {T}angkic}, + Title = {A grammar of {K}ayardild}, + Year = {1995}} + +@book{osborne1974, + Author = {Osborne, Charles R.}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-22 11:42:48 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-07-19 11:19:47 +0200}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {Canberra}, + Number = {55}, + Publisher = {Australian Institute for Aboriginal Studies}, + Series = {Australian Aboriginal Studies}, + Title = {The {T}iwi language}, + Year = {1974}} + +@incollection{avrorin1968, + Author = {Avrorin, Valentin A.}, + Crossref = {vinogradovEtAl1968a}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-03 13:33:04 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-26 16:27:27 +0000}, + Pages = {129-148}, + Title = {Nanajskij jazyk}, + crossref = {vinogradovEtAl1968a}} + +@book{avrorin2000, + Author = {Avrorin, Valentin A.}, + Author-Transl = {Valentin Aleksandrovič Avrorin}, + Call-Number = {MR}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-06 15:07:36 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-22 07:45:43 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description;Tungusic;Northern Eurasia}, + Address = {Sankt\hyp{}Peterburg}, + Publisher = {Nauka}, + Title = {Grammatika man'čžurskogo pis'mennogo jazyka}, + Year = {2000}} + +@book{nedjalkov1997, + Author = {Nedjalkov, Igor}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-11 16:59:29 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-05 12:18:06 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description;Tungusic;Northern Eurasia}, + Address = {London}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Series = {Descriptive grammars}, + Title = {Evenki}, + Year = {1997}} + +@incollection{nedalkov2001, + Author = {Nedjalkov, Igor V.}, + Crossref = {vonogradovEtAl2001a}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-15 10:17:38 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 10:14:26 +0000}, + Pages = {338-342}, + Title = {Negidal'skij jazyk}, + crossref = {vonogradovEtAl2001a}} + +@incollection{cincius1997, + Author = {Cincius, Vera I.}, + Crossref = {alpatovEtAl1997a}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 17:04:22 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-26 16:29:24 +0000}, + Pages = {226-236}, + Title = {Solonskij jazyk}, + crossref = {alpatovEtAl1997a}} + +@incollection{baskakov1997b, + Author = {Baskakov, Nikolaj A.}, + Crossref = {tenisev1997a}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 17:13:37 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-22 07:41:40 +0000}, + Pages = {197-187}, + Title = {Altajskij jazyk}, + crossref = {tenisev1997a}} + +@book{kara2003, + Author = {Dávid Somfai Kara}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 16:05:54 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2009-12-23 16:06:39 +0100}, + Number = {423}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Address = {München}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Kyrgyz}, + Year = {2003}} + +@book{nadzip1971, + Abstract = {Наджип, Эмир Наджипович}, + Author = {Nadžip, {\.E}mir N.}, + Date-Added = {2010-01-04 16:40:25 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2010-07-19 11:16:35 +0200}, + Keywords = {Turkic;Northern Eurasia;Language description}, + Address = {Moskva}, + Publisher = {Nauka}, + Title = {{Sovremennyj ujgurskij jazyk}}, + Year = {1991}} + +@book{seegmiller1996, + Author = {Seegmiller, Steve}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-11 16:17:27 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-11 16:18:32 +0200}, + Keywords = {Language description;Turkic;Northern Eurasia}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {109}, + Publisher = {Lincom Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Karachay}, + Year = {1996}} + +@book{kocaoglu2006, + Author = {Timur Kacao{\u g}lu}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-16 22:01:57 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-12 13:18:00 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description;Turkic;Europe}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {458}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Subtitle = {The {T}rakai dialect}, + Title = {Karay}, + Year = {2002}} + +@incollection{baskakov2001, + Author = {Baskakov, Nikolaj A.}, + Crossref = {vonogradovEtAl2001a}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-30 16:21:45 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-22 07:41:32 +0000}, + Pages = {49-56}, + Title = {Karakalpakskij jazyk}, + crossref = {vonogradovEtAl2001a}} + +@book{kara2002, + Author = {Dávid Somfai Kara}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-16 21:43:30 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-16 21:44:32 +0200}, + Keywords = {Language description;Turkic;Northern Eurasia}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {417}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Kazak}, + Year = {2002}} + +@incollection{kadyradziev2000, + Abstract = {Калсын Салахович Кадыраджиев}, + Author = {Kadyradžiev, Kalsyn S.}, + Crossref = {gamzatov2000}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-11 16:13:41 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 10:10:45 +0000}, + Pages = {115-133}, + Title = {Kumykskij jazyk}, + crossref = {gamzatov2000}} + +@book{baskakov1940, + Author = {Baskakov, Nikolaj A.}, + Date-Added = {2010-07-19 12:20:27 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-22 07:41:47 +0000}, + Address = {Moskva}, + Publisher = {Nauka}, + Subtitle = {Grammatika, teksty i slovar'}, + Title = {Nogajskij jazyk i ego dialekty}, + Year = {1940}} + +@book{poppe1963, + Author = {Poppe, Nicholas}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-11 16:35:49 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-22 16:42:48 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description;Turkic}, + Address = {Bloomington}, + Number = {25}, + Publisher = {Indiana University}, + Series = {Uralic and Altaic Series}, + Subtitle = {Descriptive grammar and texts with a {T}atar-{E}nglish glossary}, + Title = {Tatar manual}, + Year = {1963}} + +@book{ubratova1985, + Author = {Ubrjatova, Elizaveta I.}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-12 10:14:15 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2011-01-31 16:23:23 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description;Turkic;Northern Eurasia;Siberia}, + Address = {Novosibirsk}, + Publisher = {Nauka}, + Title = {{Jazyk noril'skich dolgan}}, + Year = {1985}} + +@book{krueger1962, + Author = {Krueger, John Richard}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-11 16:29:17 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-04-08 10:08:23 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description;Turkic}, + Address = {Bloomington}, + Number = {21}, + Publisher = {Indiana University}, + Series = {Uralic and Altaic Series}, + Subtitle = {Area handbook, grammar, graded reader and glossery}, + Title = {Yakut manual}, + Year = {1964}} + +@book{budagova1982, + Author = {Budagova, Zarifa}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-12 10:46:09 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-12 10:47:40 +0200}, + Keywords = {Language description;Northern Eurasia;Turkic}, + Lid = {Azerbaijani}, + Address = {Baku}, + Publisher = {{\.E}lm}, + Title = {{Azerbajdžanskij jazyk (kratkij očerk)}}, + Year = {1982}} + +@incollection{pokrovskaja1997, + Author = {Pokrovskaja, Ljudmila A.}, + Crossref = {tenisev1997a}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 17:19:26 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 10:34:47 +0000}, + Pages = {224-235}, + Title = {Gagauzskij jazyk}, + crossref = {tenisev1997a}} + +@book{kornfilt1997, + Author = {Jaklin Kornfilt}, + Date-Added = {2010-01-04 16:46:13 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-04 16:47:19 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description;Turkic;Europe}, + Address = {London}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Series = {Descriptive grammars}, + Title = {Turkish}, + Year = {1997}} + +@book{clark1998b, + Author = {Clark, Larry}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-12 10:51:15 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-04 18:08:45 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description;Turkic;Northern Eurasia}, + Lid = {Turkmen}, + Address = {Wiesbaden}, + Number = {34}, + Publisher = {Harrassowitz}, + Series = {Turcologica}, + Title = {Turkmen reference grammar}, + Year = {1998}} + +@book{anderson-etal1999, + Author = {Anderson, Gregory David and Harrison, K. David}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-11 16:45:26 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-11 16:46:44 +0200}, + Keywords = {Language description;Turkic;Northern Eurasia}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {257}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Tyvan}, + Year = {1999}} + +@book{anderson1998, + Author = {Anderson, Gregory David}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-16 21:45:27 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-16 21:46:55 +0200}, + Keywords = {Language description;Turkic;Northern Eurasia}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {251}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Xakas}, + Year = {2002}} + +@incollection{donidze1997, + Abstract = {Донидзе Гайоз Ильич}, + Author = {Donidze, Gajoz I.}, + Crossref = {tenisev1997a}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 17:22:22 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 10:35:13 +0000}, + Pages = {497-506}, + Title = {Šorskij jazyk}, + crossref = {tenisev1997a}} + +@book{campbell-l1985, + Author = {Campbell, Lyle}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-19 13:52:03 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-04 16:49:53 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Number = {1}, + Publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + Series = {Mouton Grammar Library}, + Title = {The {P}ipil language of {E}l {S}alvador}, + Year = {1985}} + +@incollection{viitso1998, + Author = {Viitso, Tiit-Rein}, + Crossref = {abondolo1998a}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 16:31:18 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-04-08 09:49:49 +0000}, + Pages = {115-148}, + Title = {Estonian}, + crossref = {abondolo1998a}} + +@book{buchholz2004, + Author = {Buchholz, Eva}, + Call-Number = {MR}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 17:57:01 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-04 17:14:24 +0100}, + Keywords = {Uralic}, + Address = {Hamburg}, + Publisher = {Hempen}, + Title = {{Grammatik der finnischen Sprache}}, + Year = {2004}} + +@incollection{laanest1997, + Author = {Laanest, Arvo}, + Crossref = {jarceva1997}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-12 14:47:54 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 10:03:19 +0000}, + Pages = {376-382}, + Title = {Ižorskij jazyk}, + crossref = {jarceva1997}} + +@book{zajkov1999, + Author = {Zajkov, Petr M.}, + Author-Translation = {Petr Mefodievič Zajkov}, + Call-Number = {MR (copy)}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-22 13:01:17 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2009-12-22 13:02:01 +0100}, + Keywords = {Language description;Uralic}, + Lid = {Karelian}, + Address = {Petrozavodsk}, + Publisher = {Periodika}, + Title = {{Grammatika karel'skogo jazyka (fonetika i morfologija)}}, + Year = {1999}} + +@book{moseley2002, + Author = {Christopher Moseley}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 16:07:39 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 08:22:32 +0000}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {144}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Livonian}, + Year = {2002}} + +@book{sajceva1981, + Author = {Zajceva, Marija I.}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 16:35:00 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-22 16:52:11 +0000}, + Address = {Leningrad}, + Publisher = {Nauka}, + Subtitle = {Fonetika i morfologija}, + Title = {Grammatika vepsskogo jazyka}, + Year = {1981}} + +@incollection{nikolaeva1997, + Author = {Nikolaeva, Irina A.}, + Crossref = {jarceva1997}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-12 14:52:59 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 10:02:54 +0000}, + Pages = {267-272}, + Title = {Vodskij jazyk}, + crossref = {jarceva1997}} + +@book{kenesei-etal1998, + Author = {Kenesei, István and Robert M. Vago and Anna Fenyvesi}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 16:49:53 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2010-01-04 17:04:41 +0100}, + Keywords = {Uralic;Language description}, + Address = {London}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Series = {Descriptive Grammar Series}, + Title = {Hungarian}, + Year = {1998}} + +@book{nikolaeva1999, + Author = {Nikolaeva, Irina}, + Author-Translation = {Irina Alekseevna Nikolaeva}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-19 13:54:57 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2010-02-15 10:17:34 +0100}, + Keywords = {Uralic;Language description}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {305}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Ostyak}, + Year = {1999}} + +@book{riese2001, + Abstract = {The Vogul language (endogenous name: Mansi) is spoken by approximately 3.000 speakers in northwestern Siberia. Together with Ostyak, it forms the Ob-Ugrian branch of the Finno-Ugrian language family and is generally considered to be closest relative of Hungarian. In the introductory section general information on the Vogul people and their sociolinguistic situation is given. The dialect described in the following sections on Vogul phonology, morphology, and syntax is the Northern one, spoken by the greatest majority of modern Voguls and forming the basis for the literary language. Vogul is in the most respects a typical agglutinative language and its grammar is relatively straightforward, i.e. unencumbered with major rules of inflection. In this study particular care is taken to place (Northern) Vogul in a general Finno-Ugrian and a complete Vogul context. This means that although the major emphasis lies on the synchronic description of (Northern) Vogul, the discussion is supplemented by observations of a historical nature to show to which extent (Northern) Vogul has adhered to general Finno-Ugrian patterns and to which extent it has diverged both from the related languages and other Vogul dialects. This study closes with a (Northern) Vogul folklore text with an interlinear transcription and translation. (2nd printing)}, + Author = {Riese, Timothy}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-11 09:58:01 +0200}, + Keywords = {Language description;Uralic}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {158}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Vogul ({M}ansi)}, + Year = {2003}} + +@book{zavodova1964, + Author = {Zavodova, Raisa A. and Koljadenkov, Michail N.}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-25 15:05:42 +0000}, + Keywords = {Language description;Uralic;Mordvin}, + Address = {Moskva}, + Publisher = {Nauka}, + Title = {Grammatika mordovskich (mokšanskogo i {\.e}rzjanskogo) jazykov}, + Year = {1964}} + +@incollection{lytkin1966b, + Author = {Lytkin, Vasilij I.}, + Booktitle = {{Finno-ugorskie i samodijskie jazyki}}, + Call-Number = {MR}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 17:27:56 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2014-11-26 12:57:44 +0000}, + Editor = {Lytkin, Vasilij I. and Majtinskaja, Klara E.}, + Keywords = {Language description;Komi;Uralic}, + Address = {Moskva}, + Pages = {301-315}, + Publisher = {Nauka}, + Series = {Jazyki narodov SSSR}, + Title = {{Komi-Permjak}}, + Volume = {3}, + Year = {1966}} + +@book{kokkonen1984, + Author = {Kokkonen, Paula}, + Date-Added = {2009-09-11 12:17:38 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-27 16:10:36 +0000}, + Address = {Helsinki}, + Number = {9}, + Publisher = {Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura}, + Series = {Hilfsmittel für das Studium der finnisch-ugrischen Sprachen}, + Title = {Komisyrjäänin kielioppia ja tekstejä}, + Year = {1984}} + +@book{olthuis2000, + Author = {Olthuis, Marja-Liisa}, + Date-Added = {2009-12-23 16:22:24 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2009-12-23 16:23:32 +0100}, + Keywords = {Saami linguistics;Language description}, + Address = {Inari}, + Publisher = {Sämitigge}, + Title = {Kiel{\^a}opp{\^a}}, + Year = {2000}} + +@book{spiik1989, + Author = {Spiik, Nils Eric}, + Date-Added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 08:17:26 +0000}, + Edition = {2}, + Address = {Jokkmokk}, + Publisher = {Sameskolstyrelsen}, + Title = {Lulesamisk grammatik}, + Year = {1989}} + +@book{bergsland1994, + Author = {Bergsland, Knut}, + Date-Modified = {2009-05-17 11:53:43 +0200}, + Address = {Kárášjohka}, + Publisher = {Davvi Girji}, + Title = {Sydsamisk grammatikk}, + Year = {1994}} + +@book{kunnap1999, + Author = {Künnap, Ago}, + Date-Added = {2009-06-08 09:10:24 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2009-06-08 09:12:03 +0200}, + Keywords = {Language description;Uralic;Northern Eurasia}, + Address = {München}, + Number = {186}, + Publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + Series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + Title = {Enets}, + Year = {1999}} + +@incollection{helimski1998a, + Author = {Helimski, Eugene}, + Date-Added = {2010-01-04 16:55:54 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-04-08 09:50:23 +0000}, + Pages = {480-515}, + Title = {Nganasan}, + crossref = {abondolo1998a}} + +@incollection{helimski1998b, + Author = {Helimski, Eugene}, + Crossref = {abondolo1998a}, + Date-Added = {2010-01-04 16:54:28 +0100}, + Date-Modified = {2016-04-08 09:50:06 +0000}, + Pages = {548-579}, + Title = {Selkup}, + crossref = {abondolo1998a}} + +@collection{kibort-etal2010, + Booktitle = {Features}, + Date-Added = {2010-06-25 10:36:12 +0200}, + Date-Modified = {2014-12-01 14:47:27 +0000}, + Editor = {Kibort, Anna and Corbett, Greville G.}, + Keywords = {Typology;Syntax;Morphology}, + Address = {Oxford}, + Publisher = {Oxford University Press}, + Subtitle = {Perspectives on a Key Notion in Linguistics}, + Title = {Features}, + Year = {2010}} + +@collection{booijETAL2000a, + Date-Added = {2016-03-22 16:33:10 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-03-22 16:33:26 +0000}, + Editor = {Booij, Geert and Christian Lehmann and Joachim Mugdan and Stavros Skopeteas}, + Address = {Berlin}, + Number = {17}, + Publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + Series = {Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft}, + Subtitle = {An international handbook on inflection and word-formation}, + Title = {Morphology}, + Year = {1999}} + +@collection{alpatovEtAl1997a, + Abstract = {ЯХОНТОВА, НАТАЛИЯ СЕРГЕЕВНА}, + Booktitle = {Mongol'skie jazyki. {T}unguso-man'\-čžur\-skie jazyki. {J}aponskij jazyk. {K}orejskij jazyk}, + Date-Added = {2016-03-22 16:35:02 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-22 07:09:51 +0000}, + Editor = {Vladimir M. Alpatov and Igor' V. Kormušin and Grigorij C. Pjurbeev and Ol'ga I. Romanova}, + Address = {Moskva}, + Publisher = {Indrik}, + Series = {Jazyki mira}, + Title = {Mongol'skie jazyki. {T}unguso-man'\-čžur\-skie jazyki. {J}aponskij jazyk. {K}orejskij jazyk}, + Year = {1997}} + +@collection{ramatEtAl1998a, + Date-Added = {2016-03-22 17:07:52 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-22 07:26:15 +0000}, + Editor = {Ramat, Anna Giacalone and Ramat, Paolo}, + Address = {London}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + Title = {The {I}ndo-{E}uropean languages}, + Year = {1998}} + +@collection{vangsnesEtAl2003a, + Date-Added = {2016-04-08 09:41:35 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-04-08 09:43:28 +0000}, + Editor = {Vangsnes, {\O}ystein A. and Holmberg, Anders and Delsing, Lars-Olof}, + Address = {Troms{ø}}, + Number = {22}, + Publisher = {Novus}, + Series = {Troms{ø}-studier i språkvitenskap}, + Title = {Dialektsyntaktiska studier av den nordiska nominalfrasen}, + Year = {2003}} + +@collection{abondolo1998a, + Date-Added = {2016-04-08 09:48:54 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-04-08 09:49:23 +0000}, + Editor = {Abondolo, Daniel}, + Address = {London}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + Title = {The {U}ralic languages}, + Year = {1998}} + +@collection{janhunen2003a, + Date-Added = {2016-05-26 16:08:07 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-22 07:23:15 +0000}, + Editor = {Janhunen, Juha}, + Address = {London}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + Title = {The {M}ongolic languages}, + Year = {2003}} + +@collection{macauley1992b, + Date-Added = {2016-05-26 16:12:19 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-27 15:40:54 +0000}, + Editor = {Donald MacAulay}, + Address = {Cambridge}, + Publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + Series = {Cambridge Language Surveys}, + Title = {The {C}eltic languages}, + Year = {1992}} + +@collection{vinogradovEtAl1968a, + Date-Added = {2016-05-26 16:24:01 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-26 16:26:11 +0000}, + Editor = {Vinogradov, Viktor V. and Skorik, Petr Ja.}, + Address = {Moskva}, + Number = {5}, + Publisher = {Nauka}, + Series = {Jazyki narodov SSSR}, + Title = {Mongol'skie, tunguso-man'\-čžur\-skie i paleoaziatskie jazyki}, + Year = {1968}} + +@collection{jarceva1997, + Date-Added = {2016-05-28 10:00:45 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 10:02:08 +0000}, + Editor = {Jarceva, Viktorija N.}, + Address = {Moskva}, + Publisher = {Nauka}, + Subtitle = {{\.E}nciklopedija v trech tomach}, + Title = {Jazyki {R}ossijskoj {F}ederacii i sosednich gosudarstv}, + Volume = {1}, + Year = {1997}} + +@collection{vonogradovEtAl2001a, + Date-Added = {2016-05-28 10:05:02 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 10:05:55 +0000}, + Editor = {Vinogradov, Viktor A. and Jarceva, Viktorija N.}, + Address = {Moskva}, + Publisher = {Nauka}, + Subtitle = {{\.E}nciklopedija v trech tomach}, + Title = {Jazyki Rossijskoj Federacii i sosednich gosudarstv}, + Volume = {2}, + Year = {2001}} + +@collection{gamzatov2000, + Date-Added = {2016-05-28 10:08:42 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 10:09:16 +0000}, + Editor = {Gamzatov, Gadži G.}, + Address = {Machačkala}, + Number = {1}, + Publisher = {IJALII}, + Series = {Jazyki narodov Rossii}, + Title = {Jazyki {D}agestana}, + Year = {2000}} + +@collection{tenisev1997a, + Date-Added = {2016-05-28 10:32:44 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-05-28 10:33:54 +0000}, + Editor = {Tenišev, {\.E}dgem R.}, + Address = {Moskva}, + Publisher = {Indrik}, + Series = {Jazyki mira}, + Title = {Tjurkskie jazyki}, + Year = {1997}} + +@collection{johansonEtAl1998a, + Booktitle = {The {T}urkic languages}, + Date-Added = {2016-09-22 07:20:24 +0000}, + Date-Modified = {2016-09-22 07:21:04 +0000}, + Editor = {Johanson, Lars and Csató, Éva Ágnes}, + Address = {London}, + Publisher = {Routledge}, + Series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + Title = {The {T}urkic languages}, + Year = {1998}} diff --git a/localcommands.sty b/localcommands.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000..03eb5b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/localcommands.sty @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +%add all your local new commands to this file +\newcommand{\TABh}{\hspace{50pt}}%sets spacing for first tab column in all tabbing environments + +%\AtEveryBibitem{\clearlist{school}} + +\usepackage{hhline}%double cline + +% \newcommand{\citealt}{\cite} +% \newcommand{\citet}{\cite} +% \newcommand{\citep}{\cite} + +\renewcommand{\rm}{\upshape} +\renewcommand{\it}{\itshape} +\renewcommand{\sc}{\scshape} +\renewcommand{\bf}{\bfseries} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/localhyphenation.sty b/localhyphenation.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000..797ee45 --- /dev/null +++ b/localhyphenation.sty @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +%% hyphenation points for line breaks +%% Normally, automatic hyphenation in LaTeX is very good +%% If a word is mis-hyphenated, add it to this file +%% +%% add information to TeX file before \begin{document} with: +%% \include{localhyphenation} +\hyphenation{ +ad-di-tion-al +affri-ca-te +affri-ca-tes +Bash-kir +Chuk-chi +com-ple-ments +Dagh-es-ta-ni-an +Darg-wa +deic-tic +Der-by-shire +Kart-ve-lian +Mal-chu-kov +ma-te-ri-als +Mi-nang-ka-bau +prag-matic +pre-di-ca-tive +Rijk-hoff +Sam-ve-li-an +Sa-mo-ye-dic +syn-tac-ti-cally +Theo-do-ra +un-mark-ed +%German (bib-file, etc.) +Alt-hoch-deut-schen +Bal-ti-schen +Bei-träge +En-zy-klo-pä-die +For-schung-en +Ge-schich-te +Ha-bi-li-ta-ti-ons-schrift +Ham-burg +Mün-chen +Phi-lo-so-phisch +Rieß-ler +ru-mä-nisch-en +se-man-tisch +Sprach-wis-sen-schaft +%Czech (bib-tech, etc.) +Havrán-ko-vá +%Hungarian bib-file, etc.) +Dé-csy +kér-dé-sé-hez +%Latein bib-file, etc.) +se-mi-sae-cu-la-ris +lin-gu-a-rum +%Norwegian/Swedish (bib-file, etc.) +språk-be-skri-vel-se +%Russian transliterated (bib-file, etc.) +jazy-ke +Le-nin-grad +Ma-chač-ka-la +Mosk-va +nau-ka +Pet-ro-za-vodsk +Co-lum-bia +Spra-chen +Nie-mey-er +ge-spro-che-nen +Pie-ter-ma-ritz-burg +Kir-jal-li-suu-den +Go-do-be-ri +} diff --git a/localmetadata.sty b/localmetadata.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d00e65e --- /dev/null +++ b/localmetadata.sty @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%% %%% +%%% Metadata %%% +%%% fill in as appropriate %%% +%%% %%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\title{Adjective attribution} +%\subtitle{Change your subtitle in localmetadata.sty} +\BackTitle{Adjective attribution} +\BackBody{This book is the first typological study of adjective attribution marking. Its focus lies on northern Eurasia, although it covers many more languages and presents an ontology of morphosyntactic categories relevant to noun phrase structure in general. Beside treating synchronic data, the study contributes to historical linguistics by reconstructing the origin of new types specifically in the language contact area between the Indo-European and Uralic families.} +\dedication{За най-любимите ми Алма, Ива и Кристина} +\typesetter{Felix Kopecky, Sebastian Nordhoff, Michael Rießler} +\proofreader{% +Alec Shaw, +Alessia Battisti, +Rogier Blokland, +Andreas Hölzl, +Aneilia Stefanova, +Antonio Machicao y Priemer, +Eitan Grossman, +Eva Schultze-Berndt, +Ezekiel Bolaji, +Joshua Wilbur, +Mario Bisiada, +Martin Haspelmath, +Neal Whitman, +Michelle Natolo, +Natalia Cáceres, +Parviz Parsafar, +} +\author{Michael Rießler} + +% \BookDOI{}%ask coordinator for DOI +\renewcommand{\lsISBNdigital}{978-3-944675-65-7} +\renewcommand{\lsISBNhardcover}{978-3-944675-66-4} +\renewcommand{\lsISBNsoftcover}{978-3-944675-49-7} +\renewcommand{\lsISBNsoftcoverus}{978-1-530889-34-1} +\renewcommand{\lsSeries}{sidl} % use lowercase acronym, e.g. sidl, eotms, tgdi +\renewcommand{\lsSeriesNumber}{2} %will be assigned when the book enters the proofreading stage +\renewcommand{\lsBookDOI}{10.17169/langsci.b19.294} +%\renewcommand{\lsURL}{http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/000} % contact the coordinator for the right number +%<*coverdimen> +\setlength{\csspine}{25.0559784mm} % Please calculate: Total Page Number (excluding cover, usually (Total Page - 3)) * 0.0572008 mm +\setlength{\bodspine}{20mm} % Please calculate: Total Page Number (excluding cover) * BODFACTOR + BODABS +% diff --git a/localmetadata.tex b/localmetadata.tex new file mode 120000 index 0000000..d291f7b --- /dev/null +++ b/localmetadata.tex @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +localmetadata.sty \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/localpackages.sty b/localpackages.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000..77bacf4 --- /dev/null +++ b/localpackages.sty @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +% add all extra packages you need to load to this file +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{tabularx} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{multicol} +\usepackage{multirow} +\usepackage{siunitx} +\usepackage{authorindex} + +\usepackage{hyphenat}%hyphenate at a slash using the tag \hyp{} + +\usepackage{lscape}%landscape%??do I have this? + +%%%Draftmode%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\iflsDraft%indizierte Begriffe am Seitenrand anzeigen +\proofmodetrue +\fi +%%% +% \usepackage[textsize=tiny,textwidth=1.5cm]{todonotes} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%% %%% +%%% Examples %%% +%%% %%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% remove the percentage signs in the following lines +% if your book makes use of linguistic examples +\usepackage{lsp-gb4e} +% to add additional information to the right of examples, uncomment the following line + \usepackage{jambox} +%% if you want the source line of examples to be in italics, uncomment the following line +% \def\exfont{\it} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%% %%% +%%% Trees %%% +%%% %%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +% For trees, uncomment the following lines + \usepackage{tikz-qtree} + % has strange side effects + %\tikzset{every tree node/.style={align=left, anchor=north}} + %\tikzset{every roof node/.append style={inner sep=0.1pt,text height=2ex,text depth=0.3ex}} + + % Longtables + \usepackage{longtable}%??do I have this? + + \usepackage{xcolor}%colored cells in tables + \usepackage{tabularx} + \usepackage{multirow} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/lsp-cgloss.sty b/lsp-cgloss.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7c99538 --- /dev/null +++ b/lsp-cgloss.sty @@ -0,0 +1,454 @@ +% -*- LaTeX -*- + +% Modified version of cgloss4e.sty. Hacked and renamed cgloss.sty +% by Alexis Dimitriadis (alexis@babel.ling.upenn.edu) + +% Following borrows from Covington's style files inspired by Midnight by M. +% de Groot, adapted to be used with gb4e.sty: examples beginning with \ex can +% contain glosses directly. Default is +% Linguistic Inquiry style with all lines in \rm; to change a line (eg. to +% \it for a particular journal, change the appropriate line: e.g., +% \let\eachwordone=\rm in a copy of this file. Note that it will NOT work +% to put \it before the line as the words are parsed separately. + +% Use \singlegloss to force single-spaced glosses even in double-space +% environments. Works also in footnotes (^M as delimiter replaced by +% \\)---hpk +% + +% Changes by Alexis Dimitriadis +% +% Removed flushleft environment and initial vskip to make macros usable +% on the same line with earlier and/or later text, e.g., +% \item Q: \gll ... \\ +% ... \\ \hfill (Greek) +% \trans Q: `...' +% Note: Text following the gloss will appear on line one of the example; +% To get a line break, insert one manually with \\ or use \trans or \glt. +% (\gln does not end the line, since it was already the +% case in cgloss4e that a translation must be ended with a line break). +% +% Modified \glt to keep translation on the same page as the text. + +% BUGS: does not work very gracefully with double spacing (struts are not +% automatically inserted after the \vboxes used by the macros). +% In double space mode without \nosinglegloss, when a translation +% is not given, the next line of text is single-spaced from the glossed text. +% With \nosinglegloss, the translation is set too close to the bottom line. + + +%%% +%%% Sentences with word-by-word glosses +%%% + +% See covingtn.tex for full documentation. Some examples: +% +% Displayed sentence with gloss and translation: +% +% \gll Dit is een Nederlands voorbeeld.\\ +% This is a Dutch example.\\ +% \glt `This is an example in Dutch.' +% +% Same, using bracketing where words do not correspond one-to-one: +% +% \gll Dit is een voorbeeldje in het Nederlands.\\ +% This is a {little example} in {} Dutch.\\ +% \glt `This is a little example in Dutch.' +% +% If you want to align 3 lines rather than two, use \glll instead of \gll. +% +% Layout is critical between \gll (or \glll) and \glt (or \gln). +% +% Thanks to Marcel R. van der Goot for permission to reproduce code. +\let\@gsingle=1 +\def\singlegloss{\let\@gsingle=1} +\def\nosinglegloss{\let\@gsingle=0} +\@ifundefined{new@fontshape}% + {\def\@selfnt{\ifx\@currsize\normalsize\@normalsize\else\@currsize\fi}} + {\def\@selfnt{\selectfont}} + +\def\gll% % Introduces 2-line text-and-gloss. + {\bgroup %\begin{flushleft} + \ifx\@gsingle1% conditionally force single spacing (hpk/MC) + \def\baselinestretch{1}\@selfnt\fi +% \vskip\baselineskip\def\baselinestretch{1}% +% \@selfnt\vskip-\baselineskip\fi% + \bgroup + \twosent +} + +\def\glll% % Introduces 3-line text-and-gloss. + {\bgroup %\begin{flushleft} + \ifx\@gsingle1% conditionally force single spacing (hpk/MC) + \def\baselinestretch{1}\@selfnt\fi +% \vskip\baselineskip\def\baselinestretch{1}% +% \@selfnt\vskip-\baselineskip\fi% + \bgroup + \threesent +} + + +\def\gllll% % Introduces 4-line text-and-gloss. + {\bgroup %\begin{flushleft} + \ifx\@gsingle1% conditionally force single spacing (hpk/MC) + \def\baselinestretch{1}\@selfnt\fi +% \vskip\baselineskip\def\baselinestretch{1}% +% \@selfnt\vskip-\baselineskip\fi% + \bgroup + \foursent +} + + +\def\glllll% % Introduces 5-line text-and-gloss. + {\bgroup %\begin{flushleft} + \ifx\@gsingle1% conditionally force single spacing (hpk/MC) + \def\baselinestretch{1}\@selfnt\fi +% \vskip\baselineskip\def\baselinestretch{1}% +% \@selfnt\vskip-\baselineskip\fi% + \bgroup + \fivesent +} + + +\def\gllllll% % Introduces 6-line text-and-gloss. + {\bgroup %\begin{flushleft} + \ifx\@gsingle1% conditionally force single spacing (hpk/MC) + \def\baselinestretch{1}\@selfnt\fi +% \vskip\baselineskip\def\baselinestretch{1}% +% \@selfnt\vskip-\baselineskip\fi% + \bgroup + \sixsent +} + + +\def\glllllll% % Introduces 7-line text-and-gloss. + {\bgroup %\begin{flushleft} + \ifx\@gsingle1% conditionally force single spacing (hpk/MC) + \def\baselinestretch{1}\@selfnt\fi +% \vskip\baselineskip\def\baselinestretch{1}% +% \@selfnt\vskip-\baselineskip\fi% + \bgroup + \sevensent +} + + +\def\gllllllll% % Introduces 8-line text-and-gloss. + {\bgroup %\begin{flushleft} + \ifx\@gsingle1% conditionally force single spacing (hpk/MC) + \def\baselinestretch{1}\@selfnt\fi +% \vskip\baselineskip\def\baselinestretch{1}% +% \@selfnt\vskip-\baselineskip\fi% + \bgroup + \eightsent +} + +% \def\glt{\vskip.0\baselineskip} + +% redefine \gltoffset to set off translation from ex and gloss +\@ifundefined{gltoffset}{\def\gltoffset{0pt}}{} + +\def\glt{\ifhmode\\*[\gltoffset]\else\nobreak\vskip\gltoffset\nobreak\fi} + + +% Introduces a translation +\let\trans\glt + +\def\gln{\relax} +\def\glend{} % obsolete + % Ends the gloss environment. + +% The following TeX code is adapted, with permission, from: +% gloss.tex: Macros for vertically aligning words in consecutive sentences. +% Version: 1.0 release: 26 November 1990 +% Copyright (c) 1991 Marcel R. van der Goot (marcel@cs.caltech.edu). +% Original Midnight/gloss.tex and Midnight/gloss.doc are available from +% csvax.cs.caltech.edu [131.215.131.131] in pub/tex +% and many other anonymous ftp archives. + +\newbox\lineone % boxes with words from first line +\newbox\linetwo +\newbox\linethree +\newbox\linefour +\newbox\linefive +\newbox\linesix +\newbox\lineseven +\newbox\lineeight +\newbox\wordone % a word from the first line (hbox) +\newbox\wordtwo +\newbox\wordthree +\newbox\wordfour +\newbox\wordfive +\newbox\wordsix +\newbox\wordseven +\newbox\wordeight +\newbox\gline % the constructed double line (hbox) +\newskip\glossglue % extra glue between glossed pairs or tuples +\glossglue = 0pt plus 2pt minus 1pt % allow stretch/shrink between words +%\glossglue = 5pt plus 2pt minus 1pt % allow stretch/shrink between words +\newif\ifnotdone + +\@ifundefined{eachwordone}{\let\eachwordone=\rm}{\relax} +\@ifundefined{eachwordtwo}{\let\eachwordtwo=\rm}{\relax} +\@ifundefined{eachwordthree}{\let\eachwordthree=\rm}{\relax} +\@ifundefined{eachwordfour}{\let\eachwordfour=\rm}{\relax} +\@ifundefined{eachwordfive}{\let\eachwordfive=\rm}{\relax} +\@ifundefined{eachwordsix}{\let\eachwordsix=\rm}{\relax} +\@ifundefined{eachwordseven}{\let\eachwordseven=\rm}{\relax} +\@ifundefined{eachwordeight}{\let\eachwordeight=\rm}{\relax} + +\def\lastword#1#2#3% #1 = \each, #2 = line box, #3 = word box + {\setbox#2=\vbox{\unvbox#2% + \global\setbox#3=\lastbox + }% + \ifvoid#3\global\setbox#3=\hbox{#1\strut{} }\fi + % extra space following \strut in case #1 needs a space + } + +\def\testdone + {\ifdim\ht\lineone=0pt + \ifdim\ht\linetwo=0pt \notdonefalse % tricky space after pt + \else\notdonetrue + \fi + \else\notdonetrue + \fi + } + +\gdef\getwords(#1,#2)#3 #4\\% #1=linebox, #2=\each, #3=1st word, #4=remainder + {\setbox#1=\vbox{\hbox{#2\strut#3 }% adds space + \unvbox#1% + }% + \def\more{#4}% + \ifx\more\empty\let\more=\donewords + \else\let\more=\getwords + \fi + \more(#1,#2)#4\\% + } + +\gdef\donewords(#1,#2)\\{}% + +\gdef\twosent#1\\ #2\\{% #1 = first line, #2 = second line + \getwords(\lineone,\eachwordone)#1 \\% + \getwords(\linetwo,\eachwordtwo)#2 \\% + \loop\lastword{\eachwordone}{\lineone}{\wordone}% + \lastword{\eachwordtwo}{\linetwo}{\wordtwo}% + \global\setbox\gline=\hbox{\unhbox\gline + \hskip\glossglue + \vtop{\box\wordone % vtop was vbox + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordtwo + }% + }% + \testdone + \ifnotdone + \repeat + \egroup % matches \bgroup in \gloss + \gl@stop} + +\gdef\threesent#1\\ #2\\ #3\\{% #1 = first line, #2 = second line, #3 = third + \getwords(\lineone,\eachwordone)#1 \\% + \getwords(\linetwo,\eachwordtwo)#2 \\% + \getwords(\linethree,\eachwordthree)#3 \\% + \loop\lastword{\eachwordone}{\lineone}{\wordone}% + \lastword{\eachwordtwo}{\linetwo}{\wordtwo}% + \lastword{\eachwordthree}{\linethree}{\wordthree}% + \global\setbox\gline=\hbox{\unhbox\gline + \hskip\glossglue + \vtop{\box\wordone % vtop was vbox + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordtwo + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordthree + }% + }% + \testdone + \ifnotdone + \repeat + \egroup % matches \bgroup in \gloss + \gl@stop} + + + +\gdef\foursent#1\\ #2\\ #3\\ #4\\{% #1 = first line, #2 = second line, #3 = third + \getwords(\lineone,\eachwordone)#1 \\% + \getwords(\linetwo,\eachwordtwo)#2 \\% + \getwords(\linethree,\eachwordthree)#3 \\% + \getwords(\linefour,\eachwordfour)#4 \\% + \loop\lastword{\eachwordone}{\lineone}{\wordone}% + \lastword{\eachwordtwo}{\linetwo}{\wordtwo}% + \lastword{\eachwordthree}{\linethree}{\wordthree}% + \lastword{\eachwordfour}{\linefour}{\wordfour}% + \global\setbox\gline=\hbox{\unhbox\gline + \hskip\glossglue + \vtop{\box\wordone % vtop was vbox + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordtwo + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordthree + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordfour + }% + }% + \testdone + \ifnotdone + \repeat + \egroup % matches \bgroup in \gloss + \gl@stop} + + + +\gdef\fivesent#1\\ #2\\ #3\\ #4\\ #5\\{% #1 = first line, #2 = second line, #3 = third + \getwords(\lineone,\eachwordone)#1 \\% + \getwords(\linetwo,\eachwordtwo)#2 \\% + \getwords(\linethree,\eachwordthree)#3 \\% + \getwords(\linefour,\eachwordfour)#4 \\% + \getwords(\linefive,\eachwordfive)#5 \\% + \loop\lastword{\eachwordone}{\lineone}{\wordone}% + \lastword{\eachwordtwo}{\linetwo}{\wordtwo}% + \lastword{\eachwordthree}{\linethree}{\wordthree}% + \lastword{\eachwordfour}{\linefour}{\wordfour}% + \lastword{\eachwordfive}{\linefive}{\wordfive}% + \global\setbox\gline=\hbox{\unhbox\gline + \hskip\glossglue + \vtop{\box\wordone % vtop was vbox + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordtwo + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordthree + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordfour + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordfive + }% + }% + \testdone + \ifnotdone + \repeat + \egroup % matches \bgroup in \gloss + \gl@stop} + + + +\gdef\sixsent#1\\ #2\\ #3\\ #4\\ #5\\ #6\\{% #1 = first line, #2 = second line, #3 = third + \getwords(\lineone,\eachwordone)#1 \\% + \getwords(\linetwo,\eachwordtwo)#2 \\% + \getwords(\linethree,\eachwordthree)#3 \\% + \getwords(\linefour,\eachwordfour)#4 \\% + \getwords(\linefive,\eachwordfive)#5 \\% + \getwords(\linesix,\eachwordsix)#6 \\% + \loop\lastword{\eachwordone}{\lineone}{\wordone}% + \lastword{\eachwordtwo}{\linetwo}{\wordtwo}% + \lastword{\eachwordthree}{\linethree}{\wordthree}% + \lastword{\eachwordfour}{\linefour}{\wordfour}% + \lastword{\eachwordfive}{\linefive}{\wordfive}% + \lastword{\eachwordsix}{\linesix}{\wordsix}% + \global\setbox\gline=\hbox{\unhbox\gline + \hskip\glossglue + \vtop{\box\wordone % vtop was vbox + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordtwo + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordthree + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordfour + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordfive + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordsix + }% + }% + \testdone + \ifnotdone + \repeat + \egroup % matches \bgroup in \gloss + \gl@stop} + + + +\gdef\sevensent#1\\ #2\\ #3\\ #4\\ #5\\ #6\\ #7\\{% #1 = first line, #2 = second line, #3 = third + \getwords(\lineone,\eachwordone)#1 \\% + \getwords(\linetwo,\eachwordtwo)#2 \\% + \getwords(\linethree,\eachwordthree)#3 \\% + \getwords(\linefour,\eachwordfour)#4 \\% + \getwords(\linefive,\eachwordfive)#5 \\% + \getwords(\linesix,\eachwordsix)#6 \\% + \getwords(\lineseven,\eachwordseven)#7 \\% + \loop\lastword{\eachwordone}{\lineone}{\wordone}% + \lastword{\eachwordtwo}{\linetwo}{\wordtwo}% + \lastword{\eachwordthree}{\linethree}{\wordthree}% + \lastword{\eachwordfour}{\linefour}{\wordfour}% + \lastword{\eachwordfive}{\linefive}{\wordfive}% + \lastword{\eachwordsix}{\linesix}{\wordsix}% + \lastword{\eachwordseven}{\lineseven}{\wordseven}% + \global\setbox\gline=\hbox{\unhbox\gline + \hskip\glossglue + \vtop{\box\wordone % vtop was vbox + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordtwo + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordthree + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordfour + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordfive + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordsix + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordseven + }% + }% + \testdone + \ifnotdone + \repeat + \egroup % matches \bgroup in \gloss + \gl@stop} + + + +\gdef\eightsent#1\\ #2\\ #3\\ #4\\ #5\\ #6\\ #7\\ #8\\{% #1 = first line, #2 = second line, #3 = third + \getwords(\lineone,\eachwordone)#1 \\% + \getwords(\linetwo,\eachwordtwo)#2 \\% + \getwords(\linethree,\eachwordthree)#3 \\% + \getwords(\linefour,\eachwordfour)#4 \\% + \getwords(\linefive,\eachwordfive)#5 \\% + \getwords(\linesix,\eachwordsix)#6 \\% + \getwords(\lineseven,\eachwordseven)#7 \\% + \getwords(\lineeight,\eachwordeight)#8 \\% + \loop\lastword{\eachwordone}{\lineone}{\wordone}% + \lastword{\eachwordtwo}{\linetwo}{\wordtwo}% + \lastword{\eachwordthree}{\linethree}{\wordthree}% + \lastword{\eachwordfour}{\linefour}{\wordfour}% + \lastword{\eachwordfive}{\linefive}{\wordfive}% + \lastword{\eachwordsix}{\linesix}{\wordsix}% + \lastword{\eachwordseven}{\lineseven}{\wordseven}% + \lastword{\eachwordeight}{\lineeight}{\wordeight}% + \global\setbox\gline=\hbox{\unhbox\gline + \hskip\glossglue + \vtop{\box\wordone % vtop was vbox + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordtwo + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordthree + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordfour + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordfive + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordsix + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordseven + \nointerlineskip + \box\wordeight + }% + }% + \testdone + \ifnotdone + \repeat + \egroup % matches \bgroup in \gloss + \gl@stop} + +%\def\gl@stop{{\hskip -\glossglue}\unhbox\gline\end{flushleft}} + +% \leavevmode puts us back in horizontal mode, so that a \\ will work +\def\gl@stop{{\hskip -\glossglue}\unhbox\gline\leavevmode \egroup} + +\endinput \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/lsp-gb4e.sty b/lsp-gb4e.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9ce743d --- /dev/null +++ b/lsp-gb4e.sty @@ -0,0 +1,526 @@ +\ProvidesPackage{lsp-gb4e}[2000/09/05] +\def\gbVersion{4e} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Version 4export (= v. 4 minus the compatibility code) +% Based on hpk's gb.sty, revised for GM syllabus by ct, +% and incorporating macros adapted from J.Frampton, M. de Groot en M. +% Covington. Full documentation soon to come in gb4doc.tex. Bug-reports +% and suggestions for improvements, other used features, please! +% +% Notes: +% +% Various styles for X-bar levels; can be changed, but note that {picture} +% environements (e.g. trees) will then come out wrong and have to be +% fixed +% +% This file allows _ and ^ to be used in ordinary text, hence must be +% loaded AFTER any file that uses them in their TeX meaning. Hence +% cgloss(n).sty is loaded early in this file. +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Format of examples: % +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% \begin{exe} or \exbegin +% (arab.) +% \begin{xlist} or \xlist +% (1st embedding, alph.) +% \begin{xlisti} or \xlisti +% (2st embedding, rom.) +% \end{xlisti} or \endxlisti +% +% \end{xlist} or \endxlist +% +% \end{exe} or \exend +% +% Other sublist-styles: xlistA (Alph.), xlistI (Rom.), xlistn (arab) +% +% \ex (produces Number) +% \ex (numbered example) +% \ex[jdgmt]{sentence} (numbered example with judgement) +% +% \exi{ident} (produces identifier) +% \exi{ident} (example numbered with identifier) +% \exi{ident}[jdgmt]{sentence} (dito with judgement) +% (\exr, \exp and \sn are defined in terms of \exi) +% +% \exr{label} (produces cross-referenced Num.) +% \exr{label} (cross-referenced example) +% \exr{label}[jdgmt]{sentence} (cross-referenced example with judgement) +% +% \exp{label} (same as +% \exp{label} \exr but +% \exp{label}[jdgmt]{sentence} with prime) +% +% \sn (unnumbered example) +% \sn[jdgmt]{sentence} (unnumbered example with judgement) +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% For my own lazyness (HANDLE WITH CARE---this works only +% in boringly normal cases.... ): +% +% \ea works like \begin{exe}\ex or \begin{xlist}\ex, +% depending on context +% \z works like \end{exe} or \end{xlist}, dep on context +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\@ifundefined{new@fontshape}{\def\reset@font{}\let\mathrm\rm\let\mathit\mit}{} + +\let\prmbrs=0 +\def\primebars{\let\prmbrs=1} +\def\obar#1{\ifmmode#1^{0}\else#1$^{0}$\fi} %% FIX +\def\mbar#1{\ifmmode#1^{\mathrm{max}}\else#1$^{\mathrm{max}}$\fi} +\def\ibar#1{\ifx\prmbrs0% + \ifmmode\overline{\mathrm{#1}}\else$\overline{\mbox{#1}}$\fi% + \else\ifmmode#1^{'}\else#1$^{'}$\fi\fi} +\def\iibar#1{\ifx\prmbrs0% + \ifmmode\overline{\overline{\mathrm{#1}}}% + \else$\overline{\overline{\mbox{#1}}}$\fi% + \else #1P\fi} +% This breaks icelandic \thorn +%\def\th{\ifmmode\theta\else$\theta$\fi} +\def\al{\ifmmode\alpha\else$\alpha$\fi} +\def\be{\ifmmode\beta\else$\beta$\fi} +\def\ga{\ifmmode\gamma\else$\gamma$\fi} +\def\de{\ifmmode\delta\else$\delta$\fi} +\def\spec#1{[Spec,#1]} %Def. of "Specifier of #1" +\def\ct#1{{\em #1\/}} %Citation of linguistic material with alternative style: +%\def\ct#1{`#1'} +\def\tx{\bf} %Introduction of technical terms with alternative style: +%\def\tx{\em} + +%\input{my-cgloss\gbVersion.sty} +% This is the hacked version by Alexis Dimitriadis +% that allows for \jambox interaction +\input{lsp-cgloss.sty} + +%%% NEWSTUFF: +\newcommand{\indexgroupmark}[1]{\item{\bf #1}} % ?? -CT + +% this allows _ to be used in horizontal mode (from J.Frampton): + +% This is basically nonsense since it breaks the mathmode functionality + +%\catcode`_=\active +%\def_#1{\ifmmode\mathit{\sb{#1}}\else${}\sb{#1}$\fi} +%\catcode`^=\active +%\def^#1{\ifmmode\mathit{\sp{#1}}\else${}\sp{#1}$\fi} + +\def\lb#1{\@ifnextchar [{\@glarph{#1}}{\@bl{#1}}} +\def\@glarph#1[#2]{\ifmmode{[}\sb{{\mathrm{#1}}\sb{#2}}\else% + ${[}\sb{{\mathrm{#1}}\sb{#2}}$\fi} +\def\@bl#1{\ifmmode{[}\sb{\mathrm{#1}}\;\else${[}\sb{\mathrm{#1}}\;$\fi} + +\def\rb#1{\@ifnextchar [{\@grarph{#1}}{\@br{#1}}} +\def\@grarph#1[#2]{\ifmmode{]}\sb{{\mathrm{#1}}\sb{#2}}\else% + ${]}\sb{{\mathrm{#1}}\sb{#2}}$\fi} +\def\@br#1{\ifmmode{]}\sb{\mathrm{#1}}\;\else${]}\sb{\mathrm{#1}}\;$\fi} + +%%% END_NEWSTUFF. + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Macros for examples, roughly following Linguistic Inquiry style. % +% From here on best not to tamper, else all the examples and cross- % +% references will come out scrambled! (see also note below) - CT % +% Completely rewritten for more robustness and flexibility. (hpk) % +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\def\qlist{\begin{list}{\Alph{xnum}.}{\usecounter{xnum}% +\setlength{\rightmargin}{\leftmargin}}} +\def\endqlist{\end{list}} + +\newif\if@noftnote\@noftnotetrue +\newif\if@xrec\@xrecfalse +\@definecounter{fnx} + +%%%% adapted from latex.tex to get examples in footnotes right +\long\def\@footnotetext#1{% + \@noftnotefalse\setcounter{fnx}{0}% + \insert\footins{\reset@font\footnotesize + \interlinepenalty\interfootnotelinepenalty + \splittopskip\footnotesep + \splitmaxdepth \dp\strutbox \floatingpenalty \@MM + \hsize\columnwidth \@parboxrestore + \edef\@currentlabel{\csname p@footnote\endcsname\@thefnmark}\@makefntext + {\rule{\z@}{\footnotesep}\ignorespaces + #1\strut}}\@noftnotetrue} + + +\newcount\@xnumdepth \@xnumdepth = 0 + +\@definecounter{xnumi} +\@definecounter{xnumii} +\@definecounter{xnumiii} +\@definecounter{xnumiv} +%\@definecounter{equation} +%\setcounter{equation}{0} + +% book +%\renewcommand\theequation +% {\ifnum \c@chapter>\z@ \thechapter.\fi \@arabic\c@equation} +%\def\thexnumi{\@xsi{xnumi}} +\def\thexnumi +{\if@noftnote% +\@arabic\@xsi{xnumi}% +\else% +\@roman\@xsi{xnumi}% +\fi% +} +\def\thexnumii{\@xsii{xnumii}} +\def\thexnumiii{\@xsiii{xnumiii}} +\def\thexnumiv{\@xsiv{xnumiv}} +\def\p@xnumii{\thexnumi% +\if@noftnote% +\else% +.% +\fi} +\def\p@xnumiii{\thexnumi\thexnumii-} +\def\p@xnumiv{\thexnumi\thexnumii-\thexnumiii-} + +\def\xs@default#1{\csname @@xs#1\endcsname} +\def\@@xsi{\let\@xsi\arabic} +\def\@@xsii{\let\@xsii\alph} +\def\@@xsiii{\let\@xsiii\roman} +\def\@@xsiv{\let\@xsi\arabic} + +\@definecounter{rxnumi} +\@definecounter{rxnumii} +\@definecounter{rxnumiii} +\@definecounter{rxnumiv} + +\def\save@counters{% +\setcounter{rxnumi}{\value{xnumi}}% +\setcounter{rxnumii}{\value{xnumii}}% +\setcounter{rxnumiii}{\value{xnumiii}}% +\setcounter{rxnumiv}{\value{xnumiv}}}% + + +\def\reset@counters{% +\setcounter{xnumi}{\value{rxnumi}}% +\setcounter{xnumii}{\value{rxnumii}}% +\setcounter{xnumiii}{\value{rxnumiii}}% +\setcounter{xnumiv}{\value{rxnumiv}}}% + + +\def\exewidth#1{\def\@exwidth{#1}} +%\exewidth{(234)} +\exewidth{(34)} + +%% St. M�. 02.05.2004 +\def\gblabelsep#1{\def\@gblabelsep{#1}} +\gblabelsep{1em} + + +\def\exe{\@ifnextchar [{\@exe}{\@exe[\@exwidth]}} +\def\@exe[#1]{\ifnum \@xnumdepth >0% + \if@xrec\@exrecwarn\fi% + \if@noftnote\@exrecwarn\fi% + \@xnumdepth0\@listdepth0\@xrectrue% + \save@counters% + \fi% + \advance\@xnumdepth \@ne \@@xsi% + \if@noftnote% + \begin{list}{(\thexnumi)}% + {\usecounter{xnumi}\@subex{#1}{\@gblabelsep}{0em}% + \setcounter{xnumi}{\value{equation}}}% + \else% + \begin{list}{(\roman{xnumi})}% + % 1em is the indentation of footnotes in koma-script + % if this does not work for everybody, use parameters ... + {\usecounter{xnumi}\@subex{(iiv)}{\@gblabelsep}{1.5em}% + \setcounter{xnumi}{\value{fnx}}}% + \fi} + +% \begin{list}{(\thexnumi)}% +% {\usecounter{xnumi}\@subex{#1}{1em}% +% \if@noftnote% +% \setcounter{xnumi}{\value{equation}}% +% \else% +% \setcounter{xnumi}{\value{fnx}}% +% \fi}} + +\def\endexe{\if@noftnote\setcounter{equation}{\value{xnumi}}% + \else\setcounter{fnx}{\value{xnumi}}% + \reset@counters\@xrecfalse\fi\end{list}} + +\def\@exrecwarn{\typeout{*** Recursion on "exe"---your + example numbering will probably be screwed up!}} + +\def\xlist{\@ifnextchar [{\@xlist{}}{\@xlist{}[iv.]}} +\def\xlista{\@ifnextchar [{\@xlist{\alph}}{\@xlist{\alph}[m.]}} +\def\xlistabr{\@ifnextchar [{\@xlist{(\alph)}}{\@xlist{(\alph)}[m.]}} +\def\xlisti{\@ifnextchar [{\@xlist{\roman}}{\@xlist{\roman}[iv.]}} +\def\xlistn{\@ifnextchar [{\@xlist{\arabic}}{\@xlist{\arabic}[9.]}} +\def\xlistA{\@ifnextchar [{\@xlist{\Alph}}{\@xlist{\Alph}[M.]}} +\def\xlistI{\@ifnextchar [{\@xlist{\Roman}}{\@xlist{\Roman}[IV.]}} + +\def\endxlist{\end{list}} +\def\endxlista{\end{list}} +\def\endxlistabr{\end{list}} +\def\endxlistn{\end{list}} +\def\endxlistA{\end{list}} +\def\endxlistI{\end{list}} +\def\endxlisti{\end{list}} + +%% St. M�. 02.05.2004 +\def\subexsep#1{\def\@subexsep{#1}} +\subexsep{1.5ex} + +%%% a generic sublist-styler +\def\@xlist#1[#2]{\ifnum \@xnumdepth >3 \@toodeep\else% + \advance\@xnumdepth \@ne% + \edef\@xnumctr{xnum\romannumeral\the\@xnumdepth}% + \def\@bla{#1} + \ifx\@bla\empty\xs@default{\romannumeral\the\@xnumdepth}\else% + \expandafter\let\csname @xs\romannumeral\the\@xnumdepth\endcsname#1\fi + \begin{list}{\csname the\@xnumctr\endcsname.}% + {\usecounter{\@xnumctr}\@subex{#2}{\@subexsep}{0em}}\fi} + +%% Added third argument to be able to add some more space to leftmargin +%% for footnotes that have bigger indentation. +%% St. M�. 07.01.2007 +\def\@subex#1#2#3{\settowidth{\labelwidth}{#1}\itemindent\z@\labelsep#2% + \ifnum\the\@xnumdepth=1% + \topsep 7\p@ plus2\p@ minus3\p@\itemsep3\p@ plus2\p@\else% + \topsep1.5\p@ plus\p@\itemsep1.5\p@ plus\p@\fi% + \parsep\p@ plus.5\p@ minus.5\p@% + \leftmargin\labelwidth\advance\leftmargin#2\advance\leftmargin#3\relax} + +%%% the example-items +\def\ex{\@ifnextchar [{\@ex}{\item}} +\def\@ex[#1]#2{\item\@exj[#1]{#2}} +\def\@exj[#1]#2{\@exjbg{#1} #2 \end{list}} +% without understanding anything: +\def\exs#1{\item\begin{samepage}#1\end{samepage}} +%-- end +\def\exi#1{\item[#1]\@ifnextchar [{\@exj}{}} +\def\judgewidth#1{\def\@jwidth{#1}} +\judgewidth{??} +\def\@exjbg#1{\begin{list}{#1}{\@subex{\@jwidth}{.5ex}{0em}}\item} +\def\exr#1{\exi{{(\ref{#1})}}} +\def\exp#1{\exi{{(\ref{#1}$'$)}}} +\def\sn{\exi{}} +\def\bu{\item[$\bullet$]} + +%%% Lazy abbrevs (HANDLE WITH CARE!) +%\def\ea{\ifnum\@xnumdepth=0\begin{exe}[(34)]\else\begin{xlist}[iv.]\fi\raggedright\ex} steht unten noch mal +%\def\ea{\ifnum\@xnumdepth=0\begin{exe}[(\theequation)]\else\begin{xlist}[iv.]\fi\raggedright\ex} +\def\easragged{\ifnum\@xnumdepth=0\begin{exe}[(34)]\else\begin{xlist}[iv.]\fi\raggedright\ex\begin{tabular}[t]{@{}b{\linewidth}@{}}} +\def\eas{\ifnum\@xnumdepth=0\begin{exe}[(34)]\else\begin{xlist}[iv.]\fi\ex\begin{tabular}[t]{@{}b{\linewidth}@{}}} +\def\eaa{\ifnum\@xnumdepth=0\begin{exe}[(\theequation)]\else\begin{xlist}[iv.]\fi\raggedright\ex} + + +% copied from here: +% http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/23677/command-for-paragraph-indentation-after-equations + +%% As Barbara Beeton has commented, forcing the first paragraph after an equation environment to +%% indent can be achieved with \aftergroup -- use this command to add a \par after the group +%% established by the environment. + +%% Forcing the first paragraph after an environment not to indent isn't that straightforward. I came +%% up with the following: + +%% I defined a new macro \@doendeq that will redefine \everypar so that it a) removes the +%% indentation from the first paragraph following it b) reverts to its original (empty) +%% definition. (\@doendeq is an abridged version of LaTeX's \@doendpe which is used after +%% paragraph-making environments.) + +%% To change every instance of the equation environment to remove indents after it, one could +%% simply add \aftergroup\@doendeq to the definition of \endequation. As you are looking for a +%% command to modify only some instances of equation, I used \csappto from the etoolbox package +%% to locally add\aftergroup\@doendeq to \end<\@currenvir> (\@currenvir being the name of the +%% current environment). + +%% I suspect that there are more elegant ways to do this. + +%% \newcommand*{\@doendeq}{% +%% \everypar{{\setbox\z@\lastbox}\everypar{}}% +%% } +%% \newcommand*{\eqcntd}{% +%% \csappto{end\@currenvir}{% +%% \aftergroup\@doendeq +%% }% +%% } + + +\def\z{\ifnum\@xnumdepth=1\end{exe}\else\end{xlist}\fi} +\def\zs{\end{tabular}\ifnum\@xnumdepth=1\end{exe}\else\end{xlist}\fi} +%\def\zt{\ifnum\@xnumdepth=1\end{exe}\else\end{xlist}\fi\end{tabular}} +% if an example is final in a footnote +\def\zlast{\ifnum\@xnumdepth=1\end{exe}\else\end{xlist}\fi\vspace{-\baselineskip}} + +% St. Mue. 26.02.00 +\def\eaf#1{\begin{exe}[(iv)]\exi{(#1)}} +%\def\eal{\begin{exe}[(\theequation)]\ex\begin{xlist}[iv.]} +%\def\eal{\begin{exe}\ex\begin{xlist}[iv.]\raggedright} steht unten noch mal +\def\eafl#1{\begin{exe}[(iv)]\exi{(#1)}\begin{xlist}[iv.]} +\def\eaal{\begin{exe}[(\theequation)]\ex\begin{xlist}[iv.]} +\def\zl{\end{xlist}\end{exe}} +% if an example is final in a footnote +\def\zllast{\end{xlist}\end{exe}\removelastskip} + + +%%%%%%% \lcomment for breaks in (example-)lists (leaves all counters +%%%%%%% as they are) (hpk) +\newlength{\lcommentsep} +\lcommentsep = 1ex + +\long\def\lcomment#1% + {\vspace{\lcommentsep} + \item[]\hspace*{-\leftmargin}% + \@tempskipa=\linewidth% + \addtolength{\@tempskipa}{\rightmargin}% + \addtolength{\@tempskipa}{\leftmargin}% + \parbox{\@tempskipa}{#1}% + \vspace{\lcommentsep}% + } + +%%%%%% control the alignment of exampleno. and (picture-)example +%%%%%% (by Lex Holt ). +\def\attop#1{\leavevmode\vtop{\strut\vskip-\baselineskip\vbox{#1}}} +\def\atcenter#1{$\vcenter{#1}$} +%%%%%% + +%-------------------Move Arrows (from J.Frampton): + +\def\leaderfill{\leaders\hrule\hfil} +\def\pointerup{\hbox to 0pt{\hss + \vbox{\offinterlineskip\vskip-1pt\hbox{\elevenex\char'170}\null}\hss}} +\def\pointerdown{\hbox to 0pt{\hss + \vtop{\offinterlineskip\null\hbox{\elevenex\char'171}\vskip-1pt}\hss}} + +\let\pu=\pointerup +\let\pd=\pointerdown +\let\lf=\leaderfill + +\def\spacer{\hskip4.5pt} +\def\fillright#1{\hfil#1\leaderfill} +\def\fillleft#1{\leaderfill#1\hfil} +% Changed spelling to \centr, else conflicts with LaTeX \center{} -CT +\def\centr#1{\leaderfill#1\leaderfill} +\def\link#1{\multispan#1\leaderfill} + +\def\arrowalign#1{\vtop{\baselineskip=0pt \lineskiplimit=0pt \lineskip=2pt + \halign{&##\cr#1}}} + +\font\elevenex=cmex10 scaled\magstephalf % just for the arrow! + %PS: this may not work on some installations, not sure why. CT + %%PPS: (e.g., PCTeX, but it works find works fine with EmTeX) +%----------------END Move Arrows + +\def\pijl{$\rightarrow$\ } + +% Special accents for Vata & Gbadi; Navajo coming soon, I hope...: +%\def\bb#1{$\mathrm{\overline{#1}}$} Following looks better: +\def\bb#1{\ifmmode\overline{\mathrm{#1}}\else$\bar{\mathrm{#1}}$\fi} + +\def\boven#1#2{\raisebox{-0.2pt}{$\stackrel{#1}{\mathrm{#2}}$}} +\def\bovenop#1#2{\raisebox{-0.06ex}[0ex][0ex]{$\stackrel{#1}{\mathrm{#2}}$}} +\def\vl{\rule{0.05em}{0.30em}} +\def\|#1{\ifmmode\vert#1\else\bovenop{\vl}{#1}\fi} + + + + +%%--------------------------------------------------------------------- +%% von Detmar + +% Define commands for fonts to be used: +% +% 1) regular +% a. example line +\newcommand{\exfont}{\normalsize\itshape} +% b. glossing line +\newcommand{\glossfont}{\normalsize\upshape} +% c. translation font +\newcommand{\transfont}{\normalsize\upshape} % 08.01.2014 changed small to normalsize (Martin Haspelmath) +% d. example number +\newcommand{\exnrfont}{\exfont\upshape} +% +% 2) in footnote +% a. example line +\newcommand{\fnexfont}{\footnotesize\itshape} +% b. glossing line +\newcommand{\fnglossfont}{\footnotesize\upshape} +% c. translation font +\newcommand{\fntransfont}{\scriptsize\upshape} +% d. example number +\newcommand{\fnexnrfont}{\fnexfont\upshape} + +% new user command for specifying translations: +%\newcommand{\mytrans}[1]{{\trans`#1'}\vskip.6\baselineskip} + +% --------------------------------------------------------------- +% only internal stuff below this line: + +% ------------------- + +% define internal commands relative to these new font specifications +\def\ex{\@ifnextchar [{\exnrfont\@ex}{\exnrfont\item\exfont}} +\def\@ex[#1]#2{\item\@exj[#1]{\exfont#2}} + +\def\@exjbg#1{\begin{list}{{\exnrfont#1}}{\@subex{\@jwidth}{.5ex}{0em}}\item} +\def\exi#1{\item[{\exnrfont#1}]\@ifnextchar [{\exnrfont\@exj}{}} + +\def\ea{\ifnum\@xnumdepth=0\begin{exe}\else\begin{xlist}[iv.]\fi\raggedright\ex} +\def\eal{\begin{exe}\exnrfont\ex\begin{xlist}[iv.]\raggedright} +\def\eanoraggedright{\ifnum\@xnumdepth=0\begin{exe}\else\begin{xlist}[iv.]\fi\ex} + +%\renewcommand\trans{\nopagebreak\vskip.17\baselineskip\transfont\parindent0ex} +% Note that we have also set parindent to 0 in our redefinition of \trans +\def\glt{\nopagebreak\vskip.17\baselineskip\transfont\parindent0ex} + +\renewcommand{\eachwordone}{\exfont} +\renewcommand{\eachwordtwo}{\glossfont} +\renewcommand{\eachwordthree}{\glossfont} % same font for both gloss lines + +% make examples in footnotes smaller: +\let\beforeExFootnote\footnote +\renewcommand{\footnote}[1]{\begingroup% +\let\exfont\fnexfont% +\let\glossfont\fnglossfont% +\let\transfont\fntransfont% +\let\exnrfont\fnexnrfont% +%\renewcommand{\@@xsi}{\let\@xsi\roman}% set example numbering to roman +\beforeExFootnote{#1}% +\endgroup} + +\newcommand{\smallexamples}{\renewcommand{\exfont}{\small\upshape}\renewcommand{\glossfont}{\small\upshape}% +\exewidth{\exnrfont (\theequation)}} + +\newcommand{\footnotesizeexamples}{\renewcommand{\exfont}{\footnotesize\upshape}% +\exewidth{\exnrfont (\theequation)}} + +\newcommand{\tinyexamples}{\renewcommand{\exfont}{\tiny\upshape}% +\exewidth{\exnrfont (\theequation)}} + +% set initial sizes of example number and judgement sizes +\exewidth{\exnrfont (35)} +\judgewidth{*} % if wider judgements are needed, enlarge within papers + +\newcommand{\langinfo}[3]{{\rm #1\il{#1}~(% +\ifx\\#2\\% +\else% +#2; +\fi% +#3)}\nopagebreak[4]\ignorespaces} + +% same as above but with linebreak +% fix me!!! Please!! +\newcommand{\langinfobreak}[3]{{\rm #1\il{#1}~(% +\ifx\\#2\\% +\else% +#2; +\fi% +#3)}\\\nopagebreak[4]\ignorespaces} + + +\newcommand{\xbox}[2]{\noindent\parbox[t]{#1}{#2}\noindent} + +%\newcommand{\nobreakbox}[1]{\xbox{\linewidth}{#1}} + +% Local variables: +% mode: font-lock +% End: diff --git a/main.pdf b/main.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2a6a719 Binary files /dev/null and b/main.pdf differ diff --git a/main.tex b/main.tex new file mode 120000 index 0000000..69917ad --- /dev/null +++ b/main.tex @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +riessler.tex \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/makecover.sh b/makecover.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000..eecd660 --- /dev/null +++ b/makecover.sh @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +#!/bin/bash +#create png graphics of the title page based on metadata parameters +# usage: makecover.sh silp 41 "Ben Derek" "What about Nouns?" "An investigation" + +series=$1 +number=$2 +author=$3 +title=$4 +subtitle=$5 + +cp localmetadata.tex localmetadata.tex~ + +echo "\author{$3}"> localmetadata.tex +echo "\title{$4}">> localmetadata.tex +echo "\subtitle{$5}">> localmetadata.tex +echo "\renewcommand{\lsSeries}{$1}">> localmetadata.tex +echo "\renewcommand{\lsSeriesNumber}{$2}">> localmetadata.tex + +rm main.pdf +make pdf +make cover +mv localmetadata.tex~ localmetadata.tex \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/natbib.cfg b/natbib.cfg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..483f975 --- /dev/null +++ b/natbib.cfg @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +% natbib.cfg +\AtBeginDocument{% +\@ifpackageloaded{authorindex}{% +\ifNAT@numbers +\let\org@@citex\NAT@citexnum +\else +\let\org@@citex\NAT@citex +\fi +\def\@citex[#1][#2]#3{% +\typeout{indexing: [#1][#2]{#3}}% +\org@@citex[#1][#2]{#3}% +\@aicitey{#3}}% +\renewcommand\NAT@wrout[5]{% +\if@filesw{% +\let\protect\noexpand\let~\relax +\immediate\write\@auxout{\string\aibibcite{#5}{#1}}% +\immediate\write\@auxout{\string\bibcite{#5}{{#1}{#2}{{#3}}{{#4}}}}}% +\fi}}{}} +\endinput diff --git a/newtxmath.sty b/newtxmath.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c536b0f --- /dev/null +++ b/newtxmath.sty @@ -0,0 +1,1606 @@ +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1997/06/01] +% +% Based on Young Ryu's txfonts.sty, v.3.2.1 +% Text and math are now loaded in separate sty files---the text +% font family need not be txtext. The text font loaded when this package +% is processed is used for operator names, mathrm, mathit, +% and likewise for mathsf and mathtt. +% The original txfonts math fonts have been replaced by virtual fonts which +% render less tightly so that there are many fewer instances +% of glyph collisions. +% These modifications are by Michael Sharpe, msharpe at ucsd dot edu + +\def\fileversion{1.241} +\def\filedate{2014/03/18} +\ProvidesPackage{newtxmath} + [\filedate\space v\fileversion] +\@ifundefined{newtxmathLoaded}{}{\endinput} + +\message{`newtxmath' v\fileversion, \filedate\space Math macros based on txfonts (msharpe)} + +\csname newtxmathLoaded\endcsname +\let\newtxmathLoaded\endinput +\RequirePackage{amsmath} % improves extendable delimiter handling +\RequirePackage{ifxetex,ifluatex,xkeyval} + +\newif\ifxl@otf \xl@otffalse +\ifxetex + \xl@otftrue +\else\ifluatex + \xl@otftrue + \fi +\fi +\newcommand{\cmr@default}{cmr} + +\input{binhex} +\let\ntxmath@scaled\@empty +\define@key{ntxmath}{scaled}[1.0]{\def\ntxmath@scaled{s*[#1]}} +\DeclareOption*{% + \begingroup + \edef\x{\endgroup + \noexpand\setkeys{ntxmath}{\CurrentOption}}% + \x} +\DeclareOption{varg}{\def\X@s@v@rg{}} +\newcount\tx@Isdigit +\newif\iftx@ams \newif\iftx@slantedG \newif\iftx@cmint \newif\iftx@braces +\newif\iftx@libertine \newif\iftx@varbb \newif\iftx@vvarbb \newif\iftx@symbolsC +\newif\iftx@gm \newif\iftx@bigdelims +\newif\iftx@liby \newif\iftx@tma % use Times math accents +\tx@symbolsCtrue +\newif\iftx@altnu +\newif\iftx@largelibfigs +\newif\iftx@minion \newif\iftx@libaltvw +\DeclareOption{timesmathacc}{\tx@tmatrue} +\DeclareOption{bigdelims}{\tx@bigdelimstrue} +\DeclareOption{varbb}{\tx@varbbtrue} +\DeclareOption{vvarbb}{\tx@vvarbbtrue} +\DeclareOption{libaltvw}{\tx@libaltvwtrue} +\DeclareOption{nosymbolsc}{\tx@symbolsCfalse} +\DeclareOption{libertine}{\tx@libertinetrue} +\DeclareOption{minion}{\tx@miniontrue} +\DeclareOption{garamondx}{\tx@gmtrue} +\DeclareOption{cmintegrals}{\tx@cminttrue} +\DeclareOption{cmbraces}{\tx@bracestrue} +\DeclareOption{noamssymbols}{\tx@amsfalse} +\DeclareOption{amssymbols}{\tx@amstrue} +\DeclareOption{uprightGreek}{\tx@slantedGfalse} +\DeclareOption{slantedGreek}{\tx@slantedGtrue} +\DeclareOption{altnu}{\tx@altnutrue} +\DeclareOption{largelibfigs}{\tx@largelibfigstrue} +\DeclareOption{liby}{\tx@libytrue} +\ExecuteOptions{% +amssymbols,uprightGreek} +\ProcessOptions* + +%bigdelims cancels cmbraces +\iftx@bigdelims\tx@bracesfalse\fi +% No varg option with option libertine or option minion or garamond +\iftx@libertine\ifx\X@s@v@rg\undefined\else\let\X@s@v@rg\@undefined\fi\fi +\iftx@minion\ifx\X@s@v@rg\undefined\else\let\X@s@v@rg\@undefined\fi\fi +\iftx@gm\ifx\X@s@v@rg\undefined\else\let\X@s@v@rg\@undefined\fi\fi +% altnu, liby and largelibfigs valid only with libertine +\iftx@libertine\else\tx@altnufalse\tx@largelibfigsfalse\tx@libyfalse\fi +% Use existing text fonts for operators, mathrm, etc +\ifxl@otf + \iftx@libertine + \ifx\rmdefault\cmr@default + \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{minlibertine}% since can't load libertine twice + \fi + \fi +\fi +\edef\bold@wt{\ifx\iflibertine@otf\undefined b\else sb\fi} +\DeclareSymbolFont{operators}{\encodingdefault}{\rmdefault}{m}{n} +\SetSymbolFont{operators}{bold}{\encodingdefault}{\rmdefault}{\bold@wt}{n} + +\def\operator@font{\mathgroup\symoperators} + +\DeclareSymbolFontAlphabet{\mathrm}{operators} + +\DeclareMathAlphabet{\mathsf}{\encodingdefault}{\sfdefault}{m}{n} +\DeclareMathAlphabet{\mathit}{\encodingdefault}{\rmdefault}{m}{it} +\DeclareMathAlphabet{\mathtt}{\encodingdefault}{\ttdefault}{m}{n} +\DeclareSymbolFontAlphabet{\mathrm}{operators} +\DeclareMathAlphabet{\mathbf}{\encodingdefault}{\rmdefault}{\bold@wt}{n} +\SetMathAlphabet{\mathit}{bold}{\encodingdefault}{\rmdefault}{\bold@wt}{it} +\SetMathAlphabet{\mathsf}{bold}{\encodingdefault}{\sfdefault}{b}{n} +\SetMathAlphabet{\mathtt}{bold}{\encodingdefault}{\ttdefault}{b}{n} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Math Italic % +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\iftx@libertine + \DeclareSymbolFont{letters}{OML}{nxlmi}{m}{it} + \SetSymbolFont{letters}{bold}{OML}{nxlmi}{b}{it} + \DeclareFontSubstitution{OML}{nxlmi}{m}{it} +\else + \iftx@minion + \DeclareSymbolFont{letters}{OML}{zmnmi}{m}{it} + \SetSymbolFont{letters}{bold}{OML}{zmnmi}{b}{it} + \DeclareFontSubstitution{OML}{zmnmi}{m}{it} + \else + \iftx@gm + \DeclareSymbolFont{letters}{OML}{zgmmi}{m}{it} + \SetSymbolFont{letters}{bold}{OML}{zgmmi}{b}{it} + \DeclareFontSubstitution{OML}{zgmmi}{m}{it} + \else + \DeclareSymbolFont{letters}{OML}{ntxmi}{m}{it} + \SetSymbolFont{letters}{bold}{OML}{ntxmi}{b}{it} + \DeclareFontSubstitution{OML}{ntxmi}{m}{it} + \fi + \fi +\fi +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Math Italic A % +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +% untxmia.fd makes switch in libertine case +\DeclareSymbolFont{lettersA}{U}{ntxmia}{m}{it} +\SetSymbolFont{lettersA}{bold}{U}{ntxmia}{b}{it} +\DeclareFontSubstitution{U}{ntxmia}{m}{it} +\DeclareSymbolFontAlphabet{\mathfrak}{lettersA} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Math Symbol % +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\DeclareSymbolFont{symbols}{OMS}{ntxsy}{m}{n} +\SetSymbolFont{symbols}{bold}{OMS}{ntxsy}{b}{n} +\DeclareFontSubstitution{OMS}{ntxsy}{m}{n} + +\DeclareSymbolFontAlphabet{\symb@ls@lph@}{symbols} + +\ifx\AmSfont\@undefined\else +\renewcommand{\AmSfont}{{% + \usefont{OMS}{ntxsy}{\if\@xp\@car\f@series\@nil bb\else m\fi}{n}}} +\fi + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Math Symbols A (MSAM) % +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\iftx@ams% + \DeclareSymbolFont{AMSa}{U}{ntxsya}{m}{n} + \SetSymbolFont{AMSa}{bold}{U}{ntxsya}{b}{n} + \DeclareFontSubstitution{U}{ntxsya}{m}{n} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Math Symbols B (MSBM) % +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + \DeclareSymbolFont{AMSb}{U}{ntxsyb}{m}{n} + \SetSymbolFont{AMSb}{bold}{U}{ntxsyb}{b}{n} + \DeclareFontSubstitution{U}{ntxsyb}{m}{n} + \DeclareSymbolFontAlphabet{\mathbb}{AMSb} +\fi + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Math Symbols C % +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\iftx@symbolsC + \DeclareSymbolFont{symbolsC}{U}{ntxsyc}{m}{n} + \SetSymbolFont{symbolsC}{bold}{U}{ntxsyc}{b}{n} + \DeclareFontSubstitution{U}{ntxsyc}{m}{n} +\fi +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Math Extension % +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% no OMX used +\DeclareFontEncoding{LMX}{}{} +\DeclareFontSubstitution{LMX}{ntxexx}{m}{n} +\DeclareFontFamily{LMX}{ntxexx}{} +\DeclareFontShape{LMX}{ntxexx}{m}{n}{<-> \ntxmath@scaled ntxexx}{} +\DeclareFontShape{LMX}{ntxexx}{b}{n}{<-> \ntxmath@scaled ntxbexx}{} +\DeclareFontShape{LMX}{ntxexx}{bx}{n}{<->ssub ntxexx/b/n}{} +\DeclareSymbolFont{largesymbols}{LMX}{ntxexx}{m}{n} +\SetSymbolFont{largesymbols}{bold}{LMX}{ntxexx}{b}{n} +\iftx@bigdelims + %default definitions of \big etc need some changes + %\renewcommand{\big}{\bBigg@\@ne} + \AtBeginDocument{\renewcommand{\Big}{\bBigg@{1.3}} + \renewcommand{\bigg}{\bBigg@{1.73}} + \renewcommand{\Bigg}{\bBigg@{2.16}} + } +\fi% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Math Extension A % +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\DeclareSymbolFont{largesymbolsTXA}{U}{ntxexa}{m}{n} +\SetSymbolFont{largesymbolsTXA}{bold}{U}{ntxexa}{b}{n} +\DeclareFontSubstitution{U}{ntxexa}{m}{n} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Common Macros +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\def\re@DeclareMathSymbol#1#2#3#4{% + \let#1=\undefined + \DeclareMathSymbol{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}} + +\def\re@DeclareMathDelimiter#1#2#3#4#5#6{% + \let#1=\undefined + \DeclareMathDelimiter{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}{#5}{#6}} + +\def\re@DeclareMathAccent#1#2#3#4{% + \let#1=\undefined + \DeclareMathAccent{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}} + +\def\DeclareMathSymbolCtr#1#2#3#4{% + \DeclareMathSymbol{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4} + \advance #4 by1} + +\def\tx@isdigit#1{% #1 should be a single character +\tx@Isdigit=\z@ % +\count0=\number`#1\relax% +\ifnum\count0>47\relax% +\ifnum\count0<58\relax% +\tx@Isdigit=\@ne % +\fi% +\fi% +} + +\def\tx@XXX#1#2\@nil{% #1=first character, #2=rest of string +\tx@isdigit{#1}% +\ifnum\tx@Isdigit>\z@ $#1$\else#1\fi% +\if\relax\detokenize{#2}\relax \else +\edef\tx@XXXcmd{\noexpand\tx@XXX #2\noexpand\@nil}\tx@XXXcmd \fi} + +\def\equalht#1{\tx@XXX #1\@nil} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Math Symols & Notations Definitions +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\def\joinrel{\mathrel{\mkern-2.5mu}} %-3mu in plain TeX + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Text Roman in Math % operators +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% LaTeX defaults are set to the following in the roman text font. +% Not all text fonts have these available, or not in the same slots. + +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\Gamma}{\mathalpha}{operators}{0} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\Delta}{\mathalpha}{operators}{1} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\Theta}{\mathalpha}{operators}{2} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\Lambda}{\mathalpha}{operators}{3} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\Xi}{\mathalpha}{operators}{4} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\Pi}{\mathalpha}{operators}{5} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\Sigma}{\mathalpha}{operators}{6} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\Upsilon}{\mathalpha}{operators}{7} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\Phi}{\mathalpha}{operators}{8} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\Psi}{\mathalpha}{operators}{9} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\Omega}{\mathalpha}{operators}{10} +%"30-"39: 0-9 +%\DeclareMathAccent{\grave}{\mathalpha}{operators}{18} +%\DeclareMathAccent{\acute}{\mathalpha}{operators}{19} +%\DeclareMathAccent{\check}{\mathalpha}{operators}{20} +%\DeclareMathAccent{\breve}{\mathalpha}{operators}{21} +%\DeclareMathAccent{\bar}{\mathalpha}{operators}{22} +%\DeclareMathAccent{\mathring}{\mathalpha}{operators}{23} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\mathdollar}{\mathord}{operators}{36} +%\def\mathsterling{\mathit{\mathchar"7024}} +%Change the following two so we can adjust metrics in math mode +%\DeclareMathDelimiter{(}{\mathopen}{operators}{40}{largesymbols}{0} +%\DeclareMathDelimiter{)}{\mathclose}{operators}{41}{largesymbols}{1} +\iftx@bigdelims + \DeclareMathDelimiter{(}{\mathopen}{lettersA}{155}{largesymbols}{130} + \DeclareMathDelimiter{)}{\mathclose}{lettersA}{156}{largesymbols}{131} + \DeclareMathDelimiter{[}{\mathopen}{lettersA}{157}{largesymbols}{132} + \DeclareMathDelimiter{]}{\mathclose}{lettersA}{158}{largesymbols}{133} + \DeclareMathDelimiter{\lfloor}{\mathopen}{lettersA}{159}{largesymbols}{134} + \DeclareMathDelimiter{\rfloor}{\mathclose}{lettersA}{160}{largesymbols}{135} + \DeclareMathDelimiter{\lceil}{\mathopen}{lettersA}{161}{largesymbols}{136} + \DeclareMathDelimiter{\rceil}{\mathclose}{lettersA}{162}{largesymbols}{137} + \DeclareMathDelimiter{\lbrace}{\mathopen}{lettersA}{163}{largesymbols}{138} + \DeclareMathDelimiter{\rbrace}{\mathclose}{lettersA}{164}{largesymbols}{139} + \DeclareMathDelimiter{\langle}{\mathopen}{lettersA}{165}{largesymbols}{140} + %\DeclareMathDelimiter{<}{\mathopen}{letters}{60}{largesymbols}{140} + \DeclareMathDelimiter{\rangle}{\mathclose}{lettersA}{166}{largesymbols}{141} + %\DeclareMathDelimiter{>}{\mathclose}{letters}{62}{largesymbols}{141} + \DeclareMathSymbol{\mid}{\mathrel}{lettersA}{96} + \DeclareMathDelimiter{|}{\mathord}{lettersA}{96}{largesymbols}{128} + \DeclareMathDelimiter{\arrowvert}{\mathord}{lettersA}{167}{largesymbols}{60} + \DeclareMathDelimiter{\vert}{\mathord}{lettersA}{96}{largesymbols}{128} + %\DeclareMathSymbol{\parallel}{\mathrel}{lettersA}{129} + \DeclareMathDelimiter{\Arrowvert}{\mathord}{lettersA}{168}{largesymbols}{61} + \DeclareMathDelimiter{\Vert}{\mathord}{lettersA}{128}{largesymbols}{129} + \let\|=\Vert + \DeclareMathDelimiter{\updownarrow}{\mathrel}{lettersA}{167}{largesymbols}{63} + \DeclareMathDelimiter{\Updownarrow}{\mathrel}{lettersA}{167}{largesymbols}{119} + \DeclareMathDelimiter{\llbracket}{\mathopen}{lettersA}{251}{largesymbolsTXA}{18} + \DeclareMathDelimiter{\rrbracket}{\mathclose}{lettersA}{252}{largesymbolsTXA}{19} + +\else + \iftx@braces + \DeclareMathDelimiter{\lbrace}{\mathopen}{lettersA}{62}{largesymbols}{142} + \DeclareMathDelimiter{\rbrace}{\mathclose}{lettersA}{63}{largesymbols}{143} + \fi + \iftx@minion\else + \iftx@libertine% + \DeclareMathDelimiter{(}{\mathopen}{lettersA}{123}{largesymbols}{0} + \DeclareMathDelimiter{)}{\mathclose}{lettersA}{124}{largesymbols}{1} + \else %Times + \DeclareMathDelimiter{(}{\mathopen}{lettersA}{125}{largesymbols}{0} + \DeclareMathDelimiter{)}{\mathclose}{lettersA}{126}{largesymbols}{1} + \fi + \fi +\fi +%\DeclareMathSymbol{+}{\mathbin}{operators}{43} +\DeclareMathSymbol{+}{\mathbin}{lettersA}{253} +%\DeclareMathDelimiter{/}{\mathord}{operators}{47}{largesymbols}{14} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{:}{\mathrel}{operators}{58} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\colon}{\mathpunct}{operators}{58} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{;}{\mathpunct}{operators}{59} +\DeclareMathSymbol{=}{\mathrel}{lettersA}{61} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{?}{\mathclose}{operators}{63} +%change the following two for better sizing +%\DeclareMathDelimiter{[}{\mathopen}{operators}{91}{largesymbols}{2} +%\DeclareMathDelimiter{]}{\mathclose}{operators}{93}{largesymbols}{3} +%\DeclareMathAccent{\hat}{\mathalpha}{operators}{94} +%\DeclareMathAccent{\dot}{\mathalpha}{operators}{95} +%\DeclareMathAccent{\tilde}{\mathalpha}{operators}{126} +%\DeclareMathAccent{\ddot}{\mathalpha}{operators}{127} +\def\ly@one{LY1} +\def\t@one{T1} +\iftx@tma + \re@DeclareMathAccent{\grave}{\mathord}{lettersA}{254} + \re@DeclareMathAccent{\acute}{\mathord}{lettersA}{255} + \re@DeclareMathAccent{\check}{\mathord}{lettersA}{186} + \re@DeclareMathAccent{\breve}{\mathord}{lettersA}{187} + \re@DeclareMathAccent{\bar}{\mathord}{lettersA}{221} + \re@DeclareMathAccent{\mathring}{\mathord}{lettersA}{222} + \re@DeclareMathAccent{\hat}{\mathord}{lettersA}{223} + \re@DeclareMathAccent{\dot}{\mathord}{lettersA}{224} + \re@DeclareMathAccent{\tilde}{\mathord}{lettersA}{219} + \re@DeclareMathAccent{\ddot}{\mathord}{lettersA}{220} +\else + \ifx\encodingdefault\t@one% + \re@DeclareMathAccent{\grave}{\mathalpha}{operators}{0} + \re@DeclareMathAccent{\acute}{\mathalpha}{operators}{1} + \re@DeclareMathAccent{\check}{\mathalpha}{operators}{7} + \re@DeclareMathAccent{\breve}{\mathalpha}{operators}{8} + \re@DeclareMathAccent{\bar}{\mathalpha}{operators}{9} + \re@DeclareMathAccent{\mathring}{\mathalpha}{operators}{6} + \re@DeclareMathAccent{\hat}{\mathalpha}{operators}{2} + \re@DeclareMathAccent{\dot}{\mathalpha}{operators}{10} + \re@DeclareMathAccent{\tilde}{\mathalpha}{operators}{3} + \re@DeclareMathAccent{\ddot}{\mathalpha}{operators}{4} + \else\ifx\encodingdefault\ly@one + \re@DeclareMathAccent{\bar}{\mathalpha}{operators}{175} + \re@DeclareMathAccent{\hat}{\mathalpha}{operators}{94} + \re@DeclareMathAccent{\dot}{\mathalpha}{operators}{5} + \DeclareMathAccent{\tilde}{\mathalpha}{operators}{152} + \fi\fi +\fi +% +\iftx@slantedG + \re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Gamma}{\mathord}{letters}{0} + \re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Delta}{\mathord}{letters}{1} + \re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Theta}{\mathord}{letters}{2} + \re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Lambda}{\mathord}{letters}{3} + \re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Xi}{\mathord}{letters}{4} + \re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Pi}{\mathord}{letters}{5} + \re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Sigma}{\mathord}{letters}{6} + \re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Upsilon}{\mathord}{letters}{7} + \re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Phi}{\mathord}{letters}{8} + \re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Psi}{\mathord}{letters}{9} + \re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Omega}{\mathord}{letters}{10} +\else + \re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Gamma}{\mathord}{lettersA}{0} + \re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Delta}{\mathord}{lettersA}{1} + \re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Theta}{\mathord}{lettersA}{2} + \re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Lambda}{\mathord}{lettersA}{3} + \re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Xi}{\mathord}{lettersA}{4} + \re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Pi}{\mathord}{lettersA}{5} + \re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Sigma}{\mathord}{lettersA}{6} + \re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Upsilon}{\mathord}{lettersA}{7} + \re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Phi}{\mathord}{lettersA}{8} + \re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Psi}{\mathord}{lettersA}{9} + \re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Omega}{\mathord}{lettersA}{10} +\fi + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Math Symbol (txsy) Definition % symbols +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +%\DeclareMathSymbol{-}{\mathbin}{symbols}{0} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\cdotp}{\mathpunct}{symbols}{1} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\cdot}{\mathbin}{symbols}{1} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\times}{\mathbin}{symbols}{2} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\ast}{\mathbin}{symbols}{3} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{*}{\mathbin}{symbols}{3} % +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\div}{\mathbin}{symbols}{4} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\diamond}{\mathbin}{symbols}{5} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\pm}{\mathbin}{symbols}{6} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\mp}{\mathbin}{symbols}{7} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\oplus}{\mathbin}{symbols}{8} + \let\circledplus\oplus +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\ominus}{\mathbin}{symbols}{9} + \let\circledminus\ominus +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\otimes}{\mathbin}{symbols}{10} + \let\circledtimes\otimes +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\oslash}{\mathbin}{symbols}{11} + \let\circledslash\oslash +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\odot}{\mathbin}{symbols}{12} + \let\circleddot\odot +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\bigcirc}{\mathbin}{symbols}{13} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\circ}{\mathbin}{symbols}{14} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\bullet}{\mathbin}{symbols}{15} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\asymp}{\mathrel}{symbols}{16} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\equiv}{\mathrel}{symbols}{17} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\subseteq}{\mathrel}{symbols}{18} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\supseteq}{\mathrel}{symbols}{19} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\leq}{\mathrel}{symbols}{20} +% \let\le=\leq +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\geq}{\mathrel}{symbols}{21} +% \let\ge=\geq +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\preceq}{\mathrel}{symbols}{22} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\succeq}{\mathrel}{symbols}{23} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\sim}{\mathrel}{symbols}{24} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\approx}{\mathrel}{symbols}{25} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\subset}{\mathrel}{symbols}{26} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\supset}{\mathrel}{symbols}{27} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\ll}{\mathrel}{symbols}{28} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\gg}{\mathrel}{symbols}{29} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\prec}{\mathrel}{symbols}{30} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\succ}{\mathrel}{symbols}{31} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\leftarrow}{\mathrel}{symbols}{32} +% \let\gets=\leftarrow +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\rightarrow}{\mathrel}{symbols}{33} +% \let\to=\rightarrow +%\DeclareMathDelimiter{\uparrow}{\mathrel}{symbols}{34}{largesymbols}{120} +%\DeclareMathDelimiter{\downarrow}{\mathrel}{symbols}{35}{largesymbols}{121} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\leftrightarrow}{\mathrel}{symbols}{36} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\nearrow}{\mathrel}{symbols}{37} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\searrow}{\mathrel}{symbols}{38} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\simeq}{\mathrel}{symbols}{39} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\Leftarrow}{\mathrel}{symbols}{40} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\Rightarrow}{\mathrel}{symbols}{41} +%\DeclareMathDelimiter{\Uparrow}{\mathrel}{symbols}{42}{largesymbols}{126} +%\DeclareMathDelimiter{\Downarrow}{\mathrel}{symbols}{43}{largesymbols}{127} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\Leftrightarrow}{\mathrel}{symbols}{44} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\nwarrow}{\mathrel}{symbols}{45} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\swarrow}{\mathrel}{symbols}{46} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\propto}{\mathrel}{symbols}{47} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\prime}{\mathord}{symbols}{48} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\infty}{\mathord}{symbols}{49} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\in}{\mathrel}{symbols}{50} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\ni}{\mathrel}{symbols}{51} +% \let\owns=\ni +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\triangle}{\mathord}{symbols}{52} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\bigtriangleup}{\mathbin}{symbols}{52} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\bigtriangledown}{\mathbin}{symbols}{53} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\not}{\mathrel}{symbols}{54} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\mapstochar}{\mathrel}{symbols}{55} +% \def\mapsto{\mapstochar\rightarrow} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\forall}{\mathord}{symbols}{56} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\exists}{\mathord}{symbols}{57} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\neg}{\mathord}{symbols}{58} +% \let\lnot=\neg +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\emptyset}{\mathord}{symbols}{59} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\Re}{\mathord}{symbols}{60} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\Im}{\mathord}{symbols}{61} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\top}{\mathord}{symbols}{62} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\bot}{\mathord}{symbols}{63} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\perp}{\mathrel}{symbols}{63} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\aleph}{\mathord}{symbols}{64} +% "41-"5A: \mathcal{A-Z} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\cup}{\mathbin}{symbols}{91} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\cap}{\mathbin}{symbols}{92} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\uplus}{\mathbin}{symbols}{93} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\wedge}{\mathbin}{symbols}{94} +% \let\land=\wedge +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\vee}{\mathbin}{symbols}{95} +% \let\lor=\vee +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\vdash}{\mathrel}{symbols}{96} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\dashv}{\mathrel}{symbols}{97} +%\DeclareMathDelimiter{\lfloor}{\mathopen}{symbols}{98}{largesymbols}{4} +%\DeclareMathDelimiter{\rfloor}{\mathclose}{symbols}{99}{largesymbols}{5} +%\DeclareMathDelimiter{\lceil}{\mathopen}{symbols}{100}{largesymbols}{6} +%\DeclareMathDelimiter{\rceil}{\mathclose}{symbols}{101}{largesymbols}{7} +%\DeclareMathDelimiter{\lbrace}{\mathopen}{symbols}{102}{largesymbols}{8} +%\DeclareMathDelimiter{\rbrace}{\mathclose}{symbols}{103}{largesymbols}{9} +%\DeclareMathDelimiter{\langle}{\mathopen}{symbols}{104}{largesymbols}{10} +%\DeclareMathDelimiter{<}{\mathopen}{symbols}{104}{largesymbols}{10} +%\DeclareMathDelimiter{\rangle}{\mathclose}{symbols}{105}{largesymbols}{11} +%\DeclareMathDelimiter{>}{\mathclose}{symbols}{105}{largesymbols}{11} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\mid}{\mathrel}{symbols}{106} +%\DeclareMathDelimiter{|}{\mathord}{symbols}{106}{largesymbols}{12} +%\DeclareMathDelimiter{\arrowvert}{\mathord}{symbols}{106}{largesymbols}{60} +%\DeclareMathDelimiter{\vert}{\mathord}{symbols}{106}{largesymbols}{12} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\parallel}{\mathrel}{symbols}{107} +%\DeclareMathDelimiter{\Arrowvert}{\mathord}{symbols}{107}{largesymbols}{61} +%\DeclareMathDelimiter{\Vert}{\mathord}{symbols}{107}{largesymbols}{13} +% \let\|=\Vert +%\DeclareMathDelimiter{\updownarrow}{\mathrel}{symbols}{108}{largesymbols}{63} +%\DeclareMathDelimiter{\Updownarrow}{\mathrel}{symbols}{109}{largesymbols}{119} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\setminus}{\mathbin}{symbols}{110} +%\DeclareMathDelimiter{\backslash}{\mathord}{symbols}{110}{largesymbols}{15} +%\expandafter\DeclareMathDelimiter\@backslashchar{\mathord}{symbols}{110}{largesymbols}{15} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\wr}{\mathbin}{symbols}{111} +%\def\surd{{\mathchar"1270}} +%\DeclareMathRadical{\sqrtsign}{symbols}{112}{largesymbols}{112} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\amalg}{\mathbin}{symbols}{113} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\nabla}{\mathord}{symbols}{114} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\smallint}{\mathop}{symbols}{115} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\sqcup}{\mathbin}{symbols}{116} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\sqcap}{\mathbin}{symbols}{117} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\sqsubseteq}{\mathrel}{symbols}{118} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\sqsupseteq}{\mathrel}{symbols}{119} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\mathsection}{\mathord}{symbols}{120} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\dagger}{\mathbin}{symbols}{121} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\ddagger}{\mathbin}{symbols}{122} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\mathparagraph}{\mathord}{symbols}{123} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\clubsuit}{\mathord}{symbols}{124} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\diamondsuit}{\mathord}{symbols}{125} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\heartsuit}{\mathord}{symbols}{126} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\spadesuit}{\mathord}{symbols}{127} +%\iftx@bigdelims +% \re@DeclareMathDelimiter{(}{\mathopen}{lettersA}{62}{largesymbols}{8} +% \re@DeclareMathDelimiter{)}{\mathclose}{lettersA}{63}{largesymbols}{9} +% \re@DeclareMathDelimiter{[}{\mathopen}{lettersA}{62}{largesymbols}{8} +% \re@DeclareMathDelimiter{]}{\mathclose}{lettersA}{63}{largesymbols}{9} +% \re@DeclareMathDelimiter{\lbrace}{\mathopen}{lettersA}{62}{largesymbols}{8} +% \re@DeclareMathDelimiter{\rbrace}{\mathclose}{lettersA}{63}{largesymbols}{9} +% \re@DeclareMathDelimiter{\lbrace}{\mathopen}{lettersA}{62}{largesymbols}{8} +% \re@DeclareMathDelimiter{\rbrace}{\mathclose}{lettersA}{63}{largesymbols}{9} +% \re@DeclareMathDelimiter{\lbrace}{\mathopen}{lettersA}{62}{largesymbols}{8} +% \re@DeclareMathDelimiter{\rbrace}{\mathclose}{lettersA}{63}{largesymbols}{9} +% \re@DeclareMathDelimiter{\lbrace}{\mathopen}{lettersA}{62}{largesymbols}{8} +% \re@DeclareMathDelimiter{\rbrace}{\mathclose}{lettersA}{63}{largesymbols}{9} +% \re@DeclareMathDelimiter{\lbrace}{\mathopen}{lettersA}{62}{largesymbols}{8} +% \re@DeclareMathDelimiter{\rbrace}{\mathclose}{lettersA}{63}{largesymbols}{9} +% \re@DeclareMathDelimiter{\lbrace}{\mathopen}{lettersA}{62}{largesymbols}{8} +% \re@DeclareMathDelimiter{\rbrace}{\mathclose}{lettersA}{63}{largesymbols}{9} +% +%\else +% \iftx@braces% +% \re@DeclareMathDelimiter{\lbrace}{\mathopen}{lettersA}{62}{largesymbols}{8} +% \re@DeclareMathDelimiter{\rbrace}{\mathclose}{lettersA}{63}{largesymbols}{9} +% \fi +%\fi +% Define \overgroup, \undergroup, like \overbrace, \underbrace +\DeclareMathSymbol{\groupld}{\mathord}{largesymbols}{160} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\grouprd}{\mathord}{largesymbols}{161} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\grouplu}{\mathord}{largesymbols}{162} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\groupru}{\mathord}{largesymbols}{163} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\grouplda}{\mathord}{largesymbols}{164} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\grouprda}{\mathord}{largesymbols}{165} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\grouplua}{\mathord}{largesymbols}{166} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\grouprua}{\mathord}{largesymbols}{167} +% Override default definitions of \widehat and \widetilde +\re@DeclareMathAccent{\widehat}{\mathalpha}{largesymbols}{98} +\re@DeclareMathAccent{\widetilde}{\mathalpha}{largesymbols}{101} + +\def\overgroup#1{\mathop{\vbox{\ialign{##\crcr\noalign{\kern.4\p@}% +\downgroupfill\crcr\noalign{\kern1.5\p@\nointerlineskip}% +$\hfil\displaystyle{#1}\hfil$\crcr}}}\limits} +% +\def\undergroup#1{\mathop{\vtop{\ialign{##\crcr% +$\hfil\displaystyle{#1}\hfil$\crcr% +\noalign{\kern1.5\p@\nointerlineskip}% +\upgroupfill\crcr\noalign{\kern.5\p@}}}}\limits} +% +\def\downgroupfill{$\m@th% + \groupld\mkern-1mu\cleaders\hbox{$\mkern-.5mu\br@cext\mkern-.5mu$}\hfill\mkern-1mu\grouprd$} +% +\def\upgroupfill{$\m@th% + \grouplu\mkern-1mu\cleaders\hbox{$\mkern-.5mu\br@cext\mkern-.5mu$}\hfill\mkern-1mu\groupru$} +% same thing but with arrows +\def\overgroupra#1{\mathop{\vbox{\ialign{##\crcr\noalign{\kern.4\p@}% +\downgroupfillra\crcr\noalign{\kern1.5\p@\nointerlineskip}% +$\hfil\displaystyle{#1}\hfil$\crcr}}}\limits} +% +\def\undergroupra#1{\mathop{\vtop{\ialign{##\crcr% +$\hfil\displaystyle{#1}\hfil$\crcr% +\noalign{\kern1.5\p@\nointerlineskip}% +\upgroupfillra\crcr\noalign{\kern.5\p@}}}}\limits} +% +\def\overgroupla#1{\mathop{\vbox{\ialign{##\crcr\noalign{\kern.4\p@}% +\downgroupfillla\crcr\noalign{\kern1.5\p@\nointerlineskip}% +$\hfil\displaystyle{#1}\hfil$\crcr}}}\limits} +% +\def\undergroupla#1{\mathop{\vtop{\ialign{##\crcr% +$\hfil\displaystyle{#1}\hfil$\crcr% +\noalign{\kern1.5\p@\nointerlineskip}% +\upgroupfillla\crcr\noalign{\kern.5\p@}}}}\limits} +% +\def\downgroupfillra{$\m@th% + \groupld\mkern-1mu\cleaders\hbox{$\mkern-.5mu\br@cext\mkern-.5mu$}\hfill\mkern-1mu\grouprda$} +% +\def\upgroupfillra{$\m@th% + \grouplu\mkern-1mu\cleaders\hbox{$\mkern-.5mu\br@cext\mkern-.5mu$}\hfill\mkern-1mu\grouprua$} +% +\def\downgroupfillla{$\m@th% + \grouplda\mkern-1mu\cleaders\hbox{$\mkern-.5mu\br@cext\mkern-.5mu$}\hfill\mkern-1mu\grouprd$} +% +\def\upgroupfillla{$\m@th% + \grouplua\mkern-1mu\cleaders\hbox{$\mkern-.5mu\br@cext\mkern-.5mu$}\hfill\mkern-1mu\groupru$} + +% Place a ring over an overgroup symbol, like yhmath \widering +\newcommand{\widering}[1]{\overset{\smash{\vbox to .2ex{% + \hbox{$\mathring{}$}}}}{\overgroup{#1}}} + +% \widearc, \wideOarc +\DeclareMathAccent{\widearc}{\mathalpha}{largesymbols}{175} +\DeclareMathAccent{\wideOarc}{\mathalpha}{largesymbols}{180} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Math Symbol A Definitions % AMSa +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\iftx@ams +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\boxdot}{\mathbin}{AMSa}{0} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\boxplus}{\mathbin}{AMSa}{1} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\boxtimes}{\mathbin}{AMSa}{2} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\square}{\mathord}{AMSa}{3} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\blacksquare}{\mathord}{AMSa}{4} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\centerdot}{\mathbin}{AMSa}{5} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\lozenge}{\mathord}{AMSa}{6} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\blacklozenge}{\mathord}{AMSa}{7} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\circlearrowright}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{8} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\circlearrowleft}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{9} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\rightleftharpoons}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{10} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\leftrightharpoons}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{11} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\boxminus}{\mathbin}{AMSa}{12} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Vdash}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{13} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Vvdash}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{14} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\vDash}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{15} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\twoheadrightarrow}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{16} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\twoheadleftarrow}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{17} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\leftleftarrows}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{18} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\rightrightarrows}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{19} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\upuparrows}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{20} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\downdownarrows}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{21} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\upharpoonright}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{22} + \let\restriction\upharpoonright +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\downharpoonright}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{23} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\upharpoonleft}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{24} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\downharpoonleft}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{25} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\rightarrowtail}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{26} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\leftarrowtail}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{27} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\leftrightarrows}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{28} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\rightleftarrows}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{29} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Lsh}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{30} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Rsh}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{31} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\rightsquigarrow}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{32} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\leftrightsquigarrow}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{33} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\looparrowleft}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{34} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\looparrowright}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{35} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\circeq}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{36} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\succsim}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{37} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\gtrsim}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{38} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\gtrapprox}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{39} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\multimap}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{40} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\therefore}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{41} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\because}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{42} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\doteqdot}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{43} + \let\Doteq\doteqdot +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\triangleq}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{44} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\precsim}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{45} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\lesssim}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{46} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\lessapprox}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{47} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\eqslantless}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{48} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\eqslantgtr}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{49} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\curlyeqprec}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{50} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\curlyeqsucc}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{51} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\preccurlyeq}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{52} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\leqq}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{53} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\leqslant}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{54} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\lessgtr}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{55} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\backprime}{\mathord}{AMSa}{56} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\risingdotseq}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{58} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\fallingdotseq}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{59} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\succcurlyeq}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{60} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\geqq}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{61} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\geqslant}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{62} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\gtrless}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{63} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\sqsubset}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{64} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\sqsupset}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{65} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\vartriangleright}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{66} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\vartriangleleft}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{67} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\trianglerighteq}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{68} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\trianglelefteq}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{69} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\bigstar}{\mathord}{AMSa}{70} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\between}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{71} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\blacktriangledown}{\mathord}{AMSa}{72} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\blacktriangleright}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{73} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\blacktriangleleft}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{74} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\vartriangle}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{77} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\blacktriangle}{\mathord}{AMSa}{78} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\triangledown}{\mathord}{AMSa}{79} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\eqcirc}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{80} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\lesseqgtr}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{81} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\gtreqless}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{82} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\lesseqqgtr}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{83} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\gtreqqless}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{84} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Rrightarrow}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{86} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Lleftarrow}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{87} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\veebar}{\mathbin}{AMSa}{89} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\barwedge}{\mathbin}{AMSa}{90} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\doublebarwedge}{\mathbin}{AMSa}{91} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\angle}{\mathord}{AMSa}{92} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\measuredangle}{\mathord}{AMSa}{93} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\sphericalangle}{\mathord}{AMSa}{94} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\varpropto}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{95} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\smallsmile}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{96} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\smallfrown}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{97} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Subset}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{98} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Supset}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{99} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Cup}{\mathbin}{AMSa}{100} + \let\doublecup\Cup +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Cap}{\mathbin}{AMSa}{101} + \let\doublecap\Cap +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\curlywedge}{\mathbin}{AMSa}{102} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\curlyvee}{\mathbin}{AMSa}{103} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\leftthreetimes}{\mathbin}{AMSa}{104} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\rightthreetimes}{\mathbin}{AMSa}{105} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\subseteqq}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{106} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\supseteqq}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{107} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\bumpeq}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{108} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Bumpeq}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{109} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\lll}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{110} + \let\llless\lll +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\ggg}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{111} + \let\gggtr\ggg +\re@DeclareMathDelimiter\ulcorner{\mathopen}{AMSa}{112}{AMSa}{112} +\re@DeclareMathDelimiter\urcorner{\mathclose}{AMSa}{113}{AMSa}{113} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\circledS}{\mathord}{AMSa}{115} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\pitchfork}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{116} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\dotplus}{\mathbin}{AMSa}{117} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\backsim}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{118} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\backsimeq}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{119} +\re@DeclareMathDelimiter\llcorner{\mathopen}{AMSa}{120}{AMSa}{120} +\re@DeclareMathDelimiter\lrcorner{\mathclose}{AMSa}{121}{AMSa}{121} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\complement}{\mathord}{AMSa}{123} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\intercal}{\mathbin}{AMSa}{124} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\circledcirc}{\mathbin}{AMSa}{125} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\circledast}{\mathbin}{AMSa}{126} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\circleddash}{\mathbin}{AMSa}{127} + +\let\Box=\square % LaTeX symbol +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\rhd}{\mathbin}{AMSa}{66} % LaTeX symbol +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\lhd}{\mathbin}{AMSa}{67} % LaTeX symbol +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\unrhd}{\mathbin}{AMSa}{68} % LaTeX symbol +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\unlhd}{\mathbin}{AMSa}{69} % LaTeX symbol + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Math Symbol B Definitions % AMSb +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\lvertneqq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{0} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\gvertneqq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{1} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nleq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{2} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\ngeq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{3} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nless}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{4} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\ngtr}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{5} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nprec}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{6} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nsucc}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{7} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\lneqq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{8} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\gneqq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{9} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nleqslant}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{10} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\ngeqslant}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{11} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\lneq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{12} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\gneq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{13} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\npreceq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{14} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nsucceq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{15} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\precnsim}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{16} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\succnsim}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{17} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\lnsim}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{18} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\gnsim}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{19} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nleqq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{20} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\ngeqq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{21} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\precneqq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{22} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\succneqq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{23} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\precnapprox}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{24} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\succnapprox}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{25} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\lnapprox}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{26} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\gnapprox}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{27} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nsim}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{28} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\ncong}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{29} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\diagup}{\mathord}{AMSb}{30} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\diagdown}{\mathord}{AMSb}{31} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\varsubsetneq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{32} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\varsupsetneq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{33} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nsubseteqq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{34} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nsupseteqq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{35} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\subsetneqq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{36} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\supsetneqq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{37} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\varsubsetneqq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{38} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\varsupsetneqq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{39} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\subsetneq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{40} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\supsetneq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{41} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nsubseteq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{42} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nsupseteq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{43} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nparallel}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{44} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nmid}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{45} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nshortmid}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{46} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nshortparallel}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{47} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nvdash}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{48} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nVdash}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{49} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nvDash}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{50} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nVDash}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{51} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\ntrianglerighteq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{52} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\ntrianglelefteq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{53} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\ntriangleleft}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{54} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\ntriangleright}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{55} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nleftarrow}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{56} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nrightarrow}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{57} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nLeftarrow}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{58} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nRightarrow}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{59} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nLeftrightarrow}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{60} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nleftrightarrow}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{61} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\divideontimes}{\mathbin}{AMSb}{62} +%\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\varnothing}{\mathord}{AMSb}{63} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nexists}{\mathord}{AMSb}{64} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Finv}{\mathord}{AMSb}{96} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Game}{\mathord}{AMSb}{97} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\mho}{\mathord}{AMSb}{102} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\eth}{\mathord}{AMSb}{103} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\eqsim}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{104} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\beth}{\mathord}{AMSb}{105} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\gimel}{\mathord}{AMSb}{106} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\daleth}{\mathord}{AMSb}{107} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\lessdot}{\mathbin}{AMSb}{108} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\gtrdot}{\mathbin}{AMSb}{109} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\ltimes}{\mathbin}{AMSb}{110} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\rtimes}{\mathbin}{AMSb}{111} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\shortmid}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{112} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\shortparallel}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{113} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\smallsetminus}{\mathbin}{AMSb}{114} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\thicksim}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{115} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\thickapprox}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{116} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\approxeq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{117} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\precapprox}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{118} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\succapprox}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{119} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\curvearrowleft}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{120} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\curvearrowright}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{121} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\digamma}{\mathord}{AMSb}{122} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\varkappa}{\mathord}{AMSb}{123} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Bbbk}{\mathord}{AMSb}{124} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\hslash}{\mathord}{AMSb}{125} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\hbar}{\mathord}{AMSb}{126} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\backepsilon}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{127} +\fi +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Math Symbol C Definitions % symbolsC +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\iftx@symbolsC +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\mappedfromchar}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{0} + \def\mappedfrom{\leftarrow\mappedfromchar} + \let\mapsfrom\mappedfrom + \def\longmappedfrom{\longleftarrow\mappedfromchar} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Mapstochar}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{1} + \def\Mapsto{\Mapstochar\Rightarrow} + \def\Longmapsto{\Mapstochar\Longrightarrow} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Mappedfromchar}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{2} + \def\Mappedfrom{\Leftarrow\Mappedfromchar} + \let\Mapsfrom\Mappedfrom + \def\Longmappedfrom{\Longleftarrow\Mappedfromchar} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\mmapstochar}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{3} + \def\mmapsto{\mmapstochar\rightarrow} + \def\longmmapsto{\mmapstochar\longrightarrow} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\mmappedfromchar}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{4} + \def\mmappedfrom{\leftarrow\mmappedfromchar} + \def\longmmappedfrom{\longleftarrow\mmappedfromchar} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Mmapstochar}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{5} + \def\Mmapsto{\Mmapstochar\Rightarrow} + \def\Longmmapsto{\Mmapstochar\Longrightarrow} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Mmappedfromchar}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{6} + \def\Mmappedfrom{\Leftarrow\Mmappedfromchar} + \def\Longmmappedfrom{\Longleftarrow\Mmappedfromchar} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\medcirc}{\mathbin}{symbolsC}{7} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\medbullet}{\mathbin}{symbolsC}{8} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\varparallel}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{9} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\varparallelinv}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{10} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nvarparallel}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{11} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nvarparallelinv}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{12} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\colonapprox}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{13} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\colonsim}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{14} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Colonapprox}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{15} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Colonsim}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{16} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\doteq}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{17} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\multimapinv}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{18} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\multimapboth}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{19} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\multimapdot}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{20} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\multimapdotinv}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{21} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\multimapdotboth}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{22} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\multimapdotbothA}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{23} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\multimapdotbothB}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{24} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\VDash}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{25} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\VvDash}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{26} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\cong}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{27} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\preceqq}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{28} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\succeqq}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{29} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nprecsim}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{30} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nsuccsim}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{31} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nlesssim}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{32} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\ngtrsim}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{33} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nlessapprox}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{34} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\ngtrapprox}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{35} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\npreccurlyeq}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{36} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nsucccurlyeq}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{37} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\ngtrless}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{38} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nlessgtr}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{39} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nbumpeq}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{40} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nBumpeq}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{41} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nbacksim}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{42} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nbacksimeq}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{43} +%\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\neq}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{44} +% \let\ne=\neq +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nasymp}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{45} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nequiv}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{46} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nsim}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{47} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\napprox}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{48} +%\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nsubset}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{49} +%\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nsupset}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{50} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nll}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{51} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\ngg}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{52} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nthickapprox}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{53} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\napproxeq}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{54} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nprecapprox}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{55} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nsuccapprox}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{56} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\npreceqq}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{57} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nsucceqq}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{58} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nsimeq}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{59} +%\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\notin}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{60} +%\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\notni}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{61} +% \let\notowns=\notni +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nSubset}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{62} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nSupset}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{63} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nsqsubseteq}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{64} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nsqsupseteq}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{65} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\coloneqq}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{66} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\eqqcolon}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{67} +%\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\coloneq}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{68} +%\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\eqcolon}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{69} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Coloneqq}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{70} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Eqqcolon}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{71} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Coloneq}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{72} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Eqcolon}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{73} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\strictif}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{74} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\strictfi}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{75} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\strictiff}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{76} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\invamp}{\mathbin}{symbolsC}{77} +\re@DeclareMathDelimiter{\lbag}{\mathopen}{symbolsC}{78}{largesymbolsTXA}{48} +\re@DeclareMathDelimiter{\rbag}{\mathclose}{symbolsC}{79}{largesymbolsTXA}{49} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Lbag}{\mathopen}{symbolsC}{80} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Rbag}{\mathclose}{symbolsC}{81} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\circledless}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{82} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\circledgtr}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{83} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\circledwedge}{\mathbin}{symbolsC}{84} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\circledvee}{\mathbin}{symbolsC}{85} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\circledbar}{\mathbin}{symbolsC}{86} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\circledbslash}{\mathbin}{symbolsC}{87} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\lJoin}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{88} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\rJoin}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{89} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Join}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{90} + \let\lrJoin=\Join +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\openJoin}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{91} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\lrtimes}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{92} +% \let\bowtie\lrtimes +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\opentimes}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{93} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Diamond}{\mathord}{symbolsC}{94} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Diamondblack}{\mathord}{symbolsC}{95} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nplus}{\mathbin}{symbolsC}{96} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nsqsubset}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{97} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nsqsupset}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{98} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\dashleftarrow}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{99} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\dashrightarrow}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{100} + \let\dasharrow\dashrightarrow +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\dashleftrightarrow}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{101} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\leftsquigarrow}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{102} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\ntwoheadrightarrow}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{103} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\ntwoheadleftarrow}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{104} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\boxast}{\mathbin}{symbolsC}{105} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\boxbslash}{\mathbin}{symbolsC}{106} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\boxbar}{\mathbin}{symbolsC}{107} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\boxslash}{\mathbin}{symbolsC}{108} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Wr}{\mathbin}{symbolsC}{109} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\lambdaslash}{\mathord}{symbolsC}{110} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\lambdabar}{\mathord}{symbolsC}{111} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\varclubsuit}{\mathord}{symbolsC}{112} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\vardiamondsuit}{\mathord}{symbolsC}{113} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\varheartsuit}{\mathord}{symbolsC}{114} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\varspadesuit}{\mathord}{symbolsC}{115} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Nearrow}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{116} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Searrow}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{117} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Nwarrow}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{118} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Swarrow}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{119} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Top}{\mathord}{symbolsC}{120} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Bot}{\mathord}{symbolsC}{121} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Perp}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{121} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol\leadstoext{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{122} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol\leadsto{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{123} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\sqcupplus}{\mathbin}{symbolsC}{124} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\sqcapplus}{\mathbin}{symbolsC}{125} +\iftx@bigdelims\else + \re@DeclareMathDelimiter{\llbracket}{\mathopen}{symbolsC}{126}{largesymbolsTXA}{18} + \re@DeclareMathDelimiter{\rrbracket}{\mathclose}{symbolsC}{127}{largesymbolsTXA}{19} +\fi +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\boxright}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{128} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\boxleft}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{129} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\boxdotright}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{130} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\boxdotleft}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{131} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Diamondright}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{132} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Diamondleft}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{133} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Diamonddotright}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{134} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Diamonddotleft}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{135} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\boxRight}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{136} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\boxLeft}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{137} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\boxdotRight}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{138} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\boxdotLeft}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{139} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\DiamondRight}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{140} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\DiamondLeft}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{141} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\DiamonddotRight}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{142} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\DiamonddotLeft}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{143} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Diamonddot}{\mathord}{symbolsC}{144} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\circleright}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{145} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\circleleft}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{146} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\circleddotright}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{147} + \let\circledotright\circleddotright +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\circleddotleft}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{148} + \let\circledotleft\circleddotleft +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\multimapbothvert}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{149} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\multimapdotbothvert}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{150} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\multimapdotbothBvert}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{151} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\multimapdotbothAvert}{\mathrel}{symbolsC}{152} +\fi +% The following may be used for [[ and ]] without loading symbolsC as a math family. They replace \llbracket and \rrbracket. +\def\dlb{\ensuremath\raisebox{.15ex}{\mbox{\usefont{U}{txsyc}{m}{n}\char126}}} +\def\drb{\ensuremath\raisebox{.15ex}{\mbox{\usefont{U}{txsyc}{m}{n}\char127}}} + +% Changes to put some symbolsC glyphs into lettersA +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nsubset}{\mathrel}{lettersA}{54} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nsupset}{\mathrel}{lettersA}{55} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\notin}{\mathrel}{lettersA}{56} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\notni}{\mathrel}{lettersA}{57} + \let\notowns=\notni +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\coloneq}{\mathrel}{lettersA}{58} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\eqcolon}{\mathrel}{lettersA}{59} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\neq}{\mathrel}{lettersA}{60} + \let\ne=\neq + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Math Italic (ntxmi) Definition % letters +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +%"01-"0A: italic uppercase Greek +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\alpha}{\mathord}{letters}{11} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\beta}{\mathord}{letters}{12} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\gamma}{\mathord}{letters}{13} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\delta}{\mathord}{letters}{14} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\epsilon}{\mathord}{letters}{15} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\zeta}{\mathord}{letters}{16} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\eta}{\mathord}{letters}{17} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\theta}{\mathord}{letters}{18} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\iota}{\mathord}{letters}{19} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\kappa}{\mathord}{letters}{20} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\lambda}{\mathord}{letters}{21} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\mu}{\mathord}{letters}{22} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\nu}{\mathord}{letters}{23} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\xi}{\mathord}{letters}{24} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\pi}{\mathord}{letters}{25} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\rho}{\mathord}{letters}{26} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\sigma}{\mathord}{letters}{27} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\tau}{\mathord}{letters}{28} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\upsilon}{\mathord}{letters}{29} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\phi}{\mathord}{letters}{30} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\chi}{\mathord}{letters}{31} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\psi}{\mathord}{letters}{32} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\omega}{\mathord}{letters}{33} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\varepsilon}{\mathord}{letters}{34} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\vartheta}{\mathord}{letters}{35} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\varpi}{\mathord}{letters}{36} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\varrho}{\mathord}{letters}{37} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\varsigma}{\mathord}{letters}{38} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\varphi}{\mathord}{letters}{39} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\leftharpoonup}{\mathrel}{letters}{40} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\leftharpoondown}{\mathrel}{letters}{41} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\rightharpoonup}{\mathrel}{letters}{42} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\rightharpoondown}{\mathrel}{letters}{43} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\lhook}{\mathrel}{letters}{44} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\rhook}{\mathrel}{letters}{45} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\triangleright}{\mathbin}{letters}{46} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\triangleleft}{\mathbin}{letters}{47} +%"30-"39: old style numerals +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\ldotp}{\mathpunct}{letters}{58} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{.}{\mathord}{letters}{58} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{,}{\mathpunct}{letters}{59} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{<}{\mathrel}{letters}{60} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{/}{\mathord}{letters}{61} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{>}{\mathrel}{letters}{62} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\star}{\mathbin}{letters}{63} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\partial}{\mathord}{letters}{64} +%"41-"5A: A-Z +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\flat}{\mathord}{letters}{91} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\natural}{\mathord}{letters}{92} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\sharp}{\mathord}{letters}{93} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\smile}{\mathrel}{letters}{94} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\frown}{\mathrel}{letters}{95} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\ell}{\mathord}{letters}{96} +%"61-"7A: a-z +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\imath}{\mathord}{letters}{123} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\jmath}{\mathord}{letters}{124} +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\wp}{\mathord}{letters}{125} +%\DeclareMathAccent{\vec}{\mathord}{letters}{126} +%"7F + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Math Italic A (ntxmia) Definition % lettersA +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +% upright Greek +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Gammaup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{0} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Deltaup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{1} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Thetaup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{2} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Lambdaup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{3} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Xiup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{4} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Piup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{5} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Sigmaup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{6} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Upsilonup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{7} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Phiup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{8} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Psiup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{9} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\Omegaup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{10} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\alphaup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{11} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\betaup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{12} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\gammaup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{13} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\deltaup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{14} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\epsilonup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{15} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\zetaup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{16} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\etaup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{17} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\thetaup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{18} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\iotaup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{19} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\kappaup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{20} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\lambdaup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{21} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\muup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{22} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nuup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{23} +\iftx@altnu + \re@DeclareMathSymbol{\nuup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{40} +\fi +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\xiup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{24} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\piup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{25} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\rhoup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{26} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\sigmaup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{27} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\tauup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{28} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\upsilonup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{29} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\phiup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{30} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\chiup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{31} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\psiup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{32} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\omegaup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{33} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\varepsilonup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{34} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\varthetaup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{35} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\varpiup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{36} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\varrhoup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{37} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\varsigmaup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{38} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\varphiup}{\mathord}{lettersA}{39} +% and, for compatability with other packages (mtpro2, lucida, etc) +\let\upGamma\Gammaup +\let\upDelta\Deltaup +\let\upTheta\Thetaup +\let\upLambda\Lambdaup +\let\upXi\Xiup +\let\upPi\Piup +\let\upSigma\Sigmaup +\let\upUpsilon\Upsilonup +\let\upPhi\Phiup +\let\upPsi\Psiup +\let\upOmega\Omegaup +\let\upalpha\alphaup +\let\upbeta\betaup +\let\upgamma\gammaup +\let\updelta\deltaup +\let\upepsilon\epsilonup +\let\upzeta\zetaup +\let\upeta\etaup +\let\uptheta\thetaup +\let\upiota\iotaup +\let\upkappa\kappaup +\let\uplambda\lambdaup +\let\upmu\muup +\let\upnu\nuup +\let\upxi\xiup +\let\uppi\piup +\let\uprho\rhoup +\let\upsigma\sigmaup +\let\uptau\tauup +\let\upupsilon\upsilonup +\let\upphi\phiup +\let\upchi\chiup +\let\uppsi\psiup +\let\upomega\omegaup +\let\upvarepsilon\varepsilonup +\let\upvartheta\varthetaup +\let\upvarpi\varpiup +\let\upvarrho\varrhoup +\let\upvarsigma\varsigmaup +\let\upvarphi\varphiup +% the mathgroup of lettersA is stored in macro \symlettersA + +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\varg}{\mathord}{lettersA}{49} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\vary}{\mathord}{lettersA}{50} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\varv}{\mathord}{lettersA}{51} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\varw}{\mathord}{lettersA}{52} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\forallAlt}{\mathord}{lettersA}{91}%added 20130726 +\DeclareMathSymbol{\existsAlt}{\mathord}{lettersA}{92}%added 20130726 +\DeclareMathSymbol{\nexistsAlt}{\mathord}{lettersA}{93}%added 20130726 +\DeclareMathSymbol{\emptysetAlt}{\mathord}{lettersA}{94}%added 20130726 +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\varnothing}{\mathord}{lettersA}{95}%added 20130807 + +\DeclareMathSymbol{\uppartial}{\mathord}{lettersA}{64}%added 20120416 + +\def\ntx@UC{A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,W,X,Y,Z} +\def\ntx@lc{a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,q,r,s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z} +\def\ntx@num{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} + + +%\@for\ntx@x:=\ntx@UC\do{\edef\ntx@tmp{\edef\csname +%\DeclareMathSymbol{\m@thbbch@rA}{\mathord}{lettersA}{129} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\m@thbbch@rA}{\mathord}{lettersA}{129} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\m@thbbch@rB}{\mathord}{lettersA}{130} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\m@thbbch@rC}{\mathord}{lettersA}{131} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\m@thbbch@rD}{\mathord}{lettersA}{132} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\m@thbbch@rE}{\mathord}{lettersA}{133} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\m@thbbch@rF}{\mathord}{lettersA}{134} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\m@thbbch@rG}{\mathord}{lettersA}{135} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\m@thbbch@rH}{\mathord}{lettersA}{136} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\m@thbbch@rI}{\mathord}{lettersA}{137} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\m@thbbch@rJ}{\mathord}{lettersA}{138} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\m@thbbch@rK}{\mathord}{lettersA}{139} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\m@thbbch@rL}{\mathord}{lettersA}{140} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\m@thbbch@rM}{\mathord}{lettersA}{141} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\m@thbbch@rN}{\mathord}{lettersA}{142} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\m@thbbch@rO}{\mathord}{lettersA}{143} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\m@thbbch@rP}{\mathord}{lettersA}{144} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\m@thbbch@rQ}{\mathord}{lettersA}{145} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\m@thbbch@rR}{\mathord}{lettersA}{146} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\m@thbbch@rS}{\mathord}{lettersA}{147} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\m@thbbch@rT}{\mathord}{lettersA}{148} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\m@thbbch@rU}{\mathord}{lettersA}{149} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\m@thbbch@rV}{\mathord}{lettersA}{150} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\m@thbbch@rW}{\mathord}{lettersA}{151} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\m@thbbch@rX}{\mathord}{lettersA}{152} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\m@thbbch@rY}{\mathord}{lettersA}{153} +\DeclareMathSymbol{\m@thbbch@rZ}{\mathord}{lettersA}{154} + +\DeclareMathSymbol{\m@thbbch@rk}{\mathord}{lettersA}{171} +% Original \varmathbb macro, slightly polished +\def\DoFutureLet{% + \def\@FutureLetDecide{% + \ifx\@nil\@FutureLetToken + \def\@FutureLetNext{\@EachCharacterDone} + \else + \def\@FutureLetNext{\@PickUpTheCharacter} + \fi + \@FutureLetNext + }% +\futurelet\@FutureLetToken\@FutureLetDecide}% end DoFutureLet + +%\def\m@keCharacter#1{% +% \@tempcnta=`#1\relax \advance\@tempcnta "40\relax +% \edef\ntx@char{\ntx@lettersA\nhex{2}{\the\@tempcnta}} +% \expandafter\mathchar\ntx@char} +%\def\@PickUpTheCharacter#1{\m@keCharacter{#1}\DoFutureLet} +%\def\@EachCharacterDone \@nil{}% cleanup---get rid of \@nil +%\newif\ifntx@notnil +%\def\@EachCharacter{% +% \DoFutureLet{\@EachCharacterDone}{\@PickUpTheCharacter}} +% +\def\m@keCharacter#1{\csname\F@ntPrefix#1\endcsname} +\def\@PickUpTheCharacter#1{\m@keCharacter{#1}\DoFutureLet} +\def\@EachCharacterDone \@nil{} +% +%\DeclareRobustCommand*{\varmathbb}[1]{\gdef\F@ntPrefix{m@thbbch@r}% +% \@EachCharacter #1\@nil} +\DeclareRobustCommand*{\varmathbb}[1]{\gdef\F@ntPrefix{m@thbbch@r}% + \DoFutureLet #1\@nil} + +% Additional macros to access process a single character only, work with \bm +\def\ntx@char{} +\DeclareRobustCommand*{\vmathbb}[1]{% for original variant bb + \@tempcnta=`#1\relax \advance\@tempcnta "40\relax + \edef\ntx@char{"\hexnumber@\symlettersA\nhex{2}{\the\@tempcnta}} + \expandafter\mathchar\ntx@char +} +\DeclareRobustCommand*{\vvmathbb}[1]{% for new (STIX) variant + \@tempcnta=`#1\relax \advance\@tempcnta "80\relax + \edef\ntx@char{"\hexnumber@\symlettersA\nhex{2}{\the\@tempcnta}} + \expandafter\mathchar\ntx@char +} +%\DeclareRobustCommand*{\vvmathbbb}[1]{% for new (STIX) variant +% \@tempcnta=`#1\relax \advance\@tempcnta "80\relax +% \edef\ntx@char{"\hexnumber@\symboldlettersA\nhex{2}{\the\@tempcnta}} +% \expandafter\mathchar\ntx@char +%} +\iftx@vvarbb + \let\mathbb\vvmathbb +\else + \iftx@varbb + \let\mathbb\varmathbb + \else + \iftx@ams\else\let\mathbb\varmathbb\fi + \fi +\fi +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Math Extension (ntxex) Definition % largesymbols +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Math Extension A (ntxexa) Definition % largesymbolsTXA +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\bignplus}{\mathop}{largesymbolsTXA}{0} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\bigsqcupplus}{\mathop}{largesymbolsTXA}{2} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\bigsqcapplus}{\mathop}{largesymbolsTXA}{4} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\bigsqcap}{\mathop}{largesymbolsTXA}{6} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\varprod}{\mathop}{largesymbolsTXA}{16} +%\re@DeclareMathDelimiter{\llbracket}{\mathopen}{symbolsC}{126}{largesymbolsTXA}{18} +%\re@DeclareMathDelimiter{\rrbracket}{\mathclose}{symbolsC}{127}{largesymbolsTXA}{19} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\br@cext}{\mathord}{largesymbols}{168} +% +\iftx@cmint + \re@DeclareMathSymbol{\ointop}{\mathop}{largesymbols}{150} + \re@DeclareMathSymbol{\intop}{\mathop}{largesymbols}{152} +% \ifx\AmSfont\@undefined +% \def\oint{\ointop\nolimits} +% \def\int{\intop\nolimits} +% \fi +\else % use tx integrals +% \ifx\AmSfont\@undefined\else +% % The following are needed if amsmath has been loaded +% \let\iint\relax +% \let\iiint\relax +% \let\iiiint\relax +% \let\idotsint\relax +% \fi +%\renewcommand{\iint}{\DOTSI\protect\MultiIntegral{2}} +%\renewcommand{\iiint}{\DOTSI\protect\MultiIntegral{3}} +%\renewcommand{\iiiint}{\DOTSI\protect\MultiIntegral{4}} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\oiintop}{\mathop}{largesymbolsTXA}{8} + \def\oiint{\oiintop\ilimits@} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\ointctrclockwiseop}{\mathop}{largesymbolsTXA}{10} + \def\ointctrclockwise{\ointctrclockwiseop\ilimits@} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\ointclockwiseop}{\mathop}{largesymbolsTXA}{12} + \def\ointclockwise{\ointclockwiseop\ilimits@} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\sqintop}{\mathop}{largesymbolsTXA}{14} + \def\sqint{\sqintop\ilimits@} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\iintop}{\mathop}{largesymbolsTXA}{33} + \def\iint{\iintop\ilimits@} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\iiintop}{\mathop}{largesymbolsTXA}{35} + \def\iiint{\iiintop\ilimits@} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\iiiintop}{\mathop}{largesymbolsTXA}{37} + \def\iiiint{\iiiintop\ilimits@} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\idotsintop}{\mathop}{largesymbolsTXA}{39} + \def\idotsint{\idotsintop\ilimits@} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\oiiintop}{\mathop}{largesymbolsTXA}{41} + \def\oiiint{\oiiintop\ilimits@} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\varointctrclockwiseop}{\mathop}{largesymbolsTXA}{43} + \def\varointctrclockwise{\varointctrclockwiseop\ilimits@} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\varointclockwiseop}{\mathop}{largesymbolsTXA}{45} + \def\varointclockwise{\varointclockwiseop\ilimits@} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\fintop}{\mathop}{largesymbolsTXA}{62} + \def\fint{\fintop\ilimits@} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\oiintctrclockwiseop}{\mathop}{largesymbolsTXA}{64} + \def\oiintctrclockwise{\oiintctrclockwiseop\ilimits@} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\varoiintclockwiseop}{\mathop}{largesymbolsTXA}{66} + \def\varoiintclockwise{\varoiintclockwiseop\ilimits@} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\oiiintctrclockwiseop}{\mathop}{largesymbolsTXA}{68} + \def\oiiintctrclockwise{\oiiintctrclockwiseop\ilimits@} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\varoiiintclockwiseop}{\mathop}{largesymbolsTXA}{70} + \def\varoiiintclockwise{\varoiiintclockwiseop\ilimits@} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\oiintclockwiseop}{\mathop}{largesymbolsTXA}{72} + \def\oiintclockwise{\oiintclockwiseop\ilimits@} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\varoiintctrclockwiseop}{\mathop}{largesymbolsTXA}{74} + \def\varoiintctrclockwise{\varoiintctrclockwiseop\ilimits@} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\oiiintclockwiseop}{\mathop}{largesymbolsTXA}{76} + \def\oiiintclockwise{\oiiintclockwiseop\ilimits@} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\varoiiintctrclockwiseop}{\mathop}{largesymbolsTXA}{78} + \def\varoiiintctrclockwise{\varoiiintctrclockwiseop\ilimits@} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\sqiintop}{\mathop}{largesymbolsTXA}{80} + \def\sqiint{\sqiintop\ilimits@} +\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\sqiiintop}{\mathop}{largesymbolsTXA}{82} + \def\sqiiint{\sqiiintop\ilimits@} +\fi + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Common Macros +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +%%% Use math italic, not text, version of dot, in \vdots and \ddots definitions +\def\vdots{\vbox{\baselineskip4\p@ \lineskiplimit\z@ + \kern6\p@\hbox{$\m@th.$}\hbox{$\m@th.$}\hbox{$\m@th.$}}} +\def\ddots{\mathinner{\mkern1mu\raise7\p@ + \vbox{\kern7\p@\hbox{$\m@th.$}}\mkern2mu + \raise4\p@\hbox{$\m@th.$}\mkern2mu\raise\p@\hbox{$\m@th.$}\mkern1mu}} + +%%% \sqrt redefined +\let\sqrt=\undefined +\DeclareRobustCommand\sqrt{\@ifnextchar[\@sqrt{\mathpalette\@x@sqrt}} +\def\@x@sqrt#1#2{% + \setbox\z@\hbox{$\m@th#1\sqrtsign{\mkern1mu #2}$} + \mkern3mu\box\z@} +\ifx\@@undefined\@amsmath@err + \def\r@@t#1#2{% from latex.ltx + \setbox\z@\hbox{$\m@th#1\sqrtsign{\mkern1mu #2}$}% + \dimen@\ht\z@ \advance\dimen@-\dp\z@ +% \mkern5mu\raise.6\dimen@\copy\rootbox + \mkern6mu\raise.68\dimen@\copy\rootbox +% \mkern-10mu\box\z@} + \mkern-9mu\box\z@} +\else + \def\r@@t#1#2{\setboxz@h{$\m@th#1\sqrtsign{\mkern1mu #2}$}% from amsmath.sty + \dimen@\ht\z@\advance\dimen@-\dp\z@ + \setbox\@ne\hbox{$\m@th#1\mskip\uproot@ mu$}% + \advance\dimen@ by1.667\wd\@ne +% \mkern-\leftroot@ mu\mkern5mu\raise.6\dimen@\copy\rootbox + \mkern-\leftroot@ mu\mkern6mu\raise.68\dimen@\copy\rootbox +% \mkern-10mu\mkern\leftroot@ mu\boxz@} + \mkern-9mu\mkern\leftroot@ mu\boxz@} +\fi + +%%% For \underbrace and \overbrace: +%%% use brace extension bar (in "20 of ntxexa) instead of vrule +%\re@DeclareMathSymbol{\br@cext}{\mathord}{largesymbolsTXA}{32} +\def\downbracefill{$\m@th% + \braceld\mkern-1mu\cleaders\hbox{$\mkern-.5mu\br@cext\mkern-.5mu$}\hfill\mkern-1mu% + \braceru\bracelu% + \mkern-1mu\cleaders\hbox{$\mkern-.5mu\br@cext\mkern-.5mu$}\hfill\mkern-1mu\bracerd$} +\def\upbracefill{$\m@th% + \bracelu\mkern-1mu\cleaders\hbox{$\mkern-.5mu\br@cext\mkern-.5mu$}\hfill\mkern-1mu% + \bracerd\braceld% + \mkern-1mu\cleaders\hbox{$\mkern-.5mu\br@cext\mkern-.5mu$}\hfill\mkern-1mu\braceru$} + +%\iftx@libertine% +% \iftx@largelibfigs% +% \DeclareMathSymbol{0}{\mathalpha}{lettersA}{155} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{1}{\mathalpha}{lettersA}{156} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{2}{\mathalpha}{lettersA}{157} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{3}{\mathalpha}{lettersA}{158} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{4}{\mathalpha}{lettersA}{159} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{5}{\mathalpha}{lettersA}{160} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{6}{\mathalpha}{lettersA}{161} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{7}{\mathalpha}{lettersA}{162} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{8}{\mathalpha}{lettersA}{163} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{9}{\mathalpha}{lettersA}{164} +% \else +% \DeclareMathSymbol{0}{\mathalpha}{letters}{48} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{1}{\mathalpha}{letters}{49} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{2}{\mathalpha}{letters}{50} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{3}{\mathalpha}{letters}{51} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{4}{\mathalpha}{letters}{52} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{5}{\mathalpha}{letters}{53} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{6}{\mathalpha}{letters}{54} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{7}{\mathalpha}{letters}{55} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{8}{\mathalpha}{letters}{56} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{9}{\mathalpha}{letters}{57} +% \fi +% \DeclareMathSymbol{\Libzero}{\mathord}{lettersA}{155} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{\Libone}{\mathalpha}{lettersA}{156} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{\Libtwo}{\mathalpha}{lettersA}{157} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{\Libthree}{\mathalpha}{lettersA}{158} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{\Libfour}{\mathalpha}{lettersA}{159} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{\Libfive}{\mathalpha}{lettersA}{160} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{\Libsix}{\mathalpha}{lettersA}{161} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{\Libseven}{\mathalpha}{lettersA}{162} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{\Libeight}{\mathalpha}{lettersA}{163} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{\Libnine}{\mathalpha}{lettersA}{164} +%% +% \DeclareMathSymbol{\libzero}{\mathalpha}{letters}{48} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{\libone}{\mathalpha}{letters}{49} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{\libtwo}{\mathalpha}{letters}{50} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{\libthree}{\mathalpha}{letters}{51} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{\libfour}{\mathalpha}{letters}{52} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{\libfive}{\mathalpha}{letters}{53} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{\libsix}{\mathalpha}{letters}{54} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{\libseven}{\mathalpha}{letters}{55} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{\libeight}{\mathalpha}{letters}{56} +% \DeclareMathSymbol{\libnine}{\mathalpha}{letters}{57} +% \else +% \iftx@gm +% \else +% \iftx@minion +% \else % newtxtext +%% \DeclareMathSymbol{0}{\mathalpha}{letters}{48} +%% \DeclareMathSymbol{1}{\mathalpha}{letters}{49} +%% \DeclareMathSymbol{2}{\mathalpha}{letters}{50} +%% \DeclareMathSymbol{3}{\mathalpha}{letters}{51} +%% \DeclareMathSymbol{4}{\mathalpha}{letters}{52} +%% \DeclareMathSymbol{5}{\mathalpha}{letters}{53} +%% \DeclareMathSymbol{6}{\mathalpha}{letters}{54} +%% \DeclareMathSymbol{7}{\mathalpha}{letters}{55} +%% \DeclareMathSymbol{8}{\mathalpha}{letters}{56} +%% \DeclareMathSymbol{9}{\mathalpha}{letters}{57} +% \fi +% \fi +% \fi +%%\fi + +%%% \not redefined: +%%% \not= becomes \ne +%%% \not< becomes \nless +%%% \not> becomes \ngtr +%%% if \notXXX is defined, \not\XXX becomes \notXXX; +%%% if \nXXX is defined, \not\XXX becomes \nXXX; +%%% otherwise, \not\XXX is done in the usual way. +\DeclareMathSymbol{\n@tch@r}{\mathrel}{symbols}{54} + +\DeclareRobustCommand*{\not}[1]{% + \ifx #1=\ne\else + \ifx #1<\nless\else + \ifx #1>\ngtr\else + \n@t@@n{#1}\fi\fi\fi} + +\def\n@t@@n#1{% + \begingroup \escapechar\m@ne\xdef\@gtempa{not\string#1}\endgroup% + \expandafter\@ifundefined{\@gtempa}% + {\not@n@{#1}}% + {\@nameuse{\@gtempa}}} +\def\not@n@#1{% + \begingroup \escapechar\m@ne\xdef\@gtempa{n\string#1}\endgroup% + \expandafter\@ifundefined{\@gtempa}% + {\n@tch@r #1}% + {\@nameuse{\@gtempa}}} + +%%% +%%% for AMS classes +%%% +\DeclareRobustCommand{\textsquare}{\begingroup \usefont{U}{ntxsya}{m}{n}\thr@@\endgroup} +\DeclareRobustCommand{\openbox}{\begingroup \usefont{U}{ntxsya}{m}{n}\thr@@\endgroup} + +\def\defaultscriptratio{.73} % default is .7 +\def\defaultscriptscriptratio{.55} % default is .5 +\DeclareMathSizes{5} {5.5} {5.5} {5.5} +\DeclareMathSizes{6} {6.5} {5.5} {5.5} +\DeclareMathSizes{7} {7.3} {5.5} {5.5} +\DeclareMathSizes{8} {8} {6.2} {5.5} +\DeclareMathSizes{9} {9} {7.3} {5.5} +\DeclareMathSizes{10} {10} {7.3} {5.5} +\DeclareMathSizes{10.95}{10.95}{8} {6.1} +\DeclareMathSizes{11} {10.95}{8} {6.1} +\DeclareMathSizes{12} {12} {8.8} {6.6} +\DeclareMathSizes{14.4} {14.4} {10.5} {7.9} +\DeclareMathSizes{17.28}{17.28}{12.5} {9.4} +\DeclareMathSizes{20.74}{20.74}{16.1} {11.4} +\DeclareMathSizes{24.88}{24.88}{18.2}{13.7} + +\def\txf@ntname#1{\expandafter\let\expandafter\@ntx@\csname sym#1\endcsname + \ifx\@ntx@\relax % + \else + \expandafter\def\csname @@@X\number\@ntx@ \endcsname{#1} + \fi} +\newcommand{\ShowMathFonts}{% +\txf@ntname{operators} +\txf@ntname{boldoperators} +\txf@ntname{symbols} +\txf@ntname{boldsymbols} +\txf@ntname{largesymbols} +\txf@ntname{boldlargesymbols} +\txf@ntname{AMSa} +\txf@ntname{boldAMSa} +\txf@ntname{AMSb} +\txf@ntname{boldAMSb} +\txf@ntname{letters} +\txf@ntname{boldletters} +\txf@ntname{lettersA} +\txf@ntname{boldlettersA} +\txf@ntname{symbolsC} +\txf@ntname{boldsymbolsC} +\txf@ntname{largesymbolsTXA} +\txf@ntname{boldlargesymbolsTXA} + \typeout{*** Mathgroups ***} + \count@\z@ + \loop\ifnum\count@<16 + \def\@@ntx@{} + \expandafter\let\expandafter\@ntx@\csname @@@X\the\count@\endcsname + \ifx\@ntx@\relax\else\def\@@ntx@{\space[\@ntx@]}\fi + \typeout{(\the\count@: \the\textfont\count@ = \fontname\textfont\count@\@@ntx@)} + \advance\count@\@ne + \repeat + \typeout{***}} + +\endinput diff --git a/normalizebib.py b/normalizebib.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..33be711 --- /dev/null +++ b/normalizebib.py @@ -0,0 +1,400 @@ +import sys +import re +import pprint +import glob +from helpers import INITD, REPLACEMENTS, LANGUAGENAMES, OCEANNAMES, COUNTRIES, CONTINENTNAMES, CITIES, OCCURREDREPLACEMENTS +import string + +keys = {} #store for all bibtex keys +excludefields = ['language'] #fields not to output + +#prepare translation table for removing non-ASCII +orig = '' +trans = '' +for k in INITD: + s = INITD[k] + for c in s: + orig+=c + trans+=k +transtable = str.maketrans(orig, trans) + +PRESERVATIONPATTERN = re.compile(r"\b(%s)\b"%('|'.join(LANGUAGENAMES+COUNTRIES+OCEANNAMES+CONTINENTNAMES+CITIES+OCCURREDREPLACEMENTS))) +CONFERENCEPATTERN = re.compile("([A-Z][^ ]*[A-Z][A-Z-a-z]*)") #Binnenmajuskeln should be kept +PROCEEDINGSPATTERN = re.compile("((?:Proceedings|Workshop|Conference|Symposium).*)\}$") #Binnenmajuskeln should be kept + + +class Record(): + """ + A bibtex record + """ + + TYPKEYFIELDS = r"^([^\{]+)\{([^,]+),[\s\n\t]*((?:.|\n)*)\}" + + def __init__(self,s,inkeysd={},restrict=False): + """ + :param s: the bibtexrecord as a string + :type s: string or unicode + :param inkeys: keys which should be included in the output + :type inkeys: list of strings + :param restrict: whether the output bibfile should be restricted to inkeys + :type restrict: Boolean + """ + + #analyze first line + m = re.match(self.TYPKEYFIELDS,s) + self.typ = m.group(1).lower() + self.key = m.group(2) + + #analyze remainder + try: + self.fields = dict((tp[0].strip()\ + .replace('\n',' ')\ + .replace('\t',' ')\ + .lower(), + tp[1].strip()\ + .replace('\n',' ')\ + .replace('\t',' ') + ) for tp in [re.split('\s*=\s*',t,maxsplit=1) + for t in re.split('(?<=\})\s*,\s*\n', + m.group(3).strip() + ) + ] + ) + except IndexError: + print(s) + #store keys + self.inkeysd = inkeysd + self.restrict = restrict + self.errors = [] #accumulates all error messages + if self.key in keys: + self.errors.append("duplicate key %s"% self.key) + keys[self.key] = True + self.conform() + self.report() + + def conform(self): + """ + analyze fields, report errors and correct as necessary + """ + + if self.fields.get('editor') != None and self.fields.get('booktitle') == None: + try: + self.fields['booktitle'] = self.fields['title'] + except KeyError: + self.errors.append("neither title nor booktitle") + pages = self.fields.get('pages') + if pages != None: + self.fields['pages'] = re.sub(r'([0-9])-([0-9])',r'\1--\2',pages) + self.conforminitials() + self.checkand() + self.checkedition() + self.checkurl() + self.checkurldate() + self.checkquestionmarks() + self.checkarticle() + self.checkbook() + self.checkincollection() + self.checklanguagenames() + self.conformsubtitles() + + def report(self): + """ + print errors, if any + """ + + if len(self.errors)>0: + if restrict==False or self.inkeysd.get(self.key): + print(self.key,'\n '.join([' ']+self.errors)) + + + def upperme(self,match): + """ + substitute a regex match with uppercase + """ + + return match.group(1) + ' {' +match.group(2).upper()+'}' + + def checklanguagenames(self): + ts = ['title','booktitle'] + for t in ts: + try: + oldt = self.fields.get(t,'') + preservationt = oldt + m = PRESERVATIONPATTERN.search(preservationt) + if m: + for g in m.groups(): + preservationt = preservationt.replace(g,"{%s}"%g) + if oldt != preservationt: + #print(oldt,' ==> ',preservationt) + self.fields[t] = preservationt + except AttributeError: + pass + try: + oldt = self.fields.get(t,'') + conft = oldt + m = CONFERENCEPATTERN.search(conft) + if m: + for g in m.groups(): + conft = conft.replace(g,"{%s}"%g) + if oldt != conft: + #print(oldt,' ==> ',conft) + self.fields[t] = conft + except AttributeError: + pass + + + try: + oldt = self.fields.get(t,'') + proct = oldt + m = PROCEEDINGSPATTERN.search(proct) + if m: + for g in m.groups(): + proct = proct.replace(g,"{%s}"%g) + if oldt != proct: + #print(oldt,' ==> ',proct) + self.fields[t] = proct + except AttributeError: + pass + + + + + + def conformsubtitles(self): + """ + uppercase and protect first word of subtitle + """ + + for t in ('title','booktitle'): + if self.fields.get(t) != None: + self.fields[t] = re.sub(r'([:\.\?!]) *([a-zA-Z])', self.upperme ,self.fields[t]) + + def conforminitials(self): + """ + make sure that initials have a space between them + """ + + for t in ('author','editor'): + if self.fields.get(t) != None: + self.fields[t] = re.sub(r'([A-Z])\.([A-Z])', r'\1. \2',self.fields[t]) + + def checkand(self): + """ + check whether commas are used instead of 'and' (asyndetic coordination) + """ + + for t in ('author','editor'): + if self.fields.get(t) != None: + ands = self.fields[t].count(' and ') + commas = self.fields[t].count(',') + if commas > ands +1: + self.errors.append("problem with commas in %s: %s"% (t,self.fields[t])) + + def checkedition(self): + """ + check for the correct formatting of the edition field + """ + + edn = self.fields.get('edition') + if edn: + edn = edn.replace('{','').replace('}','').replace('"','').strip() + try: + int(edn) + except ValueError: + self.errors.append("incorrect format for edition: %s"% (edn)) + + def checkurl(self): + """ + make sure the url field contains the url and only the url + """ + url = self.fields.get('url','') + if self.fields.get('url','').count(' ')>0: + self.errors.append("space in url") + nonsites = ('ebrary','degruyter','doi','myilibrary','academia','ebscohost') + for n in nonsites: + if n in url: + self.errors.append("%s: urls should only be given for true repositories or for material not available elsewhere"%url) + + def checkurldate(self): + """ + make sure the urldate field is only present when an url is actually given + """ + + if self.fields.get('urldate') != None: + if self.fields.get('url') == None: + self.errors.append("urldate without url") + + + def checkbook(self): + """ + perform some check for type book + """ + + if self.typ != 'book': + return + mandatory = ('year', 'title', 'address', 'publisher') + for m in mandatory: + self.handleerror(m) + if self.fields.get('series') != None: + #people often mix up the field 'number' and 'volume' for series + #if both are present, we leave everything as is + #if only volume is present, we assign the content to + #number and delete the field volume + number = self.fields.get('number') + volume = self.fields.get('volume') + if volume != None: + if number == None: + self.fields['number'] = volume + del self.fields['volume'] + #books should have either author or editor, but not both or none + auth = self.fields.get('author') + ed = self.fields.get('editor') + if auth: + if ed: + self.errors.append("both author and editor") + else: + self.addsortname(auth) + elif ed: + self.addsortname(ed) + else: + self.errors.append("neither author nor editor") + + def addsortname(self,name): + #print(name) + residue = name.translate({ord(i):None for i in string.ascii_letters+'- ,{}'}) + if residue == '': + pass + else: + #print(residue) + sortname = name + #remove legacy diacritics + replacements="""'"`~vk=^""" + for r in replacements: + s = '\\%s'%r + sortname = sortname.replace(s,'') + #replace higher Unicode with nearest low ASCII equivalent + sortname = sortname.translate(transtable) + #update fields + self.fields['sortname'] = sortname + + + + def checkarticle(self): + """ + perform some checks for type article + """ + if self.typ != 'article': + return + mandatory = ('author', 'year', 'title', 'journal', 'volume', 'pages') + for m in mandatory: + self.handleerror(m) + auth = self.fields.get('author') + if auth: + self.addsortname(auth) + + def checkincollection(self): + """ + perform some checks for type incollection + """ + if self.typ != 'incollection': + return + mandatory = ('author', 'title', 'pages') + for m in mandatory: + self.handleerror(m) + if self.fields.get('crossref'): + #the content is available in the crossref'd record + return + mandatory2 = ('booktitle', 'editor', 'publisher', 'address') + for m2 in mandatory2: + self.handleerror(m2) + auth = self.fields.get('author') + if auth: + self.addsortname(auth) + + def checkquestionmarks(self): + """ + check for fields with ??, which are not to be printed + """ + + for field in self.fields: + if '??' in self.fields[field]: + self.errors.append("?? in %s" % field) + + + def handleerror(self,m): + """ + check whether a mandatory field is present + replace with error mark if not present + """ + if self.fields.get(m) == None: + self.fields[m] = r"{\biberror{no %s}}" % m + self.errors.append("missing %s"%m) + + + + + def bibtex(self): + """ + recreate the bibtex record + output fields will be sorted alphabetically + remove all fields which are in excludefields + """ + + if self.restrict and not self.inkeysd.get(self.key): + return False + s = """@%s{%s,\n\t%s\n}"""%(self.typ, + self.key, + ",\n\t".join( + ["%s = %s" %(f,self.fields[f]) + for f in sorted(self.fields.keys()) + if f not in excludefields + ] + ) + ) + return s + + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + """ + usage: python3 normalizebib.py localbibliography.bib + """ + + inbib = open(sys.argv[1]) + outbib = open('sorted.bib','w') + texs = glob.glob('chapters/*tex') + CITE = re.compile(r'\cite[yeargenltp]*(?:\[.*?\])?\{(.*?)\}') + # pages key + #accumulate the keys of cited works per tex-file + citations = [] + for tex in texs: + citations += [c.strip() + for cs in CITE.findall(open(tex).read()) + for c in cs.split(',') #there might be multiple keys per cite command + ] + citations = list(set(citations)) #uniq + #store in dict for more efficient checking for presence + citationsd = dict(zip(citations,[True for t in range(len(citations))])) + #access bib file + a = inbib.read().split('\n@') + #split preamble (if any) from records + p = a[0] + r = a[1:] + #sort and reverse in order to get the order of edited volumes and incollection right + r.sort() + r = r[::-1] + restrict = False #should only cited works be written to sorted.bib? + #create the new bibtex records + bibtexs = [Record(q, + inkeysd=citationsd, + restrict=restrict).bibtex() + for q in r + ] + #assemble output string + new = '\n\n'.join([b for b in bibtexs if b]) + inbib.close() + #write out + outbib.write(p) + outbib.write('\n') + outbib.write(new) + outbib.close() diff --git a/riessler.pdf b/riessler.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d9a8e3c Binary files /dev/null and b/riessler.pdf differ diff --git a/riessler.tex b/riessler.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eeb81d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/riessler.tex @@ -0,0 +1,122 @@ +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%% %%% +%%% Language Science Press Master File %%% +%%% follow the instructions below %%% +%%% %%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +% please fill in some information in the following lines as soon +% as you have it +% Everything following a % is ignored +% Some lines start with %. Remove the % to include them + +\documentclass[output=book % long|short|inprep +% ,draftmode + ,table + ,nonflat + ,modfonts +% ,newtxmath%ungeklärtes Problem +% ,biblatexbackend=biber + ]{langsci/langscibook} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%% %%% +%%% additional packages %%% +%%% %%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +% put all additional commands you need in the +% following files. If you do not know what this might +% mean, you can safely ignore this section + +\usepackage{localmetadata} +\usepackage{localpackages} +\usepackage{localhyphenation} +\usepackage{localcommands} +\addbibresource{sorted.bib} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%% %%% +%%% BEGIN DOCUMENT %%% +%%% %%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\begin{document} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%% %%% +%%% Frontmatter %%% +%%% %%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\maketitle + +\frontmatter%!!check the order of chapters with the guidelines + +\currentpdfbookmark{Contents}{name} % adds a PDF bookmark +\tableofcontents + +\include{chapters/preface}%not finished + +\include{chapters/abbreviations} + +\mainmatter +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%% %%% +%%% Chapters %%% +%%% %%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\part{Preliminaries}\label{part:theory} %\include{chapters/part-theory} +\include{chapters/chap-intro} +\include{chapters/chap-np-adj} +\include{chapters/chap-interface} +%%% +\part{Typology} \label{part typ} %\include{chapters/part-typology} +\include{chapters/chap-typology-of} +\include{chapters/chap-polyfunctionality} +%%% +\part{Synchrony} \label{part synchr} %\include{chapters/part-synchrony} +\include{chapters/chap-syn-introduction} +\include{chapters/chap-lg-nea} +\include{chapters/chap-areal} +% %% +\part{Diachrony} \label{part diachr} %\include{chapters/part-diachrony} +\include{chapters/chap-evolution-nea} +\include{chapters/chap-areal-typ} +%%% +\part{Conclusion}\label{part:concl} %\include{chapters/part-concl} +\include{chapters/chap-results} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%% %%% +%%% Backmatter %%% +%%% %%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%LATEX: How do I insert the proper titles for the Appendix and the List of references in the ToC? +\phantomsection%this allows hyperlink in ToC to work +\backmatter +\newpage +\phantomsection +\include{chapters/appendix}%completed, except maps +\clearpage + +{\sloppy +\phantomsection%this allows hyperlink in ToC to work +\printbibliography[heading=references] +\clearpage + +\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Index} + +\phantomsection%this allows hyperlink in ToC to work +\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Name index} +\ohead{Name index} +\printindex + +\phantomsection%this allows hyperlink in ToC to work +\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Language index} +\ohead{Language index} +\printindex[lan] + +\phantomsection%this allows hyperlink in ToC to work +\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Subject index}%started, not completed +\ohead{Subject index} +\printindex[sbj] +} +\end{document} diff --git a/sorted.bib b/sorted.bib new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8c25603 --- /dev/null +++ b/sorted.bib @@ -0,0 +1,5858 @@ +%% This BibTeX bibliography file was created using BibDesk. +%% http://bibdesk.sourceforge.net/ + + +%% Created for Micha at 2016-09-22 09:53:15 +0200 + + +%% Saved with string encoding Unicode (UTF-8) + + + +@thesis{zwarts2003, + address = {Utrecht}, + author = {Zwarts, Joost}, + date-added = {2007-10-05 11:11:56 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 12:55:50 +0000}, + institution = {Universiteit Utrecht}, + subtitle = {A {S}outhern {N}ilotic language of {K}enya}, + title = {The phonology of {{E}}ndo}, + type = {phdthesis}, + year = {2003} +} + +@thesis{zlatic1997, + address = {Austin}, + author = {Larisa Zlati{\'c}}, + date-added = {2007-07-18 21:44:24 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 12:56:03 +0000}, + institution = {The University of Texas at Austin}, + title = {The Structure of the {S}erbian {Noun} Phrase}, + type = {phdthesis}, + year = {1997} +} + +@thesis{mendoza2004, + address = {München}, + author = {Imke Mendoza}, + date-added = {2008-01-04 15:08:26 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 13:43:47 +0000}, + institution = {Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München}, + subtitle = {Die primären {A}usdrucksmittel}, + title = {Nominaldetermination im {P}olnischen}, + type = {Habilitationsschrift im Fach Slavische Philologie}, + year = {2004} +} + +@thesis{dunn1999, + address = {Canberra}, + author = {Dunn, Michael}, + date-added = {2010-06-26 10:42:31 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 12:56:59 +0000}, + institution = {Australian National University}, + title = {A grammar of {C}hukchi}, + type = {phdthesis}, + year = {1999} +} + +@thesis{derbyshire1979, + address = {London}, + author = {Derbyshire, Desmond C.}, + date-added = {2009-10-22 14:22:06 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 12:56:38 +0000}, + institution = {University of London}, + title = {Hixkaryana syntax}, + type = {phdthesis}, + year = {1979} +} + +@phdthesis{szakos1994, + address = {Bonn}, + author = {Szakos, József}, + date-added = {2009-06-19 14:14:13 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 13:51:10 +0000}, + school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn}, + subtitle = {Untersuchungen zur {S}ynchronie einer austronesischen {S}prache auf {T}aiwan}, + title = {Die Sprache der {C}ou}, + year = {1994} +} + +@phdthesis{rubin1994, + abstract = {!! Noun modification in Mandarin Chinese, Romanian, Tagalog}, + address = {Ithaca}, + author = {Rubin, Edward J.}, + date-added = {2008-01-07 16:44:29 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-03-22 17:01:11 +0000}, + school = {Cornell University}, + subtitle = {A syntactic analysis and its consequences}, + title = {Modification}, + year = {1994} +} + +@phdthesis{riesler2011a, + abstract = {http://omnibus.uni-freiburg.de/\textascitilde mr5496/downl/RIESSLER2011.pdf}, + address = {Leipzig}, + author = {Michael Rießler}, + bdsk-url-1 = {http://omnibus.uni-freiburg.de/~mr5496/downl/RIESSLER2011.pdf}, + bdsk-url-2 = {http://omnibus.uni-freiburg.de/%5Ctextascitilde%20mr5496/downl/RIESSLER2011.pdf}, + bdsk-url-3 = {http://d-nb.info/1013503309}, + bdsk-url-4 = {http://d-nb.info/1013503309/}, + date-added = {2016-06-01 11:27:52 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-06-01 11:28:39 +0000}, + institution = {Universität Leipzig}, + note = {[{CD-ROM}]}, + title = {Typology and evolution of adjective attribution marking in the languages of northern {{E}}urasia}, + url = {http://d-nb.info/1013503309/}, + year = {2011} +} + +@online{bibiko2005, + author = {Bibiko, Hans-Jörg}, + bib = {Diss}, + date-added = {2009-04-19 12:03:12 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-09 12:44:20 +0200}, + lastchecked = {2015-04-19}, + title = {The interactive reference tool for the {World Atlas of Language Structures}}, + url = {http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/research/tool.php}, + year = {2005} +} + +@misc{vajda2005, + abstract = {adjective agreement attribution attributive nominalization Noun phrase}, + author = {Edward J. Vajda}, + bib = {Diss}, + call-number = {MR (copy)}, + date-added = {2008-09-19 11:32:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2008-09-19 11:35:17 +0200}, + howpublished = {Talk given at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig}, + keywords = {Language description}, + lid = {Ket}, + month = {March}, + title = {Ket language structure in typological perspective}, + year = {2005} +} + +@inproceedings{salminen2007, + address = {London}, + author = {Tapani Salminen}, + booktitle = {Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages}, + date-added = {2007-10-15 11:56:04 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-04-09 14:40:46 +0200}, + editor = {Christopher Moseley}, + keywords = {Typology;Sociolinguistics;Historical linguistics}, + pages = {211--280}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + title = {{Europe} and {N}orth {A}sia}, + year = {2007} +} + +@incollection{zukova1997, + address = {Moskva}, + author = {Žukova, Alevtina N.}, + booktitle = {Paleoaziatskie jazyki}, + date-added = {2008-09-21 15:06:47 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-25 14:54:54 +0000}, + editor = {Jarceva, Viktorija N.}, + keywords = {Language description;Northern Eurasia}, + pages = {39--53}, + publisher = {Indrik}, + series = {Jazyki mira}, + sortname = {Zukova, Alevtina N.}, + title = {Korjakskij jazyk}, + year = {1997} +} + +@incollection{yuo2003, + address = {London}, + author = {Anne O. Yue}, + booktitle = {The {{S}ino-{T}}ibetan languages}, + date-added = {2008-09-16 13:56:59 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-25 15:07:20 +0000}, + editor = {Graham Thurgood and Randy J. LaPolla}, + pages = {84--125}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + sortname = {Anne O. Yue}, + subtitle = {Grammar}, + title = {{Chinese} dialects}, + year = {2003} +} + +@incollection{whorf1946, + abstract = {p. 162 on preaspiration}, + address = {New York}, + author = {Whorf, Benjamin L.}, + bib = {Diss}, + booktitle = {Linguistic structures of {N}ative {A}merica}, + date-added = {2008-01-07 16:40:33 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-05-26 16:07:02 +0000}, + editor = {Cornelius Osgood and Harry Hoijer}, + number = {6}, + pages = {158--183}, + publisher = {Viking Fund}, + series = {Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology}, + sortname = {Whorf, Benjamin L.}, + title = {The {H}opi language, {T}oreva dialect}, + year = {1946} +} + +@incollection{wheatley1987, + address = {London}, + author = {Julian K. Wheatley}, + bib = {Diss}, + booktitle = {The world's major languages}, + date-added = {2008-09-18 15:26:23 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-02-14 16:11:47 +0100}, + editor = {Bernard Comrie}, + keywords = {Language description}, + pages = {834--854}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + sortname = {Julian K. Wheatley}, + title = {Burmese}, + year = {1987} +} + +@incollection{werner1997a, + address = {Moskva}, + author = {Heinrich Werner}, + booktitle = {Paleoaziatskie jazyki}, + date-added = {2008-09-21 20:33:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 10:36:17 +0000}, + editor = {Jarceva, Viktorija N.}, + pages = {169--177}, + publisher = {Indrik}, + series = {Jazyki mira}, + title = {Jenisejskie jazyki}, + year = {1997} +} + +@incollection{weiers2003, + author = {Michael Weiers}, + crossref = {janhunen2003a}, + date-added = {2008-09-16 13:07:54 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-26 16:11:35 +0000}, + pages = {248--264}, + title = {Moghol} +} + +@incollection{watkins1998, + author = {Watkins, Calvert}, + crossref = {ramatEtAl1998a}, + date-added = {2007-07-10 11:36:59 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-03-22 17:11:09 +0000}, + pages = {25--73}, + subtitle = {Comparison and reconstruction}, + title = {{Proto-{I}ndo-{{E}}}uropean} +} + +@incollection{wagner-nagy2002b, + author = {Wagner-Nagy, Beáta}, + crossref = {wagner-nagy2002a}, + date-added = {2016-09-18 10:35:28 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-09-18 10:35:28 +0000}, + keywords = {syntax,Nganasan}, + pages = {145--185}, + title = {Mondattani áttekintés} +} + +@incollection{volodin1997, + address = {Moskva}, + author = {Aleksandr P. Volodin}, + booktitle = {Paleoaziatskie jazyki}, + call-number = {MR (copy)}, + date-added = {2008-09-21 12:56:39 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 09:48:02 +0000}, + editor = {Jarceva, Viktorija N.}, + keywords = {Language description;Northern Eurasia}, + pages = {60--71}, + publisher = {Indrik}, + series = {Jazyki mira}, + sortname = {Aleksandr P. Volodin}, + title = {Itel'menskij jazyk}, + year = {1997} +} + +@incollection{viitso1998, + author = {Viitso, Tiit-Rein}, + crossref = {abondolo1998a}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 16:31:18 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-04-08 09:49:49 +0000}, + pages = {115--148}, + title = {Estonian} +} + +@incollection{tsumagari2003, + author = {Toshiro Tsumagari}, + crossref = {janhunen2003a}, + date-added = {2008-09-16 13:00:10 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-26 16:11:20 +0000}, + pages = {129--153}, + title = {Dagur} +} + +@incollection{trost1966, + address = {Praha}, + author = {Pavel Trost}, + booktitle = {{Prof. {D}r. {A}ntonı́nu Dostálovi, {DrSc}., k 60. {N}arozeninám}}, + date-added = {2008-01-04 13:42:52 +0100}, + date-modified = {2008-01-04 13:46:35 +0100}, + editor = {Zde{\v n}ka Havránková and Jaroslav Popela}, + number = {10}, + pages = {35--38}, + publisher = {Universita Karlova}, + series = {Bulletin {\'U}stavu ruského jazyka a literatury}, + title = {{O složeném adjektivu baltoslovanském}}, + year = {1966} +} + +@incollection{thomsen1992, + author = {Robert L. Thomson}, + crossref = {macauley1992b}, + date-added = {2008-09-18 12:19:20 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-26 16:17:24 +0000}, + pages = {100--136}, + title = {The {M}anx language} +} + +@incollection{thomas1992b, + author = {Alan R. Thomas}, + crossref = {macauley1992b}, + date-added = {2008-09-18 13:07:30 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-26 16:17:13 +0000}, + pages = {346--370}, + title = {The {C}ornish language} +} + +@incollection{thomas1992a, + author = {Alan R. Thomas}, + crossref = {macauley1992b}, + date-added = {2008-09-18 12:53:37 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-26 16:16:58 +0000}, + pages = {251--345}, + title = {The {W}elsh language} +} + +@incollection{thodarson1989, + address = {Wiesbaden}, + author = {Thordarson, Fridrik}, + bib = {Diss}, + booktitle = {Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum}, + call-number = {MR (PDF); MR (copy)}, + date-added = {2009-01-29 19:22:57 +0100}, + date-modified = {2009-01-29 19:24:42 +0100}, + editor = {Schmitt, Rüdiger}, + keywords = {Language description;Indoeuropean;Iranian}, + pages = {456--79}, + publisher = {Reichert}, + title = {Ossetic}, + year = {1989} +} + +@incollection{testelec1998, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Testelets, Yakov G.}, + booktitle = {Constituent order in the languages of {{E}}urope}, + date-added = {2009-12-03 16:31:50 +0100}, + date-modified = {2014-11-28 11:09:51 +0000}, + editor = {Siewierska, Anna}, + keywords = {Syntax;Typology;Europe}, + number = {20:1}, + pages = {649--679}, + publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + series = {Empirical Approaches to Language Typology}, + sortname = {Testelets, Yakov G.}, + title = {Word order variation in some {{SOV}} languages of {{E}}urope}, + year = {1998} +} + +@incollection{ternes1992, + author = {Elmar Ternes}, + crossref = {macauley1992b}, + date-added = {2008-09-18 12:58:25 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-26 16:16:45 +0000}, + pages = {371--452}, + title = {The {B}reton language} +} + +@incollection{tatevosov1996a, + address = {München}, + author = {Tatevosov, Sergej G.}, + title = {II. Attributives}, + booktitle = {{Godoberi}}, + date-added = {2009-06-11 10:03:14 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-02-15 12:16:25 +0100}, + editor = {Alexandr E. Kibrik}, + keywords = {Caucasus;Europe;Noun phrase;Adjective}, + number = {2}, + pages = {20--35}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {LINCOM Studies in Caucasian Linguistics}, + sortname = {Tatevosov, Sergej G.}, + year = {1996} +} + +@incollection{talibov2004, + address = {Ann Arbour}, + author = {Talibov, Bukar B.}, + booktitle = {The {N}orth {{E}}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + call-number = {Stabi OEL}, + date-added = {2009-06-03 16:53:02 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-02-15 12:15:09 +0100}, + editor = {Michael Job}, + keywords = {Language description}, + pages = {347--419}, + publisher = {Caravan Books}, + series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + sortname = {Talibov, Bukar B.}, + title = {Tsakhur}, + volume = {3}, + year = {2004} +} + +@incollection{svantesson2003, + author = {Svantesson, Jan-Olof}, + crossref = {janhunen2003a}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-26 16:11:02 +0000}, + pages = {154--176}, + title = {Khalkha} +} + +@incollection{sunik1968a, + author = {Sunik, Orest P.}, + crossref = {vinogradovEtAl1968a}, + date-added = {2009-06-09 18:57:31 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-26 16:27:47 +0000}, + pages = {53--67}, + title = {Tunguso-man'\-čžur\-skie jazyki (vvedenie)} +} + +@incollection{stone1993b, + address = {London}, + author = {Gerald Stone}, + booktitle = {The {S}lavonic languages}, + call-number = {MR (copy)}, + date-added = {2008-09-19 15:14:11 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-01-04 17:25:47 +0100}, + editor = {Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett}, + keywords = {Language description}, + pages = {759--794}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + title = {Cassubian}, + year = {1993} +} + +@incollection{stone1993a, + address = {London}, + author = {Stone, Gerald}, + booktitle = {The {S}lavonic languages}, + date-added = {2009-06-12 15:16:59 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-02-15 10:53:02 +0100}, + editor = {Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett}, + keywords = {Slavic languages;Language description}, + pages = {593--685}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + title = {Sorbian}, + year = {1993} +} + +@incollection{stolz2015a, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Stolz, Thomas}, + booktitle = {Borrowed morphology}, + date-added = {2016-07-01 05:49:48 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-07-01 05:50:02 +0000}, + editor = {Francesco Gardani and Peter Arkadiev and Nino {Amiridze}}, + number = {8}, + pages = {269--301}, + publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton}, + series = {Language Contact and Bilingualism}, + subtitle = {Loss, realignment and innovation}, + title = {Adjective-noun agreement in language contact}, + year = {2015} +} + +@incollection{stilo2005, + address = {London}, + author = {Stilo, Donald}, + booktitle = {Linguistic Convergence and Areal Diffusion: {C}ase studies from {I}ranian, {S}emitic and {T}urkic}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-01-04 17:25:42 +0100}, + editor = {Csató, Éva Ágnes and Isaksson, Bo and Jahani, Carina}, + keywords = {Contact linguistics;Areal typology;Northern Eurasia}, + number = {41:1}, + pages = {35--63}, + publisher = {Routledge Curzon}, + series = {Forum for Modern Language Studies}, + title = {{Iranian} as buffer zone between the universal typologies of {T}urkic and {S}emitic}, + year = {2005} +} + +@incollection{steele1978, + address = {Stanford}, + author = {Steele, Susan}, + booktitle = {Syntax}, + date-added = {2009-04-17 10:50:39 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-27 15:29:36 +0000}, + editor = {Joseph H. Greenberg and Charles A. Ferguson and Edith A. Moravcsik}, + maintitle = {Universals of human language 4}, + pages = {585--623}, + publisher = {Stanford University Press}, + subtitle = {A typological study}, + title = {Word order variation}, + year = {1978} +} + +@incollection{slater2003, + author = {Keith W. Slater}, + crossref = {janhunen2003a}, + date-added = {2008-09-16 13:16:47 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-26 16:10:47 +0000}, + pages = {307--324}, + title = {Mangghuer} +} + +@incollection{skribnik2003, + author = {Elena Skribnik}, + crossref = {janhunen2003a}, + date-added = {2008-09-16 13:27:53 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-26 16:10:35 +0000}, + pages = {102--128}, + title = {Buryat} +} + +@incollection{skold1954, + address = {Stockholm}, + author = {Sköld, Tryggve}, + booktitle = {{Scandinavia at {Fenno-Ugrica}: {S}tudier tillägnade Björn Collinder}}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-02-15 12:11:29 +0100}, + editor = {Strömbeck, Dag}, + keywords = {Saami linguistics;Etymology;Contact linguistics;Historical linguistics;Phonology;North Germanic}, + pages = {33--48}, + publisher = {Almqvist \& Wiksell}, + sortname = {Skold, Tryggve}, + title = {{Om uttalet av runan R och några nordiska lånord i lapskan}}, + year = {1954} +} + +@incollection{silvestri1998, + author = {Silvestri, Domenico}, + crossref = {ramatEtAl1998a}, + date-added = {2008-09-12 14:11:04 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-03-22 17:10:52 +0000}, + pages = {322--344}, + title = {The {I}talic languages} +} + +@incollection{short1993b, + address = {London}, + author = {Short, David}, + booktitle = {The {S}lavonic languages}, + date-added = {2009-06-12 15:18:23 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-02-15 10:53:09 +0100}, + editor = {Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett}, + keywords = {Slavic languages;Language description}, + pages = {533--592}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + title = {{Slovak}}, + year = {1993} +} + +@incollection{shevelov1993, + address = {London}, + author = {Shevelov, George Y.}, + booktitle = {The {S}lavonic languages}, + date-added = {2009-06-12 15:22:31 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-12 15:23:18 +0200}, + editor = {Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett}, + keywords = {Language description}, + pages = {947--998}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + sortname = {Shevelov, George Y.}, + title = {{Ukrainian}}, + year = {1993} +} + +@incollection{senkevic-g1968, + address = {Leningrad}, + author = {Senkevič-Gudkova, Viktorija V.}, + author-transl = {В. В. Сенкевич-Гудкова; Viktor Maksimovič Žirmunskij; Orest Petrovič Sunik}, + booktitle = {Voprosy teorii častej reči}, + call-number = {MR (PDF); MR (copy)}, + date-added = {2016-02-02 19:17:14 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-02-02 19:17:53 +0000}, + editor = {Žirmunskij, Viktor M. and Sunik, Orest P.}, + keywords = {Saamic linguistics,morphology,adjective,Kola Saami}, + lid = {sms}, + pages = {274--281}, + publisher = {Nauka}, + sortname = {Senkevic-Gudkova, Viktorija V.}, + subtitle = {Na materiale jazykov različnych tipov}, + title = {O differencjal'nych morfologičeskich priznakach imeni prilagatel'nogo v saamskom jazyke (na materiale notozerskogo dialekta)}, + year = {1968} +} + +@incollection{schulze-furhoff1994, + address = {Delmar}, + author = {Schulze-Fürhoff, Wolfgang}, + booktitle = {The {N}orth {{E}}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + date-added = {2009-06-05 13:35:53 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-03-21 15:51:42 +0000}, + editor = {Rieks Smeets}, + pages = {447--514}, + publisher = {Caravan Books}, + series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + sortname = {Schulze-Furhoff, Wolfgang}, + title = {Udi}, + volume = {4}, + year = {1994} +} + +@incollection{schroder2002, + address = {Frankfurt am Main}, + author = {Schroeder, Christoph}, + bib = {Diss}, + booksubtitle = {Festschrift {W}infried {B}oeder zum 65. {G}eburtstag}, + booktitle = {Philologie, {T}ypologie und {S}prachstruktur}, + call-number = {MR (copy)}, + date-added = {2007-12-02 11:04:29 +0100}, + date-modified = {2010-02-15 12:03:13 +0100}, + editor = {W. Bublitz and M. von Roncador and H. Vater}, + keywords = {Noun phrase;Attribution}, + pages = {191--210}, + publisher = {Peter Lang}, + title = {Zur {N}ominalphrasenstruktur des {K}irmancı̂}, + year = {2002} +} + +@incollection{schmidt1991, + address = {Delmar}, + author = {Harris, Alice C.}, + booktitle = {The {K}artvelian languages}, + call-number = {Stabi OEL}, + date-added = {2009-06-03 15:08:19 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-03 15:09:04 +0200}, + editor = {Harris, Alice C.}, + keywords = {Historical linguistics;Kartvelian}, + pages = {473--556}, + publisher = {Caravan Books}, + series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + sortname = {Harris, Alice C.}, + title = {Svan}, + volume = {1}, + year = {1991} +} + +@incollection{schmidt1959, + address = {München}, + author = {Schmidt, Karl Horst}, + booksubtitle = {II {I}ndogermanica -- {O}rientalica}, + booktitle = {Geburtstagsgabe für {W}ilhelm {W}issmann}, + date-added = {2007-12-28 13:08:56 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-05-27 15:36:03 +0000}, + editor = {Hoffmann, Karl and Humbach, Helmut}, + number = {14}, + pages = {13--22}, + publisher = {J. Kitzinger}, + series = {Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft}, + title = {Zur {K}omplexion attributiv bestimmter {N}omina und zur {F}rage der ``bestimmten {A}djektiva''}, + year = {1959} +} + +@incollection{schachter1987, + address = {London}, + author = {Paul Schachter}, + bib = {Diss}, + booktitle = {The world's major languages}, + date-added = {2008-09-18 16:10:49 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-02-14 16:12:05 +0100}, + editor = {Bernard Comrie}, + keywords = {Language description}, + pages = {936--958}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + title = {Tagalog}, + year = {1987} +} + +@incollection{sarv-m2001, + address = {Tartu}, + author = {Sarv, Marju}, + booktitle = {Congressus Nonus Internationalis {Fenno-Ugristarum} 7.-13.8.2000. {Tartu}}, + call-number = {MR (copy);MR (PDF)}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-07-19 11:34:06 +0200}, + editor = {Seilenthal, Tõnu and Nurk, Anu and Palo, Triinu}, + keywords = {Saami linguistics;Adjective; Noun phrase;Kola Saami}, + number = {5: Dissertationes sectionum: Linguistica II}, + pages = {150--157}, + publisher = {Eesti Fennougristide Komitee}, + title = {Predicative and attributive forms of adjectives in {K}ola and {S}kolt {S}ami dialects}, + year = {2001} +} + +@incollection{sandstrom-etal2003, + author = {Sandström, Göran and Holmberg, Anders}, + crossref = {vangsnesEtAl2003a}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-04-08 09:44:42 +0000}, + origdate = {1996}, + pages = {99--111}, + title = {Ett polysyntetiskt drag i svenska dialekter} +} + +@incollection{samvelian2007b, + address = {Cambridge}, + author = {Pollet Samvelian}, + booksubtitle = {Papers in honor of {M}ohammad {R}eza {B}ateni}, + booktitle = {Aspects of {I}ranian linguistics}, + date-added = {2008-09-13 18:16:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-27 15:40:39 +0000}, + editor = {Karimi, S. and Samiian, V. and Don Stilo}, + pages = {339--361}, + publisher = {Cambridge Scholars Publishing}, + subtitle = {Evidence from {P}ersian and {K}urmanji {K}urdish}, + title = {The {{E}}zafe as a head-marking inflectional affix}, + year = {2007} +} + +@incollection{salminen1998a, + author = {Tapani Salminen}, + crossref = {abondolo1998a}, + date-added = {2016-07-14 09:20:06 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-09-18 12:28:33 +0000}, + keywords = {language description}, + pages = {516--547}, + title = {Tundra {N}enets} +} + +@incollection{saidova2004, + address = {Ann Arbour}, + author = {Saidova, Patimat A.}, + author-translation = {Patimat Abduaevna Sajdova}, + booktitle = {The {N}orth {{E}}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + call-number = {Stabi OEL}, + date-added = {2009-06-03 16:49:13 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-02-15 11:47:03 +0100}, + editor = {Michael Job}, + keywords = {Historical linguistics}, + pages = {69--112}, + publisher = {Caravan Books}, + series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + sortname = {Saidova, Patimat A.}, + title = {Ghodoberi}, + volume = {3}, + year = {2004} +} + +@incollection{saidova2000, + author = {Saidova, Patimat A.}, + crossref = {gamzatov2000}, + date-added = {2009-06-11 16:00:20 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 10:09:41 +0000}, + pages = {275--288}, + title = {Andijskij jazyk} +} + +@incollection{saadiev1994, + address = {Delmar}, + author = {Saadiev, Šamseddin M.}, + booktitle = {The {N}orth {{E}}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + call-number = {Stabi OEL}, + date-added = {2009-06-05 13:30:04 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 09:58:34 +0000}, + editor = {Rieks Smeets}, + keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Northern Eurasia;Europe}, + pages = {407--446}, + publisher = {Caravan Books}, + series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + sortname = {Saadiev, Samseddin M.}, + title = {Kryts}, + volume = {4}, + year = {1994} +} + +@incollection{riesler2009, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Michael Rießler}, + booksubtitle = {A comparative handbook of lexical borrowing}, + booktitle = {Loanwords in the world's languages}, + date-added = {2010-06-23 14:39:26 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-18 11:44:47 +0000}, + editor = {Martin Haspelmath and Uri Tadmor}, + pages = {384--413}, + publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton}, + sortname = {Michael Rießler}, + title = {Loanwords in {K}ildin {S}aami, a {{U}}ralic language of northern {E}urope}, + year = {2009} +} + +@incollection{riesler2006b, + address = {Umeå}, + author = {Michael Rießler}, + bib = {Diss}, + booksubtitle = {Livet i samernas bosättningsområde för ett tusen år sedan}, + booktitle = {Sápmi {{Y1K}}}, + date-added = {2008-01-03 17:18:59 +0100}, + date-modified = {2008-09-17 21:05:35 +0200}, + editor = {Amft, Andrea and Svonni, Mikael}, + pages = {135--150}, + publisher = {Umeå universitet}, + sortname = {Michael Rießler}, + title = {On samiskans attributiva adjektivform}, + year = {2006} +} + +@incollection{riesler2006a, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Michael Rießler}, + bib = {Diss}, + booktitle = {Grenzgänger}, + booktitleaddon = {Festschrift zum 65. Geburtstag von Jurij Kusmenko}, + date-added = {2008-06-18 14:25:07 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-10 12:25:34 +0000}, + editor = {Antje Hornscheidt and Kristina Kotcheva and Tomas Milosch and Michael Rießler}, + keywords = {Areal typology; Typology; Syntax; Morphology; North Germanic; Noun phrase; Attribution}, + number = {9}, + pages = {258--274}, + publisher = {Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin}, + series = {Berliner Beiträge zur Skandinavistik}, + sortname = {Michael Rießler}, + title = {Die {{E}}volution attributiver {M}arkierungen im {N}ordgermanischen}, + year = {2006} +} + +@incollection{riesler2002a, + abstract = {Saami linguistics}, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Michael Rießler}, + booksubtitle = {Föredrag från det 5:e studentkollokviet i nordisk språkvetenskap}, + booktitle = {Strövtåg i nordisk språkvetenskap}, + date-modified = {2016-06-01 09:54:54 +0000}, + editor = {Jurij Kusmenko and Sven Lange}, + number = {27}, + pages = {78--90}, + publisher = {Nordeuropa-Institut}, + series = {Kleine Schriften des Nordeuropa-Instituts}, + sortname = {Michael Rießler}, + title = {Samiskt och finskt substrat i nordskandinaviska dialekter}, + year = {2002} +} + +@incollection{riesler2001a, + address = {Lund}, + author = {Rießler, Michael}, + booktitle = {{{Proceedings of the 18th Scandinavian Conference of Linguistics}}}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-02-05 20:51:12 +0100}, + editor = {Holmer, Arthur and Svantesson, Jan-Olof and Viberg, Åke}, + keywords = {Noun phrase;Contact linguistics;Saami linguistics;North Germanic}, + number = {39:2}, + pages = {168--179}, + publisher = {Lunds universitet}, + series = {Travaux de l'Institut de Linguistique de Lund}, + sortname = {Rießler, Michael}, + title = {{North} {S}candinavian and {S}aami -- two morphosyntactic parallels}, + year = {2001} +} + +@incollection{priestly1993, + address = {London}, + author = {Priestly, Tom M. S.}, + booktitle = {The {S}lavonic languages}, + date-added = {2009-06-12 15:02:47 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-07-19 11:23:47 +0200}, + editor = {Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett}, + keywords = {Slavic languages;Language description}, + pages = {388--451}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + sortname = {Priestly, Tom M. S.}, + title = {Slovene}, + year = {1993} +} + +@incollection{pokrovskaja1997, + author = {Pokrovskaja, Ljudmila A.}, + crossref = {tenisev1997a}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 17:19:26 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 10:34:47 +0000}, + pages = {224--235}, + title = {Gagauzskij jazyk} +} + +@incollection{plank2003, + abstract = {Abstract: The result of over five years of close collaboration among an international group of leading typologists within the EUROTYP program, this volume is about the morphology and syntax of the noun phrase. Particular attention is paid to nominal inflectional categories and inflectional systems and to the syntax of determination, modification, and conjunction. Its areal focus, like that of other EUROTYP volumes, is on the languages of Europe; but in order to appreciate what is peculiarly European about their noun phrases, a more comprehensive and genuinely typological view is taken at the full range of cross-linguistic variation within this structural domain. There has been no shortage lately of contributions to the theory of noun phrase structure; the present volume is, however, unique in the extent to which its theorizing is empirically grounded. Contributors Abbreviations I. Introduction Frans Plank Noun phrase structure: an und fII. On inflection Aleksandr E. Kibrik Nominal inflection galore: Daghestanian, with side glances at Europe and the world Edith Moravcsik Inflectional morphology in the Hungarian noun phrase: A typological assessment Frans Plank The selective elaboration of nominal or pronominal inflection Greville G. Corbett Types of typology, illustrated from gender systems III. On (over-)determination Frans Plank Double articulation Edith Moravcsik Non-compositional definiteness marking in Hungarian noun phrases David Gil English goes Asian: Number and (in)definiteness in the Singlish noun phrase Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm A woman of sin, a man of duty, and a hell of a mess: Non-determiner genitives in Swedish IV. On amplification James R. Hurford The interaction between numerals and nouns Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm Possessive noun phrases in the languages of Europe Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm Action nominal constructions in the languages of Europe Leon Stassen Noun phrase conjunction: The coordinative and the comitative strategy}, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Plank, Frans}, + booktitle = {{Noun} Phrase Structure in the Languages of {E}urope}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-27 15:42:37 +0000}, + editor = {Plank, Frans}, + number = {20-7}, + pages = {337--395}, + publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + series = {Empirical Approaches to Language Typology/EUROTYP}, + title = {Double articulation}, + year = {2003} +} + +@incollection{philippi1997, + + author = {Philippi, Julia}, + booktitle = {Parameters of morphosyntactic change}, + date-added = {2009-05-26 18:16:36 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-27 15:44:24 +0000}, + editor = {Ans van Kemenade and Nigel Vincent}, + pages = {62--93}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + title = {The rise of the article in the {G}ermanic languages}, + year = {1997} +} + +@incollection{payne1989, + address = {Wiesbaden}, + author = {Payne, John}, + booktitle = {Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum}, + call-number = {MR (PDF)}, + date-added = {2010-02-15 12:40:12 +0100}, + date-modified = {2010-02-15 12:44:15 +0100}, + editor = {Rüdiger Schmitt}, + keywords = {Iranian;Pamir}, + pages = {417--444}, + publisher = {Ludwig Reichert}, + title = {{Pamir} languages}, + year = {1989} +} + +@incollection{pavlov1985, + address = {{\v C}eboksary}, + author = {Pavlov, Ivan P.}, + booktitle = {Issledovanija po fonetike, morfologii i frazeologii sovremennogo čuvašskogo jazyka}, + date-added = {2009-05-16 13:28:56 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-27 15:56:01 +0000}, + editor = {Pavlov, Ivan P.}, + pages = {3--15}, + publisher = {Naučno-issledovatel'skij institut jazyka, literatura, istorii i {\.e}konomiki}, + sortname = {Pavlov, Ivan P.}, + title = {Kategorija vydelenija v sovremennom čuvašskom jazyke}, + year = {1985} +} + +@incollection{paris1989, + address = {Delmar}, + author = {Paris, Catherine}, + booktitle = {The {N}orth {W}est {C}aucasian languages}, + call-number = {Stabi OEL}, + date-added = {2009-06-05 11:47:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2011-01-31 16:05:59 +0100}, + editor = {Hewitt, George B.}, + keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Europe;Northern Eurasia}, + pages = {155--260}, + publisher = {Caravan Books}, + series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + title = {{West} {C}ircassian ({A}dyghe: {A}bzakh dialect)}, + volume = {2}, + year = {1994} +} + +@incollection{papp1962, + address = {Helsinki}, + author = {Papp, István}, + booktitle = {Commentationes {{F}enno-{{U}}}gricae in honorem {P}aavo {R}avila}, + date-added = {2009-12-21 12:50:44 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 08:06:10 +0000}, + number = {125}, + pages = {399--412}, + publisher = {Suomais-Ugrilainen Seura}, + series = {Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia}, + sortname = {Papp, Istvan}, + title = {Zur Frage der Kongruenz des {A}djektivattributs im {F}innischen}, + year = {1962} +} + +@incollection{oranskaja2001, + author = {Oranskaja, Tat'jana I.}, + crossref = {vonogradovEtAl2001a}, + date-added = {2009-06-17 20:57:06 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 10:06:34 +0000}, + pages = {413--426}, + title = {Par'ja jazyk} +} + +@incollection{odochartaigh1992, + author = {Cathair {\'O} Dochartaigh}, + crossref = {macauley1992b}, + date-added = {2008-09-18 12:07:23 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-26 16:16:28 +0000}, + pages = {11--99}, + title = {The {I}rish language} +} + +@incollection{nocentini1996, + address = {Firenze}, + author = {Nocentini, Alberto}, + booksubtitle = {Atti del {C}onvegno svoltosi a {F}irenze 26--28 ottobre 1995}, + booktitle = {Determinezza e indeterminezza nelle lingue slave}, + call-number = {MR (copy)}, + date-added = {2008-01-04 15:41:25 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 13:45:18 +0000}, + editor = {Rosanna Benacchio and Francesca Fici and Lucyna Gebert}, + keywords = {Noun phrase; Attribution; Definiteness; Typology}, + number = {5}, + pages = {1--9}, + publisher = {Unipress}, + series = {Problemi di morfosintassi delle lingue slave}, + title = {Typology and genesis of the article in the {{E}}uropean languages}, + year = {1996} +} + +@incollection{nikolaeva1997, + author = {Nikolaeva, Irina A.}, + crossref = {jarceva1997}, + date-added = {2009-06-12 14:52:59 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 10:02:54 +0000}, + pages = {267--272}, + title = {Vodskij jazyk} +} + +@incollection{nielsen1945b, + address = {Oslo}, + author = {Nielsen, Konrad}, + booktitle = {Lappiske studier}, + date-added = {2008-01-03 17:22:10 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-05-27 16:06:12 +0000}, + editor = {Nielsen, Konrad}, + number = {1}, + pages = {199--209}, + publisher = {A. W. Br{ø}ggers boktrykkeri}, + series = {Studia septentrionalia}, + title = {A note on the origin of attributive forms in {L}app}, + year = {1945} +} + +@incollection{nielsen1933, + address = {Helsinki}, + author = {Nielsen, Konrad}, + booktitle = {Liber semisaecularis {S}ocietatis {{F}enno-{{U}}}gricae}, + date-modified = {2016-09-18 11:57:01 +0000}, + editor = {Arthur Byhan and Berthold Laufer and Just K. Qvigstad and Karl B. Wiklund}, + number = {67}, + pages = {296--307}, + publisher = {Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura}, + series = {Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia}, + title = {A note on the origin of attributive forms in {L}app}, + year = {1933} +} + +@incollection{nichols1994b, + address = {Delmar}, + author = {Nichols, Johanna}, + booktitle = {The {N}orth {{E}}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + call-number = {MR (copy part)}, + date-added = {2009-06-04 16:42:19 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-01-04 16:03:38 +0100}, + editor = {Rieks Smeets}, + keywords = {Language description}, + pages = {79--145}, + publisher = {Caravan Books}, + series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + title = {{Ingush}}, + volume = {4}, + year = {1994} +} + +@incollection{nichols1994a, + address = {Delmar}, + author = {Nichols, Johanna}, + booktitle = {The {N}orth {{E}}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + call-number = {MR (copy part)}, + date-added = {2009-06-05 12:33:56 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-01-04 16:03:30 +0100}, + editor = {Rieks Smeets}, + keywords = {Language description}, + pages = {1--77}, + publisher = {Caravan Books}, + series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + title = {Chechen}, + volume = {4}, + year = {1994} +} + +@incollection{nguyen1987, + address = {London}, + author = {Đı̀nh-Ho{\`a} Nguy\~{{\^e}}n}, + bib = {Diss}, + booktitle = {The world's major languages}, + date-added = {2008-09-18 15:17:58 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-02-14 16:12:17 +0100}, + editor = {Bernard Comrie}, + keywords = {Language description}, + pages = {777--796}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + sortname = {Diynh-Ho{a} Nguy{{e}}n}, + title = {Vietnamese}, + year = {1987} +} + +@incollection{nedalkov2001, + author = {Nedjalkov, Igor V.}, + crossref = {vonogradovEtAl2001a}, + date-added = {2009-06-15 10:17:38 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 10:14:26 +0000}, + pages = {338--342}, + title = {Negidal'skij jazyk} +} + +@incollection{mayo1993, + address = {London}, + author = {Mayo, Peter}, + booktitle = {The {S}lavonic languages}, + date-added = {2009-06-12 15:21:10 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-12 15:22:17 +0200}, + editor = {Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett}, + keywords = {Language description}, + pages = {887--946}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + title = {Belorussian}, + year = {1993} +} + +@incollection{magomedova2004, + address = {Ann Arbour}, + author = {Magomedova, Patimat T.}, + booktitle = {The {N}orth {{E}}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + call-number = {Stabi OEL}, + date-added = {2009-06-03 16:46:37 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-07-19 11:14:33 +0200}, + editor = {Michael Job}, + keywords = {Historical linguistics}, + pages = {3}, + publisher = {Caravan Books}, + series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + sortname = {Magomedova, Patimat T.}, + title = {Chamalal}, + volume = {3}, + year = {2004} +} + +@incollection{magomedova2000b, + author = {Magomedova, Patimat T.}, + crossref = {gamzatov2000}, + date-added = {2009-06-11 15:44:07 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 10:09:59 +0000}, + pages = {422--435}, + title = {Tindinskij jazyk} +} + +@incollection{magomedova2000a, + abstract = {Магомедова Патимат Тураловна}, + author = {Magomedova, Patimat T.}, + crossref = {gamzatov2000}, + date-added = {2009-06-11 15:53:36 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 10:10:15 +0000}, + pages = {319--331}, + title = {Bagvalinskij jazyk} +} + +@incollection{magomedbekova2000, + author = {Magomedbekova, Zagidat M.}, + crossref = {gamzatov2000}, + date-added = {2009-06-11 15:57:18 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 10:10:30 +0000}, + pages = {306--318}, + title = {Achvachskij jazyk} +} + +@incollection{macauley1992, + author = {Donald MacAulay}, + crossref = {macauley1992b}, + date-added = {2008-09-18 12:22:21 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-26 16:16:03 +0000}, + pages = {137--248}, + title = {The {S}cottish {G}aelic language} +} + +@incollection{lytkin1966b, + address = {Moskva}, + author = {Lytkin, Vasilij I.}, + booktitle = {{Finno-ugorskie i samodijskie jazyki}}, + call-number = {MR}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 17:27:56 +0100}, + date-modified = {2014-11-26 12:57:44 +0000}, + editor = {Lytkin, Vasilij I. and Majtinskaja, Klara E.}, + keywords = {Language description;Komi;Uralic}, + pages = {301--315}, + publisher = {Nauka}, + series = {Jazyki narodov SSSR}, + sortname = {Lytkin, Vasilij I.}, + title = {{{{Komi}-Permjak}}}, + volume = {3}, + year = {1966} +} + +@incollection{lytkin1966a, + address = {Moskva}, + author = {Lytkin, Vasilij I.}, + booktitle = {Finno-ugorskie i samodijskie jazyki}, + call-number = {MR}, + date-added = {2007-07-10 10:49:01 +0200}, + date-modified = {2014-11-26 12:59:59 +0000}, + editor = {Lytkin, Vasilij I. and Majtinskaja, Klara E.}, + keywords = {Language description;Komi;Uralic}, + maintitle = {Jazyki narodov {SSSR}}, + pages = {281--299}, + publisher = {Nauka}, + sortname = {Lytkin, Vasilij I.}, + title = {{{Komi}-{Z}}yrjanskij jazyk}, + volume = {3}, + year = {1966} +} + +@incollection{lomtatidze-etal1989, + address = {Delmar}, + author = {Ketevan Lomtatidze and Rauf Klychev}, + booktitle = {The {N}orth {W}est {C}aucasian languages}, + call-number = {Stabi OEL}, + date-added = {2009-06-05 10:26:31 +0200}, + date-modified = {2011-01-31 16:05:49 +0100}, + editor = {Hewitt, George B.}, + keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Europe;Northern Eurasia}, + pages = {89--154}, + publisher = {Caravan Books}, + series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + title = {Abaza}, + volume = {2}, + year = {1994} +} + +@incollection{laanest1997, + author = {Laanest, Arvo}, + crossref = {jarceva1997}, + date-added = {2009-06-12 14:47:54 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 10:03:19 +0000}, + pages = {376--382}, + title = {Ižorskij jazyk} +} + +@incollection{krukova2007, + address = {Sankt\hyp{}Peterburg}, + author = {Elena A. Krjukova}, + booktitle = {{Tipologija jazyka i teorija grammatiki: {M}aterialy meždunarodnoj konferencii posvjaščennoj 100-letiju so dnja roždenija S. {D}. {K}acnel'sona}}, + date-added = {2008-09-21 20:43:06 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-07-19 11:10:33 +0200}, + editor = {M. D Voejkova}, + keywords = {Noun phrase;Historical linguistics;Attribution;Northern Eurasia}, + pages = {115--117}, + publisher = {Nestor-Istorija}, + sortname = {Elena A. Krjukova}, + title = {{Substantivacija v jenisejskich jazykach (na materiale ketskogo, jugskogo i kottskogo jazykov)}}, + year = {2007} +} + +@incollection{kotcheva1996a, + abstract = {Saami linguistics}, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Kotcheva, Kristina}, + booksubtitle = {Föredrag från det 1:a studentkollokviet i nordisk språkvetenskap}, + booktitle = {Nordisk språkhistoria}, + date-added = {2016-06-01 09:54:59 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-06-01 09:56:35 +0000}, + editor = {Jurij Kusmenko and Sven Lange}, + number = {7}, + pages = {36--45}, + publisher = {Nordeuropa-Institut}, + series = {Kleine Schriften des Nordeuropa-Instituts}, + subtitle = {Synkroni och diakroni}, + title = {\textit{Den}-lösa konstruktionen i svenska}, + year = {1996} +} + +@incollection{kormusin2005, + address = {Moskva}, + author = {Kormušin, Igor' V.}, + booksubtitle = {{\.E}nciklopedija v trech tomach}, + booktitle = {Jazyki Rossijskoj Federacii i sosednich gosudarstv}, + date-added = {2009-06-15 10:10:25 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 10:08:04 +0000}, + editor = {Vinogradov, Viktor A. and Jarceva, Viktorija N.}, + pages = {127--137}, + publisher = {Nauka}, + sortname = {Kormu sin, Igor' V.}, + title = {Tunguso-man'\-čžur\-skie jazyki}, + volume = {3}, + year = {2005} +} + +@incollection{koptjevskaja-tamm2006, + address = {Houndmills}, + author = {Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria}, + booksubtitle = {Convergence in historical and typological perspective}, + booktitle = {Linguistic areas}, + date-added = {2009-12-17 14:10:28 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-04-08 09:51:37 +0000}, + editor = {Matras, Yaron and April McMahon and Nigel Vincent}, + pages = {182--226}, + publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, + subtitle = {Two potential isoglosses in the {C}ircum-{B}altic area}, + title = {The circle that won't come full}, + year = {2006} +} + +@incollection{koch1992, + address = {München}, + author = {Koch, Christoph}, + booksubtitle = {Materialien des vom 21.--22. {S}eptember 1989 in {J}ena in {Z}usammenarbeit mit der {I}ndogermanischen {G}esellschaft durchgeführten {K}olloquiums}, + booktitle = {Indogermanisch, {S}lawisch und {B}altisch}, + call-number = {MR (copy)}, + date-added = {2008-01-05 22:17:05 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 13:25:37 +0000}, + editor = {Barschel, Bernd and Kozianka, Maria and Karin Weber}, + keywords = {Noun phrase; Adjective; Attribution; Relative clause; Historical linguistics; Slavic; Baltic; Indoeuropean}, + pages = {45--88}, + publisher = {Otto Sagner}, + title = {Zur {V}orgeschichte des relativen {A}ttributkonnexes im {B}altischen und {S}lavischen}, + year = {1992} +} + +@incollection{kibrik1994b, + address = {Delmar}, + author = {Kibrik, Aleksandr E.}, + booktitle = {The {N}orth {{E}}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + call-number = {Stabi OEL}, + date-added = {2009-06-05 13:25:23 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-05 13:25:52 +0200}, + editor = {Rieks Smeets}, + keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Northern Eurasia;Europe}, + pages = {367--406}, + publisher = {Caravan Books}, + series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + sortname = {Kibrik, Aleksandr E.}, + title = {Khinalug}, + volume = {4}, + year = {1994} +} + +@incollection{kibrik1994a, + address = {Delmar}, + author = {Kibrik, Aleksandr E.}, + booktitle = {The {N}orth {{E}}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + call-number = {Stabi OEL}, + date-added = {2009-06-05 13:18:39 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-05 13:20:28 +0200}, + editor = {Rieks Smeets}, + keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Northern Eurasia;Europe}, + pages = {297--265}, + publisher = {Caravan Books}, + series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + sortname = {Kibrik, Aleksandr E.}, + title = {Archi}, + volume = {4}, + year = {1994} +} + +@incollection{kibort2010a, + address = {Oxford}, + author = {Kibort, Anna}, + crossref = {kibort-etal2010}, + date-added = {2008-08-20 15:40:41 +0200}, + date-modified = {2014-12-02 09:23:39 +0000}, + pages = {64--106}, + title = {Towards a typology of grammatical features} +} + +@incollection{kibort2008a, + + author = {Anna Kibort}, + booktitle = {Grammatical Features}, + date-added = {2008-08-24 16:48:01 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-21 15:16:31 +0000}, + editor = {Anna Kibort and Greville G. Corbett}, + lastchecked = {2014-02-16}, + publisher = {Surrey Morphology Group}, + title = {A typology of grammatical features}, + url = {http://www.grammaticalfeatures.net/inventory.html}, + urldate = {2014-02-16}, + year = {2008--2016} +} + +@incollection{kazenin1996a, + address = {München}, + author = {Kazenin, Konstantin}, + booktitle = {{Godoberi}}, + date-added = {2009-06-11 10:31:06 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 13:23:25 +0000}, + editor = {Alexandr E. Kibrik}, + number = {2}, + pages = {148--154}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {LINCOM Studies in Caucasian Linguistics}, + title = {Word order in noun phrases}, + year = {1996} +} + +@incollection{kalimov1968, + author = {Abdurachman A. Kalimov}, + crossref = {vinogradovEtAl1968a}, + date-added = {2008-09-17 13:48:13 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-26 16:28:13 +0000}, + pages = {474--488}, + title = {Dunganskij jazyk} +} + +@incollection{kadyradziev2000, + abstract = {Калсын Салахович Кадыраджиев}, + author = {Kadyradžiev, Kalsyn S.}, + crossref = {gamzatov2000}, + date-added = {2009-06-11 16:13:41 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 10:10:45 +0000}, + pages = {115--133}, + title = {Kumykskij jazyk} +} + +@incollection{julien2003, + address = {Troms{ø}}, + author = {Julien, Marit}, + booktitle = {{{Proceedings of the 19th Scandinavian Conference of Linguistics}}}, + call-number = {MR (PDF);MR (copy)}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-01-05 10:35:04 +0100}, + editor = {Anne Dahl and Kristine Bentzen and Peter Svenonius}, + keywords = {Noun phrase;Generative syntax;North Germanic}, + number = {31:1}, + pages = {230--244}, + publisher = {Troms{ø} university}, + series = {Nordlyd}, + title = {Double definiteness in {S}candinavian}, + year = {2003} +} + +@incollection{jones1997, + address = {London}, + author = {Jones, Michael}, + bib = {Diss}, + booktitle = {The {R}omance languages}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 17:02:19 +0100}, + date-modified = {2009-12-23 17:03:04 +0100}, + editor = {Harris, Martin and Vincent, Nigel}, + keywords = {Language description}, + pages = {314--350}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + title = {Sardinian}, + year = {1997} +} + +@incollection{janhunen2003b, + author = {Juha Janhunen}, + crossref = {janhunen2003a}, + date-added = {2008-09-16 12:52:12 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-10 12:27:27 +0000}, + pages = {1--29}, + title = {{Proto-{M}}ongolic} +} + +@incollection{jakobson1971, + address = {The Hague}, + author = {Jakobson, Roman}, + booktitle = {Selected writings}, + date-added = {2008-09-21 21:16:34 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-02-14 16:21:20 +0100}, + editor = {Roman Jakobson}, + keywords = {Language description;Northern Eurasia;Adjective}, + maintitle = {Notes on {G}ilyak}, + pages = {72--97}, + publisher = {Mouton}, + title = {Word and language}, + volume = {2}, + year = {1971} +} + +@incollection{jacobs-etal1994, + address = {Cambridge}, + author = {Jacobs, Neil G. and Prince, Ellen F. and {van der Auwera}, Johan}, + booktitle = {The {G}ermanic languages}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-27 16:12:50 +0000}, + editor = {König, Ekkehard}, + pages = {388--419}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + series = {Cambridge Language Surveys}, + sortname = {Jacobs, Neil G. and Prince, Ellen F. and {van der Auwera}, Johan}, + title = {{Yiddish}}, + year = {1994} +} + +@incollection{jachontova1997, + abstract = {ЯХОНТОВА, НАТАЛИЯ СЕРГЕЕВНА}, + author = {Jachontova, Natalija S.}, + crossref = {alpatovEtAl1997a}, + date-added = {2008-09-21 19:51:10 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-03-21 15:46:14 +0000}, + pages = {10--18}, + title = {{Mongol}'skie jazyki} +} + +@incollection{isakov-etal2004, + abstract = {Халилов, Маджид Шарипович Исаков, Исак Абдулвахидович}, + address = {Ann Arbour}, + author = {Isakov, Isak A. and Xalilov, Madžid Š.}, + booktitle = {The {N}orth {{E}}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + call-number = {Stabi OEL}, + date-added = {2009-06-03 16:50:18 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-07-19 10:52:48 +0200}, + editor = {Michael Job}, + keywords = {Language description}, + pages = {169--214}, + publisher = {Caravan Books}, + series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + sortname = {Isakov, Isak A. and Xalilov, Madzid S.}, + title = {Hinukh}, + volume = {3}, + year = {2004} +} + +@incollection{isaev2004, + address = {Ann Arbour}, + author = {Isaev, Magomedšapi A.}, + booktitle = {The {N}orth {{E}}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + call-number = {Stabi OEL}, + date-added = {2009-06-03 16:52:23 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 10:28:59 +0000}, + editor = {Michael Job}, + keywords = {Language description}, + pages = {299--343}, + publisher = {Caravan Books}, + series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + sortname = {Isaev, Magomed sapi A.}, + title = {Dargwa}, + volume = {3}, + year = {2004} +} + +@incollection{hudson1997, + address = {London}, + author = {Hudson, Grover}, + booktitle = {The {S}emitic languages}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 14:45:43 +0100}, + date-modified = {2009-12-23 14:47:58 +0100}, + editor = {Hetzron, Robert}, + keywords = {Africa;Language description;Semitic}, + pages = {457--485}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + title = {Amharic and {A}rgobba}, + year = {1997} +} + +@incollection{hudak1987, + address = {London}, + author = {Thomas John Hudak}, + bib = {Diss}, + booktitle = {The world's major languages}, + date-added = {2008-09-18 15:15:47 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-02-14 16:12:10 +0100}, + editor = {Bernard Comrie}, + keywords = {Language description}, + pages = {757--757}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + title = {{Thai}}, + year = {1987} +} + +@incollection{honti1997, + address = {Maastricht}, + author = {Honti, László}, + booksubtitle = {Vorträge des {S}ymposiums aus {A}nlaß des 30-jährigen {B}estehens der {F}innougristik an der {R}ijksuniversiteit {G}roningen 21.--23. {N}ovember 1996}, + booktitle = {Finnisch-ugrische {S}prachen in {K}ontakt}, + date-added = {2009-12-21 12:40:41 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 13:04:11 +0000}, + editor = {Hahmo, Sirkka-Liisa and Hofstra, Tette and Honti, László and {van Linde}, Paul and Nikkilä, Osmo}, + pages = {135--144}, + publisher = {Shaker}, + sortname = {Honti, Laszlo}, + subtitle = {Zum historischen {H}intergrund der {A}ttributivkongruenz in uralischen {S}prachen}, + title = {Fremdes oder {{E}}igenständiges?}, + year = {1997} +} + +@incollection{holmberg-etal2003, + author = {Holmberg, Anders and Sandström, Göran}, + crossref = {vangsnesEtAl2003a}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-04-08 09:44:13 +0000}, + origdate = {1996}, + pages = {85--98}, + title = {Vad är det för särskilt med nordsvenska nominalfraser?} +} + +@incollection{holisky1991, + address = {Delmar}, + author = {Holisky, Dee Ann}, + booktitle = {The {K}artvelian languages}, + call-number = {Stabi OEL}, + date-added = {2009-06-03 15:07:24 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-03 16:26:27 +0200}, + editor = {Harris, Alice C.}, + keywords = {Historical linguistics;Kartvelian}, + pages = {395--472}, + publisher = {Caravan Books}, + series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + title = {Laz}, + volume = {1}, + year = {1991} +} + +@incollection{holisky-etal1994, + address = {Delmar}, + author = {Holisky, Dee Ann and Gagua, Rusudan}, + booktitle = {The {N}orth {{E}}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + call-number = {Stabi OEL}, + date-added = {2009-06-05 12:31:29 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-05 12:33:21 +0200}, + editor = {Rieks Smeets}, + keywords = {Language description}, + pages = {147--212}, + publisher = {Caravan Books}, + series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + title = {{Tsova-{T}}ush ({B}atsbi)}, + volume = {4}, + year = {1994} +} + +@incollection{hewitt1989a, + address = {Delmar}, + author = {Hewitt, George B.}, + booktitle = {The {N}orth {W}est {C}aucasian languages}, + call-number = {Stabi OEL}, + date-added = {2009-06-05 09:49:28 +0200}, + date-modified = {2011-01-31 16:05:38 +0100}, + editor = {Hewitt, George B.}, + keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Europe;Northern Eurasia}, + pages = {38--88}, + publisher = {Caravan Books}, + series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + sortname = {Hewitt, George B.}, + title = {Abkhaz}, + volume = {2}, + year = {1994} +} + +@incollection{helimski2005, + abstract = {The "Northern European Sprachbund" (Wagner etc.) is not mentioned}, + address = {Paris}, + author = {Eugene Helimski}, + booksubtitle = {A linguistic and cognitive approach}, + booktitle = {The {{U}}ralic languages today}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-04-08 09:48:00 +0000}, + editor = {Fernandez-Vest, M. M. Jocelyne}, + number = {240}, + pages = {87--99}, + publisher = {Honoré Champion}, + series = {Biblioth{\`e}que de l'Ecole des hautes études}, + subtitle = {Areal connections within and across the family}, + title = {Uralic languages in {S}prachbünde}, + year = {2005} +} + +@incollection{helimski1998b, + author = {Helimski, Eugene}, + crossref = {abondolo1998a}, + date-added = {2010-01-04 16:54:28 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-04-08 09:50:06 +0000}, + pages = {548--579}, + title = {Selkup} +} + +@incollection{helimski1998a, + author = {Helimski, Eugene}, + crossref = {abondolo1998a}, + date-added = {2010-01-04 16:55:54 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-04-08 09:50:23 +0000}, + pages = {480--515}, + title = {Nganasan} +} + +@incollection{haspelmath2010, + address = {Oxford}, + author = {Haspelmath, Martin}, + booktitle = {The {O}xford handbook of grammatical analysis}, + date-added = {2011-03-29 20:13:37 +0200}, + date-modified = {2014-12-01 11:18:20 +0000}, + editor = {Heine, Bernd and Narrog, Heiko}, + keywords = {Theoretical linguistics;Functional linguistics;Generative linguistics}, + pages = {341--365}, + publisher = {Oxford University Press}, + title = {Framework-free grammatical theory}, + year = {2010} +} + +@incollection{haspelmath2003, + address = {Mahwah}, + author = {Haspelmath, Martin}, + booktitle = {The new psychology of language}, + call-number = {MR (PDF)}, + date-added = {2009-05-31 13:40:29 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-04-08 09:31:46 +0000}, + editor = {Tomasello, Michael}, + keywords = {Typology}, + pages = {211--242}, + publisher = {Erlbaum}, + subtitle = {Semantic maps and cross linguistic comparison}, + title = {The geometry of grammatical meaning}, + volume = {2}, + year = {2003} +} + +@incollection{harris1997, + address = {London}, + author = {Harris, Martin}, + booktitle = {The {R}omance languages}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 16:41:13 +0100}, + date-modified = {2010-01-05 10:04:34 +0100}, + editor = {Harris, Martin and Nigel Vincent}, + pages = {209--245}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + title = {{French}}, + year = {1997} +} + +@incollection{harris1991b, + address = {Delmar}, + author = {Harris, Alice C.}, + booktitle = {The {K}artvelian languages}, + call-number = {Stabi OEL}, + date-added = {2009-06-03 15:05:34 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-03 15:06:12 +0200}, + editor = {Harris, Alice C.}, + keywords = {Historical linguistics;Kartvelian}, + number = {1}, + pages = {313--394}, + publisher = {Caravan Books}, + series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + sortname = {Harris, Alice C.}, + title = {{Mingrelian}}, + year = {1991} +} + +@incollection{harris1991a, + address = {Delmar}, + author = {Harris, Alice C.}, + booktitle = {The {K}artvelian languages}, + call-number = {Stabi OEL}, + date-added = {2009-06-03 15:00:32 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-03 15:05:26 +0200}, + editor = {Harris, Alice C.}, + keywords = {Historical linguistics;Kartvelian}, + number = {1}, + pages = {7--83}, + publisher = {Caravan Books}, + series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + sortname = {Harris, Alice C.}, + title = {Overview on the history of the {K}artvelian languages}, + year = {1991} +} + +@incollection{hajdu1996, + abstract = {concord agreement}, + address = {Szeged}, + author = {Hajdú, Péter}, + booktitle = {Ünnepi könyv {M}ikola {T}ibor tiszteletére}, + date-added = {2009-12-21 12:46:45 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 12:59:45 +0000}, + editor = {Mészáros, Edit}, + keywords = {Saami linguistics;Historical linguistics;Noun phrase}, + pages = {114--118}, + publisher = {JATE Finnugor Tanszék}, + sortname = {Hajd{u}, Peter}, + title = {Lappáliák}, + year = {1996} +} + +@incollection{haiman1997, + address = {London}, + author = {Haiman, John}, + bib = {Diss}, + booktitle = {The {R}omance languages}, + date-added = {2008-09-13 06:24:53 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-22 07:24:07 +0000}, + editor = {Harris, Martin and Vincent, Nigel}, + keywords = {Language description}, + pages = {351--390}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + title = {{Rhaeto-{R}}omance}, + year = {1997} +} + +@incollection{haider-etal1984, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Hubert Haider and Ronald Zwanziger}, + booktitle = {Historical Syntax}, + date-added = {2009-10-30 16:04:12 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-04-08 09:57:15 +0000}, + editor = {Fisiak, Jacek}, + keywords = {Noun phrase;Attribution;Indoeuropean;Historical linguistics}, + pages = {137--172}, + publisher = {Mouton}, + subtitle = {The `ezafe'\hyp{}construction from {O}ld {I}ranian to {M}odern {P}ersian}, + title = {Relatively attributive}, + year = {1984} +} + +@incollection{gil2005, + address = {München}, + author = {Gil, David}, + bib = {Diss}, + booktitle = {The world atlas of language structures online}, + date-added = {2009-05-13 10:25:57 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-07-19 10:25:18 +0200}, + editor = {Haspelmath, Martin and Dryer, Matthew S. and Gil, David and Comrie, Bernard}, + keywords = {Typology;Database;Noun phrase;Attribution}, + lastchecked = {2009-04-19}, + + publisher = {Max Planck Digital Library}, + title = {Genitives, adjectives and relative clauses}, + url = {http://wals.info/feature/description/60/}, + year = {2005} +} + +@incollection{dzidalaev2000, + abstract = {Джидалаев Нурислам Сиражутинович}, + author = {Džidalaev, Nurislam S.}, + crossref = {gamzatov2000}, + date-added = {2009-06-11 16:06:21 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 10:11:02 +0000}, + pages = {218--236}, + title = {Tatskij jazyk} +} + +@incollection{dryer2007, + abstract = {This unique three-volume survey brings together a team of leading scholars to explore the syntactic and morphological structures of the world's languages. Clearly organized and broad-ranging, it covers topics such as parts-of-speech, passives, complementation, relative clauses, adverbial clauses, inflectional morphology, tense, aspect, mood and diexis. The contributors look at the major ways that these notions are realized, and provide informative sketches of them at work in a range of languages. Each volume is accessibly written and clearly explains each new concept introduced. Although the volumes can be read independently, together they provide an indispensable reference work for all linguists and fieldworkers interested in cross-linguistic generalizations. Most of the chapters in the second edition are substantially revised or completely new - some on topics not covered by the first edition. Volume I: Clause structure; Volume II: Complex Constructions; Volume III: Grammatical Categories and the Lexicon}, + address = {Cambridge}, + author = {Dryer, Matthew S.}, + booktitle = {Complex constructions, language typology and syntactic description}, + call-number = {MR (copy)}, + date-added = {2009-10-20 10:27:36 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-27 16:16:15 +0000}, + edition = {2}, + editor = {Shopen, Timothy}, + keywords = {Typology;Noun phrase}, + pages = {151--205}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + series = {Language typology and syntactic description}, + sortname = {Dryer, Matthew S.}, + title = {{Noun} phrase structure}, + volume = {2}, + year = {2007} +} + +@incollection{donidze1997, + abstract = {Донидзе Гайоз Ильич}, + author = {Donidze, Gajoz I.}, + crossref = {tenisev1997a}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 17:22:22 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 10:35:13 +0000}, + pages = {497--506}, + title = {Šorskij jazyk} +} + +@incollection{demiraj1998, + author = {Demiraj, Shaban}, + crossref = {ramatEtAl1998a}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-27 16:18:27 +0000}, + pages = {480--501}, + title = {Albanian} +} + +@incollection{delsing1996b, + + author = {Delsing, Lars-Olof}, + booktitle = {Syntaktisk variasjon i nordiske målf{ø}re}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-27 16:19:34 +0000}, + editor = {Vangsnes, {\O}ystein A.}, + number = {9}, + pages = {24--74}, + publisher = {Universitetet i Bergen}, + series = {Nordica Bergensia}, + title = {Nominalfrassyntax i skandinaviska dialekter}, + year = {1996} +} + +@incollection{dahl2003, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Dahl, {\"O}sten}, + booksubtitle = {Dialect grammar from a cross-linguistic perspective}, + booktitle = {Dialectology meets typology}, + call-number = {MR (copy);MR (PDF)}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-03-30 12:39:01 +0000}, + editor = {Kortmann, Bernd}, + keywords = {Noun phrase;Attribution;Article;North Germanic}, + number = {153}, + pages = {147--180}, + publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + series = {Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs}, + sortname = {Dahl, {O}sten}, + subtitle = {Competing grammaticalization processes in standard and non-standard varieties}, + title = {Definite articles in {S}candinavian}, + year = {2003} +} + +@incollection{croft1995, + abstract = {scetch of a typology of genitive constructions}, + address = {Oxford}, + author = {Croft, William}, + booktitle = {Approaches to language typology}, + call-number = {MR}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-01-04 18:09:25 +0100}, + editor = {Masayoshi Shibatani and Theodora Bynon}, + keywords = {Attribution; Noun phrase;}, + pages = {85--145}, + publisher = {Clarendon Press}, + title = {Modern syntactic typology}, + year = {1995} +} + +@incollection{comrie1998, + author = {Comrie, Bernard}, + crossref = {ramatEtAl1998a}, + date-added = {2008-01-07 16:48:35 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-03-22 17:11:25 +0000}, + pages = {74--97}, + subtitle = {Genetic and typological perspectives}, + title = {The {{I}ndo-{{E}}}uropean linguistic family} +} + +@incollection{colarusso1989, + address = {Delmar}, + author = {Colarusso, John}, + booktitle = {The {N}orth {W}est {C}aucasian languages}, + date-added = {2009-06-05 10:53:03 +0200}, + date-modified = {2011-01-31 16:04:15 +0100}, + editor = {Hewitt, George B.}, + keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Europe;Northern Eurasia}, + pages = {261--355}, + publisher = {Caravan Books}, + series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + title = {{East} {C}ircassian ({K}abardian dialect)}, + volume = {2}, + year = {1994} +} + +@incollection{clark1998a, + address = {London}, + author = {Clark, Larry}, + booktitle = {The {T}urkic languages}, + crossref = {johansonEtAl1998a}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-22 07:22:17 +0000}, + editor = {Johanson, Lars and Csató, Éva Ágnes}, + pages = {434--452}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + title = {Chuvash}, + year = {1998} +} + +@incollection{cincius1997, + author = {Cincius, Vera I.}, + crossref = {alpatovEtAl1997a}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 17:04:22 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-05-26 16:29:24 +0000}, + pages = {226--236}, + title = {Solonskij jazyk} +} + +@incollection{carstairs-mccarthy2000a, + author = {Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew}, + crossref = {booijETAL2000a}, + date-added = {2010-06-26 08:36:07 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-03-21 15:34:37 +0000}, + pages = {264--272}, + title = {Category and feature} +} + +@incollection{browne1993, + address = {London}, + author = {Browne, Wayles}, + booktitle = {The {S}lavonic languages}, + date-added = {2009-06-12 16:27:49 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-01-04 17:45:23 +0100}, + editor = {Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett}, + keywords = {Language description}, + pages = {306--387}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + title = {{{Serbo-Croat}}}, + year = {1993} +} + +@incollection{bogoras1922, + address = {Washington, D. C.}, + author = {Waldemar Bogoras}, + booktitle = {Handbook of the {A}merican {I}ndian languages. 2}, + date-added = {2008-09-20 18:15:19 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-07-19 09:15:53 +0200}, + editor = {Franz Boas}, + keywords = {Language description;Northern Eurasia}, + number = {40}, + pages = {631--903}, + publisher = {Bureau of American Ethnology}, + series = {Bulletin of the Smithonian Institute}, + title = {Chukchee}, + year = {1922} +} + +@incollection{boeschoten1998, + address = {London}, + author = {Boeschoten, Hendrik}, + booktitle = {The {T}urkic languages}, + crossref = {johansonEtAl1998a}, + date-added = {2009-06-12 11:47:20 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-22 07:21:54 +0000}, + editor = {Csató, Éva Ágnes and Johanson, Lars}, + pages = {357--378}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + title = {Uzbek}, + year = {1998} +} + +@incollection{blasing2003, + author = {Uwe Bläsing}, + crossref = {janhunen2003a}, + date-added = {2008-09-16 13:21:21 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-26 16:09:56 +0000}, + pages = {229--247}, + title = {Kalmuck} +} + +@incollection{birtalan2003, + author = {Birtalan, Ágnes}, + crossref = {janhunen2003a}, + date-added = {2008-09-16 13:25:48 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-26 16:09:28 +0000}, + pages = {210--228}, + title = {{Oirat}} +} + +@incollection{bickel1999, + address = {Kathmandu}, + author = {Bickel, Balthasar}, + booktitle = {Topics in {N}epalese Linguistics}, + date-added = {2010-06-25 21:13:05 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-07-18 20:04:17 +0200}, + editor = {Yogendra P. Yadava and Warren G. Glover}, + keywords = {Noun phrase}, + pages = {271--296}, + publisher = {Royal Nepal Academy}, + title = {Nominalization and focus constructions in some {K}iranti languages}, + year = {1999} +} + +@incollection{bickel-etal2007, + address = {Cambridge}, + author = {Bickel, Balthasar and Nichols, Johanna}, + booktitle = {Grammatical Categories and the Lexicon}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2014-11-28 14:02:48 +0000}, + edition = {2}, + editor = {Shopen, Timothy}, + keywords = {Morphology;Typology}, + maintitle = {Language typology and syntactic description}, + pages = {169--240}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + title = {Inflectional morphology}, + volume = {3}, + year = {2007} +} + +@incollection{bickel-etal2002, + address = {Nijmegen}, + author = {Balthasar Bickel and Johanna Nichols}, + booktitle = {{Proceedings of the {I}nternational {{LREC}} {W}orkshop on {R}esources and {T}ools in {F}ield {L}inguistics, {L}as {P}almas, 26--27 {M}ay 2002}}, + date-added = {2008-08-28 10:28:30 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 08:11:54 +0000}, + doi = {10.5167/uzh-76860}, + editor = {Austin, Peter and Helen Dry and Peter Witternburg}, + + publisher = {ISLE and DOBES}, + title = {Autotypologizing databases and their use in fieldwork}, + year = {2003} +} + +@incollection{benzing1993b, + address = {Wiesbaden}, + author = {Benzing, Johannes}, + booktitle = {Bolgarisch-tschuwaschische {S}tudien}, + date-added = {2009-05-16 13:34:17 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 12:26:07 +0000}, + editor = {Claus Schönig}, + number = {12}, + origdate = {1940}, + pages = {1--17}, + publisher = {Harrassowitz}, + series = {Turcologica}, + title = {Das Possessivsuffix der dritten {P}erson}, + year = {1993} +} + +@incollection{benzing1963, + address = {Leiden}, + author = {Benzing, Johannes}, + booktitle = {Turkologie}, + date-added = {2010-02-05 12:15:08 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 12:25:50 +0000}, + editor = {Spuler, Bertold}, + keywords = {Turkic;Language description}, + maintitle = {Altaistik}, + number = {5}, + pages = {61--71}, + publisher = {Brill}, + series = {Handbuch der Orientalistik}, + title = {Das {T}schuwaschische}, + volume = {1}, + year = {1963} +} + +@incollection{baskakov2001, + author = {Baskakov, Nikolaj A.}, + crossref = {vonogradovEtAl2001a}, + date-added = {2008-07-30 16:21:45 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-22 07:41:32 +0000}, + pages = {49--56}, + title = {Karakalpakskij jazyk} +} + +@incollection{baskakov1997b, + author = {Baskakov, Nikolaj A.}, + crossref = {tenisev1997a}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 17:13:37 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-09-22 07:41:40 +0000}, + pages = {197--187}, + title = {Altajskij jazyk} +} + +@incollection{azaev2000, + author = {Azaev, Ch. G.}, + crossref = {gamzatov2000}, + date-added = {2009-06-11 15:48:35 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 10:11:16 +0000}, + pages = {346--359}, + title = {Botlichskij jazyk} +} + +@incollection{avrorin1968, + author = {Avrorin, Valentin A.}, + crossref = {vinogradovEtAl1968a}, + date-added = {2009-06-03 13:33:04 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-26 16:27:27 +0000}, + pages = {129--148}, + title = {Nanajskij jazyk} +} + +@incollection{avrorin-etal1967, + author = {Avrorin, Valentin A. and Lebedeva, Elena P.}, + crossref = {vinogradovEtAl1968a}, + date-added = {2009-10-26 13:49:44 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-05-26 16:26:29 +0000}, + pages = {191--210}, + title = {Oročskij jazyk} +} + +@incollection{aronson1991, + address = {Delmar}, + author = {Aronson, Howard I.}, + booktitle = {The {K}artvelian languages}, + call-number = {Stabi OEL}, + date-added = {2009-06-03 15:06:19 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-07-18 19:45:42 +0200}, + editor = {Harris, Alice C.}, + keywords = {Historical linguistics;Kartvelian}, + pages = {219--312}, + publisher = {Caravan Books}, + series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + sortname = {Aronson, Howard I.}, + title = {Modern {G}eorgian}, + volume = {1}, + year = {1991} +} + +@incollection{alekseev1994b, + address = {Delmar}, + author = {Alekseev, Michail E.}, + booktitle = {The {N}orth {{E}}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + call-number = {Stabi OEL}, + date-added = {2009-06-05 13:16:41 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-07-18 18:10:00 +0200}, + editor = {Rieks Smeets}, + keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Northern Eurasia;Europe}, + pages = {259--296}, + publisher = {Caravan Books}, + series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + sortname = {Alekseev, Michail E.}, + title = {Budukh}, + volume = {4}, + year = {1994} +} + +@incollection{alekseev1994a, + address = {Delmar}, + author = {Alekseev, Michail E.}, + booktitle = {The {N}orth {{E}}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + call-number = {Stabi OEL}, + date-added = {2009-06-05 13:13:41 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-07-18 18:09:52 +0200}, + editor = {Rieks Smeets}, + keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Northern Eurasia;Europe}, + pages = {213--258}, + publisher = {Caravan Books}, + series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + sortname = {Alekseev, Michail E.}, + title = {Rutul}, + volume = {4}, + year = {1994} +} + +@incollection{alekseev-etal2004, + address = {Ann Arbour}, + author = {Alekseev, Michail E. and Radžabov, Ramazan N.}, + booktitle = {The {N}orth {{E}}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + call-number = {Stabi OEL}, + date-added = {2009-06-03 16:49:43 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-07-18 19:43:54 +0200}, + editor = {Michael Job}, + pages = {115--163}, + publisher = {Caravan Books}, + series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + sortname = {Alekseev, Michail E. and Radzabov, Ramazan N.}, + title = {{Tsez}}, + volume = {3}, + year = {2004} +} + +@incollection{ajello1998, + author = {Ajello, Roberto}, + crossref = {ramatEtAl1998a}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-03-22 17:09:19 +0000}, + pages = {197--227}, + title = {Armenian} +} + +@incollection{abdullaev2000, + abstract = {Гамзатов, Гаджи Гамзатович}, + author = {Abdullaev, Isa Ch.}, + crossref = {gamzatov2000}, + date-added = {2009-06-11 16:04:47 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 10:12:21 +0000}, + pages = {134--151}, + title = {Lakskij jazyk}, + year = {2000} +} + +@incollection{KibrikEtAl2004, + address = {Ann Arbour}, + author = {Kibrik, Aleksandr E. and Testelets, Jakov G.}, + booktitle = {The {N}orth {{E}}ast {C}aucasian languages 2}, + call-number = {Stabi OEL}, + date-added = {2009-06-03 16:51:35 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-02-02 19:20:21 +0000}, + editor = {Michael Job}, + keywords = {Language description}, + pages = {217--295}, + publisher = {Caravan Books}, + series = {The indigenous languages of the {C}aucasus}, + sortname = {Kibrik, Aleksandr E. and Testelets, Jakov G.}, + title = {{Bezhta}}, + volume = {3}, + year = {2004} +} + +@incollection{AUTOTYP-NP, + author = {Bickel, Balthasar and Nichols, Johanna and Michael Rießler}, + crossref = {AUTOTYP}, + date-added = {2009-10-21 13:48:57 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 12:36:44 +0000}, + lastchecked = {2016-07-19}, + + title = {{{NP}} structures}, + url = {http://www.autotyp.uzh.ch/projects/nps/nps.html} +} + +@inbook{mikkola1950, + abstract = {p.52 bestimmte Adj im Baltischen und Germanischen}, + address = {Heidelberg}, + author = {Mikkola, Jooseppi Julius}, + booktitle = {Formenlehre}, + date-added = {2007-12-31 16:19:25 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-04-08 10:05:46 +0000}, + mainsubtitle = {Einführung in das vergleichende Studium der slavischen Sprachen}, + maintitle = {Urslavische Grammatik}, + publisher = {Winter}, + volume = {3}, + year = {1950} +} + +@collection{wagner-nagy2002a, + address = {Szeged}, + booktitle = {Chrestomathia nganasanica}, + date-added = {2016-06-01 09:59:52 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-09-22 07:08:22 +0000}, + editor = {Beáta Wagner-Nagy}, + number = {10}, + publisher = {SzTE Finnugor Tanszék}, + series = {Studia Uralo-Altaica (Supplementum)}, + title = {Chrestomathia nganasanica}, + year = {2002} +} + +@collection{vonogradovEtAl2001a, + address = {Moskva}, + booktitle = {Jazyki Rossijskoj Federacii i sosednich gosudarstv}, + date-added = {2016-05-28 10:05:02 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 10:05:55 +0000}, + editor = {Vinogradov, Viktor A. and Jarceva, Viktorija N.}, + publisher = {Nauka}, + subtitle = {{\.E}nciklopedija v trech tomach}, + title = {Jazyki Rossijskoj Federacii i sosednich gosudarstv}, + volume = {2}, + year = {2001} +} + +@collection{vinogradovEtAl1968a, + address = {Moskva}, + booktitle = {{Mongol}'skie, tunguso-man'\-čžur\-skie i paleoaziatskie jazyki}, + date-added = {2016-05-26 16:24:01 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-05-26 16:26:11 +0000}, + editor = {Vinogradov, Viktor V. and Skorik, Petr Ja.}, + number = {5}, + publisher = {Nauka}, + series = {Jazyki narodov SSSR}, + title = {{Mongol}'skie, tunguso-man'\-čžur\-skie i paleoaziatskie jazyki}, + year = {1968} +} + +@collection{vangsnesEtAl2003a, + address = {Troms{ø}}, + booktitle = {Dialektsyntaktiska studier av den nordiska nominalfrasen}, + date-added = {2016-04-08 09:41:35 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-04-08 09:43:28 +0000}, + editor = {Vangsnes, {\O}ystein A. and Holmberg, Anders and Delsing, Lars-Olof}, + number = {22}, + publisher = {Novus}, + series = {Troms{ø}-studier i språkvitenskap}, + title = {Dialektsyntaktiska studier av den nordiska nominalfrasen}, + year = {2003} +} + +@collection{tenisev1997a, + address = {Moskva}, + booktitle = {Tjurkskie jazyki}, + date-added = {2016-05-28 10:32:44 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 10:33:54 +0000}, + editor = {Tenišev, {\.E}dgem R.}, + publisher = {Indrik}, + series = {Jazyki mira}, + title = {Tjurkskie jazyki}, + year = {1997} +} + +@collection{ramatEtAl1998a, + address = {London}, + booktitle = {The {{I}ndo-{{E}}}uropean languages}, + date-added = {2016-03-22 17:07:52 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-09-22 07:26:15 +0000}, + editor = {Ramat, Anna Giacalone and Ramat, Paolo}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + title = {The {{I}ndo-{{E}}}uropean languages}, + year = {1998} +} + +@collection{macauley1992b, + address = {Cambridge}, + booktitle = {The {C}eltic languages}, + date-added = {2016-05-26 16:12:19 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-05-27 15:40:54 +0000}, + editor = {Donald MacAulay}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + series = {Cambridge Language Surveys}, + title = {The {C}eltic languages}, + year = {1992} +} + +@collection{kibort-etal2010, + address = {Oxford}, + booktitle = {Features}, + date-added = {2010-06-25 10:36:12 +0200}, + date-modified = {2014-12-01 14:47:27 +0000}, + editor = {Kibort, Anna and Corbett, Greville G.}, + keywords = {Typology;Syntax;Morphology}, + publisher = {Oxford University Press}, + subtitle = {Perspectives on a Key Notion in Linguistics}, + title = {Features}, + year = {2010} +} + +@collection{johansonEtAl1998a, + address = {London}, + booktitle = {The {T}urkic languages}, + date-added = {2016-09-22 07:20:24 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-09-22 07:21:04 +0000}, + editor = {Johanson, Lars and Csató, Éva Ágnes}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + title = {The {T}urkic languages}, + year = {1998} +} + +@collection{jarceva1997, + address = {Moskva}, + booktitle = {Jazyki {R}ossijskoj {F}ederacii i sosednich gosudarstv}, + date-added = {2016-05-28 10:00:45 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 10:02:08 +0000}, + editor = {Jarceva, Viktorija N.}, + publisher = {Nauka}, + subtitle = {{\.E}nciklopedija v trech tomach}, + title = {Jazyki {R}ossijskoj {F}ederacii i sosednich gosudarstv}, + volume = {1}, + year = {1997} +} + +@collection{janhunen2003a, + address = {London}, + booktitle = {The {M}ongolic languages}, + date-added = {2016-05-26 16:08:07 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-09-22 07:23:15 +0000}, + editor = {Janhunen, Juha}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + title = {The {M}ongolic languages}, + year = {2003} +} + +@collection{gamzatov2000, + address = {Machačkala}, + booktitle = {Jazyki {D}agestana}, + date-added = {2016-05-28 10:08:42 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 10:09:16 +0000}, + editor = {Gamzatov, Gadži G.}, + number = {1}, + publisher = {IJALII}, + series = {Jazyki narodov Rossii}, + title = {Jazyki {D}agestana}, + year = {2000} +} + +@collection{booijETAL2000a, + address = {Berlin}, + booktitle = {Morphology}, + date-added = {2016-03-22 16:33:10 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-03-22 16:33:26 +0000}, + editor = {Booij, Geert and Christian Lehmann and Joachim Mugdan and Stavros Skopeteas}, + number = {17}, + publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + series = {Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft}, + subtitle = {An international handbook on inflection and word-formation}, + title = {Morphology}, + year = {1999} +} + +@collection{alpatovEtAl1997a, + abstract = {ЯХОНТОВА, НАТАЛИЯ СЕРГЕЕВНА}, + address = {Moskva}, + booktitle = {{Mongol}'skie jazyki. {T}unguso-man'\-čžur\-skie jazyki. {J}aponskij jazyk. {K}orejskij jazyk}, + date-added = {2016-03-22 16:35:02 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-09-22 07:09:51 +0000}, + editor = {Vladimir M. Alpatov and Igor' V. Kormušin and Grigorij C. Pjurbeev and Ol'ga I. Romanova}, + publisher = {Indrik}, + series = {Jazyki mira}, + title = {{Mongol}'skie jazyki. {T}unguso-man'\-čžur\-skie jazyki. {J}aponskij jazyk. {K}orejskij jazyk}, + year = {1997} +} + +@collection{abondolo1998a, + address = {London}, + booktitle = {The {{U}}ralic languages}, + date-added = {2016-04-08 09:48:54 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-04-08 09:49:23 +0000}, + editor = {Abondolo, Daniel}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + series = {Routledge Language Family Series}, + title = {The {{U}}ralic languages}, + year = {1998} +} + +@collection{AUTOTYP, + booktitle = {Autotyp}, + date-added = {2009-04-19 12:21:38 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-21 15:17:01 +0000}, + editor = {Bickel, Balthasar and Nichols, Johanna}, + lastchecked = {2016-07-19}, + publisher = {Universität Zürich}, + subtitle = {An international network of typological linguistic databases}, + title = {Autotyp}, + url = {http://www.autotyp.uzh.ch/}, + year = {2001--2016} +} + +@book{zuniga2000, + address = {München}, + author = {Zúñiga, Fernando}, + date-added = {2010-01-04 16:21:14 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-05-25 15:10:10 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description}, + number = {376}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + sortname = {Zuniga, Fernando}, + title = {Mapudungun}, + year = {2000} +} + +@book{zirkov1955, + address = {Moskva}, + author = {Žirkov, Lev I.}, + date-added = {2009-06-11 14:48:06 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-03-22 16:41:29 +0000}, + keywords = {Caucasus;Europe;Language description}, + publisher = {Nauka}, + sortname = {Zirkov, Lev I.}, + subtitle = {Fonetika i morfologija}, + title = {Lakskij jazyk}, + year = {1955} +} + +@book{zavodova1964, + address = {Moskva}, + author = {Zavodova, Raisa A. and Koljadenkov, Michail N.}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-25 15:05:42 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description;Uralic;Mordvin}, + publisher = {Nauka}, + sortname = {Zavodova, Raisa A. and Koljadenkov, Michail N.}, + title = {Grammatika mordovskich (mokšanskogo i {\. {E}}rzjanskogo) jazykov}, + year = {1964} +} + +@book{zajkov1999, + address = {Petrozavodsk}, + author = {Zajkov, Petr M.}, + author-translation = {Petr Mefodievič Zajkov}, + call-number = {MR (copy)}, + date-added = {2009-12-22 13:01:17 +0100}, + date-modified = {2009-12-22 13:02:01 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description;Uralic}, + lid = {Karelian}, + publisher = {Periodika}, + sortname = {Zajkov, Petr M.}, + title = {{Grammatika karel'skogo jazyka (fonetika i morfologija)}}, + year = {1999} +} + +@book{wolff1993, + address = {Münster}, + author = {Wolff, Ekkehard H.}, + call-number = {MR}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 17:55:39 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-05-25 15:08:09 +0000}, + number = {2}, + publisher = {Lit}, + series = {Hamburger Beiträge zur Afrikanistik}, + sortname = {Wolff, Ekkehard H.}, + subtitle = {Zur {B}egleitung des {F}remdsprachenunterrichts und zur {E}inführung in das {S}elbststudium}, + title = {Referenzgrammatik des {H}ausa}, + year = {1993} +} + +@book{winkler2001, + address = {München}, + author = {Winkler, Eberhard}, + call-number = {MR}, + date-added = {2007-07-18 22:20:51 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-25 15:10:27 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description; Udmurt}, + number = {212}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + title = {Udmurt}, + year = {2001} +} + +@book{wilbur2014a, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Joshua Wilbur}, + date-added = {2016-03-26 12:26:07 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-03-30 11:36:04 +0000}, + doi = {10.17169/langsci.b17.34}, + number = {5}, + publisher = {Language Science Press}, + series = {Studies in Diversity Linguistics}, + title = {A grammar of {P}ite {S}aami}, + year = {2014} +} + +@book{wetzer1996, + abstract = {Noun phrase}, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Wetzer, Harrie}, + bib = {Diss}, + call-number = {MR}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2014-11-28 11:10:50 +0000}, + keywords = {Adjective;Parts of speech;Predication}, + number = {17}, + publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + series = {Empirical Approaches to Language Typology}, + title = {The Typology of Adjectival Predication}, + year = {1996} +} + +@book{walsOnline2013, + address = {Leipzig}, + booktitle = {The World Atlas of Language Structures Online}, + date-added = {2016-02-02 19:09:27 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-02-02 19:09:27 +0000}, + editor = {Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath}, + keywords = {Typology}, + publisher = {Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology}, + sortname = {Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath}, + title = {The World Atlas of Language Structures Online}, + url = {http://wals.info/}, + urldate = {2016-01-28}, + year = {2013} +} + +@book{van-den-berg1995, + address = {München}, + author = {{van den Berg}, Helma}, + date-added = {2009-06-11 10:40:24 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-01-04 17:41:06 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Europe}, + number = {1}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {LINCOM Studies in Caucasian Linguistics}, + title = {A grammar of {H}unzib (with texts and lexicon)}, + year = {1995} +} + +@book{vajda2004, + abstract = {Abstract: Ket is the only surviving member of the formerly widespread Yeniseic family and one of the world's more intriguing language isolates. Its phonology, vocabulary, and grammar differ strikingly from the surrounding families. A system of five phonemic tones, apparently derived from simplified consonant articulations, mark the beginning of each phonological word. Agreement-related inflections reflect a tripartite noun-class division based on animacy and gender. The polysynthetic verb contains ten position classes and involves a variety of distinct agreement patterns: active/inactive, ergative/absolutive, nominative/accusative, and two that employ redundant subject markers. Each stem selects one of these strategies as part of its lexical makeup. The co-indexed subject and object NPs are zero-marked regardless of the verb's agreement type. Incorporation affects certain intransitive subjects, as well as objects, instruments, and directional adverbs. Important derivational categories include event number (punctual vs. iterative) and transitivity, with transitive and intransitive stems normally differing in some formal way. Causatives, inceptives, and even infinitives are distinct lexemes rather than grammatical forms of another stem. The only verbal inflectional categories are tense (past/non-past), mood (indicative/imperative), and agreement in person, class, and number with at most two grammatical terms. Particles convey other temporal and modal nuances. Most morphemes are roots or grammatical inflections. With so few derivational affixes, compounding is the most prevalent technique of lexeme creation. Redundant inflections also play a role in stem formation. This is manifested most obviously in the verb, but occurs in the noun too. Despite its isolate status, Ket shares certain areal features with its Uralic, Turkic, and Tungusic neighbors. These include a nominal paradigm containing a dozen cases and a propensity to use postpositions or case suffixes as clausal subordinators. Ket is spoken today by a few hundred of the 1,200 Ket people, mainly in remote areas near the Yenisei River in the Turukhansk District of Russia's Krasnoyarsk Province. Most speakers are adults who know Russian fluently too. This book contains the first full-length description of Ket to appear in English. It covers all aspects of the phonology, morphology and syntax of Southern Ket (the dialect with the most speakers), and briefly discusses the traditional culture and its characteristic vocabulary. Also included is a previously unpublished folktale with interlinear morpheme glosses and an English translation.}, + address = {München}, + author = {Edward J. Vajda}, + bib = {Diss}, + call-number = {MR (copy)}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2008-09-19 13:00:39 +0200}, + keywords = {Language description;Northern Eurasia}, + lid = {Ket}, + number = {2004}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + sortname = {Edward J. Vajda}, + title = {Ket}, + year = {2004} +} + +@book{ubratova1985, + address = {Novosibirsk}, + author = {Ubrjatova, Elizaveta I.}, + date-added = {2009-06-12 10:14:15 +0200}, + date-modified = {2011-01-31 16:23:23 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description;Turkic;Northern Eurasia;Siberia}, + publisher = {Nauka}, + sortname = {Ubrjatova, Elizaveta I.}, + title = {{Jazyk noril'skich dolgan}}, + year = {1985} +} + +@book{tuite1998, + address = {München}, + author = {Tuite, Kevin}, + date-added = {2009-06-08 18:52:06 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-03-22 17:06:59 +0000}, + keywords = {Noun phrase;Syntax;Morphology;Caucasus;Europe;Historical linguistics}, + number = {12}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {LINCOM Studies in Caucasian Linguistics}, + subtitle = {Number agreement and morphosyntactic orientation in the {S}outh {C}aucasian languages}, + title = {Kartvelian morphosyntax}, + year = {1998} +} + +@book{tuite1997, + address = {München}, + author = {Tuite, Kevin}, + date-added = {2009-06-11 11:10:22 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-02-15 12:39:02 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Europe}, + number = {139}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + title = {Svan}, + year = {1997} +} + +@book{tucker1995, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Tucker, Childs G.}, + date-added = {2009-06-19 13:57:10 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-03-22 17:01:54 +0000}, + number = {16}, + publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + series = {Mouton Grammar Library}, + sortname = {Tucker, Childs G.}, + subtitle = {A {S}outhern {A}tlantic language}, + title = {A grammar of {K}isi}, + year = {1995} +} + +@book{torrego1998, + address = {Madrid}, + author = {Torrego, Leonardo Gómez}, + call-number = {MR}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 17:06:06 +0100}, + date-modified = {2011-01-31 16:22:48 +0100}, + publisher = {SM}, + sortname = {Torrego, Leonardo Gomez}, + title = {{Gramática didáctica del Español}}, + year = {1998} +} + +@book{tiersma1985, + address = {Dordrecht}, + author = {Tiersma, Peter Meijes}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 16:43:29 +0100}, + date-modified = {2009-12-23 16:44:24 +0100}, + publisher = {Foris}, + title = {{Frisian} reference grammar}, + year = {1985} +} + +@book{tenser2005, + address = {München}, + author = {Tenser, Anton}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 15:44:30 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 08:12:59 +0000}, + number = {452}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + title = {Lithuanian {R}omani}, + year = {2005} +} + +@book{tauli1966, + address = {Bloomington}, + author = {Tauli, Valter}, + call-number = {MR (copy)}, + date-added = {2009-05-11 12:35:26 +0200}, + date-modified = {2014-11-28 10:17:54 +0000}, + keywords = {Uralic;Historical linguistics}, + number = {17}, + publisher = {Indiana University}, + series = {Uralic and Altaic Series}, + title = {Structural Tendencies in {{U}}ralic Languages}, + year = {1966} +} + +@book{svonni2009a, + address = {Tromsø}, + author = {Svonni, Mikael}, + call-number = {MR (PDF)}, + date-added = {2016-03-27 16:08:04 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-03-27 16:08:04 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description,Saamic linguistics,North Saami}, + publisher = {Universitetet i Tromsø}, + subtitle = {Kompendium}, + title = {Samisk grammatik}, + year = {2009} +} + +@book{sunik1985, + abstract = {Sunik, Orest Petrovič}, + address = {Leningrad}, + author = {Sunik, Orest P.}, + date-added = {2009-06-12 14:08:34 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-03-22 16:55:09 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description;Tungusic;Northern Eurasia}, + publisher = {Nauka}, + sortname = {Sunik, Orest P.}, + subtitle = {Issledovanija i materialy}, + title = {Ul'čskij jazyk}, + year = {1985} +} + +@book{stroomer1995, + address = {Köln}, + author = {Harry Stroomer}, + bib = {Diss}, + date-added = {2008-09-18 15:54:27 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-19 13:45:33 +0200}, + keywords = {Language description}, + number = {11}, + publisher = {Köppe}, + series = {Cushitic Language Studies}, + title = {A grammar of {B}oraane {O}romo ({K}enya)}, + year = {1995} +} + +@book{spiik1989, + address = {Jokkmokk}, + author = {Spiik, Nils Eric}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 08:17:26 +0000}, + edition = {2}, + publisher = {Sameskolstyrelsen}, + title = {Lulesamisk grammatik}, + year = {1989} +} + +@book{sorokina2010a, + address = {Saint Petersburg}, + author = {Sorokina, Irina P.}, + date-added = {2016-06-17 07:24:46 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-06-17 07:25:04 +0000}, + publisher = {Nauka}, + sortname = {Sorokina, Irina P.}, + title = {\. {E}neckij jazyk}, + year = {2010} +} + +@book{skorik1960, + address = {Moskva}, + author = {Petr Ja. Skorik}, + date-added = {2008-09-20 18:30:59 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-03-22 16:42:10 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description;Northern Eurasia}, + publisher = {Nauka}, + sortname = {Petr Ja. Skorik}, + subtitle = {Fonetika i morfologija imennych častej reči}, + title = {Grammatika čukotskogo jazyka}, + year = {1960} +} + +@book{siraliev-etal1971, + address = {Baku}, + author = {Širaliev, M. Š. and Sevort'an, {\.E}. V.}, + date-added = {2009-06-12 10:43:06 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-07-19 12:12:56 +0200}, + keywords = {Language description;Turkic;Northern Eurasia}, + lid = {Azerbaijani}, + publisher = {{\.E}lm}, + sortname = {Siraliev, M. S. and Sevort'an, {\.E}. V.}, + title = {{Grammatika azerbajdžanskogo jazyka (fonetika, morfologija i sintaksis)}}, + year = {1971} +} + +@book{siegl2013a, + address = {Helsinki}, + author = {Siegl, Florian}, + date-added = {2016-06-16 13:38:41 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-06-16 13:38:58 +0000}, + number = {267}, + publisher = {Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura}, + series = {Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia}, + title = {Materials on {F}orest {{E}}nets, an indigenous language of northern {S}iberia}, + year = {2013} +} + +@book{serebrennikov1963, + address = {Moskva}, + author = {Serebrennikov, Boris A.}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-10-30 14:38:48 +0100}, + keywords = {Uralic;Historical linguistics;Morphology}, + publisher = {Nauka}, + sortname = {Serebrennikov, Boris A.}, + title = {{Istoričeskaja morfologija permskich jazykov}}, + year = {1963} +} + +@book{seegmiller1996, + address = {München}, + author = {Seegmiller, Steve}, + date-added = {2009-06-11 16:17:27 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-11 16:18:32 +0200}, + keywords = {Language description;Turkic;Northern Eurasia}, + number = {109}, + publisher = {Lincom Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + title = {{Karachay}}, + year = {1996} +} + +@book{schulze2000, + address = {München}, + author = {Schulze, Wolfgang}, + date-added = {2009-01-29 20:01:17 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 09:49:24 +0000}, + number = {380}, + publisher = {Lincom Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + title = {{Northern} {T}alysh}, + year = {2000} +} + +@book{schulze1997, + address = {München}, + author = {Wolfgang Schulze}, + date-added = {2009-06-11 11:03:47 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 09:49:33 +0000}, + number = {133}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + title = {Tsakhur}, + year = {1997} +} + +@book{schaub1985, + address = {London}, + author = {Schaub, Willi}, + date-added = {2009-06-19 14:00:32 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-19 14:01:09 +0200}, + publisher = {Croom Helm}, + title = {Babungo}, + year = {1985} +} + +@book{schanen-etal2006, + address = {Esch-sur-Alzette}, + author = {Schanen, Fran{\c c}ois and Zimmer, Jacqui}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 16:53:12 +0100}, + date-modified = {2010-01-04 17:12:35 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description;Indoeuropean;Europe}, + publisher = {Schortgen}, + sortname = {Schanen, Fran{\c c}ois and Zimmer, Jacqui}, + title = {{Lëtzebuergesch Grammaire}}, + volume = {1-3}, + year = {2005-2006} +} + +@book{schafer2015a, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Roland Schäfer}, + date-added = {2016-03-26 13:55:44 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 13:49:19 +0000}, + doi = {10.17169/langsci.b17.34}, + number = {2}, + publisher = {Language Science Press}, + series = {Textbooks in Language Sciences}, + sortname = {Roland Schafer}, + title = {Einführung in die grammatische {B}eschreibung des {D}eutschen}, + year = {2015} +} + +@book{schackow2015a, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Diana Schackow}, + date-added = {2016-03-26 12:23:14 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-03-26 12:25:41 +0000}, + doi = {10.17169/langsci.b66.106}, + number = {7}, + publisher = {Language Science Press}, + series = {Studies in Diversity Linguistics}, + title = {A grammar of {Y}akkha}, + year = {2015} +} + +@book{schaarschmidt2004, + address = {München}, + author = {Gunter Schaarschmidt}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 16:03:39 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 08:18:54 +0000}, + number = {160}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + title = {Upper {S}orbian}, + year = {2004} +} + +@book{sauman1941, + address = {Moskva}, + author = {Šaumjan, R. M.}, + date-added = {2009-06-11 13:35:34 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-04-08 10:06:20 +0000}, + keywords = {Caucasus;Language description;Europe}, + number = {2}, + publisher = {Nauka}, + series = {Caucasica}, + sortname = {Saumjan, R. M.}, + subtitle = {S tekstami i slovarem}, + title = {Grammatičeskij očerk agul'skogo jazyka}, + year = {1941} +} + +@book{saul-etal1980, + address = {Dallas}, + author = {Saul, Janice E. and Freiberger Wilson, Nancy}, + date-added = {2009-06-19 13:36:56 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-19 13:38:40 +0200}, + number = {62}, + publisher = {SIL}, + series = {Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics}, + sortname = {Saul, Janice E. and Freiberger Wilson, Nancy}, + title = {Nung grammar}, + year = {1980} +} + +@book{sasse1991, + address = {Wiesbaden}, + author = {Sasse, Hans-Jürgen}, + bib = {Diss}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 13:48:55 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description}, + publisher = {Harrassowitz}, + sortname = {Sasse, Hans-Jurgen}, + subtitle = {Die albanischen {S}prachreste in {G}riechenland}, + title = {Arvanitika}, + volume = {1}, + year = {1991} +} + +@book{sammallahti1998b, + address = {Kárášjohka}, + author = {Pekka Sammallahti}, + date-added = {2007-06-26 11:47:06 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-03-22 17:06:39 +0000}, + publisher = {Davvi Girji}, + subtitle = {An introduction}, + title = {The {S}aami languages}, + year = {1998} +} + +@book{saltarelli1988, + address = {London}, + author = {Mario Saltarelli}, + date-added = {2008-09-20 22:40:33 +0200}, + date-modified = {2008-09-20 22:41:40 +0200}, + keywords = {Language description;Northern Eurasia}, + publisher = {Croom Helm}, + series = {Croom Helm Descriptive Grammars}, + title = {{Basque}}, + year = {1988} +} + +@book{sajceva1981, + address = {Leningrad}, + author = {Zajceva, Marija I.}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 16:35:00 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-03-22 16:52:11 +0000}, + publisher = {Nauka}, + sortname = {Zajceva, Marija I.}, + subtitle = {Fonetika i morfologija}, + title = {Grammatika vepsskogo jazyka}, + year = {1981} +} + +@book{ruge1986, + address = {Köln}, + author = {Ruge, Hans}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 13:47:53 +0000}, + publisher = {Romiosini}, + subtitle = {Lautlehre, {F}ormenlehre, {S}yntax}, + title = {Grammatik des {N}eugriechischen}, + year = {1986} +} + +@book{robbeetsEtAl2013a, + address = {Amsterdam}, + author = {Martine Robbeets and Hubert Cuyckens}, + date-added = {2016-09-09 15:36:30 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-09-09 15:38:56 +0000}, + number = {132}, + publisher = {John Benjamins}, + series = {Studies in Language Companion Series}, + subtitle = {With special focus on the {T}ranseurasian languages}, + title = {Shared grammaticalization}, + year = {2013} +} + +@book{ringgaard1960, + address = {Aarhus}, + author = {Ringgaard, Kristian}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-10-27 09:53:37 +0100}, + keywords = {Phonology;North Germanic}, + lid = {Danish;Jutlandic}, + publisher = {Universitetsforlaget}, + title = {{Vestjysk st{ø}d}}, + year = {1960} +} + +@book{ringe2006, + address = {Oxford}, + author = {Ringe, Don}, + date-added = {2007-11-01 14:40:25 +0100}, + date-modified = {2010-02-15 11:35:29 +0100}, + keywords = {Historical linguistics; Indoeuropean; Germanic}, + publisher = {Oxford University Press}, + title = {{From {Proto-{Indo}-European} to Proto-Germanic}}, + volume = {1: A Linguistic History of English}, + year = {2006} +} + +@book{rijkhoff2002, + address = {Oxford}, + author = {Jan Rijkhoff}, + bib = {Diss}, + call-number = {MR}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-11-10 16:43:51 +0100}, + keywords = {Noun phrase;Syntax;Typology;Attribution}, + publisher = {Oxford University Press}, + series = {Oxford studies in typology and linguistic theory}, + title = {The noun phrase}, + year = {2002} +} + +@book{riese2001, + abstract = {The Vogul language (endogenous name: Mansi) is spoken by approximately 3.000 speakers in northwestern Siberia. Together with Ostyak, it forms the Ob-Ugrian branch of the Finno-Ugrian language family and is generally considered to be closest relative of Hungarian. In the introductory section general information on the Vogul people and their sociolinguistic situation is given. The dialect described in the following sections on Vogul phonology, morphology, and syntax is the Northern one, spoken by the greatest majority of modern Voguls and forming the basis for the literary language. Vogul is in the most respects a typical agglutinative language and its grammar is relatively straightforward, i.e. unencumbered with major rules of inflection. In this study particular care is taken to place (Northern) Vogul in a general Finno-Ugrian and a complete Vogul context. This means that although the major emphasis lies on the synchronic description of (Northern) Vogul, the discussion is supplemented by observations of a historical nature to show to which extent (Northern) Vogul has adhered to general Finno-Ugrian patterns and to which extent it has diverged both from the related languages and other Vogul dialects. This study closes with a (Northern) Vogul folklore text with an interlinear transcription and translation. (2nd printing)}, + address = {München}, + author = {Riese, Timothy}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-11 09:58:01 +0200}, + keywords = {Language description;Uralic}, + number = {158}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + title = {Vogul ({M}ansi)}, + year = {2003} +} + +@book{reh1985, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Reh, Mechthild}, + date-added = {2009-06-19 14:01:22 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 13:46:57 +0000}, + publisher = {Reimer}, + subtitle = {Beschreibung, {T}exte, {W}örterverzeichnis}, + title = {Die {{K}rongo-{S}}prache ({N}ı̀in{\`o} {M}ó-dı̀)}, + year = {1985} +} + +@book{refsing1986, + address = {Aarhus}, + author = {Kirsten Refsing}, + date-added = {2008-09-20 15:48:36 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-03-22 16:55:24 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description}, + publisher = {University Press}, + subtitle = {The morphology and syntax of the {S}hizunai dialect}, + title = {The {A}inu language}, + year = {1986} +} + +@book{reese2006, + address = {München}, + author = {Reese, Johannes}, + date-added = {2009-12-22 11:58:58 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 08:19:14 +0000}, + number = {462}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + subtitle = {The modern {A}lemannic vernacular in and around {Z}urich}, + title = {{Swiss} {G}erman}, + year = {2006} +} + +@book{rastorgueva1963, + abstract = {Вера Сергеевна Расторгуева}, + address = {Bloomington}, + author = {Rastorgueva, Vera S. and Paper, Herbert H.}, + bib = {Diss}, + date-added = {2009-01-27 16:58:41 +0200}, + date-modified = {2014-11-28 10:15:14 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description}, + number = {28}, + publisher = {Indiana University}, + series = {Publications / Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore and Linguistics}, + sortname = {Rastorgueva, Vera S. and Paper, Herbert H.}, + title = {A short sketch of {T}ajik grammar}, + year = {1963} +} + +@book{qvigstad1893, + address = {Christiania}, + author = {Qvigstad, Just Knud}, + bib = {LWT}, + call-number = {MR (copy)}, + date-modified = {2008-07-26 15:35:05 +0200}, + number = {1}, + publisher = {Christiania Videnskabs-Selskab}, + series = {Christiania Videnskabs-Selskabs Forhandlinger for 1893}, + title = {Nordische {L}ehnwörter im {L}appischen}, + year = {1893} +} + +@book{pustet1989, + address = {Frankfurt am Main}, + author = {Pustet, Regina}, + bib = {Diss}, + call-number = {MR (copy)}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-07-19 11:24:10 +0200}, + keywords = {Noun phrase;Adjective;Parts of speech;Attribution}, + number = {7}, + publisher = {Peter Lang}, + series = {Continuum. Schriftenreihe zur Linguistik}, + title = {{Die Morphosyntax des ``Adjektivs'' im Sprachvergleich}}, + year = {1989} +} + +@book{press2005, + address = {München}, + author = {Ian Press}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 15:50:29 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 08:19:48 +0000}, + number = {439}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + title = {Standard {L}ithuanian}, + year = {2005} +} + +@book{posner1996, + address = {Cambridge}, + author = {Rebecca Posner}, + date-added = {2008-09-16 11:07:37 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 08:21:07 +0000}, + keywords = {Historical linguistics}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + series = {Cambridge Language Surveys}, + title = {The {R}omance languages}, + year = {1996} +} + +@book{poppe1964, + address = {Bloomington}, + author = {Poppe, Nicholas}, + date-added = {2009-06-11 16:23:33 +0200}, + date-modified = {2014-11-28 10:10:59 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description;Turkic}, + number = {36}, + publisher = {Indiana University}, + series = {Uralic and Altaic Series}, + subtitle = {Descriptive grammar and texts with a {B}ashkir-{E}nglish glossary}, + title = {Bashkir manual}, + year = {1964} +} + +@book{poppe1963, + address = {Bloomington}, + author = {Poppe, Nicholas}, + date-added = {2009-06-11 16:35:49 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-03-22 16:42:48 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description;Turkic}, + number = {25}, + publisher = {Indiana University}, + series = {Uralic and Altaic Series}, + subtitle = {Descriptive grammar and texts with a {T}atar-{E}nglish glossary}, + title = {Tatar manual}, + year = {1963} +} + +@book{phillips2004, + address = {München}, + author = {John D. Phillips}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 16:00:27 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 08:21:51 +0000}, + number = {434}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + sortname = {John D. Phillips}, + title = {{Manx} grammar}, + year = {2004} +} + +@book{petrova1967, + address = {Leningrad}, + author = {Petrova, Taisija I.}, + author-translation = {Taisija Ivanovna Petrova}, + date-added = {2009-06-12 14:32:56 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-02-15 10:41:44 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description;Tungusic;Northern Eurasia;Siberia}, + publisher = {Nauka}, + sortname = {Petrova, Taisija I.}, + title = {{Jazyk orokov (ul'ta)}}, + year = {1967} +} + +@book{perez-bouza1996, + address = {München}, + author = {Pérez Bouza, José A.}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 16:44:53 +0100}, + date-modified = {2009-12-23 16:46:16 +0100}, + number = {70}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + sortname = {Perez Bouza, Jose A.}, + title = {{El Gallego}}, + year = {1996} +} + +@book{panfilov1965, + address = {Moskva}, + author = {Panfilov, Vladimir Z.}, + author-translation = {Vladimir Zinovevič Panfilov}, + date-added = {2009-10-26 12:33:48 +0100}, + date-modified = {2010-02-15 10:29:07 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description}, + publisher = {Nauka}, + sortname = {Panfilov, Vladimir Z.}, + title = {Grammatika nivchskogo jazyka}, + volume = {2}, + year = {1965} +} + +@book{osborne1974, + address = {Canberra}, + author = {Osborne, Charles R.}, + date-added = {2009-06-22 11:42:48 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-07-19 11:19:47 +0200}, + keywords = {Language description}, + number = {55}, + publisher = {Australian Institute for Aboriginal Studies}, + series = {Australian Aboriginal Studies}, + sortname = {Osborne, Charles R.}, + title = {The {T}iwi language}, + year = {1974} +} + +@book{ortmann2002b, + address = {Tübingen}, + author = {Ortmann, Albert}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-03-21 15:47:43 +0000}, + keywords = {Attribution; Noun phrase; Morphology}, + number = {458}, + publisher = {Niemeyer}, + series = {Linguistische Arbeiten}, + subtitle = {Schnittstellen und {{\"O}}konomie}, + title = {Kategorien des {N}omens}, + year = {2002} +} + +@book{olthuis2000, + address = {Inari}, + author = {Olthuis, Marja-Liisa}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 16:22:24 +0100}, + date-modified = {2009-12-23 16:23:32 +0100}, + keywords = {Saami linguistics;Language description}, + publisher = {Sämitigge}, + title = {{Kiel}{\^a}opp{\^a}}, + year = {2000} +} + +@book{noonan1992, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Noonan, Michael}, + date-added = {2009-06-19 13:18:53 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-19 13:20:07 +0200}, + number = {7}, + publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + series = {Mouton Grammar Library}, + title = {A grammar of {L}ongo}, + year = {1992} +} + +@book{nikolaeva2014a, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Nikolaeva, Irina}, + date-added = {2016-09-18 11:42:15 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-09-18 11:43:06 +0000}, + number = {65}, + publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton}, + series = {Mouton Grammar Library}, + title = {A grammar of {T}undra {N}enets}, + year = {2014} +} + +@book{nikolaeva1999, + address = {München}, + author = {Nikolaeva, Irina}, + author-translation = {Irina Alekseevna Nikolaeva}, + date-added = {2009-06-19 13:54:57 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-02-15 10:17:34 +0100}, + keywords = {Uralic;Language description}, + number = {305}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + title = {Ostyak}, + year = {1999} +} + +@book{nikolaeva-etal2001, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Nikolaeva, Irina and Tolskaya, Maria}, + author-translation = {Irina Alekseevna Nikolaeva}, + call-number = {MR (copy part)}, + date-added = {2009-06-17 21:05:53 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-02-15 10:17:01 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description;Tungusic;Northern Eurasia}, + number = {22}, + publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + series = {Mouton Grammar Library}, + title = {A grammar of {{U}}dihe}, + year = {2001} +} + +@book{nickel1990, + address = {Kárášjohka}, + author = {Nickel, Klaus Peter}, + call-number = {MR (copy)}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-12-07 16:15:53 +0100}, + keywords = {Saami linguistics;Language description}, + publisher = {Davvi Girji}, + title = {Samisk grammatikk}, + year = {1996} +} + +@book{nichols1992, + address = {Chicago}, + author = {Nichols, Johanna}, + date-added = {2010-06-23 18:53:34 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-06-23 18:54:28 +0200}, + keywords = {Historical linguistics;Typology;Areal typology;Northern Eurasia}, + publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, + title = {Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time}, + year = {1992} +} + +@book{nedjalkov1997, + address = {London}, + author = {Nedjalkov, Igor}, + date-added = {2009-06-11 16:59:29 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-01-05 12:18:06 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description;Tungusic;Northern Eurasia}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + series = {Descriptive grammars}, + title = {Evenki}, + year = {1997} +} + +@book{nau1996, + address = {München}, + author = {Nicole Nau}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 15:49:05 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 08:22:10 +0000}, + number = {217}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + title = {Latvian}, + year = {1996} +} + +@book{nagayama2003, + address = {Osaka}, + author = {Yukari Nagayama}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-04-08 09:33:54 +0000}, + number = {A2/038}, + publisher = {ELPR}, + series = {Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim Publications Series}, + title = {Grammatical outline of {A}lutor}, + year = {2003} +} + +@book{nadzip1971, + abstract = {Наджип, Эмир Наджипович}, + address = {Moskva}, + author = {Nadžip, {\.E}mir N.}, + date-added = {2010-01-04 16:40:25 +0100}, + date-modified = {2010-07-19 11:16:35 +0200}, + keywords = {Turkic;Northern Eurasia;Language description}, + publisher = {Nauka}, + sortname = {Nadzip, {\.E}mir N.}, + title = {{Sovremennyj ujgurskij jazyk}}, + year = {1991} +} + +@book{moseley2002, + address = {München}, + author = {Christopher Moseley}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 16:07:39 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 08:22:32 +0000}, + number = {144}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + title = {Livonian}, + year = {2002} +} + +@book{mosel1994, + address = {München}, + author = {Mosel, Ulrike}, + bib = {Diss}, + call-number = {MR (copy)}, + date-added = {2008-01-07 16:53:41 +0100}, + date-modified = {2009-06-16 21:41:27 +0200}, + keywords = {Language description}, + number = {31}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + title = {{Saliba}}, + year = {1994} +} + +@book{mithun-etal1982, + address = {Brantford}, + author = {Mithun, Marianne and Henry, Reginald}, + date-added = {2010-01-04 16:18:38 +0100}, + date-modified = {2010-01-04 16:20:43 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description}, + publisher = {Woodland Indian Cultural and Educational Centre}, + title = {A {C}ayuga grammar}, + year = {1982} +} + +@book{merlan1983, + address = {Canberra}, + author = {Merlan, Franceska}, + date-added = {2009-06-19 13:40:50 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-19 13:41:57 +0200}, + number = {B:89}, + publisher = {Australian National University}, + series = {Pacific Linguistics}, + title = {Ngalakan grammar, texts, and vocabulary}, + year = {1983} +} + +@book{melcuk2006, + abstract = {Noun phrase: Russian genitive in numeral phrases p.158 Noun phrase: Nominal agreement p.159 syntactic cases vs. semantic cases syntax-morphology interface typology of morphological processes}, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Mel'čuk, Igor}, + bib = {Diss}, + booktitle = {Aspects of the theory of morphology}, + call-number = {StaBi}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 13:31:23 +0000}, + editor = {David Beck}, + keywords = {Morphology;Syntax}, + number = {146}, + publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + series = {Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs}, + title = {Aspects of the theory of morphology}, + year = {2006} +} + +@book{melcuk1998, + address = {Moskva}, + author = {Mel'čuk, Igor}, + date-added = {2007-12-02 17:19:27 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 13:32:21 +0000}, + maintitle = {Kurs obščej morfologii}, + publisher = {Jazyki Russkoj Kul'tury}, + sortname = {Mel'cuk, Igor}, + title = {Morfologičeskie značenija}, + volume = {2}, + year = {1998} +} + +@book{meillet1931, + address = {Paris}, + author = {Antoine Meillet}, + bib = {Diss}, + date-added = {2008-09-15 15:44:51 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-01-05 12:13:30 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description}, + lid = {Old Persian}, + publisher = {Honoré Champion}, + title = {{Grammaire du vieux-perse}}, + year = {1931} +} + +@book{matras-etal2003, + address = {München}, + author = {Yaron Matras and Gertrud Reershemius}, + date-added = {2009-12-22 13:41:05 +0100}, + date-modified = {2010-01-05 12:12:18 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description;Indoeuropean;Germanic}, + number = {421}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + title = {{Low {German}}}, + year = {2003} +} + +@book{matisoff1973, + address = {Berkeley}, + author = {Matisoff, James A.}, + date-added = {2009-10-24 22:11:03 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-10-24 22:12:20 +0200}, + keywords = {language description}, + number = {75}, + publisher = {University of California Press}, + series = {University of California Publications in Linguistics}, + sortname = {Matisoff, James A.}, + title = {The Grammar of {L}ahu}, + year = {1973} +} + +@book{maslova2003b, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Maslova, Elena}, + author-translation = {Elena Sergeeva Maslova}, + call-number = {MR}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-02-15 10:06:48 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description;Northern Eurasia;Yukagir}, + lid = {Yukaghir}, + number = {27}, + publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + series = {Mouton Grammar Library}, + title = {A grammar of {K}olyma {Y}ukaghir}, + year = {2003} +} + +@book{maslova2003a, + address = {München}, + author = {Maslova, Elena}, + date-added = {2009-05-17 11:34:15 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-01-05 12:11:55 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description;Yukagir;Northern Eurasia}, + number = {372}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + title = {Tundra {Y}ukaghir}, + year = {2003} +} + +@book{masica1991, + address = {Cambridge}, + author = {Masica, Colin P.}, + bib = {Diss}, + date-added = {2008-09-12 13:54:36 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-02-15 10:03:54 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description;IE}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + series = {Cambridge Language Surveys}, + sortname = {Masica, Colin P.}, + title = {The {{{Indo}-Aryan}} languages}, + year = {1991} +} + +@book{martin-etal1969, + address = {New Haven}, + author = {Martin, Samuel E. and Lee, Young-Sook}, + date-added = {2009-06-19 14:05:13 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-19 14:06:23 +0200}, + publisher = {Yale University Press}, + sortname = {Martin, Samuel E. and Lee, Young-Sook}, + title = {Beginning {K}orean}, + year = {1969} +} + +@book{margetts1999, + abstract = {with a grammatical sketch}, + address = {Nijmegen}, + author = {Margetts, Anna}, + bib = {Diss}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2011-01-31 16:16:27 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description}, + publisher = {Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics}, + series = {MPI Series in Psycholinguistics}, + title = {Valence and transitivity in {S}aliba, an {O}ceanic language of {P}apua {N}ew {G}uinea}, + year = {1999} +} + +@book{malchukov2000, + address = {München}, + author = {Malchukov, Andrej L.}, + date-added = {2008-01-07 16:46:47 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-04-08 09:54:31 +0000}, + number = {3}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {LINCOM Studies in Language Typology}, + sortname = {Malchukov, Andrej L.}, + subtitle = {Towards a typology}, + title = {Dependency reversal in noun-attributive constructions}, + year = {2000} +} + +@book{malchukov1995, + address = {München}, + author = {Malchukov, Andrej L.}, + call-number = {MR (book copy)}, + date-added = {2009-06-12 13:58:28 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-10-26 13:40:37 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description;Tungusic;Northern Eurasia}, + number = {12}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + sortname = {Malchukov, Andrej L.}, + title = {Even}, + year = {1995} +} + +@book{maiden-etal2000, + address = {London}, + author = {Maiden, Martin and Cecilia Robustelli}, + date-added = {2010-01-04 16:13:34 +0100}, + date-modified = {2010-01-04 16:15:08 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description;Indoeuropean;Europe}, + publisher = {Edward Arnold}, + title = {A reference grammar of {M}odern {I}talian}, + year = {2000} +} + +@book{mahootian1997, + address = {London}, + author = {Mahootian, Shahrzad}, + date-added = {2007-07-19 04:26:11 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-03-18 09:55:37 +0200}, + keywords = {Language description; Persian}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + series = {Descriptive grammars}, + title = {{Persian}}, + year = {1997} +} + +@book{magomedbekova1971, + address = {Tbilisi}, + author = {Magomedbekova, Zagidat M.}, + author-translation = {Zagidat Magomedovna Magomedbekova}, + date-added = {2009-06-11 14:39:36 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-04-08 09:57:30 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Europe}, + publisher = {Mecniereba}, + sortname = {Magomedbekova, Zagidat M.}, + subtitle = {Grammatičeskij analiz, teksty, slovar'}, + title = {Karatinskij jazyk}, + year = {1971} +} + +@book{lund1932, + address = {K{ø}benhavn}, + author = {Lund, Jens}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-01-05 11:20:05 +0100}, + keywords = {North Germanic;Language description;Phonology;Morphology;Danish;Dialectology}, + publisher = {Rietzel}, + title = {{Morsingmålets Lyd- og Forml{{\ae}}re}}, + year = {1932} +} + +@book{lockwood1955, + address = {K{ø}benhavn}, + author = {Lockwood, William B.}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 16:38:29 +0100}, + date-modified = {2010-07-19 11:12:33 +0200}, + publisher = {Ejnar Munksgaard}, + sortname = {Lockwood, William B.}, + title = {An introduction to {M}odern {F}aroese}, + year = {1955} +} + +@book{liljegren2016a, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Henrik Liljegren}, + date-added = {2016-03-26 13:28:10 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-03-26 13:29:09 +0000}, + doi = {10.17169/langsci.b82.86}, + number = {8}, + publisher = {Language Science Press}, + series = {Studies in Diversity Linguistics}, + title = {A grammar of {P}alula}, + year = {2016} +} + +@book{li-etal1981, + address = {Berkeley}, + author = {Charles N. Li and Sandra A. Thompson}, + date-added = {2009-06-19 11:10:00 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-07-15 10:23:56 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description}, + publisher = {University of California Press}, + sortname = {Charles N. Li and Sandra A. Thompson}, + subtitle = {A functional reference grammar}, + title = {Mandarin {C}hinese}, + year = {1981} +} + +@book{leslau1995, + address = {Wiesbaden}, + author = {Leslau, Wolf}, + date-added = {2010-01-04 16:35:38 +0100}, + date-modified = {2010-01-04 16:36:34 +0100}, + keywords = {Semitic;Language description;Africa}, + publisher = {Harrassowitz}, + title = {Reference grammar of {A}mharic}, + year = {1995} +} + +@book{leskien1919, + address = {Heidelberg}, + author = {Leskien, August}, + date-added = {2008-01-04 11:49:02 +0100}, + date-modified = {2010-01-05 11:13:06 +0100}, + publisher = {Winter}, + title = {{Litauisches Lesebuch mit Grammatik und Wörterbuch}}, + year = {1919} +} + +@book{leskien1871, + address = {Weimar}, + author = {Leskien, August}, + date-added = {2008-01-04 11:47:29 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 13:28:54 +0000}, + publisher = {H. Böhlau}, + subtitle = {Grammatik, {T}exte, {G}lossar}, + title = {Handbuch der altbulgarischen (altkirchenslavischen) {S}prache}, + year = {1871} +} + +@book{lehtiranta1989, + address = {Helsinki}, + author = {Juhani Lehtiranta}, + date-added = {2007-06-26 22:20:20 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-27 16:10:29 +0000}, + number = {200}, + publisher = {Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura}, + read = {Yes}, + series = {Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia}, + title = {Yhteissaamelainen sanasto}, + year = {1989} +} + +@book{lehmann1984, + address = {Tübingen}, + author = {Lehmann, Christian}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 13:28:05 +0000}, + keywords = {Noun phrase;Relative clause;Attribution;Typology}, + number = {3}, + publisher = {Narr}, + series = {Language Universals Series}, + subtitle = {Typologie seiner {S}trukturen. {T}heorie seiner {F}unktionen. {K}ompendium seiner {G}rammatik}, + title = {Der {R}elativsatz}, + year = {1984} +} + +@book{larsson1929, + abstract = {incorporation of a possessor: pappa-bok-a (p.124)}, + address = {Uppsala}, + author = {Larsson, Seth}, + date-added = {2008-01-07 16:51:16 +0100}, + date-modified = {2010-01-05 11:10:29 +0100}, + publisher = {Appelberg}, + title = {{Substantivböjningen i {V}ästerbottens folkmål}}, + year = {1929} +} + +@book{kutsch-lojenga1994, + address = {Köln}, + author = {Kutsch Lojenga, Constance}, + date-added = {2009-06-19 13:16:25 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-04-08 09:56:13 +0000}, + number = {9}, + publisher = {Köppe}, + series = {Nilo\hyp{}Saharan. Linguistic Analyses and Documentation}, + subtitle = {A {C}entral-{S}udanic language of {Z}aire}, + title = {{Ngiti}}, + year = {1994} +} + +@book{kusmenko2008, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Jurij Kusmenko}, + date-added = {2007-07-02 14:57:38 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 13:27:08 +0000}, + number = {10}, + publisher = {Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin}, + series = {Berliner Beiträge zur Skandinavistik}, + subtitle = {Beitrag zur nordgermanischen {S}prachgeschichte}, + title = {Der samische {{E}}influss auf die skandinavischen {S}prachen}, + year = {2008} +} + +@book{kurbanov1986, + address = {Machačkala}, + author = {Kurbanov, Kazi K.}, + author-translation = {Kazi Kerimovič Kurbanov}, + date-added = {2009-06-11 13:17:32 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-02-15 12:37:45 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Europe}, + publisher = {Dagučpedgiz}, + sortname = {Kurbanov, Kazi K.}, + title = {{Morfologija tabasaranskogo jazyka (posobie dlja učitelja}}, + year = {1986} +} + +@book{kunnap1999, + address = {München}, + author = {Künnap, Ago}, + date-added = {2009-06-08 09:10:24 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-08 09:12:03 +0200}, + keywords = {Language description;Uralic;Northern Eurasia}, + number = {186}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + sortname = {Kunnap, Ago}, + title = {Enets}, + year = {1999} +} + +@book{krueger1962, + address = {Bloomington}, + author = {Krueger, John Richard}, + date-added = {2009-06-11 16:29:17 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-04-08 10:08:23 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description;Turkic}, + number = {21}, + publisher = {Indiana University}, + series = {Uralic and Altaic Series}, + subtitle = {Area handbook, grammar, graded reader and glossery}, + title = {{Yakut} manual}, + year = {1964} +} + +@book{krueger1961, + address = {Bloomington}, + author = {Krueger, John Richard}, + date-added = {2007-07-19 06:29:57 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-03-22 16:42:27 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description;Northern Eurasia;Europe;Turkic}, + number = {7}, + publisher = {Indiana University}, + series = {Uralic and Altaic Series}, + subtitle = {Introduction, grammar, reader, and vocabulary}, + title = {Chuvash manual}, + year = {1961} +} + +@book{krotkoff1982, + address = {New Haven}, + author = {Krotkoff, Georg}, + date-added = {2009-06-11 14:36:49 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-03-22 16:52:32 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description;Semitic}, + number = {64}, + publisher = {American Oriental Society}, + series = {American Oriental Series}, + subtitle = {Text, grammar, and vocabulary}, + title = {A {{N}eo-{A}}ramaic dialect of {K}urdistan}, + year = {1982} +} + +@book{kress1982, + address = {Leipzig}, + author = {Kress, Bruno}, + call-number = {MR}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-19 13:59:54 +0200}, + keywords = {Language description;North Germanic;Icelandic}, + publisher = {Enzyklopädie}, + title = {Isländische {G}rammatik}, + year = {1982} +} + +@book{krejnovic1982, + address = {Leningrad}, + author = {Krejnovič, Eruchim A.}, + author-translation = {Eruchim Abramovič Krejnovič}, + date-added = {2009-05-15 15:55:57 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-02-15 09:42:57 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description;Northern Eurasia;Yukagir}, + publisher = {Nauka}, + sortname = {Krejnovic, Eruchim A.}, + title = {Issledovanija i materialy po jukagirskomu jazyku}, + year = {1982} +} + +@book{kramsky1972, + address = {The Hague}, + author = {Krámsk{\'y}, Ji{\v r}ı́}, + bib = {Diss}, + call-number = {MR (copy)}, + date-added = {2008-01-04 12:54:40 +0100}, + date-modified = {2009-05-17 13:36:39 +0200}, + keywords = {Noun phrase;Definiteness;Typology;Attribution}, + publisher = {Mouton}, + sortname = {Kramsk{y}, Ji{ r}iy}, + title = {The article and the concept of definiteness in language}, + year = {1972} +} + +@book{kouwenberg1994, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia}, + date-added = {2009-06-19 13:09:29 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-01-05 10:55:12 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description;Creole}, + number = {12}, + publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + series = {Mouton Grammar Library}, + title = {Berbice {D}utch {C}reole}, + year = {1994} +} + +@book{kornfilt1997, + address = {London}, + author = {Jaklin Kornfilt}, + date-added = {2010-01-04 16:46:13 +0100}, + date-modified = {2010-01-04 16:47:19 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description;Turkic;Europe}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + series = {Descriptive grammars}, + title = {{Turkish}}, + year = {1997} +} + +@book{korjakov2006a, + address = {Moskva}, + author = {Korjakov, Jurij B.}, + date-added = {2016-06-17 08:57:44 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-06-17 08:59:32 +0000}, + publisher = {Institut Jazykoznanija RAN}, + sortname = {Korjakov, Jurij B.}, + title = {Atlas kavkazskich jazykov}, + year = {2006} +} + +@book{korhonen-m1981, + address = {Helsinki}, + author = {Korhonen, Mikko}, + bib = {LWT}, + date-modified = {2016-09-22 07:03:20 +0000}, + number = {370}, + publisher = {Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura}, + series = {Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran Toimituksia}, + title = {Johdatus lapin kielen historiaan}, + year = {1981} +} + +@book{kordic1997, + address = {München}, + author = {Snjezana Kordic}, + date-added = {2009-06-08 09:35:47 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-01-05 10:53:48 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description}, + number = {148}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + title = {{{Serbo-{Croatian}}}}, + year = {1997} +} + +@book{kokkonen1984, + address = {Helsinki}, + author = {Kokkonen, Paula}, + date-added = {2009-09-11 12:17:38 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-27 16:10:36 +0000}, + number = {9}, + publisher = {Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura}, + series = {Hilfsmittel für das Studium der finnisch-ugrischen Sprachen}, + title = {Komisyrjäänin kielioppia ja tekstejä}, + year = {1984} +} + +@book{kocaoglu2006, + address = {München}, + author = {Timur Kacao{\u g}lu}, + date-added = {2009-06-16 22:01:57 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 13:18:00 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description;Turkic;Europe}, + number = {458}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + sortname = {Timur Kacao{\u g}lu}, + subtitle = {The {T}rakai dialect}, + title = {Karay}, + year = {2002} +} + +@book{kimball1991, + address = {Lincoln}, + author = {Kimball, Geoffrey}, + date-added = {2009-06-19 13:50:08 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-01-05 10:45:52 +0100}, + publisher = {University of Nebraska Press}, + title = {{Koasati} grammar}, + year = {1991} +} + +@book{kibrik-etal2000, + address = {Moskva}, + author = {Aleksandr E. Kibrik and Sandro V. Kodzasov and Irina A. Murav'eva}, + author-translation = {Aleksandr Evgen'evič Kibrikevič Kibrik;Sandro Vasil'evič Kodzasov;Irina Anatol'evna Murav'eva}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-02-15 09:26:08 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description;Northern Eurasia}, + publisher = {Nasledie}, + sortname = {Aleksandr E. Kibrik and Sandro V. Kodzasov and Irina A. Murav'eva}, + title = {{Jazyk i fol'klor aljutorcev}}, + year = {2000} +} + +@book{kenesei-etal1998, + address = {London}, + author = {Kenesei, István and Robert M. Vago and Anna Fenyvesi}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 16:49:53 +0100}, + date-modified = {2010-01-04 17:04:41 +0100}, + keywords = {Uralic;Language description}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + series = {Descriptive Grammar Series}, + sortname = {Kenesei, Istvan and Robert M. Vago and Anna Fenyvesi}, + title = {{Hungarian}}, + year = {1998} +} + +@book{kelmakov-etal1999, + address = {Helsinki}, + author = {Kel'makov, Valentin and Hännikäinen, Sara}, + date-added = {2007-07-17 18:06:34 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-27 16:10:11 +0000}, + number = {14}, + publisher = {Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura}, + series = {Hilfsmittel für das Studium der finnisch-ugrischen Sprachen}, + sortname = {Kel'makov, Valentin and Hannikainen, Sara}, + title = {Udmurtin kielioppia ja harjoituksia}, + year = {1999} +} + +@book{katz1987, + address = {London}, + author = {Katz, Dovid}, + date-added = {2010-01-04 16:10:49 +0100}, + date-modified = {2010-01-04 16:12:02 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description;Indoeuropean;Europe}, + publisher = {Duckworth}, + title = {Grammar of the {Y}iddish language}, + year = {1987} +} + +@book{karlsson1999, + address = {London}, + author = {Karlsson, Fred}, + date-added = {2009-06-08 14:49:26 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-04-08 09:55:10 +0000}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + series = {Routledge grammars}, + subtitle = {An essential grammar}, + title = {{Finnish}}, + year = {1999} +} + +@book{kara2003, + + author = {Dávid Somfai Kara}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 16:05:54 +0100}, + date-modified = {2009-12-23 16:06:39 +0100}, + number = {423}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + sortname = {David Somfai Kara}, + title = {Kyrgyz}, + year = {2003} +} + +@book{kara2002, + address = {München}, + author = {Dávid Somfai Kara}, + date-added = {2009-06-16 21:43:30 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-16 21:44:32 +0200}, + keywords = {Language description;Turkic;Northern Eurasia}, + number = {417}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + sortname = {David Somfai Kara}, + title = {Kazak}, + year = {2002} +} + +@book{kampfe-etal1995, + address = {Wiesbaden}, + author = {Hans-Rainer Kämpfe and Alexander P. Volodin}, + date-added = {2008-09-20 21:21:35 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 09:46:06 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description;Northern Eurasia}, + number = {1}, + publisher = {Harrassowitz}, + series = {Tunguso Sibirica}, + sortname = {Hans-Rainer Kampfe and Alexander P. Volodin}, + title = {Abriß der tschuktischen {G}rammatik auf der {B}asis der {S}chriftsprache}, + year = {1995} +} + +@book{julien2005, + address = {Amsterdam}, + author = {Julien, Marit}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-03-30 12:49:37 +0000}, + keywords = {Noun phrase; North Germanic}, + number = {87}, + publisher = {John Benjamins}, + series = {Linguistik Aktuell}, + title = {Nominal phrases from a {S}candinavian perspective}, + year = {2005} +} + +@book{judakin1997, + address = {Moskva}, + author = {Judakin, Anatolij P.}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-04-08 09:46:30 +0000}, + publisher = {Glas}, + sortname = {Judakin, Anatolij P.}, + subtitle = {Stanovlenie sistemy padežej}, + title = {Sravnitel'no-istoričeskaja grammatika finno-ugorskich jazykov}, + year = {1997} +} + +@book{johanson2002a, + address = {Richmond}, + author = {Johanson, Lars}, + date-added = {2016-07-13 16:00:14 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-07-13 16:00:14 +0000}, + publisher = {Curzon}, + title = {Structural factors in {T}urkic language contacts}, + year = {2002} +} + +@book{janhunen2005, + address = {München}, + author = {Juha Janhunen}, + bib = {Diss}, + date-added = {2009-06-08 09:22:30 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 09:28:42 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description}, + number = {173}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + title = {Khamnigan {M}ongol}, + year = {2005} +} + +@book{janda-etal2000, + address = {München}, + author = {Laura A. Janda and Charles E. Townsend}, + date-added = {2009-06-08 09:31:57 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-07-19 10:55:36 +0200}, + keywords = {Language description}, + number = {125}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + sortname = {Laura A. Janda and Charles E. Townsend}, + title = {Czech}, + year = {2000} +} + +@book{janas1976, + address = {Bautzen}, + author = {Janaš, P{\v e}tr}, + date-added = {2009-01-27 18:01:00 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 13:17:14 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description}, + publisher = {Domowina}, + sortname = {Jana s, P{ e}tr}, + subtitle = {Für den {G}ebrauch der {S}orbischen {E}rweiterten {O}berschule}, + title = {Niedersorbische {G}rammatik}, + year = {1976} +} + +@book{ido2005, + address = {München}, + author = {Ido, Shinji}, + date-added = {2009-06-16 21:36:17 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-07-19 10:43:38 +0200}, + keywords = {Language description;IE;Northern Eurasia}, + number = {442}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + title = {{Tajik}}, + year = {2005} +} + +@book{hualde1992, + address = {London}, + author = {Hualde, José Ignacio}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 17:09:29 +0100}, + date-modified = {2009-12-23 17:10:54 +0100}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + series = {Descriptive grammars}, + sortname = {Hualde, Jose Ignacio}, + title = {{Catalan}}, + year = {1992} +} + +@book{hualde-etal2003, + address = {Berlin}, + booktitle = {A grammar of {B}asque}, + date-added = {2008-09-20 17:13:55 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-06-16 15:42:01 +0000}, + editor = {Hualde, José Ignacio and Ortiz de Urbina, Jon}, + number = {26}, + publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + series = {Mouton Grammar Library}, + sortname = {Hualde, Jose Ignacio and Ortiz de Urbina, Jon}, + title = {A grammar of {B}asque}, + year = {2003} +} + +@book{holzinger1995, + address = {München}, + author = {Holzinger, Daniel}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 15:46:11 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 09:28:58 +0000}, + number = {105}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + title = {Romanes}, + year = {1995} +} + +@book{holm-etal1970, + address = {Stockholm}, + author = {Holm, Britta and Elizabeth Nylund}, + date-added = {2010-06-26 09:19:03 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-06-26 09:20:09 +0200}, + keywords = {Language description;North Germanic}, + publisher = {Skriptor}, + title = {Deskriptiv svensk grammatik}, + year = {1970} +} + +@book{himmelmann1997, + address = {Tübingen}, + author = {Himmelmann, Nikolaus}, + date-added = {2008-01-06 15:54:19 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 13:02:36 +0000}, + keywords = {Noun phrase; Grammaticalization;Attribution;Typology}, + number = {362}, + publisher = {Niemeyer}, + series = {Linguistische Arbeiten}, + subtitle = {Zur {E}mergenz syntaktischer {S}truktur}, + title = {Deiktikon, {A}rtikel, {N}ominalphrase}, + year = {1997} +} + +@book{heinrichs1954, + address = {Gießen}, + author = {Heinrichs, Heinrich Matthias}, + call-number = {MR (copy)}, + date-added = {2007-07-19 06:56:37 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-05-17 11:45:36 +0200}, + keywords = {Germanic;IE;Historical linguistics;Noun phrase;Attribution}, + publisher = {Schmitz}, + title = {{Studien zum bestimmten Artikel in den germanischen Sprachen}}, + year = {1954} +} + +@book{heine-etal2005, + address = {Cambridge}, + author = {Heine, Bernd and Kuteva, Tania}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-01-05 10:26:07 +0100}, + keywords = {Contact linguistics;Areal typology}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + series = {Cambridge approaches to language contact}, + title = {Language contact and grammatical change}, + year = {2005} +} + +@book{heath1998, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Heath, Jeffrey}, + date-added = {2009-06-22 11:40:28 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-01-04 17:02:24 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description}, + lid = {Songhai}, + number = {19}, + publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + series = {Mouton Grammar Library}, + title = {A grammar of {K}oyra {C}hiini}, + year = {1998} +} + +@book{haspelmath1993, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Haspelmath, Martin}, + bib = {Diss}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 18:14:09 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-01-05 10:25:02 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Northern Eurasia;Europe}, + number = {9}, + publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + series = {Mouton Grammar Library}, + title = {A grammar of {L}ezgian}, + year = {1993} +} + +@book{harriehausen1990, + address = {Tübingen}, + author = {Harriehausen, Bettina}, + date-added = {2009-06-19 13:12:05 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 13:00:37 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description}, + number = {245}, + publisher = {Niemeyer}, + series = {Linguistische Arbeiten}, + subtitle = {Syntaktische {A}nalyse einer gesprochenen {S}prache mithilfe datenverarbeitungstechnischer {M}ittel und sprachvergleichender {B}eschreibung des südostasiatischen {S}prachraumes}, + title = {Hmong {N}jua}, + year = {1990} +} + +@book{hancock1995, + address = {Columbus}, + author = {Hancock, Ian}, + date-added = {2009-10-26 16:17:48 +0100}, + date-modified = {2010-01-05 10:17:16 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description;Indoeuropean}, + publisher = {Slavica}, + title = {A handbook of {V}lax {R}omani}, + year = {1993} +} + +@book{halwachs-etal2002, + address = {München}, + author = {Halwachs, Dieter W. and Michael Wogg}, + bib = {Diss}, + date-added = {2009-01-29 14:54:28 +0100}, + date-modified = {2011-01-31 16:07:58 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description;IE;Europe}, + number = {107}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + sortname = {Halwachs, Dieter W. and Michael Wogg}, + title = {{{{Burgenland}-Romani}}}, + year = {2002} +} + +@book{hagman1977, + address = {Bloomington}, + author = {Hagman, Roy Stephan}, + date-added = {2010-01-05 10:00:57 +0100}, + date-modified = {2014-11-28 10:13:00 +0000}, + number = {15}, + publisher = {Indiana University Press}, + series = {Language Science Monographs}, + title = {{Nama} {H}ottentott grammar}, + year = {1977} +} + +@book{guma1971, + address = {Pietermaritzburg}, + author = {Guma, Samson Mbizo}, + date-added = {2010-01-04 16:32:20 +0100}, + date-modified = {2010-01-04 16:34:09 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description}, + publisher = {Shuter and Shuter}, + title = {An outline structure of {S}outhern {S}otho}, + year = {1971} +} + +@book{gruzdeva1998, + address = {München}, + author = {Ekaterina Gruzdeva}, + date-added = {2011-04-12 16:02:40 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 12:57:29 +0000}, + number = {111}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + title = {Nivkh}, + year = {2003} +} + +@book{gromova-etal1995, + abstract = {Громова, Нелли Владимировна}, + address = {Moskva}, + author = {Gromova, Nelli V. and Ochotina, Natalija V.}, + date-added = {2010-01-04 16:28:32 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-09-22 07:05:52 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description}, + publisher = {Nasledie}, + sortname = {Gromova, Nelli V. and Ochotina, Natalija V.}, + title = {Teoretičeskaja grammatika jazyka suachili}, + year = {1995} +} + +@book{giacomo-marcellesi1997, + address = {München}, + author = {Mathée Giacomo-Marcellesi}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 16:47:10 +0100}, + date-modified = {2009-12-23 16:48:12 +0100}, + number = {65}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + sortname = {Mathee Giacomo-Marcellesi}, + title = {Corse}, + year = {1997} +} + +@book{georg-etal1999, + address = {Wiesbaden}, + author = {Ralf-Stefan Georg and Alexander P. Volodin}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-22 07:06:20 +0000}, + number = {5}, + publisher = {Harrassowitz}, + series = {Tunguso Sibirica}, + sortname = {Ralf-Stefan Georg and Alexander P. Volodin}, + subtitle = {Grammatik und {T}exte}, + title = {Die itelmenische {S}prache}, + year = {1999} +} + +@book{gary-etal1982, + address = {Amsterdam}, + author = {Gary, Judith Olmsted and Gamal-Eldin, Saad}, + date-added = {2009-06-26 19:58:49 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-26 20:00:42 +0200}, + keywords = {Language description;Semitic}, + number = {6}, + publisher = {North-Holland}, + series = {Lingua Descriptive Studies}, + title = {Cairene {{E}}gyptian {C}olloqial {A}rabic}, + year = {1982} +} + +@book{gartner1998, + address = {Tübingen}, + author = {Gärtner, Eberhard}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 16:55:16 +0100}, + date-modified = {2009-12-23 16:56:41 +0100}, + publisher = {Niemeyer}, + sortname = {Gartner, Eberhard}, + title = {{Grammatik der portugiesischen Sprache}}, + year = {1998} +} + +@book{gamillscheg1937, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Gamillscheg, Ernst}, + bib = {Diss}, + call-number = {MR (copy)}, + date-added = {2009-04-17 15:05:19 +0200}, + date-modified = {2014-11-26 13:01:10 +0000}, + keywords = {Noun phrase;Historical linguistics;Indoeuropean}, + number = {1936:27}, + publisher = {Akademie der Wissenschaften}, + series = {Sitzungsberichte der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-his\-to\-ri\-sche Klasse}, + title = {{Zum romanischen Artikel und Possessivpronomen}}, + year = {1937} +} + +@book{friedman2002, + address = {München}, + author = {Victor A. Friedman}, + date-added = {2009-06-08 09:29:26 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-08 09:30:37 +0200}, + keywords = {Language description}, + number = {117}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + sortname = {Victor A. Friedman}, + title = {Macedonian}, + year = {2002} +} + +@book{fortescue2005a, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Fortescue, Michael}, + date-added = {2016-09-13 16:49:37 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-09-13 16:49:37 +0000}, + keywords = {dictionary,historical linguistics}, + number = {23}, + pagetotal = {496}, + publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + series = {Trends in Linguistics Documentation}, + title = {Comparative {{C}hukotko-{K}}amchatkan dictionary}, + year = {2005} +} + +@book{fortescue1984, + address = {London}, + author = {Fortescue, Michael}, + date-added = {2009-06-19 14:11:04 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-19 14:12:10 +0200}, + keywords = {Language description;Eskimo}, + publisher = {Croom Helm}, + title = {{West} {G}reenlandic}, + year = {1984} +} + +@book{foley1991, + address = {Stanford}, + author = {Foley, William A.}, + date-added = {2010-01-04 16:37:45 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 09:30:39 +0000}, + publisher = {Stanford University Press}, + sortname = {Foley, William A.}, + title = {The {Y}imas language of {N}ew {G}uinea}, + year = {1991} +} + +@book{feldstein-etal2002, + address = {München}, + author = {Ronald Feldstein and Steven Franks}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 16:01:41 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 09:30:54 +0000}, + number = {393}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + title = {Polish}, + year = {2002} +} + +@book{feist2015a, + address = {Helsinki}, + author = {Feist, Timothy}, + bdsk-url-1 = {??}, + date-added = {2016-06-16 13:21:21 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-06-16 13:21:21 +0000}, + keywords = {Saamic linguistics,language description,Kola Saami}, + number = {273}, + publisher = {Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura}, + series = {Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia}, + title = {A grammar of {S}kolt {S}aami}, + year = {2015} +} + +@book{everett-etal1997, + address = {London}, + author = {Daniel L. Everett and Barbara Kern}, + date-added = {2010-07-12 18:00:29 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-03-22 17:02:33 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + series = {Routledge Descriptive Series}, + sortname = {Daniel L. Everett and Barbara Kern}, + subtitle = {The {P}acaas {N}ovos language of {W}estern {B}razil}, + title = {{Wari}'}, + year = {1997} +} + +@book{evans1995, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Evans, Nicholas D.}, + date-added = {2009-06-19 13:39:12 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-03-22 17:01:35 +0000}, + number = {15}, + publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + series = {Mouton Grammar Library}, + sortname = {Evans, Nicholas D.}, + subtitle = {With historical-comparative notes on {T}angkic}, + title = {A grammar of {K}ayardild}, + year = {1995} +} + +@book{donaldson1997, + address = {London}, + author = {Donaldson, Bruce}, + date-added = {2009-06-08 14:52:48 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 09:31:12 +0000}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + series = {Routledge grammars}, + subtitle = {A comprehensive grammar}, + title = {{Dutch}}, + year = {1997} +} + +@book{deseriev1959, + address = {Moskva}, + author = {Dešeriev, Junus D.}, + bib = {Diss}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 17:54:47 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-22 07:07:00 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Northern Eurasia;Europe}, + publisher = {Nauka}, + sortname = {De seriev, Junus D.}, + title = {Grammatika chinalugskogo jazyka}, + year = {1959} +} + +@book{delsing1993, + address = {Lund}, + author = {Delsing, Lars-Olof}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 09:32:08 +0000}, + keywords = {North Germanic;Noun phrase;Syntax}, + publisher = {Lunds universitet}, + subtitle = {A comparative study}, + title = {The internal structure of noun phrases in the {S}candinavian languages}, + year = {1993} +} + +@book{delbruck1893, + address = {Strassburg}, + author = {Delbrück, Berthold}, + date-added = {2007-12-30 12:08:54 +0100}, + date-modified = {2010-01-04 18:11:37 +0100}, + number = {1}, + publisher = {Trübner}, + series = {Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen}, + sortname = {Delbruck, Berthold}, + title = {{Vergleichende Syntax der indogermanischen Sprachen}}, + year = {1893} +} + +@book{decsy1998, + abstract = {p. 75 POSS:3SG -si als DEF (based on Old Turkic data) p.76 Wortfolge A+N Agreement/non-agreement of adj. not mentioned in syntax part}, + address = {Bloomington}, + author = {Décsy, Gyula}, + date-added = {2009-10-30 13:14:12 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-03-22 17:06:23 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description;Turkic;Northern Eurasia;Historical linguistics}, + number = {11}, + publisher = {Eurolingua}, + series = {Bibliotheca nostratica}, + sortname = {Decsy, Gyula}, + subtitle = {A computational reconstruction}, + title = {The {T}urkic protolanguage}, + year = {1998} +} + +@book{decsy1991, + abstract = {p. 57 proto-IE hatte wahrscheinlich keine Kongruenz in NPs (so wie auch Tocharisch keine hat)}, + address = {Bloomington}, + author = {Décsy, Gyula}, + date-added = {2009-10-30 13:16:55 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-03-22 17:06:12 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description;IE;Northern Eurasia;Historical linguistics}, + number = {10}, + publisher = {Eurolingua}, + series = {Bibliotheca nostratica}, + sortname = {Decsy, Gyula}, + subtitle = {A computational reconstruction}, + title = {The {{I}ndo-{{E}}}uropean protolanguage}, + year = {1998} +} + +@book{decsy1990, + abstract = {p.80-81 keine Kongruenz in NP (bei Adjektiven) p.81 POSS als DEF}, + address = {Bloomington}, + author = {Décsy, Gyula}, + date-added = {2007-07-10 11:07:48 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-03-22 16:55:52 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description;Uralic;Northern Eurasia;Historical linguistics}, + number = {9}, + publisher = {Eurolingua}, + series = {Bibliotheca nostratica}, + sortname = {Decsy, Gyula}, + subtitle = {A comprehensive reconstruction}, + title = {The {{U}}ralic protolanguage}, + year = {1990} +} + +@book{de-reuse1994, + abstract = {(Saami loanword): one loan relating to reindeer-herding, from Saamis brought to Alaska as herders (Grant, Handout at LWT, EVA-MPI 4 Febr 05)}, + address = {Salt Lake City}, + author = {{de Reuse}, Willem Joseph}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-03-21 15:49:35 +0000}, + publisher = {University of Utah Press}, + series = {Studies in the Indigenous languages of the Americas}, + subtitle = {The language and its contacts with {C}hukchi}, + title = {{Siberian} {Y}upik {E}skimo}, + year = {1994} +} + +@book{dahl2015a, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Dahl, {\"O}sten}, + date-added = {2016-03-22 16:25:18 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-03-25 13:11:25 +0000}, + doi = {10.17169/langsci.b73.17}, + number = {6}, + publisher = {Language Science Press}, + series = {Studies in Diversity Linguistics}, + sortname = {Dahl, {O}sten}, + subtitle = {Noun phrase morphosyntax in {S}candinavian vernaculars}, + title = {Grammaticalization in the {N}orth}, + year = {2015} +} + +@book{dahl2004a, + address = {Amsterdam}, + author = {Dahl, {\"O}sten}, + date-added = {2016-03-30 12:39:35 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-03-30 12:47:40 +0000}, + number = {71}, + publisher = {John Benjamins}, + series = {Studies in language companion series}, + sortname = {Dahl, {O}sten}, + title = {The growth and maintenance of linguistic complexity}, + year = {2004} +} + +@book{csucs1990, + address = {Budapest}, + author = {Csúcs, Sándor}, + date-added = {2010-07-07 12:17:00 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-22 07:07:54 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description;Uralic;Udmurt}, + publisher = {Tankönyvkiadó}, + sortname = {Cs{u}cs, Sandor}, + title = {Chrestomathia votiacica}, + year = {1990} +} + +@book{corbett2006, + address = {Cambridge}, + author = {Corbett, Greville G.}, + bib = {Diss}, + call-number = {MR (PDF, section)}, + date-added = {2008-08-21 10:07:30 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-06-25 10:57:03 +0200}, + keywords = {Noun phrase;Attribution;Syntax;Morphology}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + series = {Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics}, + sortname = {Corbett, Greville G.}, + title = {Agreement}, + year = {2006} +} + +@book{cook1984, + address = {Vancouver}, + author = {Cook, Eung-Do}, + date-added = {2009-06-19 14:03:43 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-19 14:04:34 +0200}, + publisher = {University of British Columbia}, + title = {A {S}arcee grammar}, + year = {1984} +} + +@book{conrad1991, + address = {Canberra}, + author = {Conrad, Robert J.}, + date-added = {2009-06-19 13:24:44 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-19 13:26:24 +0200}, + number = {C:113}, + publisher = {Australian National University}, + series = {Pacific Linguistics}, + sortname = {Conrad, Robert J.}, + title = {An outline of {B}ukiyip grammar}, + year = {1991} +} + +@book{comrie1981, + address = {Cambridge}, + author = {Bernard Comrie}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2011-01-31 16:06:23 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description;Areal Typology;Contact linguistics;Northern Eurasia}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + series = {Cambridge Language Surveys}, + title = {The languages of the {S}oviet {{U}}nion}, + year = {1981} +} + +@book{colarusso2006, + address = {München}, + author = {Colarusso, John}, + date-added = {2009-06-17 19:18:17 +0200}, + date-modified = {2011-01-31 16:04:56 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Europe;Abkhaz-Adyge}, + number = {200}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Ma\-te\-ri\-als}, + title = {Kabardian ({{E}}ast {C}ircassian)}, + year = {2006} +} + +@book{clark1998b, + address = {Wiesbaden}, + author = {Clark, Larry}, + date-added = {2009-06-12 10:51:15 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-01-04 18:08:45 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description;Turkic;Northern Eurasia}, + lid = {Turkmen}, + number = {34}, + publisher = {Harrassowitz}, + series = {Turcologica}, + title = {Turkmen reference grammar}, + year = {1998} +} + +@book{chirikba2003, + address = {München}, + author = {Viacheslav A. Chirikba}, + date-added = {2009-06-11 10:54:35 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-01-04 17:57:00 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Europe}, + number = {119}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + sortname = {Viacheslav A. Chirikba}, + title = {Abkhaz}, + year = {2003} +} + +@book{cherchi1999, + address = {München}, + author = {Marcello Cherchi}, + date-added = {2009-06-11 11:18:00 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-02-15 12:37:17 +0100}, + keywords = {Caucasus;Europe;Language description}, + number = {147}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + title = {{Georgian}}, + year = {1999} +} + +@book{chang1996, + address = {Amsterdam}, + author = {Chang, Suk-Jin}, + date-added = {2009-06-05 16:35:19 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-03-30 12:48:02 +0000}, + keywords = {Language Description;Northern Eurasia}, + number = {4}, + publisher = {John Benjamins}, + series = {London Oriental and African Language Library}, + title = {{Korean}}, + year = {1996} +} + +@book{cech2006, + address = {München}, + author = {Cech, Petra}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 15:41:50 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 09:32:34 +0000}, + number = {457}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + subtitle = {The dialect of the {D}olenjski {R}oma in {N}ovo {M}esto and {B}ela {K}rajina, {S}lovenia}, + title = {Dolenjska {R}omani}, + year = {2006} +} + +@book{cech-etal2003, + abstract = {Sepecides is a non-vlah Romani dialect (Romani belonging to the New Indian languages) spoken by several related grand families now living in Izmir/Tur key and Volos/Greece. This formerly united group of basket weavers split up around 1920, when exchanges of Greek/Turkish population took place. One pa rt of the group migrated to Turkey and settled finally in Izmir, the others moved to Volos (Greece) and stayed there. Since then their previously unif orm Romani developed under different linguistical conditions. Both variants are endangered in their transmission to the younger generation by the impa ct of TV and school education. The Izmir variety of Sepe..ides shows the characteristics of other non-Vlah dialects like unshortened pronominal forms, Greek, Southern-Slavic but no Rumanian lexems etc. under the influe nce of the agglutinative Turkish language it has preserved a rich derivatio nal morphology absent from corresponding dialects. As Sepecides has not previously been described, the sketch will present a survey of the entire grammatical system as well as short chapters on phon ology and syntax. One chapter will analyze the various influences of the Turkish language on Sepe..ides and their morphological and idiomatical implications. Investigations are based on approx. 130 hours of recorded ta lks ranging from tales, songs, and biographical notes to short anecdotes an d explanations of phrases and proverbs.}, + address = {München}, + author = {Cech, Petra and Heinschink, Mozes F.}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-22 07:17:06 +0000}, + number = {109}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + sortname = {Cech, Petra and Heinschink, Mozes F.}, + title = {{Sepečides-{R}}omani}, + year = {2003} +} + +@book{campbell-l1985, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Campbell, Lyle}, + date-added = {2009-06-19 13:52:03 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-01-04 16:49:53 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description}, + number = {1}, + publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, + series = {Mouton Grammar Library}, + title = {The {P}ipil language of {{E}}l {S}alvador}, + year = {1985} +} + +@book{bulatova-etal1999, + address = {München}, + author = {Bulatova, Nadezhda and Grenoble, Lenore}, + date-added = {2009-06-03 13:15:28 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 09:32:48 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description;Tungusic;Northern Eurasia}, + number = {141}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + title = {Evenki}, + year = {1999} +} + +@book{budenz1870, + address = {Pest}, + author = {Budenz, Jozséf}, + date-added = {2007-12-19 12:27:23 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 09:34:05 +0000}, + publisher = {L. Aigner}, + sortname = {Budenz, Jozsef}, + title = {Ugrische {S}prachstudien}, + volume = {1-2}, + year = {1869-1870} +} + +@book{budagova1982, + address = {Baku}, + author = {Budagova, Zarifa}, + date-added = {2009-06-12 10:46:09 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-12 10:47:40 +0200}, + keywords = {Language description;Northern Eurasia;Turkic}, + lid = {Azerbaijani}, + publisher = {{\.E}lm}, + title = {{Azerbajdžanskij jazyk (kratkij očerk)}}, + year = {1982} +} + +@book{buchholz2004, + address = {Hamburg}, + author = {Buchholz, Eva}, + call-number = {MR}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 17:57:01 +0100}, + date-modified = {2010-01-04 17:14:24 +0100}, + keywords = {Uralic}, + publisher = {Hempen}, + title = {{Grammatik der finnischen Sprache}}, + year = {2004} +} + +@book{buchholz-etal1987, + address = {Leipzig}, + author = {Buchholz, Oda and Fiedler, Wilfried}, + bib = {Diss}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-07-19 09:18:06 +0200}, + keywords = {Language description}, + publisher = {Enzyklopädie}, + title = {Albanische {G}rammatik}, + year = {1987} +} + +@book{brugmann-etal1916, + address = {Straßburg}, + author = {Brugmann, Karl and Delbrück, Berthold}, + date-added = {2008-01-04 20:38:04 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-03-22 16:39:26 +0000}, + publisher = {Trübner}, + sortname = {Brugmann, Karl and Delbruck, Berthold}, + subtitle = {{Kurzgefasste Darstellung der Geschichte des Altindischen, Altiranischen (Avestischen und Altpersischen), Altarmenischen, Altgriechischen, Lateinischen, Umbrisch-Samnitischen, Altirischen, Gotischen, Althochdeutschen, Litauischen und Altkirchenslavischen}}, + title = {Grundriss der vergleichenden {G}rammatik der indogermanischen {S}prachen}, + year = {1897--1916} +} + +@book{brauner1974, + address = {Leipzig}, + author = {Brauner, Siegmund}, + date-added = {2009-06-19 13:58:44 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-19 13:59:33 +0200}, + publisher = {Enzyklopädie}, + title = {{Lehrbuch des Bambara}}, + year = {1974} +} + +@book{borg1985, + address = {Stuttgart}, + author = {Alexander Borg}, + date-added = {2009-06-08 12:32:13 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-03-22 16:54:26 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description;Semitic}, + number = {47:4}, + publisher = {Steiner\hyp{}Wiesbaden}, + series = {Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes}, + subtitle = {A historical and comparative investigation into the phonology and morphology of the {A}rabic vernacular spoken by the {M}aronites of {K}ormakiti village in the {K}yrenia district of {N}orth-{W}estern {C}yprus}, + title = {Cypriot {A}rabic}, + year = {1985} +} + +@book{borg-etal1996, + address = {London}, + author = {Borg, Albert and Marie Azzopardi-Alexander}, + date-added = {2009-06-08 11:23:20 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-01-04 17:45:08 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description;Semitic;Europe}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + series = {Routledge Descriptive Grammars}, + title = {Maltese}, + year = {1996} +} + +@book{beyer-etal1987, + address = {Leipzig}, + author = {Beyer, Arthur and Bochmann, Klaus and Bronsert, Siegfried}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-05-17 13:28:44 +0200}, + keywords = {Rumanian;Language description;IE;Northern Eurasia;Europe}, + publisher = {Enzyklopädie}, + title = {Grammatik der rumänischen {S}prache der {G}egenwart}, + year = {1987} +} + +@book{bergsland1994, + address = {Kárášjohka}, + author = {Bergsland, Knut}, + date-modified = {2009-05-17 11:53:43 +0200}, + publisher = {Davvi Girji}, + title = {Sydsamisk grammatikk}, + year = {1994} +} + +@book{bergsland1976, + address = {Wiesbaden}, + author = {Bergsland, Knut}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-18 11:56:29 +0000}, + number = {11}, + publisher = {Harrassowitz}, + series = {Veröffentlichungen der Societas Uralo-Altaica}, + title = {Lappische {G}rammatik mit {L}esestücken}, + year = {1976} +} + +@book{bergsland1946, + address = {Oslo}, + author = {Bergsland, Knut}, + date-modified = {2016-03-22 16:40:08 +0000}, + keywords = {Saami linguistics; Language description; South Saami}, + number = {43}, + publisher = {Aschehoug}, + series = {Instituttet for sammenlignende kulturforskning, Serie B, Skrifter}, + subtitle = {Et forsøk på strukturell språkbeskrivelse}, + title = {Røros-lappisk grammatikk}, + year = {1948} +} + +@book{berghall2016a, + address = {Berlin}, + author = {Liisa Berghäll}, + date-added = {2016-03-26 13:09:48 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-03-26 13:29:17 +0000}, + doi = {10.17169/langsci.b67.96}, + number = {4}, + publisher = {Language Science Press}, + series = {Studies in Diversity Linguistics}, + sortname = {Liisa Berghall}, + title = {A grammar of {M}auwake}, + year = {2016} +} + +@book{beekes1995a, + address = {Amsterdam}, + author = {Beekes, Robert S. P.}, + date-added = {2016-06-16 15:36:06 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-06-16 15:37:13 +0000}, + publisher = {John Benjamins}, + sortname = {Beekes, Robert S. P.}, + title = {Comparative {{I}ndo-{{E}}}uropean linguistics}, + year = {1995} +} + +@book{bechert1993, + address = {[Strasbourg]}, + author = {Bechert, Johannes}, + date-added = {2007-07-10 15:59:31 +0200}, + date-modified = {2007-07-10 16:01:35 +0200}, + keywords = {Noun phrase; Typology}, + publisher = {ESF}, + series = {Eurotyp Working Papers I/4}, + title = {Definiteness and article systems}, + year = {1993} +} + +@book{baskakov1940, + address = {Moskva}, + author = {Baskakov, Nikolaj A.}, + date-added = {2010-07-19 12:20:27 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-22 07:41:47 +0000}, + publisher = {Nauka}, + sortname = {Baskakov, Nikolaj A.}, + subtitle = {Grammatika, teksty i slovar'}, + title = {Nogajskij jazyk i ego dialekty}, + year = {1940} +} + +@book{bartens1989, + address = {Hamburg}, + author = {Bartens, Hans-Hermann}, + call-number = {MR}, + date-modified = {2009-05-17 11:51:59 +0200}, + keywords = {Saami linguistics;Language description;Uralic;North Saami;Textbook}, + publisher = {Buske}, + title = {Lehrbuch der saamischen (lappischen) {S}prache}, + year = {1989} +} + +@book{bamgbose1966, + address = {Cambridge}, + author = {Bamgbo\.se, Ay\.o}, + date-added = {2009-12-18 14:20:58 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-09-22 07:43:44 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + sortname = {Bamgbo\.se, Ay\.o}, + title = {A grammar of {Y}oruba}, + year = {1966} +} + +@book{babby2009a, + address = {Cambridge}, + author = {Babby, Leonard H.}, + date-added = {2016-06-17 08:28:04 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-06-17 08:28:46 +0000}, + number = {120}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + series = {Cambridge Studies in Linguistics}, + sortname = {Babby, Leonard H.}, + title = {The Syntax of Argument Structure}, + year = {2009} +} + +@book{aygen2007, + address = {München}, + author = {Gül{\c s}at Aygen}, + date-added = {2009-12-23 15:47:29 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 09:34:25 +0000}, + number = {468}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + sortname = {Gul{\c s}at Aygen}, + title = {Kurmanjı̂ {K}urdish}, + year = {2007} +} + +@book{avrorin2000, + address = {Sankt\hyp{}Peterburg}, + author = {Avrorin, Valentin A.}, + author-transl = {Valentin Aleksandrovič Avrorin}, + call-number = {MR}, + date-added = {2009-12-06 15:07:36 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-09-22 07:45:43 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description;Tungusic;Northern Eurasia}, + publisher = {Nauka}, + sortname = {Avrorin, Valentin A.}, + title = {Grammatika man'čžurskogo pis'mennogo jazyka}, + year = {2000} +} + +@book{atanyi1942, + address = {Budapest}, + author = {Atányi, István}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 09:36:36 +0000}, + number = {6}, + publisher = {Hornyánszky}, + series = {Finnugor értekezések}, + sortname = {Atanyi, Istvan}, + title = {A lapp melléknevek attributı́v-predikatı́v alakpárjainak kérdéséhez}, + year = {1942} +} + +@book{astrom1893, + address = {Stockholm}, + author = {Åström, Per}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 09:37:39 +0000}, + number = {13:2}, + publisher = {Kungliga Gustav Adolfs Akademien för svensk folkkultur}, + series = {Svenska landsmål och svenskt folkliv}, + sortname = {Astrom, Per}, + title = {Degerforsmålets formlära}, + year = {1893} +} + +@book{asher1982, + address = {Amsterdam}, + author = {Asher, Ron E.}, + date-added = {2009-06-19 13:34:25 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-19 13:36:34 +0200}, + number = {7}, + publisher = {North-Holland}, + series = {Lingua Descriptive Studies}, + sortname = {Asher, Ron E.}, + title = {{Tamil}}, + year = {1982} +} + +@book{aronoff1994, + address = {Cambridge}, + author = {Aronoff, Mark}, + date-added = {2010-06-25 11:03:21 +0200}, + date-modified = {2014-11-28 14:03:14 +0000}, + keywords = {Morphology;Typology}, + publisher = {MIT Press}, + subtitle = {Stems and inflectional classes}, + title = {Morphology by itself}, + year = {1994} +} + +@book{arnott1970, + address = {Oxford}, + author = {Arnott, David W.}, + date-added = {2010-01-04 16:25:17 +0100}, + date-modified = {2010-07-18 19:45:18 +0200}, + keywords = {Language description}, + publisher = {Oxford University Press}, + sortname = {Arnott, David W.}, + title = {The nominal and verbal systems of {F}ula}, + year = {1970} +} + +@book{aquilina1959, + address = {Malta}, + author = {Aquilina, Joseph}, + date-added = {2009-06-08 11:14:11 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-03-22 16:41:47 +0000}, + keywords = {Language description;Semitic;Europe}, + publisher = {The Royal University}, + subtitle = {A study in mixed grammar and vocabulary}, + title = {The structure of {M}altese}, + year = {1959} +} + +@book{anderson1998, + address = {München}, + author = {Anderson, Gregory David}, + date-added = {2009-06-16 21:45:27 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-16 21:46:55 +0200}, + keywords = {Language description;Turkic;Northern Eurasia}, + number = {251}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + title = {Xakas}, + year = {2002} +} + +@book{anderson-etal1999, + address = {München}, + author = {Anderson, Gregory David and Harrison, K. David}, + date-added = {2009-06-11 16:45:26 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-11 16:46:44 +0200}, + keywords = {Language description;Turkic;Northern Eurasia}, + number = {257}, + publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, + series = {Languages of the World\slash{}Materials}, + sortname = {Anderson, Gregory David and Harrison, K. David}, + title = {Tyvan}, + year = {1999} +} + +@book{alhoniemi1993, + address = {Hamburg}, + author = {Alhoniemi, Alho}, + call-number = {MR}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-04-26 12:06:52 +0200}, + keywords = {Language description;Uralic}, + publisher = {Buske}, + title = {{Grammatik des Tscheremissischen ({Mari})}}, + year = {1993} +} + +@book{alekseev-etal1997, + address = {Moskva}, + author = {Alekseev, Michail E. and Ataev, Boris M.}, + date-added = {2009-06-11 13:08:55 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-02-15 12:36:25 +0100}, + keywords = {Language description;Caucasus;Europe}, + publisher = {Academia}, + sortname = {Alekseev, Michail E. and Ataev, Boris M.}, + title = {{Avarskij jazyk}}, + year = {1998} +} + +@book{alatyrev1970, + abstract = {possessive article contrastive-deictic declension}, + address = {Iževsk}, + author = {Alatyrev, Vasilij I.}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-22 07:52:39 +0000}, + publisher = {Udmurtskij Naučno-Issledovatel'skij Institut Istorii, {\.E}konomiki, Lite\-ra\-tury i Jazyka}, + sortname = {Alatyrev, Vasilij I.}, + subtitle = {Rasširennyj doklad na {III} {M}eždunarodnom {K}ongresse {F}inno-{U}grovedov v g. {T}alline}, + title = {Vydelitel'no-ukazatel'naja kategorija v udmurtskom jazyke}, + year = {1970} +} + +@book{abaev1964, + address = {Bloomington}, + author = {Abaev, Vasilij I.}, + bib = {Diss}, + call-number = {MR (PDF)}, + date-added = {2009-01-29 19:34:58 +0100}, + date-modified = {2010-07-18 18:11:33 +0200}, + keywords = {Language description;Indoeuropean;Iranian}, + publisher = {Indiana University Press}, + sortname = {Abaev, Vasilij I.}, + title = {A grammatical sketch of {O}ssetic}, + year = {1964} +} + +@article{zevachina2001, + author = {Tat'jana S. Zevachina}, + date-added = {2008-09-17 15:51:32 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-13 06:21:21 +0000}, + journal = {Jazyk, soznanie, kommunikacija}, + pages = {69--86}, + sortname = {Tat'jana S. Zevachina}, + title = {Funkcional'no-grammatičeskaja parametrizacija prilagatel'nogo (po dannym polevogo issledovanija dunganskogo jazyka)}, + volume = {20}, + year = {2001} +} + +@article{wissemann1958, + author = {Wissemann, Heinz}, + call-number = {MR (copy)}, + date-added = {2008-01-04 12:25:11 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 13:56:21 +0000}, + journal = {Indogermanische Forschungen}, + keywords = {Noun phrase; Attribution; Adjective; Definiteness}, + number = {1}, + pages = {61--78}, + subtitle = {Die {G}rundfunktion des bestimmten {A}djektivs im {B}altischen und {S}lavischen}, + title = {Zur nominalen {D}etermination {I}}, + volume = {63}, + year = {1958} +} + +@article{wijk1935, + author = {{van Wijk}, Nicolaas}, + call-number = {MR (copy)}, + date-added = {2007-12-28 12:31:32 +0100}, + date-modified = {2010-02-15 12:18:34 +0100}, + journal = {Germanoslavica}, + keywords = {Noun phrase; Attribution}, + number = {1}, + pages = {19--30}, + rating = {0}, + read = {Yes}, + title = {{Eine slavisch-germanische syntaktische Parallele}}, + volume = {3}, + year = {1935} +} + +@article{van-pottelberge2001, + author = {{Van Pottelberge}, Jeroen}, + date-added = {2009-04-19 12:54:11 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-04-08 09:53:44 +0000}, + journal = {Linguistik online}, + keywords = {Typology;Contact linguistics;Areal typology}, + lastchecked = {2009-04-19}, + + subtitle = {Beschreiben sie Sprachen oder Linguisten?}, + title = {Sprachbünde}, + url = {http://www.linguistik-online.de/1_01/VanPottelberge.html}, + volume = {8}, + year = {2001} +} + +@article{tolstoj1957, + author = {Tolstoj, Nikita I.}, + call-number = {MR (copy)}, + date-added = {2007-07-19 05:38:07 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-07-19 11:43:12 +0200}, + journal = {Voprosy slavjanskogo jazykoznanija}, + keywords = {Noun phrase; Slavic; Adjective; Attribution}, + pages = {45--122}, + sortname = {Tolstoj, Nikita I.}, + title = {{Značenie polnych i kratkich form prilagatelnych v staroslavjanskom jazyke}}, + volume = {2}, + year = {1957} +} + +@article{tauli1955, + abstract = {?Saami}, + author = {Tauli, Valter}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-07-19 11:38:03 +0200}, + journal = {Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher}, + keywords = {Contact linguistics;Uralic}, + pages = {7--31}, + title = {On the foreign contacts of the {{U}}ralic languages}, + volume = {27}, + year = {1955} +} + +@article{samvelian2007, + abstract = {This paper discusses the status of the Ezafe particle -(y)e in Persian and provides an affixal analysis of the Ezafe, formalized within Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG). The Ezafe, a feature of certain Western Iranian languages, is realized as an enclitic and links the head noun to its modifiers and to the possessor NP. The latter follow the head and are linked to one another by the Ezafe. On the basis of crucial empirical facts that have never been discussed in previous studies, I argue that the Ezafe is best regarded as an affix attaching to nominal heads (nouns, adjectives and some prepositions), as well as to nominal intermediate projections, and marking them as expecting a modifier or a direct nominal complement. Viewed as such, the Ezafe construction is an instance of the head-marked pattern of morphological marking of grammatical relations. This analysis differs from all previous accounts of the Ezafe (i.e. as case-marker, syntactic or phonological linker) and entails that the Ezafe, which originated in the Old Iranian relative particle -hya, has undergone a process of reanalysis-grammaticalization, to end up as a part of nominal morphology.}, + author = {Samvelian, Pollet}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-02-15 11:51:52 +0100}, + journal = {Journal of Linguistics}, + keywords = {Noun phrase;Attribution}, + number = {3}, + pages = {605--645}, + title = {A (phrasal) affix analysis of the {P}ersian {\it {{E}}zafe}}, + volume = {43}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{ross1998, + author = {Ross, Malcolm}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-05-16 13:32:51 +0200}, + journal = {Oceanic Linguistics}, + keywords = {Noun phrase; Adjective;Possession;Typology}, + number = {2}, + pages = {234--276}, + title = {Possessive like attributive constructions in the {O}ceanic languages of {N}orthwest {M}elanesia}, + volume = {37}, + year = {1998} +} + +@article{ravila1941, + author = {Ravila, Paavo}, + date-added = {2009-12-21 12:55:37 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-09-22 06:54:55 +0000}, + journal = {Finnisch-ugrische Forschungen}, + keywords = {Historical linguistics;Uralic;Noun phrase;Attribution}, + pages = {1--136}, + title = {Über die {V}erwendung der {N}umeruszeichen in den uralischen {S}prachen}, + volume = {27}, + year = {1941} +} + +@article{rausch1912, + author = {Rausch, Peter J.}, + date-added = {2009-06-19 13:20:36 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-07-19 11:26:49 +0200}, + journal = {Anthropos}, + pages = {105--134, 585--616, 964--994}, + sortname = {Rausch, Peter J.}, + title = {{Die Sprache von {Südost-Bougainville}, Deutsche Salomoninseln}}, + volume = {7}, + year = {1912} +} + +@article{pohl1980, + author = {Pohl, Heinz Dieter}, + date-added = {2008-01-04 16:24:58 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 13:45:59 +0000}, + journal = {Klagenfurter Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft}, + pages = {58--101}, + subtitle = {Die {F}iktion von der baltisch\hyp{}slavischen {S}pracheinheit}, + title = {Baltisch und {S}lavisch}, + titleaddon = {Erster {T}eil}, + volume = {6}, + year = {1980} +} + +@article{nichols1986, + author = {Nichols, Johanna}, + call-number = {MR (copy)}, + date-added = {2008-01-07 16:42:54 +0100}, + date-modified = {2008-01-07 16:43:57 +0100}, + journal = {Language}, + keywords = {Noun phrase}, + pages = {56--119}, + title = {Head-marking and dependent-marking grammars}, + volume = {62}, + year = {1986} +} + +@article{melcuk1993, + author = {Mel'čuk, Igor}, + bib = {Diss}, + date-added = {2009-04-17 11:20:19 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-04-17 11:23:36 +0200}, + journal = {Lingvisticae Investigationes}, + keywords = {Noun phrase}, + pages = {307--372}, + sortname = {Mel'cuk, Igor}, + title = {Agreement, government, congruence}, + volume = {17}, + year = {1993} +} + +@article{marusic-etal2007b, + author = {Marušič, Franc and Žaucer, Rok}, + date-added = {2016-05-28 09:18:12 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 09:19:09 +0000}, + journal = {Pismo}, + number = {1}, + pages = {102--124}, + sortname = {Maru sic, Franc and Zaucer, Rok}, + title = {On the adjectival definite article in {S}lovenian}, + volume = {5}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{marusic-etal2007, + author = {Marušič, Franc and Žaucer, Rok}, + date-added = {2007-07-16 13:19:05 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-05-28 09:18:09 +0000}, + journal = {Slavistična revija}, + number = {1-2}, + pages = {223--247}, + sortname = {Maru sic, Franc and Zaucer, Rok}, + title = {O določnem ta v pogovorni slovenščini (z navezavo na določno obliko pridevnika)}, + volume = {55}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{mark1979, + author = {Márk, Tamás}, + date-added = {2007-07-13 11:53:37 +0200}, + date-modified = {2007-07-13 11:57:13 +0200}, + journal = {Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen}, + keywords = {Noun phrase: Agreement, Attribution}, + pages = {208--212}, + sortname = {Mark, Tamas}, + title = {Wortart und {K}ongruenz}, + volume = {43}, + year = {1979} +} + +@article{leinonen2006a, + author = {Leinonen, Marja}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-04-08 09:52:27 +0000}, + journal = {Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja}, + pages = {93--114}, + subtitle = {Komin possessiivisuffiksin ei-possessiivista funktioista}, + title = {Omistussuhteen ulokkeita}, + volume = {91}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{kunnap2004, + abstract = {Finno-Ugric, Selkup, Turkic and Tungusic share a common (preferred) use of the 3rd person possessive suffix (3Px) in the non-personal definite function. Based on the use of (Northern) Samoyedic languages one could imagine that in a number of Uralic languages the text meant for the addressee (= the 2nd person) sounds natural when determined by means of the 2Px, meaning something like 'the matter heard by you'. The 3Px usage is here related to a more general definiteness (in Samoyedic languages in case of the concepts 'sun', 'moon', 'sky', 'earth' etc., since these phenomena are determined by their unique and universal nature already, not by the listener's hearing). Thus, it may be supposed that a non-personal general-definite function has always been inherent to the Uralic 3Px}, + author = {Künnap, Ago}, + call-number = {MR (copy); MR (PDF)}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-08-05 17:28:11 +0200}, + journal = {Linguistica Uralica}, + keywords = {Noun phrase; Typology; Possession; Uralic}, + number = {1}, + pages = {1--4}, + sortname = {Kunnap, Ago}, + title = {About the non-personal definite function of the {{U}}ralic 3rd person possessive suffix}, + volume = {40}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{koch1999, + author = {Koch, Christoph}, + call-number = {MR (copy)}, + date-added = {2007-07-19 06:03:09 +0200}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 13:26:01 +0000}, + journal = {Zeitschrift für Slavistik}, + keywords = {Noun phrase;Slavic;Attribution}, + number = {4}, + pages = {455--475}, + subtitle = {Die westslavischen {A}dverbialadjektiva auf \textit{-ej's-}}, + title = {Weiterungen des relativen {A}ttributivkonnexes}, + volume = {44}, + year = {1999} +} + +@article{kiekbaev1965, + author = {Kiekbaev, Džalil' G.}, + date-added = {2009-10-30 14:14:37 +0100}, + date-modified = {2009-10-30 14:16:49 +0100}, + journal = {Sovetskoe finno-ugrovedenie}, + keywords = {Uralic;Turkic;Noun phrase}, + number = {4}, + pages = {237--244}, + sortname = {Kiekbaev, Dzalil' G.}, + title = {{O grammatičeskoj kategorij opredelennosti i neopredelennosti v uralo-altajskich jazykach}}, + volume = {1}, + year = {1965} +} + +@article{janhunen1981, + author = {Juha Janhunen}, + call-number = {MR (copy)}, + date-added = {2008-01-03 22:18:19 +0100}, + date-modified = {2009-10-30 13:24:10 +0100}, + journal = {Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen}, + keywords = {Language description;Uralic}, + pages = {23--42}, + title = {On the structure of {{P}roto-{{U}}}ralic}, + volume = {44}, + year = {1981} +} + +@article{jalava2013a, + abstract = {Nenets expresses property with lexical items that represent two main word classes: nouns and verbs. This study focuses on the morphological and syntactic features that are typical to adjectives in other languages and also characteristic to property words in Nenets: attributive and predicative positions, derivation, comparative construction and the formation of adverbs of manner. It argues that Nenets property words have fea- tures that distinguish them from other nouns and verbs. Furthermore, the study aims at explaining the dichotomy of Nenets property words in two words classes. At the same time, the study takes part in the discussion of the cross-linguistic universality of adjec- tives and linguistic categorization.}, + author = {Jalava, Lotta}, + date-added = {2016-09-18 11:55:38 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-09-18 11:55:38 +0000}, + journal = {Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja}, + keywords = {adjective}, + pages = {37--67}, + subtitle = {Properties of property words}, + title = {``Adjectives'' in {T}undra {N}enets}, + volume = {94}, + year = {2013} +} + +@article{itkonen-t1980a, + author = {Itkonen, Terho}, + date-added = {2014-11-26 11:57:17 +0000}, + date-modified = {2014-11-26 11:57:17 +0000}, + journal = {Virittäjä}, + keywords = {Finnish,North-Germanic,definiteness,noun phrase,semantics,morphology}, + pages = {27--38}, + title = {Spesies suomessa ja germaanisissa kielissä}, + volume = {84}, + year = {1980} +} + +@article{holvoetEtAl2012a, + author = {Holvoet, Axel and Birut{\.e} Spraunien{\.e}}, + date-added = {2016-06-17 08:30:44 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-06-17 08:31:40 +0000}, + journal = {Baltic Linguistics}, + pages = {65--99}, + sortname = {Holvoet, Axel and Birut{\.e} Spraunien{\.e}}, + title = {Towards a semantic map for definite adjectives in {B}altic}, + volume = {3}, + year = {2012} +} + +@article{hengeveld-etal2004, + author = {Hengeveld, Kees J. and Rijkhoff, Jan and Siewierska, Anna}, + call-number = {MR (PDF)}, + date-added = {2009-06-26 20:35:13 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-07-19 10:35:47 +0200}, + journal = {Journal of Linguistics}, + number = {3}, + pages = {527--570}, + sortname = {Hengeveld, Kees J. and Rijkhoff, Jan and Siewierska, Anna}, + title = {Parts-of-speech systems and word order}, + volume = {40}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{haspelmath2010b, + abstract = {In this discussion note, I argue that we need to distinguish carefully between descriptive categories, that is, categories of particular languages, and comparative concepts, which are used for crosslinguistic comparison and are specifically created by typologists for the purposes of comparison. Descriptive formal categories cannot be equated across languages because the criteria for category assignment are different from language to language. This old structuralist insight (called categorial particularism) has recently been emphasized again by several linguists, but the idea that linguists need to identify `crosslinguistic categories' before they can compare languages is still widespread, especially (but not only) in generative linguistics. Instead, what we have to do (and normally do in practice) is to create comparative concepts that allow us to identify comparable phenomena across languages and to formulate crosslinguistic generalizations. Comparative concepts have to be universally applicable, so they can only be based on other universally applicable concepts: conceptual-semantic concepts, general formal concepts, and other comparative concepts. Comparative concepts are not always purely semantically based concepts, but outside of phonology they usually contain a semantic component. The fact that typologists compare languages in terms of a separate set of concepts that is not taxonomically superordinate to descriptive linguistic categories means that typology and language-particular analysis are more independent of each other than is often thought.}, + author = {Haspelmath, Martin}, + date-added = {2016-07-13 15:08:55 +0000}, + date-modified = {2016-09-12 13:01:51 +0000}, + journal = {Language}, + number = {3}, + pages = {663--687}, + title = {Comparative concepts and descriptive categories in cross-linguistic studies}, + volume = {86}, + year = {2010} +} + +@article{hall1938, + author = {Robert A. Hall, Jr.}, + date-added = {2009-06-08 14:12:32 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-06-08 14:14:16 +0200}, + journal = {Language}, + keywords = {Language description;Uralic}, + number = {2}, + pages = {9--113}, + sortname = {Robert A. Hall, Jr.}, + title = {An Analytical Grammar of the {H}ungarian Language}, + volume = {14}, + year = {1938} +} + +@article{foley1980, + author = {Foley, William A.}, + call-number = {MR (copy)}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-12-08 12:34:19 +0100}, + journal = {Studies in Language}, + keywords = {Syntax;Noun phrase;Typology}, + notes = {!Diss}, + number = {2}, + pages = {171--199}, + sortname = {Foley, William A.}, + title = {Towards a universal typology of the noun phrase}, + volume = {4}, + year = {1980} +} + +@article{dryer1989a, + author = {Dryer, Matthew S.}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-01-05 09:56:44 +0100}, + journal = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, + keywords = {Noun phrase;Article;Word order;Syntax}, + pages = {83--97}, + sortname = {Dryer, Matthew S.}, + title = {Article-noun order}, + volume = {25}, + year = {1989} +} + +@article{corbett1987, + abstract = {!kopieren}, + author = {Corbett, Greville G.}, + date-added = {2007-07-16 16:32:35 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-06-26 08:43:01 +0200}, + journal = {Language}, + keywords = {Noun phrase;Typology}, + pages = {299--345}, + sortname = {Corbett, Greville G.}, + title = {The morphology-syntax interface}, + volume = {63}, + year = {1987} +} + +@article{corbett-etal2006, + abstract = {Morphological features characterize variations in morphological form which are independent of syntactic context. They contrast with morphosyntactic features, which characterize variations in form correlated with different syntactic contexts. Morphological features account for formal variation across lexemes (inflectional class), as well as morphosyntactically incoherent alternations within the paradigm of a single lexeme. Such morphological features are not available to the syntax, as is made explicit in the principle of `morphology-free syntax'. Building on work on stress patterns in Network Morphology and on stems in Paradigm Function Morphology, we take initial steps towards a typology of these morphological features. We identify four types: inflectional class features (affixal and prosodic), stem indexing features, syncretic index features and morphophonological features. Then we offer a first list of criteria for distinguishing them from morphosyntactic features (independently of the principle of morphology-free syntax). Finally we review the arguments demonstrating the need to recognize morphological features.}, + author = {Corbett, Greville G. and Baerman, Matthew}, + call-number = {MR (copy)}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-07-19 10:14:57 +0200}, + journal = {Morphology}, + keywords = {Morphology;Morphosyntax;Typology;Inflection}, + number = {2}, + pages = {231--246}, + sortname = {Corbett, Greville G. and Baerman, Matthew}, + title = {Prolegomena to a typology of morphological features}, + volume = {16}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{borjars1994, + author = {Börjars, Kersti}, + date-added = {2008-07-27 12:18:52 +0200}, + date-modified = {2009-10-27 10:06:51 +0100}, + journal = {Nordic Journal of Linguistics}, + keywords = {Noun phrase;Syntax}, + pages = {219--252}, + sortname = {Borjars, Kersti}, + title = {{Swedish} double determination in a {E}uropean typological perspective}, + volume = {17}, + year = {1994} +} + +@article{bickel2007, + author = {Bickel, Balthasar}, + call-number = {MR}, + date-added = {2009-10-09 13:39:39 +0200}, + date-modified = {2014-11-28 14:01:16 +0000}, + journal = {Linguistic Typology}, + pages = {239--251}, + subtitle = {Major current developments}, + title = {Typology in the 21st century}, + volume = {11}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{backhouse1984, + author = {Backhouse, A. E.}, + date-added = {2009-06-26 20:05:38 +0200}, + date-modified = {2010-07-18 19:51:51 +0200}, + journal = {Lingua}, + keywords = {Adjective;Noun phrase}, + pages = {169--186}, + sortname = {Backhouse, A. E.}, + title = {{Have} all the adjectives gone?}, + volume = {62}, + year = {1984} +} + +@article{atanyi1943, + author = {Atányi, István}, + date-added = {2007-12-19 12:35:30 +0100}, + date-modified = {2016-09-22 07:45:57 +0000}, + journal = {Nyelvtudományi közlemények}, + keywords = {Saami linguistics;Noun phrase; Adjective}, + number = {2}, + pages = {307--355}, + sortname = {Atanyi, Istvan}, + title = {A lapp melléknevek attributı́v-predikatı́v alakpárjainak kérdéséhez}, + volume = {51}, + year = {1943} +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/unified.bst b/unified.bst new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c1f6fe3 --- /dev/null +++ b/unified.bst @@ -0,0 +1,1555 @@ +%%% This is unified.bst, made by Bridget Samuels. It is based on sp.bst (v1.9+) +%%% coded by Kai von Fintel as the house style for bibliographies in the journal +%%% Semantics and Pragmatics. The style is based on a style generated +%%% with custom-bib/merlin.mbs, a system for customizing bibliographic styles +%%% created by Patrick W Daly. There have been some hand-coded adjustments to that +%%% style to get the style closer to the Unified Style Sheet for Linguistics Journals. +%%% +%%% Please note that unified.bst does not supply periods after abbreviated authors' names +%%% (which are anyway discouraged by the Unified Style Sheet for Linguistics Journals). Also, +%%% article titles are changed to lower case. In order to protect capitals, it is necessary to +%%% enclose the relevant material in curly brackets. +%%% +%%% Version 1.2 [6 Mar 2010] Improved handling of multiple non-numerical year items by the same author. Should now output, e.g., "To appear(a)" +%%% Version 1.1 [2 Feb 2010] Added comma before vol. +%%% Version 1.0 [22 Aug 2009] Changes from sp.bst include conforming to the Unified +%%% Style Sheet format for PhD & MA theses and citing URLs for online materials (use +%%% misc or unpublished as the category). +%% + +ENTRY + { address + author + booktitle + chapter + doi + edition + editor + eid + howpublished + institution + journal + key + month + note + number + organization + pages + publisher + school + series + title + type + url + volume + year + } + {} + { label extra.label sort.label short.list } +INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block } +FUNCTION {init.state.consts} +{ #0 'before.all := + #1 'mid.sentence := + #2 'after.sentence := + #3 'after.block := +} +STRINGS { s t} +FUNCTION {output.nonnull} +{ 's := + output.state mid.sentence = + { " " * write$ } + { output.state after.block = + { add.period$ write$ + newline$ + "\newblock " write$ + } + { output.state before.all = + 'write$ + { add.period$ " " * write$ } + if$ + } + if$ + mid.sentence 'output.state := + } + if$ + s +} +FUNCTION {output} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + 'pop$ + 'output.nonnull + if$ +} +FUNCTION {output.check} +{ 't := + duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ } + 'output.nonnull + if$ +} +FUNCTION {fin.entry} +{ add.period$ + write$ + newline$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.block} +{ output.state before.all = + 'skip$ + { after.block 'output.state := } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {new.sentence} +{ output.state after.block = + 'skip$ + { output.state before.all = + 'skip$ + { after.sentence 'output.state := } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {add.blank} +{ " " * before.all 'output.state := +} + +FUNCTION {add.colon} +{ ": " * before.all 'output.state := +} + +FUNCTION {add.comma} +{ ", " * before.all 'output.state := +} + + +FUNCTION {date.block} +{ + new.block +} + +FUNCTION {not} +{ { #0 } + { #1 } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {and} +{ 'skip$ + { pop$ #0 } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {or} +{ { pop$ #1 } + 'skip$ + if$ +} +FUNCTION {new.block.checkb} +{ empty$ + swap$ empty$ + and + 'skip$ + 'new.block + if$ +} +FUNCTION {field.or.null} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + 'skip$ + if$ +} +FUNCTION {emphasize} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + { "\emph{" swap$ * "}" * } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {tie.or.space.prefix} +{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 < + { "~" } + { " " } + if$ + swap$ +} + +FUNCTION {capitalize} +{ "u" change.case$ "t" change.case$ } + +FUNCTION {space.word} +{ " " swap$ * " " * } + +FUNCTION {bbl.and} +{ "\&"} + +FUNCTION {bbl.etal} +{ "et~al." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.editors} +{ "eds." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.editor} +{ "ed." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.edby} +{ "edited by" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.edition} +{ "edn." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.volume} +{ "vol." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.of} +{ "of" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.number} +{ "no." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.nr} +{ "no." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.in} +{ "in" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.pages} +{ "" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.page} +{ "" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.chapter} +{ "chap." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.techrep} +{ "Tech. Rep." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.mthesis} +{ "MA thesis" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.phdthesis} +{ "dissertation" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.first} +{ "1st" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.second} +{ "2nd" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.third} +{ "3rd" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.fourth} +{ "4th" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.fifth} +{ "5th" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.st} +{ "st" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.nd} +{ "nd" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.rd} +{ "rd" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.th} +{ "th" } + +MACRO {jan} {"Jan."} + +MACRO {feb} {"Feb."} + +MACRO {mar} {"Mar."} + +MACRO {apr} {"Apr."} + +MACRO {may} {"May"} + +MACRO {jun} {"Jun."} + +MACRO {jul} {"Jul."} + +MACRO {aug} {"Aug."} + +MACRO {sep} {"Sep."} + +MACRO {oct} {"Oct."} + +MACRO {nov} {"Nov."} + +MACRO {dec} {"Dec."} + +FUNCTION {eng.ord} +{ duplicate$ "1" swap$ * + #-2 #1 substring$ "1" = + { bbl.th * } + { duplicate$ #-1 #1 substring$ + duplicate$ "1" = + { pop$ bbl.st * } + { duplicate$ "2" = + { pop$ bbl.nd * } + { "3" = + { bbl.rd * } + { bbl.th * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {bibinfo.check} +{ swap$ + duplicate$ missing$ + { + pop$ pop$ + "" + } + { duplicate$ empty$ + { + swap$ pop$ + } + { swap$ + pop$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {bibinfo.warn} +{ swap$ + duplicate$ missing$ + { + swap$ "missing " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ pop$ + "" + } + { duplicate$ empty$ + { + swap$ "empty " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ + } + { swap$ + pop$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.url} +{ url empty$ + { "" } + { "\urlprefix\url{" url * "}" * } + if$ +} + +INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames } + + +STRINGS { bibinfo} + +FUNCTION {format.names} +{ 'bibinfo := + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ { + 's := + "" 't := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + duplicate$ #1 > + { "{ff~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" } + { "{vv~}{ll}{, ff}{, jj}" } + if$ + format.name$ + bibinfo bibinfo.check + 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { + s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" = + { 't := } + { pop$ } + if$ + t "others" = + { + " " * bbl.etal * + } + { + bbl.and + space.word * t * + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ + } if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.names.ed} +{ + 'bibinfo := + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ { + 's := + "" 't := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + "{ff~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" + format.name$ + bibinfo bibinfo.check + 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { + s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" = + { 't := } + { pop$ } + if$ + t "others" = + { + + " " * bbl.etal * + } + { + bbl.and + space.word * t * + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ + } if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.key} +{ empty$ + { key field.or.null } + { "" } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.authors} +{ author "author" format.names +} +FUNCTION {get.bbl.editor} +{ editor num.names$ #1 > 'bbl.editors 'bbl.editor if$ } + +FUNCTION {format.editors} +{ editor "editor" format.names duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + " " * + get.bbl.editor + "(" swap$ * ")" * + * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.doi} +{ doi "doi" bibinfo.check + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + new.block + "\doi{" swap$ * "}" * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.note} +{ + note empty$ + { "" } + { note #1 #1 substring$ + duplicate$ "{" = + 'skip$ + { output.state mid.sentence = + { "l" } + { "u" } + if$ + change.case$ + } + if$ + note #2 global.max$ substring$ * "note" bibinfo.check + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.title} +{ title + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { "t" change.case$ } + if$ + "title" bibinfo.check +} +FUNCTION {format.full.names} +{'s := + "" 't := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { + s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" = + { 't := } + { pop$ } + if$ + t "others" = + { + " " * bbl.etal * + } + { + bbl.and + space.word * t * + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.editor.key.full} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.full.names } + if$ + } + { author format.full.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.key.full} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { author format.full.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {editor.key.full} +{ editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.full.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {make.full.names} +{ type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.key.full + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.key.full + 'author.key.full + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {output.bibitem} +{ newline$ + "\bibitem[{" write$ + label write$ + ")" make.full.names duplicate$ short.list = + { pop$ } + { * } + if$ + "}]{" * write$ + cite$ write$ + "}" write$ + newline$ + "" + before.all 'output.state := +} + +FUNCTION {n.dashify} +{ + 't := + "" + { t empty$ not } + { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = + { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not + { "--" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + { { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = } + { "-" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + while$ + } + if$ + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + if$ + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {word.in} +{ bbl.in capitalize + " " * } + +FUNCTION {format.date} +{ year "year" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$ + { + "empty year in " cite$ * "; set to ????" * warning$ + pop$ "????" + } + 'skip$ + if$ + extra.label * + before.all 'output.state := + after.sentence 'output.state := +} +FUNCTION {format.btitle} +{ title "title" bibinfo.check + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + "t" change.case$ + emphasize + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {either.or.check} +{ empty$ + 'pop$ + { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.bvolume} +{ volume empty$ + { "" } + { add.comma bbl.volume volume tie.or.space.prefix + "volume" bibinfo.check * * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.number.series} + { number empty$ + { series field.or.null } + { series empty$ + { number "number" bibinfo.check } + { add.blank "(" * + series "series" bibinfo.check * + number tie.or.space.prefix "number" bibinfo.check * + ")" * + } + if$ + } + if$ + } +FUNCTION {is.num} +{ chr.to.int$ + duplicate$ "0" chr.to.int$ < not + swap$ "9" chr.to.int$ > not and +} + +FUNCTION {extract.num} +{ duplicate$ 't := + "" 's := + { t empty$ not } + { t #1 #1 substring$ + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + duplicate$ is.num + { s swap$ * 's := } + { pop$ "" 't := } + if$ + } + while$ + s empty$ + 'skip$ + { pop$ s } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {convert.edition} +{ extract.num "l" change.case$ 's := + s "first" = s "1" = or + { bbl.first 't := } + { s "second" = s "2" = or + { bbl.second 't := } + { s "third" = s "3" = or + { bbl.third 't := } + { s "fourth" = s "4" = or + { bbl.fourth 't := } + { s "fifth" = s "5" = or + { bbl.fifth 't := } + { s #1 #1 substring$ is.num + { s eng.ord 't := } + { edition 't := } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + t +} + +FUNCTION {format.edition} +{ edition duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + convert.edition + output.state mid.sentence = + { "l" } + { "t" } + if$ change.case$ + "edition" bibinfo.check + " " * bbl.edition * + } + if$ +} +INTEGERS { multiresult } +FUNCTION {multi.page.check} +{ 't := + #0 'multiresult := + { multiresult not + t empty$ not + and + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ + duplicate$ "-" = + swap$ duplicate$ "," = + swap$ "+" = + or or + { #1 'multiresult := } + { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := } + if$ + } + while$ + multiresult +} +FUNCTION {format.pages} +{ pages duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { duplicate$ multi.page.check + { + n.dashify + } + { + } + if$ + "pages" bibinfo.check + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.journal.pages} +{ pages duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$ + { swap$ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ pop$ format.pages } + { + ". " * + swap$ + n.dashify + "pages" bibinfo.check + * + } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.journal.eid} +{ eid "eid" bibinfo.check + duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$ + { swap$ duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + ". " * + } + if$ + swap$ * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages} +{ volume field.or.null + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + "volume" bibinfo.check + } + if$ + number "number" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + swap$ duplicate$ empty$ + { "there's a number but no volume in " cite$ * warning$ } + 'skip$ + if$ + swap$ + "(" swap$ * ")" * + } + if$ * + eid empty$ + { format.journal.pages } + { format.journal.eid } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages} +{ chapter empty$ + 'format.pages + { type empty$ + { bbl.chapter } + { type "l" change.case$ + "type" bibinfo.check + } + if$ + chapter tie.or.space.prefix + "chapter" bibinfo.check + * * + pages empty$ + 'skip$ + { ", " * format.pages * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.booktitle} +{ + booktitle "booktitle" bibinfo.check + "t" change.case$ + emphasize +} +FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle} +{ format.booktitle duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + editor "editor" format.names.ed duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$ + { + " " * + get.bbl.editor + "(" swap$ * "), " * + * swap$ + * } + if$ + word.in swap$ * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.thesis.type} +{ type duplicate$ empty$ + 'pop$ + { swap$ pop$ + "t" change.case$ "type" bibinfo.check + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.tr.number} +{ number "number" bibinfo.check + type duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ bbl.techrep } + 'skip$ + if$ + "type" bibinfo.check + swap$ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "t" change.case$ } + { tie.or.space.prefix * * } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.article.crossref} +{ + word.in + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} +FUNCTION {format.book.crossref} +{ volume duplicate$ empty$ + { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$ + pop$ word.in + } + { bbl.volume + capitalize + swap$ tie.or.space.prefix "volume" bibinfo.check * * bbl.of space.word * + } + if$ + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} +FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref} +{ + word.in + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} +FUNCTION {format.org.or.pub} +{ 't := + "" + address empty$ t empty$ and + 'skip$ + { + address "address" bibinfo.check * + t empty$ + 'skip$ + { address empty$ + 'skip$ + { ": " * } + if$ + t * + } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.publisher.address} +{ publisher "publisher" bibinfo.warn format.org.or.pub +} + +FUNCTION {format.organization.address} +{ organization "organization" bibinfo.check format.org.or.pub +} + +FUNCTION {article} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + crossref missing$ + { + journal + "journal" bibinfo.check + emphasize + "journal" output.check + add.blank + format.vol.num.pages output + } + { format.article.crossref output.nonnull + format.pages output + } + if$ + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {book} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { format.editors "author and editor" output.check + editor format.key output + } + { format.authors output.nonnull + crossref missing$ + { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + new.block + new.sentence + format.publisher.address output + } + { + new.block + format.book.crossref output.nonnull + } + if$ + format.edition output + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {booklet} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output + address "address" bibinfo.check output + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {inbook} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { format.editors "author and editor" output.check + editor format.key output + } + { format.authors output.nonnull + crossref missing$ + { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { + format.bvolume output + format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check + new.block + new.sentence + format.number.series output + format.publisher.address output + } + { + format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check + new.block + format.book.crossref output.nonnull + } + if$ + format.edition output + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {incollection} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + crossref missing$ + { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check + format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + add.comma + format.chapter.pages output + new.sentence + format.publisher.address output + format.edition output + } + { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull + format.chapter.pages output + } + if$ + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {inproceedings} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + crossref missing$ + { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check + format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + add.comma + format.pages output + new.sentence + publisher empty$ + { format.organization.address output } + { organization "organization" bibinfo.check output + format.publisher.address output + } + if$ + } + { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull + format.pages output + } + if$ + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings } +FUNCTION {manual} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + organization address new.block.checkb + organization "organization" bibinfo.check output + address "address" bibinfo.check output + format.edition output + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {mastersthesis} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle + "title" output.check + new.block + address "address" bibinfo.check output + school "school" bibinfo.warn output + bbl.mthesis format.thesis.type output.nonnull + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {misc} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title output + new.block + howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output + format.doi output + new.block + format.note output + new.block + format.url output + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {phdthesis} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle + "title" output.check + new.block + address "address" bibinfo.check output + add.colon + school "school" bibinfo.warn output + bbl.phdthesis format.thesis.type output.nonnull + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {proceedings} +{ output.bibitem + format.editors output + editor format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + format.bvolume output + new.sentence + format.number.series output + publisher empty$ + { format.organization.address output } + { organization "organization" bibinfo.check output + format.publisher.address output + } + if$ + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {techreport} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title + "title" output.check + new.block + format.tr.number output.nonnull + institution "institution" bibinfo.warn output + address "address" bibinfo.check output + format.doi output + new.block + format.url output + new.block + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {unpublished} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + format.doi output + new.block + format.note "note" output.check + new.block + format.url output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {default.type} { misc } +READ +FUNCTION {sortify} +{ purify$ + "l" change.case$ +} +INTEGERS { len } +FUNCTION {chop.word} +{ 's := + 'len := + s #1 len substring$ = + { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ } + 's + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.lab.names} +{ 's := + "" 't := + s #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + s num.names$ duplicate$ + #2 > + { pop$ + " " * bbl.etal * + } + { #2 < + 'skip$ + { s #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" = + { + " " * bbl.etal * + } + { bbl.and space.word * s #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.key.label} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { author format.lab.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.editor.key.label} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.lab.names } + if$ + } + { author format.lab.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {editor.key.label} +{ editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.lab.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {calc.short.authors} +{ type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.key.label + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.key.label + 'author.key.label + if$ + } + if$ + 'short.list := +} + +FUNCTION {calc.label} +{ calc.short.authors + short.list + "(" + * + year duplicate$ empty$ + short.list key field.or.null = or + { pop$ "" } + 'skip$ + if$ + * + 'label := +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.names} +{ 's := + #1 'nameptr := + "" + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + "{ll{ }}{ ff{ }}{ jj{ }}" + format.name$ 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + " " * + namesleft #1 = t "others" = and + { "zzzzz" * } + { t sortify * } + if$ + } + { t sortify * } + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.title} +{ 't := + "A " #2 + "An " #3 + "The " #4 t chop.word + chop.word + chop.word + sortify + #1 global.max$ substring$ +} +FUNCTION {author.sort} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {author.editor.sort} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { editor sort.format.names } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {editor.sort} +{ editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need editor or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { editor sort.format.names } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {presort} +{ calc.label + label sortify + " " + * + type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.sort + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.sort + 'author.sort + if$ + } + if$ + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.label := + sort.label + * + " " + * + title field.or.null + sort.format.title + * + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.key$ := +} + +ITERATE {presort} +SORT +STRINGS { last.label next.extra } +INTEGERS { last.extra.num number.label } +FUNCTION {initialize.extra.label.stuff} +{ #0 int.to.chr$ 'last.label := + "" 'next.extra := + #0 'last.extra.num := + #0 'number.label := +} +FUNCTION {forward.pass} +{ last.label label = + { last.extra.num #1 + 'last.extra.num := + last.extra.num int.to.chr$ 'extra.label := + } + { "a" chr.to.int$ 'last.extra.num := + "" 'extra.label := + label 'last.label := + } + if$ + number.label #1 + 'number.label := +} +FUNCTION {reverse.pass} +{ next.extra "b" = + { "a" 'extra.label := } + 'skip$ + if$ + extra.label 'next.extra := + extra.label + duplicate$ empty$ + 'skip$ + { year field.or.null #-1 #1 substring$ chr.to.int$ #65 < + { "{\natexlab{" swap$ * "}}" * } + { "{(\natexlab{" swap$ * "})}" * } + if$ } + if$ + 'extra.label := + label extra.label * 'label := +} +EXECUTE {initialize.extra.label.stuff} +ITERATE {forward.pass} +REVERSE {reverse.pass} +FUNCTION {bib.sort.order} +{ sort.label + " " + * + year field.or.null sortify + * + " " + * + title field.or.null + sort.format.title + * + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.key$ := +} +ITERATE {bib.sort.order} +SORT +FUNCTION {begin.bib} +{ preamble$ empty$ + 'skip$ + { preamble$ write$ newline$ } + if$ + "\begin{thebibliography}{" number.label int.to.str$ * "}" * + write$ newline$ + "\providecommand{\natexlab}[1]{#1}" + write$ newline$ + "\providecommand{\url}[1]{#1}" + write$ newline$ + "\providecommand{\urlprefix}{}" + write$ newline$ + "\expandafter\ifx\csname urlstyle\endcsname\relax" + write$ newline$ + " \providecommand{\doi}[1]{doi:\discretionary{}{}{}#1}\else" + write$ newline$ + " \providecommand{\doi}{doi:\discretionary{}{}{}\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url}\fi" + write$ newline$ +} +EXECUTE {begin.bib} +EXECUTE {init.state.consts} +ITERATE {call.type$} +FUNCTION {end.bib} +{ newline$ + "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$ +} +EXECUTE {end.bib}