Collections.java

/*
 * Copyright (c) 1997, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
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 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
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 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
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 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
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package java.util;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.lang.reflect.Array;
import java.util.function.BiConsumer;
import java.util.function.BiFunction;
import java.util.function.Consumer;
import java.util.function.Function;
import java.util.function.IntFunction;
import java.util.function.Predicate;
import java.util.function.UnaryOperator;
import java.util.stream.IntStream;
import java.util.stream.Stream;
import java.util.stream.StreamSupport;

/**
 * This class consists exclusively of static methods that operate on or return
 * collections.  It contains polymorphic algorithms that operate on
 * collections, "wrappers", which return a new collection backed by a
 * specified collection, and a few other odds and ends.
 *
 * <p>The methods of this class all throw a {@code NullPointerException}
 * if the collections or class objects provided to them are null.
 *
 * <p>The documentation for the polymorphic algorithms contained in this class
 * generally includes a brief description of the <i>implementation</i>.  Such
 * descriptions should be regarded as <i>implementation notes</i>, rather than
 * parts of the <i>specification</i>.  Implementors should feel free to
 * substitute other algorithms, so long as the specification itself is adhered
 * to.  (For example, the algorithm used by {@code sort} does not have to be
 * a mergesort, but it does have to be <i>stable</i>.)
 *
 * <p>The "destructive" algorithms contained in this class, that is, the
 * algorithms that modify the collection on which they operate, are specified
 * to throw {@code UnsupportedOperationException} if the collection does not
 * support the appropriate mutation primitive(s), such as the {@code set}
 * method.  These algorithms may, but are not required to, throw this
 * exception if an invocation would have no effect on the collection.  For
 * example, invoking the {@code sort} method on an unmodifiable list that is
 * already sorted may or may not throw {@code UnsupportedOperationException}.
 *
 * <p>This class is a member of the
 * <a href="{@docRoot}/java.base/java/util/package-summary.html#CollectionsFramework">
 * Java Collections Framework</a>.
 *
 * @author  Josh Bloch
 * @author  Neal Gafter
 * @see     Collection
 * @see     Set
 * @see     List
 * @see     Map
 * @since   1.2
 */
// 容器工具类
public class Collections {
    
    // Suppresses default constructor, ensuring non-instantiability.
    private Collections() {
    }
    
    /*
     * Tuning parameters for algorithms - Many of the List algorithms have
     * two implementations, one of which is appropriate for RandomAccess
     * lists, the other for "sequential."  Often, the random access variant
     * yields better performance on small sequential access lists.  The
     * tuning parameters below determine the cutoff point for what constitutes
     * a "small" sequential access list for each algorithm.  The values below
     * were empirically determined to work well for LinkedList. Hopefully
     * they should be reasonable for other sequential access List
     * implementations.  Those doing performance work on this code would
     * do well to validate the values of these parameters from time to time.
     * (The first word of each tuning parameter name is the algorithm to which
     * it applies.)
     */
    private static final int BINARYSEARCH_THRESHOLD   = 5000;
    private static final int REVERSE_THRESHOLD        =   18;
    private static final int SHUFFLE_THRESHOLD        =    5;
    private static final int FILL_THRESHOLD           =   25;
    private static final int ROTATE_THRESHOLD         =  100;
    private static final int COPY_THRESHOLD           =   10;
    private static final int REPLACEALL_THRESHOLD     =   11;
    private static final int INDEXOFSUBLIST_THRESHOLD =   35;
    
    private static Random r;
    
    
    
    /*▼ List操作 ████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████┓ */
    
    /**
     * Sorts the specified list into ascending order, according to the
     * {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering} of its elements.
     * All elements in the list must implement the {@link Comparable}
     * interface.  Furthermore, all elements in the list must be
     * <i>mutually comparable</i> (that is, {@code e1.compareTo(e2)}
     * must not throw a {@code ClassCastException} for any elements
     * {@code e1} and {@code e2} in the list).
     *
     * <p>This sort is guaranteed to be <i>stable</i>:  equal elements will
     * not be reordered as a result of the sort.
     *
     * <p>The specified list must be modifiable, but need not be resizable.
     *
     * @param <T>  the class of the objects in the list
     * @param list the list to be sorted.
     *
     * @throws ClassCastException            if the list contains elements that are not
     *                                       <i>mutually comparable</i> (for example, strings and integers).
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the specified list's
     *                                       list-iterator does not support the {@code set} operation.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException      (optional) if the implementation
     *                                       detects that the natural ordering of the list elements is
     *                                       found to violate the {@link Comparable} contract
     * @implNote This implementation defers to the {@link List#sort(Comparator)}
     * method using the specified list and a {@code null} comparator.
     * @see List#sort(Comparator)
     */
    // 对指定的list进行排序(使用内部比较器)
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public static <T extends Comparable<? super T>> void sort(List<T> list) {
        list.sort(null);
    }
    
    /**
     * Sorts the specified list according to the order induced by the
     * specified comparator.  All elements in the list must be <i>mutually
     * comparable</i> using the specified comparator (that is,
     * {@code c.compare(e1, e2)} must not throw a {@code ClassCastException}
     * for any elements {@code e1} and {@code e2} in the list).
     *
     * <p>This sort is guaranteed to be <i>stable</i>:  equal elements will
     * not be reordered as a result of the sort.
     *
     * <p>The specified list must be modifiable, but need not be resizable.
     *
     * @param <T>  the class of the objects in the list
     * @param list the list to be sorted.
     * @param c    the comparator to determine the order of the list.  A
     *             {@code null} value indicates that the elements' <i>natural
     *             ordering</i> should be used.
     *
     * @throws ClassCastException            if the list contains elements that are not
     *                                       <i>mutually comparable</i> using the specified comparator.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the specified list's
     *                                       list-iterator does not support the {@code set} operation.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException      (optional) if the comparator is
     *                                       found to violate the {@link Comparator} contract
     * @implNote This implementation defers to the {@link List#sort(Comparator)}
     * method using the specified list and comparator.
     * @see List#sort(Comparator)
     */
    // 对指定的list进行排序(使用指定的外部比较器)
    @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "rawtypes"})
    public static <T> void sort(List<T> list, Comparator<? super T> c) {
        list.sort(c);
    }
    
    /**
     * Searches the specified list for the specified object using the binary
     * search algorithm.  The list must be sorted into ascending order
     * according to the {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering} of its
     * elements (as by the {@link #sort(List)} method) prior to making this
     * call.  If it is not sorted, the results are undefined.  If the list
     * contains multiple elements equal to the specified object, there is no
     * guarantee which one will be found.
     *
     * <p>This method runs in log(n) time for a "random access" list (which
     * provides near-constant-time positional access).  If the specified list
     * does not implement the {@link RandomAccess} interface and is large,
     * this method will do an iterator-based binary search that performs
     * O(n) link traversals and O(log n) element comparisons.
     *
     * @param <T>  the class of the objects in the list
     * @param list the list to be searched.
     * @param key  the key to be searched for.
     *
     * @return the index of the search key, if it is contained in the list;
     * otherwise, <code>(-(<i>insertion point</i>) - 1)</code>.  The
     * <i>insertion point</i> is defined as the point at which the
     * key would be inserted into the list: the index of the first
     * element greater than the key, or {@code list.size()} if all
     * elements in the list are less than the specified key.  Note
     * that this guarantees that the return value will be &gt;= 0 if
     * and only if the key is found.
     *
     * @throws ClassCastException if the list contains elements that are not
     *                            <i>mutually comparable</i> (for example, strings and
     *                            integers), or the search key is not mutually comparable
     *                            with the elements of the list.
     */
    // 二分查找(使用内部比较器)：在list中查找key，返回其索引
    public static <T> int binarySearch(List<? extends Comparable<? super T>> list, T key) {
        if(list instanceof RandomAccess || list.size()<BINARYSEARCH_THRESHOLD) {
            return Collections.indexedBinarySearch(list, key);
        } else {
            return Collections.iteratorBinarySearch(list, key);
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * Searches the specified list for the specified object using the binary
     * search algorithm.  The list must be sorted into ascending order
     * according to the specified comparator (as by the
     * {@link #sort(List, Comparator) sort(List, Comparator)}
     * method), prior to making this call.  If it is
     * not sorted, the results are undefined.  If the list contains multiple
     * elements equal to the specified object, there is no guarantee which one
     * will be found.
     *
     * <p>This method runs in log(n) time for a "random access" list (which
     * provides near-constant-time positional access).  If the specified list
     * does not implement the {@link RandomAccess} interface and is large,
     * this method will do an iterator-based binary search that performs
     * O(n) link traversals and O(log n) element comparisons.
     *
     * @param <T>  the class of the objects in the list
     * @param list the list to be searched.
     * @param key  the key to be searched for.
     * @param c    the comparator by which the list is ordered.
     *             A {@code null} value indicates that the elements'
     *             {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering} should be used.
     *
     * @return the index of the search key, if it is contained in the list;
     * otherwise, <code>(-(<i>insertion point</i>) - 1)</code>.  The
     * <i>insertion point</i> is defined as the point at which the
     * key would be inserted into the list: the index of the first
     * element greater than the key, or {@code list.size()} if all
     * elements in the list are less than the specified key.  Note
     * that this guarantees that the return value will be &gt;= 0 if
     * and only if the key is found.
     *
     * @throws ClassCastException if the list contains elements that are not
     *                            <i>mutually comparable</i> using the specified comparator,
     *                            or the search key is not mutually comparable with the
     *                            elements of the list using this comparator.
     */
    // 二分查找(使用外部比较器)：在list中查找key，返回其索引
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public static <T> int binarySearch(List<? extends T> list, T key, Comparator<? super T> c) {
        if(c == null) {
            return binarySearch((List<? extends Comparable<? super T>>) list, key);
        }
        
        if(list instanceof RandomAccess || list.size()<BINARYSEARCH_THRESHOLD) {
            return Collections.indexedBinarySearch(list, key, c);
        } else {
            return Collections.iteratorBinarySearch(list, key, c);
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * Reverses the order of the elements in the specified list.<p>
     *
     * This method runs in linear time.
     *
     * @param list the list whose elements are to be reversed.
     *
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the specified list or
     *                                       its list-iterator does not support the {@code set} operation.
     */
    // 逆转list中的元素
    @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes", "unchecked"})
    public static void reverse(List<?> list) {
        int size = list.size();
        
        if(size<REVERSE_THRESHOLD || list instanceof RandomAccess) {
            for(int i = 0, mid = size >> 1, j = size - 1; i<mid; i++, j--) {
                // 交换list中i和j的处的元素
                swap(list, i, j);
            }
        } else {
            
            /* instead of using a raw type here, it's possible to capture the wildcard but it will require a call to a supplementary private method */
            
            ListIterator fwd = list.listIterator();
            ListIterator rev = list.listIterator(size);
            for(int i = 0, mid = list.size() >> 1; i<mid; i++) {
                Object tmp = fwd.next();
                fwd.set(rev.previous());
                rev.set(tmp);
            }
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * Rotates the elements in the specified list by the specified distance.
     * After calling this method, the element at index {@code i} will be
     * the element previously at index {@code (i - distance)} mod
     * {@code list.size()}, for all values of {@code i} between {@code 0}
     * and {@code list.size()-1}, inclusive.  (This method has no effect on
     * the size of the list.)
     *
     * <p>For example, suppose {@code list} comprises{@code  [t, a, n, k, s]}.
     * After invoking {@code Collections.rotate(list, 1)} (or
     * {@code Collections.rotate(list, -4)}), {@code list} will comprise
     * {@code [s, t, a, n, k]}.
     *
     * <p>Note that this method can usefully be applied to sublists to
     * move one or more elements within a list while preserving the
     * order of the remaining elements.  For example, the following idiom
     * moves the element at index {@code j} forward to position
     * {@code k} (which must be greater than or equal to {@code j}):
     * <pre>
     *     Collections.rotate(list.subList(j, k+1), -1);
     * </pre>
     * To make this concrete, suppose {@code list} comprises
     * {@code [a, b, c, d, e]}.  To move the element at index {@code 1}
     * ({@code b}) forward two positions, perform the following invocation:
     * <pre>
     *     Collections.rotate(l.subList(1, 4), -1);
     * </pre>
     * The resulting list is {@code [a, c, d, b, e]}.
     *
     * <p>To move more than one element forward, increase the absolute value
     * of the rotation distance.  To move elements backward, use a positive
     * shift distance.
     *
     * <p>If the specified list is small or implements the {@link
     * RandomAccess} interface, this implementation exchanges the first
     * element into the location it should go, and then repeatedly exchanges
     * the displaced element into the location it should go until a displaced
     * element is swapped into the first element.  If necessary, the process
     * is repeated on the second and successive elements, until the rotation
     * is complete.  If the specified list is large and doesn't implement the
     * {@code RandomAccess} interface, this implementation breaks the
     * list into two sublist views around index {@code -distance mod size}.
     * Then the {@link #reverse(List)} method is invoked on each sublist view,
     * and finally it is invoked on the entire list.  For a more complete
     * description of both algorithms, see Section 2.3 of Jon Bentley's
     * <i>Programming Pearls</i> (Addison-Wesley, 1986).
     *
     * @param list     the list to be rotated.
     * @param distance the distance to rotate the list.  There are no
     *                 constraints on this value; it may be zero, negative, or
     *                 greater than {@code list.size()}.
     *
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the specified list or
     *                                       its list-iterator does not support the {@code set} operation.
     * @since 1.4
     */
    /*
     * 旋转list(包括内部的逆转)
     * distance>0时，指示旋转之后左边子视图的长度
     * distance<0时，指示旋转之后右边子视图的长度
     */
    public static void rotate(List<?> list, int distance) {
        if(list instanceof RandomAccess || list.size()<ROTATE_THRESHOLD) {
            rotate1(list, distance);
        } else {
            rotate2(list, distance);
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * Randomly permutes the specified list using a default source of
     * randomness.  All permutations occur with approximately equal
     * likelihood.
     *
     * <p>The hedge "approximately" is used in the foregoing description because
     * default source of randomness is only approximately an unbiased source
     * of independently chosen bits. If it were a perfect source of randomly
     * chosen bits, then the algorithm would choose permutations with perfect
     * uniformity.
     *
     * <p>This implementation traverses the list backwards, from the last
     * element up to the second, repeatedly swapping a randomly selected element
     * into the "current position".  Elements are randomly selected from the
     * portion of the list that runs from the first element to the current
     * position, inclusive.
     *
     * <p>This method runs in linear time.  If the specified list does not
     * implement the {@link RandomAccess} interface and is large, this
     * implementation dumps the specified list into an array before shuffling
     * it, and dumps the shuffled array back into the list.  This avoids the
     * quadratic behavior that would result from shuffling a "sequential
     * access" list in place.
     *
     * @param list the list to be shuffled.
     *
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the specified list or
     *                                       its list-iterator does not support the {@code set} operation.
     */
    // 随机排序list
    public static void shuffle(List<?> list) {
        Random rnd = r;
        if(rnd == null) {
            r = rnd = new Random(); // harmless race.
        }
        
        shuffle(list, rnd);
    }
    
    /**
     * Randomly permute the specified list using the specified source of
     * randomness.  All permutations occur with equal likelihood
     * assuming that the source of randomness is fair.<p>
     *
     * This implementation traverses the list backwards, from the last element
     * up to the second, repeatedly swapping a randomly selected element into
     * the "current position".  Elements are randomly selected from the
     * portion of the list that runs from the first element to the current
     * position, inclusive.<p>
     *
     * This method runs in linear time.  If the specified list does not
     * implement the {@link RandomAccess} interface and is large, this
     * implementation dumps the specified list into an array before shuffling
     * it, and dumps the shuffled array back into the list.  This avoids the
     * quadratic behavior that would result from shuffling a "sequential
     * access" list in place.
     *
     * @param list the list to be shuffled.
     * @param rnd  the source of randomness to use to shuffle the list.
     *
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the specified list or its
     *                                       list-iterator does not support the {@code set} operation.
     */
    // 随机排序list，伪随机数生成器由rnd给出
    @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes", "unchecked"})
    public static void shuffle(List<?> list, Random rnd) {
        int size = list.size();
        
        if(size<SHUFFLE_THRESHOLD || list instanceof RandomAccess) {
            for(int i = size; i>1; i--) {
                swap(list, i - 1, rnd.nextInt(i));
            }
        } else {
            Object[] arr = list.toArray();
            
            // Shuffle array
            for(int i = size; i>1; i--) {
                swap(arr, i - 1, rnd.nextInt(i));
            }
            
            /*
             * Dump array back into list
             * instead of using a raw type here, it's possible to capture the wildcard but it will require a call to a supplementary private method
             */
            ListIterator it = list.listIterator();
            for(Object e : arr) {
                it.next();
                it.set(e);
            }
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * Swaps the elements at the specified positions in the specified list.
     * (If the specified positions are equal, invoking this method leaves
     * the list unchanged.)
     *
     * @param list The list in which to swap elements.
     * @param i    the index of one element to be swapped.
     * @param j    the index of the other element to be swapped.
     *
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if either {@code i} or {@code j}
     *                                   is out of range (i &lt; 0 || i &gt;= list.size()
     *                                   || j &lt; 0 || j &gt;= list.size()).
     * @since 1.4
     */
    // 交换list中i和j的处的元素
    @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes", "unchecked"})
    public static void swap(List<?> list, int i, int j) {
        
        /* instead of using a raw type here, it's possible to capture the wildcard but it will require a call to a supplementary private method */
        
        final List l = list;
        l.set(i, l.set(j, l.get(i)));
    }
    
    /**
     * Replaces all of the elements of the specified list with the specified
     * element. <p>
     *
     * This method runs in linear time.
     *
     * @param <T>  the class of the objects in the list
     * @param list the list to be filled with the specified element.
     * @param obj  The element with which to fill the specified list.
     *
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the specified list or its
     *                                       list-iterator does not support the {@code set} operation.
     */
    // 使用指定的元素obj来填充list
    public static <T> void fill(List<? super T> list, T obj) {
        int size = list.size();
        
        if(size<FILL_THRESHOLD || list instanceof RandomAccess) {
            for(int i = 0; i<size; i++) {
                list.set(i, obj);
            }
        } else {
            ListIterator<? super T> itr = list.listIterator();
            for(int i = 0; i<size; i++) {
                itr.next();
                itr.set(obj);
            }
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * Replaces all occurrences of one specified value in a list with another.
     * More formally, replaces with {@code newVal} each element {@code e}
     * in {@code list} such that
     * {@code (oldVal==null ? e==null : oldVal.equals(e))}.
     * (This method has no effect on the size of the list.)
     *
     * @param <T>    the class of the objects in the list
     * @param list   the list in which replacement is to occur.
     * @param oldVal the old value to be replaced.
     * @param newVal the new value with which {@code oldVal} is to be
     *               replaced.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if {@code list} contained one or more elements
     * {@code e} such that
     * {@code (oldVal==null ?  e==null : oldVal.equals(e))}.
     *
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the specified list or
     *                                       its list-iterator does not support the {@code set} operation.
     * @since 1.4
     */
    // 将list中所有oldVal替换为newVal
    public static <T> boolean replaceAll(List<T> list, T oldVal, T newVal) {
        boolean result = false;
        
        int size = list.size();
        
        if(size<REPLACEALL_THRESHOLD || list instanceof RandomAccess) {
            if(oldVal == null) {
                for(int i = 0; i<size; i++) {
                    if(list.get(i) == null) {
                        list.set(i, newVal);
                        result = true;
                    }
                }
            } else {
                for(int i = 0; i<size; i++) {
                    if(oldVal.equals(list.get(i))) {
                        list.set(i, newVal);
                        result = true;
                    }
                }
            }
        } else {
            ListIterator<T> itr = list.listIterator();
            if(oldVal == null) {
                for(int i = 0; i<size; i++) {
                    if(itr.next() == null) {
                        itr.set(newVal);
                        result = true;
                    }
                }
            } else {
                for(int i = 0; i<size; i++) {
                    if(oldVal.equals(itr.next())) {
                        itr.set(newVal);
                        result = true;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return result;
    }
    
    /**
     * Copies all of the elements from one list into another.  After the
     * operation, the index of each copied element in the destination list
     * will be identical to its index in the source list.  The destination
     * list's size must be greater than or equal to the source list's size.
     * If it is greater, the remaining elements in the destination list are
     * unaffected. <p>
     *
     * This method runs in linear time.
     *
     * @param <T>  the class of the objects in the lists
     * @param dest The destination list.
     * @param src  The source list.
     *
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException     if the destination list is too small
     *                                       to contain the entire source List.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the destination list's
     *                                       list-iterator does not support the {@code set} operation.
     */
    // 将dest中的元素拷贝到src中（浅拷贝）
    public static <T> void copy(List<? super T> dest, List<? extends T> src) {
        int srcSize = src.size();
        if(srcSize>dest.size()) {
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Source does not fit in dest");
        }
        
        if(srcSize<COPY_THRESHOLD || (src instanceof RandomAccess && dest instanceof RandomAccess)) {
            for(int i = 0; i<srcSize; i++) {
                dest.set(i, src.get(i));
            }
        } else {
            ListIterator<? super T> di = dest.listIterator();
            ListIterator<? extends T> si = src.listIterator();
            for(int i = 0; i<srcSize; i++) {
                di.next();
                di.set(si.next());
            }
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns the minimum element of the given collection, according to the
     * <i>natural ordering</i> of its elements.  All elements in the
     * collection must implement the {@code Comparable} interface.
     * Furthermore, all elements in the collection must be <i>mutually
     * comparable</i> (that is, {@code e1.compareTo(e2)} must not throw a
     * {@code ClassCastException} for any elements {@code e1} and
     * {@code e2} in the collection).<p>
     *
     * This method iterates over the entire collection, hence it requires
     * time proportional to the size of the collection.
     *
     * @param <T>  the class of the objects in the collection
     * @param coll the collection whose minimum element is to be determined.
     *
     * @return the minimum element of the given collection, according
     * to the <i>natural ordering</i> of its elements.
     *
     * @throws ClassCastException     if the collection contains elements that are
     *                                not <i>mutually comparable</i> (for example, strings and
     *                                integers).
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if the collection is empty.
     * @see Comparable
     */
    // 返回指定容器中最小的元素(使用内部比较器比较大小)
    public static <T extends Object & Comparable<? super T>> T min(Collection<? extends T> coll) {
        Iterator<? extends T> i = coll.iterator();
        T candidate = i.next();
        
        while(i.hasNext()) {
            T next = i.next();
            if(next.compareTo(candidate)<0) {
                candidate = next;
            }
        }
        
        return candidate;
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns the minimum element of the given collection, according to the
     * order induced by the specified comparator.  All elements in the
     * collection must be <i>mutually comparable</i> by the specified
     * comparator (that is, {@code comp.compare(e1, e2)} must not throw a
     * {@code ClassCastException} for any elements {@code e1} and
     * {@code e2} in the collection).<p>
     *
     * This method iterates over the entire collection, hence it requires
     * time proportional to the size of the collection.
     *
     * @param <T>  the class of the objects in the collection
     * @param coll the collection whose minimum element is to be determined.
     * @param comp the comparator with which to determine the minimum element.
     *             A {@code null} value indicates that the elements' <i>natural
     *             ordering</i> should be used.
     *
     * @return the minimum element of the given collection, according
     * to the specified comparator.
     *
     * @throws ClassCastException     if the collection contains elements that are
     *                                not <i>mutually comparable</i> using the specified comparator.
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if the collection is empty.
     * @see Comparable
     */
    // 返回指定容器中最小的元素(使用外部比较器比较大小)
    @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "rawtypes"})
    public static <T> T min(Collection<? extends T> coll, Comparator<? super T> comp) {
        if(comp == null) {
            return (T) min((Collection) coll);
        }
        
        Iterator<? extends T> i = coll.iterator();
        T candidate = i.next();
        
        while(i.hasNext()) {
            T next = i.next();
            if(comp.compare(next, candidate)<0) {
                candidate = next;
            }
        }
        
        return candidate;
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns the maximum element of the given collection, according to the
     * <i>natural ordering</i> of its elements.  All elements in the
     * collection must implement the {@code Comparable} interface.
     * Furthermore, all elements in the collection must be <i>mutually
     * comparable</i> (that is, {@code e1.compareTo(e2)} must not throw a
     * {@code ClassCastException} for any elements {@code e1} and
     * {@code e2} in the collection).<p>
     *
     * This method iterates over the entire collection, hence it requires
     * time proportional to the size of the collection.
     *
     * @param <T>  the class of the objects in the collection
     * @param coll the collection whose maximum element is to be determined.
     *
     * @return the maximum element of the given collection, according
     * to the <i>natural ordering</i> of its elements.
     *
     * @throws ClassCastException     if the collection contains elements that are
     *                                not <i>mutually comparable</i> (for example, strings and
     *                                integers).
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if the collection is empty.
     * @see Comparable
     */
    // 返回指定容器中最大的元素(使用内部比较器比较大小)
    public static <T extends Object & Comparable<? super T>> T max(Collection<? extends T> coll) {
        Iterator<? extends T> i = coll.iterator();
        T candidate = i.next();
        
        while(i.hasNext()) {
            T next = i.next();
            if(next.compareTo(candidate)>0) {
                candidate = next;
            }
        }
        return candidate;
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns the maximum element of the given collection, according to the
     * order induced by the specified comparator.  All elements in the
     * collection must be <i>mutually comparable</i> by the specified
     * comparator (that is, {@code comp.compare(e1, e2)} must not throw a
     * {@code ClassCastException} for any elements {@code e1} and
     * {@code e2} in the collection).<p>
     *
     * This method iterates over the entire collection, hence it requires
     * time proportional to the size of the collection.
     *
     * @param <T>  the class of the objects in the collection
     * @param coll the collection whose maximum element is to be determined.
     * @param comp the comparator with which to determine the maximum element.
     *             A {@code null} value indicates that the elements' <i>natural
     *             ordering</i> should be used.
     *
     * @return the maximum element of the given collection, according
     * to the specified comparator.
     *
     * @throws ClassCastException     if the collection contains elements that are
     *                                not <i>mutually comparable</i> using the specified comparator.
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if the collection is empty.
     * @see Comparable
     */
    // 返回指定容器中最大的元素(使用外部比较器比较大小)
    @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "rawtypes"})
    public static <T> T max(Collection<? extends T> coll, Comparator<? super T> comp) {
        if(comp == null) {
            return (T) max((Collection) coll);
        }
        
        Iterator<? extends T> i = coll.iterator();
        T candidate = i.next();
        
        while(i.hasNext()) {
            T next = i.next();
            if(comp.compare(next, candidate)>0) {
                candidate = next;
            }
        }
        
        return candidate;
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns the starting position of the first occurrence of the specified
     * target list within the specified source list, or -1 if there is no
     * such occurrence.  More formally, returns the lowest index {@code i}
     * such that {@code source.subList(i, i+target.size()).equals(target)},
     * or -1 if there is no such index.  (Returns -1 if
     * {@code target.size() > source.size()})
     *
     * <p>This implementation uses the "brute force" technique of scanning
     * over the source list, looking for a match with the target at each
     * location in turn.
     *
     * @param source the list in which to search for the first occurrence of {@code target}.
     * @param target the list to search for as a subList of {@code source}.
     *
     * @return the starting position of the first occurrence of the specified
     * target list within the specified source list, or -1 if there
     * is no such occurrence.
     *
     * @since 1.4
     */
    // 查找子串target在主串source中的正序索引(正序查找)
    public static int indexOfSubList(List<?> source, List<?> target) {
        int sourceSize = source.size();
        int targetSize = target.size();
        int maxCandidate = sourceSize - targetSize;
        
        if(sourceSize<INDEXOFSUBLIST_THRESHOLD || (source instanceof RandomAccess && target instanceof RandomAccess)) {
nextCand:
            for(int candidate = 0; candidate<=maxCandidate; candidate++) {
                for(int i = 0, j = candidate; i<targetSize; i++, j++) {
                    if(!eq(target.get(i), source.get(j))) {
                        continue nextCand;  // Element mismatch, try next cand
                    }
                }
                return candidate;  // All elements of candidate matched target
            }
        } else {  // Iterator version of above algorithm
            ListIterator<?> si = source.listIterator();
nextCand:
            for(int candidate = 0; candidate<=maxCandidate; candidate++) {
                ListIterator<?> ti = target.listIterator();
                for(int i = 0; i<targetSize; i++) {
                    if(!eq(ti.next(), si.next())) {
                        // Back up source iterator to next candidate
                        for(int j = 0; j<i; j++) {
                            si.previous();
                        }
                        continue nextCand;
                    }
                }
                return candidate;
            }
        }
        
        return -1;  // No candidate matched the target
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns the starting position of the last occurrence of the specified
     * target list within the specified source list, or -1 if there is no such
     * occurrence.  More formally, returns the highest index {@code i}
     * such that {@code source.subList(i, i+target.size()).equals(target)},
     * or -1 if there is no such index.  (Returns -1 if
     * {@code target.size() > source.size()})
     *
     * <p>This implementation uses the "brute force" technique of iterating
     * over the source list, looking for a match with the target at each
     * location in turn.
     *
     * @param source the list in which to search for the last occurrence
     *               of {@code target}.
     * @param target the list to search for as a subList of {@code source}.
     *
     * @return the starting position of the last occurrence of the specified
     * target list within the specified source list, or -1 if there
     * is no such occurrence.
     *
     * @since 1.4
     */
    // 查找子串target在主串source中的逆序索引(逆序查找)
    public static int lastIndexOfSubList(List<?> source, List<?> target) {
        int sourceSize = source.size();
        int targetSize = target.size();
        int maxCandidate = sourceSize - targetSize;
        
        if(sourceSize<INDEXOFSUBLIST_THRESHOLD || source instanceof RandomAccess) {   // Index access version
nextCand:
            for(int candidate = maxCandidate; candidate >= 0; candidate--) {
                for(int i = 0, j = candidate; i<targetSize; i++, j++) {
                    if(!eq(target.get(i), source.get(j))) {
                        continue nextCand;  // Element mismatch, try next cand
                    }
                }
                return candidate;  // All elements of candidate matched target
            }
        } else {  // Iterator version of above algorithm
            if(maxCandidate<0) {
                return -1;
            }
            
            ListIterator<?> si = source.listIterator(maxCandidate);
nextCand:
            for(int candidate = maxCandidate; candidate >= 0; candidate--) {
                ListIterator<?> ti = target.listIterator();
                for(int i = 0; i<targetSize; i++) {
                    if(!eq(ti.next(), si.next())) {
                        if(candidate != 0) {
                            // Back up source iterator to next candidate
                            for(int j = 0; j<=i + 1; j++) {
                                si.previous();
                            }
                        }
                        continue nextCand;
                    }
                }
                return candidate;
            }
        }
        return -1;  // No candidate matched the target
    }
    
    /*▲ List操作 ████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████┛ */
    
    
    
    /*▼ 只读容器 ████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████┓ */
    
    /**
     * Returns an <a href="Collection.html#unmodview">unmodifiable view</a> of the
     * specified collection. Query operations on the returned collection "read through"
     * to the specified collection, and attempts to modify the returned
     * collection, whether direct or via its iterator, result in an
     * {@code UnsupportedOperationException}.<p>
     *
     * The returned collection does <i>not</i> pass the hashCode and equals
     * operations through to the backing collection, but relies on
     * {@code Object}'s {@code equals} and {@code hashCode} methods.  This
     * is necessary to preserve the contracts of these operations in the case
     * that the backing collection is a set or a list.<p>
     *
     * The returned collection will be serializable if the specified collection
     * is serializable.
     *
     * @param <T> the class of the objects in the collection
     * @param c   the collection for which an unmodifiable view is to be
     *            returned.
     *
     * @return an unmodifiable view of the specified collection.
     */
    // 将指定的容器包装为只读容器
    public static <T> Collection<T> unmodifiableCollection(Collection<? extends T> c) {
        return new UnmodifiableCollection<>(c);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns an <a href="Collection.html#unmodview">unmodifiable view</a> of the
     * specified set. Query operations on the returned set "read through" to the specified
     * set, and attempts to modify the returned set, whether direct or via its
     * iterator, result in an {@code UnsupportedOperationException}.<p>
     *
     * The returned set will be serializable if the specified set
     * is serializable.
     *
     * @param <T> the class of the objects in the set
     * @param s   the set for which an unmodifiable view is to be returned.
     *
     * @return an unmodifiable view of the specified set.
     */
    // 将指定的Set包装为只读Set
    public static <T> Set<T> unmodifiableSet(Set<? extends T> s) {
        return new UnmodifiableSet<>(s);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns an <a href="Collection.html#unmodview">unmodifiable view</a> of the
     * specified sorted set. Query operations on the returned sorted set "read
     * through" to the specified sorted set.  Attempts to modify the returned
     * sorted set, whether direct, via its iterator, or via its
     * {@code subSet}, {@code headSet}, or {@code tailSet} views, result in
     * an {@code UnsupportedOperationException}.<p>
     *
     * The returned sorted set will be serializable if the specified sorted set
     * is serializable.
     *
     * @param <T> the class of the objects in the set
     * @param s   the sorted set for which an unmodifiable view is to be
     *            returned.
     *
     * @return an unmodifiable view of the specified sorted set.
     */
    // 将指定的Set包装为只读Set
    public static <T> SortedSet<T> unmodifiableSortedSet(SortedSet<T> s) {
        return new UnmodifiableSortedSet<>(s);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns an <a href="Collection.html#unmodview">unmodifiable view</a> of the
     * specified navigable set. Query operations on the returned navigable set "read
     * through" to the specified navigable set.  Attempts to modify the returned
     * navigable set, whether direct, via its iterator, or via its
     * {@code subSet}, {@code headSet}, or {@code tailSet} views, result in
     * an {@code UnsupportedOperationException}.<p>
     *
     * The returned navigable set will be serializable if the specified
     * navigable set is serializable.
     *
     * @param <T> the class of the objects in the set
     * @param s   the navigable set for which an unmodifiable view is to be
     *            returned
     *
     * @return an unmodifiable view of the specified navigable set
     *
     * @since 1.8
     */
    // 将指定的Set包装为只读Set
    public static <T> NavigableSet<T> unmodifiableNavigableSet(NavigableSet<T> s) {
        return new UnmodifiableNavigableSet<>(s);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns an <a href="Collection.html#unmodview">unmodifiable view</a> of the
     * specified list. Query operations on the returned list "read through" to the
     * specified list, and attempts to modify the returned list, whether
     * direct or via its iterator, result in an
     * {@code UnsupportedOperationException}.<p>
     *
     * The returned list will be serializable if the specified list
     * is serializable. Similarly, the returned list will implement
     * {@link RandomAccess} if the specified list does.
     *
     * @param <T>  the class of the objects in the list
     * @param list the list for which an unmodifiable view is to be returned.
     *
     * @return an unmodifiable view of the specified list.
     */
    // 将指定的List包装为只读List
    public static <T> List<T> unmodifiableList(List<? extends T> list) {
        return (list instanceof RandomAccess ? new UnmodifiableRandomAccessList<>(list) : new UnmodifiableList<>(list));
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns an <a href="Collection.html#unmodview">unmodifiable view</a> of the
     * specified map. Query operations on the returned map "read through"
     * to the specified map, and attempts to modify the returned
     * map, whether direct or via its collection views, result in an
     * {@code UnsupportedOperationException}.<p>
     *
     * The returned map will be serializable if the specified map
     * is serializable.
     *
     * @param <K> the class of the map keys
     * @param <V> the class of the map values
     * @param m   the map for which an unmodifiable view is to be returned.
     *
     * @return an unmodifiable view of the specified map.
     */
    // 将指定的Map包装为只读Map
    public static <K, V> Map<K, V> unmodifiableMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
        return new UnmodifiableMap<>(m);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns an <a href="Collection.html#unmodview">unmodifiable view</a> of the
     * specified sorted map. Query operations on the returned sorted map "read through"
     * to the specified sorted map.  Attempts to modify the returned
     * sorted map, whether direct, via its collection views, or via its
     * {@code subMap}, {@code headMap}, or {@code tailMap} views, result in
     * an {@code UnsupportedOperationException}.<p>
     *
     * The returned sorted map will be serializable if the specified sorted map
     * is serializable.
     *
     * @param <K> the class of the map keys
     * @param <V> the class of the map values
     * @param m   the sorted map for which an unmodifiable view is to be
     *            returned.
     *
     * @return an unmodifiable view of the specified sorted map.
     */
    // 将指定的Map包装为只读Map
    public static <K, V> SortedMap<K, V> unmodifiableSortedMap(SortedMap<K, ? extends V> m) {
        return new UnmodifiableSortedMap<>(m);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns an <a href="Collection.html#unmodview">unmodifiable view</a> of the
     * specified navigable map. Query operations on the returned navigable map "read
     * through" to the specified navigable map.  Attempts to modify the returned
     * navigable map, whether direct, via its collection views, or via its
     * {@code subMap}, {@code headMap}, or {@code tailMap} views, result in
     * an {@code UnsupportedOperationException}.<p>
     *
     * The returned navigable map will be serializable if the specified
     * navigable map is serializable.
     *
     * @param <K> the class of the map keys
     * @param <V> the class of the map values
     * @param m   the navigable map for which an unmodifiable view is to be
     *            returned
     *
     * @return an unmodifiable view of the specified navigable map
     *
     * @since 1.8
     */
    // 将指定的Map包装为只读Map
    public static <K, V> NavigableMap<K, V> unmodifiableNavigableMap(NavigableMap<K, ? extends V> m) {
        return new UnmodifiableNavigableMap<>(m);
    }
    
    /*▲ 只读容器 ████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████┛ */
    
    
    
    /*▼ 同步容器(线程安全) ████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████┓ */
    
    /**
     * Returns a synchronized (thread-safe) collection backed by the specified
     * collection.  In order to guarantee serial access, it is critical that
     * <strong>all</strong> access to the backing collection is accomplished
     * through the returned collection.<p>
     *
     * It is imperative that the user manually synchronize on the returned
     * collection when traversing it via {@link Iterator}, {@link Spliterator}
     * or {@link Stream}:
     * <pre>
     *  Collection c = Collections.synchronizedCollection(myCollection);
     *     ...
     *  synchronized (c) {
     *      Iterator i = c.iterator(); // Must be in the synchronized block
     *      while (i.hasNext())
     *         foo(i.next());
     *  }
     * </pre>
     * Failure to follow this advice may result in non-deterministic behavior.
     *
     * <p>The returned collection does <i>not</i> pass the {@code hashCode}
     * and {@code equals} operations through to the backing collection, but
     * relies on {@code Object}'s equals and hashCode methods.  This is
     * necessary to preserve the contracts of these operations in the case
     * that the backing collection is a set or a list.<p>
     *
     * The returned collection will be serializable if the specified collection
     * is serializable.
     *
     * @param <T> the class of the objects in the collection
     * @param c   the collection to be "wrapped" in a synchronized collection.
     *
     * @return a synchronized view of the specified collection.
     */
    // 将已有的容器包装为同步容器(线程安全)
    public static <T> Collection<T> synchronizedCollection(Collection<T> c) {
        return new SynchronizedCollection<>(c);
    }
    
    // 将已有的容器包装为同步容器(线程安全)
    static <T> Collection<T> synchronizedCollection(Collection<T> c, Object mutex) {
        return new SynchronizedCollection<>(c, mutex);
    }
    
    
    /**
     * Returns a synchronized (thread-safe) list backed by the specified
     * list.  In order to guarantee serial access, it is critical that
     * <strong>all</strong> access to the backing list is accomplished
     * through the returned list.<p>
     *
     * It is imperative that the user manually synchronize on the returned
     * list when traversing it via {@link Iterator}, {@link Spliterator}
     * or {@link Stream}:
     * <pre>
     *  List list = Collections.synchronizedList(new ArrayList());
     *      ...
     *  synchronized (list) {
     *      Iterator i = list.iterator(); // Must be in synchronized block
     *      while (i.hasNext())
     *          foo(i.next());
     *  }
     * </pre>
     * Failure to follow this advice may result in non-deterministic behavior.
     *
     * <p>The returned list will be serializable if the specified list is
     * serializable.
     *
     * @param <T>  the class of the objects in the list
     * @param list the list to be "wrapped" in a synchronized list.
     *
     * @return a synchronized view of the specified list.
     */
    // 将已有的List包装为同步List(线程安全)
    public static <T> List<T> synchronizedList(List<T> list) {
        return (list instanceof RandomAccess ? new SynchronizedRandomAccessList<>(list) : new SynchronizedList<>(list));
    }
    
    // 将已有的List包装为同步List(线程安全)
    static <T> List<T> synchronizedList(List<T> list, Object mutex) {
        return (list instanceof RandomAccess ? new SynchronizedRandomAccessList<>(list, mutex) : new SynchronizedList<>(list, mutex));
    }
    
    
    /**
     * Returns a synchronized (thread-safe) set backed by the specified
     * set.  In order to guarantee serial access, it is critical that
     * <strong>all</strong> access to the backing set is accomplished
     * through the returned set.<p>
     *
     * It is imperative that the user manually synchronize on the returned
     * collection when traversing it via {@link Iterator}, {@link Spliterator}
     * or {@link Stream}:
     * <pre>
     *  Set s = Collections.synchronizedSet(new HashSet());
     *      ...
     *  synchronized (s) {
     *      Iterator i = s.iterator(); // Must be in the synchronized block
     *      while (i.hasNext())
     *          foo(i.next());
     *  }
     * </pre>
     * Failure to follow this advice may result in non-deterministic behavior.
     *
     * <p>The returned set will be serializable if the specified set is
     * serializable.
     *
     * @param <T> the class of the objects in the set
     * @param s   the set to be "wrapped" in a synchronized set.
     *
     * @return a synchronized view of the specified set.
     */
    // 将已有的Set包装为同步Set(线程安全)
    public static <T> Set<T> synchronizedSet(Set<T> s) {
        return new SynchronizedSet<>(s);
    }
    
    // 将已有的Set包装为同步Set(线程安全)
    static <T> Set<T> synchronizedSet(Set<T> s, Object mutex) {
        return new SynchronizedSet<>(s, mutex);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a synchronized (thread-safe) sorted set backed by the specified
     * sorted set.  In order to guarantee serial access, it is critical that
     * <strong>all</strong> access to the backing sorted set is accomplished
     * through the returned sorted set (or its views).<p>
     *
     * It is imperative that the user manually synchronize on the returned
     * sorted set when traversing it or any of its {@code subSet},
     * {@code headSet}, or {@code tailSet} views via {@link Iterator},
     * {@link Spliterator} or {@link Stream}:
     * <pre>
     *  SortedSet s = Collections.synchronizedSortedSet(new TreeSet());
     *      ...
     *  synchronized (s) {
     *      Iterator i = s.iterator(); // Must be in the synchronized block
     *      while (i.hasNext())
     *          foo(i.next());
     *  }
     * </pre>
     * or:
     * <pre>
     *  SortedSet s = Collections.synchronizedSortedSet(new TreeSet());
     *  SortedSet s2 = s.headSet(foo);
     *      ...
     *  synchronized (s) {  // Note: s, not s2!!!
     *      Iterator i = s2.iterator(); // Must be in the synchronized block
     *      while (i.hasNext())
     *          foo(i.next());
     *  }
     * </pre>
     * Failure to follow this advice may result in non-deterministic behavior.
     *
     * <p>The returned sorted set will be serializable if the specified
     * sorted set is serializable.
     *
     * @param <T> the class of the objects in the set
     * @param s   the sorted set to be "wrapped" in a synchronized sorted set.
     *
     * @return a synchronized view of the specified sorted set.
     */
    // 将已有的Set包装为同步Set(线程安全)，兼容SortedSet接口
    public static <T> SortedSet<T> synchronizedSortedSet(SortedSet<T> s) {
        return new SynchronizedSortedSet<>(s);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a synchronized (thread-safe) navigable set backed by the
     * specified navigable set.  In order to guarantee serial access, it is
     * critical that <strong>all</strong> access to the backing navigable set is
     * accomplished through the returned navigable set (or its views).<p>
     *
     * It is imperative that the user manually synchronize on the returned
     * navigable set when traversing it, or any of its {@code subSet},
     * {@code headSet}, or {@code tailSet} views, via {@link Iterator},
     * {@link Spliterator} or {@link Stream}:
     * <pre>
     *  NavigableSet s = Collections.synchronizedNavigableSet(new TreeSet());
     *      ...
     *  synchronized (s) {
     *      Iterator i = s.iterator(); // Must be in the synchronized block
     *      while (i.hasNext())
     *          foo(i.next());
     *  }
     * </pre>
     * or:
     * <pre>
     *  NavigableSet s = Collections.synchronizedNavigableSet(new TreeSet());
     *  NavigableSet s2 = s.headSet(foo, true);
     *      ...
     *  synchronized (s) {  // Note: s, not s2!!!
     *      Iterator i = s2.iterator(); // Must be in the synchronized block
     *      while (i.hasNext())
     *          foo(i.next());
     *  }
     * </pre>
     * Failure to follow this advice may result in non-deterministic behavior.
     *
     * <p>The returned navigable set will be serializable if the specified
     * navigable set is serializable.
     *
     * @param <T> the class of the objects in the set
     * @param s   the navigable set to be "wrapped" in a synchronized navigable
     *            set
     *
     * @return a synchronized view of the specified navigable set
     *
     * @since 1.8
     */
    // 将已有的Set包装为同步Set(线程安全)，兼容SortedSet接口和NavigableSet接口
    public static <T> NavigableSet<T> synchronizedNavigableSet(NavigableSet<T> s) {
        return new SynchronizedNavigableSet<>(s);
    }
    
    
    /**
     * Returns a synchronized (thread-safe) map backed by the specified
     * map.  In order to guarantee serial access, it is critical that
     * <strong>all</strong> access to the backing map is accomplished
     * through the returned map.<p>
     *
     * It is imperative that the user manually synchronize on the returned
     * map when traversing any of its collection views via {@link Iterator},
     * {@link Spliterator} or {@link Stream}:
     * <pre>
     *  Map m = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap());
     *      ...
     *  Set s = m.keySet();  // Needn't be in synchronized block
     *      ...
     *  synchronized (m) {  // Synchronizing on m, not s!
     *      Iterator i = s.iterator(); // Must be in synchronized block
     *      while (i.hasNext())
     *          foo(i.next());
     *  }
     * </pre>
     * Failure to follow this advice may result in non-deterministic behavior.
     *
     * <p>The returned map will be serializable if the specified map is
     * serializable.
     *
     * @param <K> the class of the map keys
     * @param <V> the class of the map values
     * @param m   the map to be "wrapped" in a synchronized map.
     *
     * @return a synchronized view of the specified map.
     */
    // 将已有的Map包装为同步Map(线程安全)
    public static <K, V> Map<K, V> synchronizedMap(Map<K, V> m) {
        return new SynchronizedMap<>(m);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a synchronized (thread-safe) sorted map backed by the specified
     * sorted map.  In order to guarantee serial access, it is critical that
     * <strong>all</strong> access to the backing sorted map is accomplished
     * through the returned sorted map (or its views).<p>
     *
     * It is imperative that the user manually synchronize on the returned
     * sorted map when traversing any of its collection views, or the
     * collections views of any of its {@code subMap}, {@code headMap} or
     * {@code tailMap} views, via {@link Iterator}, {@link Spliterator} or
     * {@link Stream}:
     * <pre>
     *  SortedMap m = Collections.synchronizedSortedMap(new TreeMap());
     *      ...
     *  Set s = m.keySet();  // Needn't be in synchronized block
     *      ...
     *  synchronized (m) {  // Synchronizing on m, not s!
     *      Iterator i = s.iterator(); // Must be in synchronized block
     *      while (i.hasNext())
     *          foo(i.next());
     *  }
     * </pre>
     * or:
     * <pre>
     *  SortedMap m = Collections.synchronizedSortedMap(new TreeMap());
     *  SortedMap m2 = m.subMap(foo, bar);
     *      ...
     *  Set s2 = m2.keySet();  // Needn't be in synchronized block
     *      ...
     *  synchronized (m) {  // Synchronizing on m, not m2 or s2!
     *      Iterator i = s2.iterator(); // Must be in synchronized block
     *      while (i.hasNext())
     *          foo(i.next());
     *  }
     * </pre>
     * Failure to follow this advice may result in non-deterministic behavior.
     *
     * <p>The returned sorted map will be serializable if the specified
     * sorted map is serializable.
     *
     * @param <K> the class of the map keys
     * @param <V> the class of the map values
     * @param m   the sorted map to be "wrapped" in a synchronized sorted map.
     *
     * @return a synchronized view of the specified sorted map.
     */
    // 将已有的Map包装为同步Map(线程安全)，兼容SortedSet接口
    public static <K, V> SortedMap<K, V> synchronizedSortedMap(SortedMap<K, V> m) {
        return new SynchronizedSortedMap<>(m);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a synchronized (thread-safe) navigable map backed by the
     * specified navigable map.  In order to guarantee serial access, it is
     * critical that <strong>all</strong> access to the backing navigable map is
     * accomplished through the returned navigable map (or its views).<p>
     *
     * It is imperative that the user manually synchronize on the returned
     * navigable map when traversing any of its collection views, or the
     * collections views of any of its {@code subMap}, {@code headMap} or
     * {@code tailMap} views, via {@link Iterator}, {@link Spliterator} or
     * {@link Stream}:
     * <pre>
     *  NavigableMap m = Collections.synchronizedNavigableMap(new TreeMap());
     *      ...
     *  Set s = m.keySet();  // Needn't be in synchronized block
     *      ...
     *  synchronized (m) {  // Synchronizing on m, not s!
     *      Iterator i = s.iterator(); // Must be in synchronized block
     *      while (i.hasNext())
     *          foo(i.next());
     *  }
     * </pre>
     * or:
     * <pre>
     *  NavigableMap m = Collections.synchronizedNavigableMap(new TreeMap());
     *  NavigableMap m2 = m.subMap(foo, true, bar, false);
     *      ...
     *  Set s2 = m2.keySet();  // Needn't be in synchronized block
     *      ...
     *  synchronized (m) {  // Synchronizing on m, not m2 or s2!
     *      Iterator i = s.iterator(); // Must be in synchronized block
     *      while (i.hasNext())
     *          foo(i.next());
     *  }
     * </pre>
     * Failure to follow this advice may result in non-deterministic behavior.
     *
     * <p>The returned navigable map will be serializable if the specified
     * navigable map is serializable.
     *
     * @param <K> the class of the map keys
     * @param <V> the class of the map values
     * @param m   the navigable map to be "wrapped" in a synchronized navigable
     *            map
     *
     * @return a synchronized view of the specified navigable map.
     *
     * @since 1.8
     */
    // 将已有的Map包装为同步Map(线程安全)，兼容SortedSet接口和NavigableSet接口
    public static <K, V> NavigableMap<K, V> synchronizedNavigableMap(NavigableMap<K, V> m) {
        return new SynchronizedNavigableMap<>(m);
    }
    
    /*▲ 同步容器(线程安全) ████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████┛ */
    
    
    
    /*▼ 动态的类型安全容器 ████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████┓ */
    
    /* Dynamically typesafe collection wrappers */
    
    /**
     * Returns a dynamically typesafe view of the specified collection.
     * Any attempt to insert an element of the wrong type will result in an
     * immediate {@link ClassCastException}.  Assuming a collection
     * contains no incorrectly typed elements prior to the time a
     * dynamically typesafe view is generated, and that all subsequent
     * access to the collection takes place through the view, it is
     * <i>guaranteed</i> that the collection cannot contain an incorrectly
     * typed element.
     *
     * <p>The generics mechanism in the language provides compile-time
     * (static) type checking, but it is possible to defeat this mechanism
     * with unchecked casts.  Usually this is not a problem, as the compiler
     * issues warnings on all such unchecked operations.  There are, however,
     * times when static type checking alone is not sufficient.  For example,
     * suppose a collection is passed to a third-party library and it is
     * imperative that the library code not corrupt the collection by
     * inserting an element of the wrong type.
     *
     * <p>Another use of dynamically typesafe views is debugging.  Suppose a
     * program fails with a {@code ClassCastException}, indicating that an
     * incorrectly typed element was put into a parameterized collection.
     * Unfortunately, the exception can occur at any time after the erroneous
     * element is inserted, so it typically provides little or no information
     * as to the real source of the problem.  If the problem is reproducible,
     * one can quickly determine its source by temporarily modifying the
     * program to wrap the collection with a dynamically typesafe view.
     * For example, this declaration:
     * <pre> {@code
     *     Collection<String> c = new HashSet<>();
     * }</pre>
     * may be replaced temporarily by this one:
     * <pre> {@code
     *     Collection<String> c = Collections.checkedCollection(
     *         new HashSet<>(), String.class);
     * }</pre>
     * Running the program again will cause it to fail at the point where
     * an incorrectly typed element is inserted into the collection, clearly
     * identifying the source of the problem.  Once the problem is fixed, the
     * modified declaration may be reverted back to the original.
     *
     * <p>The returned collection does <i>not</i> pass the hashCode and equals
     * operations through to the backing collection, but relies on
     * {@code Object}'s {@code equals} and {@code hashCode} methods.  This
     * is necessary to preserve the contracts of these operations in the case
     * that the backing collection is a set or a list.
     *
     * <p>The returned collection will be serializable if the specified
     * collection is serializable.
     *
     * <p>Since {@code null} is considered to be a value of any reference
     * type, the returned collection permits insertion of null elements
     * whenever the backing collection does.
     *
     * @param <E>  the class of the objects in the collection
     * @param c    the collection for which a dynamically typesafe view is to be
     *             returned
     * @param type the type of element that {@code c} is permitted to hold
     *
     * @return a dynamically typesafe view of the specified collection
     *
     * @since 1.5
     */
    // 一元容器
    public static <E> Collection<E> checkedCollection(Collection<E> c, Class<E> type) {
        return new CheckedCollection<>(c, type);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a dynamically typesafe view of the specified list.
     * Any attempt to insert an element of the wrong type will result in
     * an immediate {@link ClassCastException}.  Assuming a list contains
     * no incorrectly typed elements prior to the time a dynamically typesafe
     * view is generated, and that all subsequent access to the list
     * takes place through the view, it is <i>guaranteed</i> that the
     * list cannot contain an incorrectly typed element.
     *
     * <p>A discussion of the use of dynamically typesafe views may be
     * found in the documentation for the {@link #checkedCollection
     * checkedCollection} method.
     *
     * <p>The returned list will be serializable if the specified list
     * is serializable.
     *
     * <p>Since {@code null} is considered to be a value of any reference
     * type, the returned list permits insertion of null elements whenever
     * the backing list does.
     *
     * @param <E>  the class of the objects in the list
     * @param list the list for which a dynamically typesafe view is to be
     *             returned
     * @param type the type of element that {@code list} is permitted to hold
     *
     * @return a dynamically typesafe view of the specified list
     *
     * @since 1.5
     */
    // List
    public static <E> List<E> checkedList(List<E> list, Class<E> type) {
        return (list instanceof RandomAccess ? new CheckedRandomAccessList<>(list, type) : new CheckedList<>(list, type));
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a dynamically typesafe view of the specified queue.
     * Any attempt to insert an element of the wrong type will result in
     * an immediate {@link ClassCastException}.  Assuming a queue contains
     * no incorrectly typed elements prior to the time a dynamically typesafe
     * view is generated, and that all subsequent access to the queue
     * takes place through the view, it is <i>guaranteed</i> that the
     * queue cannot contain an incorrectly typed element.
     *
     * <p>A discussion of the use of dynamically typesafe views may be
     * found in the documentation for the {@link #checkedCollection
     * checkedCollection} method.
     *
     * <p>The returned queue will be serializable if the specified queue
     * is serializable.
     *
     * <p>Since {@code null} is considered to be a value of any reference
     * type, the returned queue permits insertion of {@code null} elements
     * whenever the backing queue does.
     *
     * @param <E>   the class of the objects in the queue
     * @param queue the queue for which a dynamically typesafe view is to be
     *              returned
     * @param type  the type of element that {@code queue} is permitted to hold
     *
     * @return a dynamically typesafe view of the specified queue
     *
     * @since 1.8
     */
    // Queue
    public static <E> Queue<E> checkedQueue(Queue<E> queue, Class<E> type) {
        return new CheckedQueue<>(queue, type);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a dynamically typesafe view of the specified set.
     * Any attempt to insert an element of the wrong type will result in
     * an immediate {@link ClassCastException}.  Assuming a set contains
     * no incorrectly typed elements prior to the time a dynamically typesafe
     * view is generated, and that all subsequent access to the set
     * takes place through the view, it is <i>guaranteed</i> that the
     * set cannot contain an incorrectly typed element.
     *
     * <p>A discussion of the use of dynamically typesafe views may be
     * found in the documentation for the {@link #checkedCollection
     * checkedCollection} method.
     *
     * <p>The returned set will be serializable if the specified set is
     * serializable.
     *
     * <p>Since {@code null} is considered to be a value of any reference
     * type, the returned set permits insertion of null elements whenever
     * the backing set does.
     *
     * @param <E>  the class of the objects in the set
     * @param s    the set for which a dynamically typesafe view is to be
     *             returned
     * @param type the type of element that {@code s} is permitted to hold
     *
     * @return a dynamically typesafe view of the specified set
     *
     * @since 1.5
     */
    // Set
    public static <E> Set<E> checkedSet(Set<E> s, Class<E> type) {
        return new CheckedSet<>(s, type);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a dynamically typesafe view of the specified sorted set.
     * Any attempt to insert an element of the wrong type will result in an
     * immediate {@link ClassCastException}.  Assuming a sorted set
     * contains no incorrectly typed elements prior to the time a
     * dynamically typesafe view is generated, and that all subsequent
     * access to the sorted set takes place through the view, it is
     * <i>guaranteed</i> that the sorted set cannot contain an incorrectly
     * typed element.
     *
     * <p>A discussion of the use of dynamically typesafe views may be
     * found in the documentation for the {@link #checkedCollection
     * checkedCollection} method.
     *
     * <p>The returned sorted set will be serializable if the specified sorted
     * set is serializable.
     *
     * <p>Since {@code null} is considered to be a value of any reference
     * type, the returned sorted set permits insertion of null elements
     * whenever the backing sorted set does.
     *
     * @param <E>  the class of the objects in the set
     * @param s    the sorted set for which a dynamically typesafe view is to be
     *             returned
     * @param type the type of element that {@code s} is permitted to hold
     *
     * @return a dynamically typesafe view of the specified sorted set
     *
     * @since 1.5
     */
    // SortedSet
    public static <E> SortedSet<E> checkedSortedSet(SortedSet<E> s, Class<E> type) {
        return new CheckedSortedSet<>(s, type);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a dynamically typesafe view of the specified navigable set.
     * Any attempt to insert an element of the wrong type will result in an
     * immediate {@link ClassCastException}.  Assuming a navigable set
     * contains no incorrectly typed elements prior to the time a
     * dynamically typesafe view is generated, and that all subsequent
     * access to the navigable set takes place through the view, it is
     * <em>guaranteed</em> that the navigable set cannot contain an incorrectly
     * typed element.
     *
     * <p>A discussion of the use of dynamically typesafe views may be
     * found in the documentation for the {@link #checkedCollection
     * checkedCollection} method.
     *
     * <p>The returned navigable set will be serializable if the specified
     * navigable set is serializable.
     *
     * <p>Since {@code null} is considered to be a value of any reference
     * type, the returned navigable set permits insertion of null elements
     * whenever the backing sorted set does.
     *
     * @param <E>  the class of the objects in the set
     * @param s    the navigable set for which a dynamically typesafe view is to be
     *             returned
     * @param type the type of element that {@code s} is permitted to hold
     *
     * @return a dynamically typesafe view of the specified navigable set
     *
     * @since 1.8
     */
    // NavigableSet
    public static <E> NavigableSet<E> checkedNavigableSet(NavigableSet<E> s, Class<E> type) {
        return new CheckedNavigableSet<>(s, type);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a dynamically typesafe view of the specified map.
     * Any attempt to insert a mapping whose key or value have the wrong
     * type will result in an immediate {@link ClassCastException}.
     * Similarly, any attempt to modify the value currently associated with
     * a key will result in an immediate {@link ClassCastException},
     * whether the modification is attempted directly through the map
     * itself, or through a {@link Map.Entry} instance obtained from the
     * map's {@link Map#entrySet() entry set} view.
     *
     * <p>Assuming a map contains no incorrectly typed keys or values
     * prior to the time a dynamically typesafe view is generated, and
     * that all subsequent access to the map takes place through the view
     * (or one of its collection views), it is <i>guaranteed</i> that the
     * map cannot contain an incorrectly typed key or value.
     *
     * <p>A discussion of the use of dynamically typesafe views may be
     * found in the documentation for the {@link #checkedCollection
     * checkedCollection} method.
     *
     * <p>The returned map will be serializable if the specified map is
     * serializable.
     *
     * <p>Since {@code null} is considered to be a value of any reference
     * type, the returned map permits insertion of null keys or values
     * whenever the backing map does.
     *
     * @param <K>       the class of the map keys
     * @param <V>       the class of the map values
     * @param m         the map for which a dynamically typesafe view is to be
     *                  returned
     * @param keyType   the type of key that {@code m} is permitted to hold
     * @param valueType the type of value that {@code m} is permitted to hold
     *
     * @return a dynamically typesafe view of the specified map
     *
     * @since 1.5
     */
    // Map
    public static <K, V> Map<K, V> checkedMap(Map<K, V> m, Class<K> keyType, Class<V> valueType) {
        return new CheckedMap<>(m, keyType, valueType);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a dynamically typesafe view of the specified sorted map.
     * Any attempt to insert a mapping whose key or value have the wrong
     * type will result in an immediate {@link ClassCastException}.
     * Similarly, any attempt to modify the value currently associated with
     * a key will result in an immediate {@link ClassCastException},
     * whether the modification is attempted directly through the map
     * itself, or through a {@link Map.Entry} instance obtained from the
     * map's {@link Map#entrySet() entry set} view.
     *
     * <p>Assuming a map contains no incorrectly typed keys or values
     * prior to the time a dynamically typesafe view is generated, and
     * that all subsequent access to the map takes place through the view
     * (or one of its collection views), it is <i>guaranteed</i> that the
     * map cannot contain an incorrectly typed key or value.
     *
     * <p>A discussion of the use of dynamically typesafe views may be
     * found in the documentation for the {@link #checkedCollection
     * checkedCollection} method.
     *
     * <p>The returned map will be serializable if the specified map is
     * serializable.
     *
     * <p>Since {@code null} is considered to be a value of any reference
     * type, the returned map permits insertion of null keys or values
     * whenever the backing map does.
     *
     * @param <K>       the class of the map keys
     * @param <V>       the class of the map values
     * @param m         the map for which a dynamically typesafe view is to be
     *                  returned
     * @param keyType   the type of key that {@code m} is permitted to hold
     * @param valueType the type of value that {@code m} is permitted to hold
     *
     * @return a dynamically typesafe view of the specified map
     *
     * @since 1.5
     */
    // SortedMap
    public static <K, V> SortedMap<K, V> checkedSortedMap(SortedMap<K, V> m, Class<K> keyType, Class<V> valueType) {
        return new CheckedSortedMap<>(m, keyType, valueType);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a dynamically typesafe view of the specified navigable map.
     * Any attempt to insert a mapping whose key or value have the wrong
     * type will result in an immediate {@link ClassCastException}.
     * Similarly, any attempt to modify the value currently associated with
     * a key will result in an immediate {@link ClassCastException},
     * whether the modification is attempted directly through the map
     * itself, or through a {@link Map.Entry} instance obtained from the
     * map's {@link Map#entrySet() entry set} view.
     *
     * <p>Assuming a map contains no incorrectly typed keys or values
     * prior to the time a dynamically typesafe view is generated, and
     * that all subsequent access to the map takes place through the view
     * (or one of its collection views), it is <em>guaranteed</em> that the
     * map cannot contain an incorrectly typed key or value.
     *
     * <p>A discussion of the use of dynamically typesafe views may be
     * found in the documentation for the {@link #checkedCollection
     * checkedCollection} method.
     *
     * <p>The returned map will be serializable if the specified map is
     * serializable.
     *
     * <p>Since {@code null} is considered to be a value of any reference
     * type, the returned map permits insertion of null keys or values
     * whenever the backing map does.
     *
     * @param <K>       type of map keys
     * @param <V>       type of map values
     * @param m         the map for which a dynamically typesafe view is to be
     *                  returned
     * @param keyType   the type of key that {@code m} is permitted to hold
     * @param valueType the type of value that {@code m} is permitted to hold
     *
     * @return a dynamically typesafe view of the specified map
     *
     * @since 1.8
     */
    // NavigableMap
    public static <K, V> NavigableMap<K, V> checkedNavigableMap(NavigableMap<K, V> m, Class<K> keyType, Class<V> valueType) {
        return new CheckedNavigableMap<>(m, keyType, valueType);
    }
    
    // 返回一个零容量的数组
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    static <T> T[] zeroLengthArray(Class<T> type) {
        return (T[]) Array.newInstance(type, 0);
    }
    
    /*▲ 动态的类型安全容器 ████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████┛ */
    
    
    
    /*▼ 空容器 ████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████┓ */
    
    /**
     * The empty list (immutable).  This list is serializable.
     *
     * @see #emptyList()
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
    public static final List EMPTY_LIST = new EmptyList<>();
    
    /**
     * The empty set (immutable).  This set is serializable.
     *
     * @see #emptySet()
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
    public static final Set EMPTY_SET = new EmptySet<>();
    
    /**
     * The empty map (immutable).  This map is serializable.
     *
     * @see #emptyMap()
     * @since 1.3
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
    public static final Map EMPTY_MAP = new EmptyMap<>();
    
    /**
     * Returns an empty list (immutable).  This list is serializable.
     *
     * <p>This example illustrates the type-safe way to obtain an empty list:
     * <pre>
     *     List&lt;String&gt; s = Collections.emptyList();
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param <T> type of elements, if there were any, in the list
     *
     * @return an empty immutable list
     *
     * @implNote Implementations of this method need not create a separate {@code List}
     * object for each call.   Using this method is likely to have comparable
     * cost to using the like-named field.  (Unlike this method, the field does
     * not provide type safety.)
     * @see #EMPTY_LIST
     * @since 1.5
     */
    // 空List
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public static final <T> List<T> emptyList() {
        return (List<T>) EMPTY_LIST;
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns an empty set (immutable).  This set is serializable.
     * Unlike the like-named field, this method is parameterized.
     *
     * <p>This example illustrates the type-safe way to obtain an empty set:
     * <pre>
     *     Set&lt;String&gt; s = Collections.emptySet();
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param <T> the class of the objects in the set
     *
     * @return the empty set
     *
     * @implNote Implementations of this method need not create a separate
     * {@code Set} object for each call.  Using this method is likely to have
     * comparable cost to using the like-named field.  (Unlike this method, the
     * field does not provide type safety.)
     * @see #EMPTY_SET
     * @since 1.5
     */
    // 空Set
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public static final <T> Set<T> emptySet() {
        return (Set<T>) EMPTY_SET;
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns an empty sorted set (immutable).  This set is serializable.
     *
     * <p>This example illustrates the type-safe way to obtain an empty
     * sorted set:
     * <pre> {@code
     *     SortedSet<String> s = Collections.emptySortedSet();
     * }</pre>
     *
     * @param <E> type of elements, if there were any, in the set
     *
     * @return the empty sorted set
     *
     * @implNote Implementations of this method need not create a separate
     * {@code SortedSet} object for each call.
     * @since 1.8
     */
    // 空SortedSet
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public static <E> SortedSet<E> emptySortedSet() {
        return (SortedSet<E>) UnmodifiableNavigableSet.EMPTY_NAVIGABLE_SET;
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns an empty navigable set (immutable).  This set is serializable.
     *
     * <p>This example illustrates the type-safe way to obtain an empty
     * navigable set:
     * <pre> {@code
     *     NavigableSet<String> s = Collections.emptyNavigableSet();
     * }</pre>
     *
     * @param <E> type of elements, if there were any, in the set
     *
     * @return the empty navigable set
     *
     * @implNote Implementations of this method need not
     * create a separate {@code NavigableSet} object for each call.
     * @since 1.8
     */
    // 空NavigableSet
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public static <E> NavigableSet<E> emptyNavigableSet() {
        return (NavigableSet<E>) UnmodifiableNavigableSet.EMPTY_NAVIGABLE_SET;
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns an empty map (immutable).  This map is serializable.
     *
     * <p>This example illustrates the type-safe way to obtain an empty map:
     * <pre>
     *     Map&lt;String, Date&gt; s = Collections.emptyMap();
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param <K> the class of the map keys
     * @param <V> the class of the map values
     *
     * @return an empty map
     *
     * @implNote Implementations of this method need not create a separate
     * {@code Map} object for each call.  Using this method is likely to have
     * comparable cost to using the like-named field.  (Unlike this method, the
     * field does not provide type safety.)
     * @see #EMPTY_MAP
     * @since 1.5
     */
    // 空Map
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public static final <K, V> Map<K, V> emptyMap() {
        return (Map<K, V>) EMPTY_MAP;
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns an empty sorted map (immutable).  This map is serializable.
     *
     * <p>This example illustrates the type-safe way to obtain an empty map:
     * <pre> {@code
     *     SortedMap<String, Date> s = Collections.emptySortedMap();
     * }</pre>
     *
     * @param <K> the class of the map keys
     * @param <V> the class of the map values
     *
     * @return an empty sorted map
     *
     * @implNote Implementations of this method need not create a separate
     * {@code SortedMap} object for each call.
     * @since 1.8
     */
    // 空SortedMap
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public static final <K, V> SortedMap<K, V> emptySortedMap() {
        return (SortedMap<K, V>) UnmodifiableNavigableMap.EMPTY_NAVIGABLE_MAP;
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns an empty navigable map (immutable).  This map is serializable.
     *
     * <p>This example illustrates the type-safe way to obtain an empty map:
     * <pre> {@code
     *     NavigableMap<String, Date> s = Collections.emptyNavigableMap();
     * }</pre>
     *
     * @param <K> the class of the map keys
     * @param <V> the class of the map values
     *
     * @return an empty navigable map
     *
     * @implNote Implementations of this method need not create a separate
     * {@code NavigableMap} object for each call.
     * @since 1.8
     */
    // 空NavigableMap
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public static final <K, V> NavigableMap<K, V> emptyNavigableMap() {
        return (NavigableMap<K, V>) UnmodifiableNavigableMap.EMPTY_NAVIGABLE_MAP;
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns an iterator that has no elements.  More precisely,
     *
     * <ul>
     * <li>{@link Iterator#hasNext hasNext} always returns {@code
     * false}.</li>
     * <li>{@link Iterator#next next} always throws {@link
     * NoSuchElementException}.</li>
     * <li>{@link Iterator#remove remove} always throws {@link
     * IllegalStateException}.</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>Implementations of this method are permitted, but not
     * required, to return the same object from multiple invocations.
     *
     * @param <T> type of elements, if there were any, in the iterator
     *
     * @return an empty iterator
     *
     * @since 1.7
     */
    // 空迭代器
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public static <T> Iterator<T> emptyIterator() {
        return (Iterator<T>) EmptyIterator.EMPTY_ITERATOR;
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a list iterator that has no elements.  More precisely,
     *
     * <ul>
     * <li>{@link Iterator#hasNext hasNext} and {@link
     * ListIterator#hasPrevious hasPrevious} always return {@code
     * false}.</li>
     * <li>{@link Iterator#next next} and {@link ListIterator#previous
     * previous} always throw {@link NoSuchElementException}.</li>
     * <li>{@link Iterator#remove remove} and {@link ListIterator#set
     * set} always throw {@link IllegalStateException}.</li>
     * <li>{@link ListIterator#add add} always throws {@link
     * UnsupportedOperationException}.</li>
     * <li>{@link ListIterator#nextIndex nextIndex} always returns
     * {@code 0}.</li>
     * <li>{@link ListIterator#previousIndex previousIndex} always
     * returns {@code -1}.</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>Implementations of this method are permitted, but not
     * required, to return the same object from multiple invocations.
     *
     * @param <T> type of elements, if there were any, in the iterator
     *
     * @return an empty list iterator
     *
     * @since 1.7
     */
    // 空迭代器
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public static <T> ListIterator<T> emptyListIterator() {
        return (ListIterator<T>) EmptyListIterator.EMPTY_ITERATOR;
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns an enumeration that has no elements.  More precisely,
     *
     * <ul>
     * <li>{@link Enumeration#hasMoreElements hasMoreElements} always
     * returns {@code false}.</li>
     * <li> {@link Enumeration#nextElement nextElement} always throws
     * {@link NoSuchElementException}.</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>Implementations of this method are permitted, but not
     * required, to return the same object from multiple invocations.
     *
     * @param <T> the class of the objects in the enumeration
     *
     * @return an empty enumeration
     *
     * @since 1.7
     */
    // 空迭代器
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public static <T> Enumeration<T> emptyEnumeration() {
        return (Enumeration<T>) EmptyEnumeration.EMPTY_ENUMERATION;
    }
    
    /*▲ 空容器 ████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████┛ */
    
    
    
    /*▼ 单元素容器 ████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████┓ */
    
    /**
     * Returns an immutable list containing only the specified object.
     * The returned list is serializable.
     *
     * @param <T> the class of the objects in the list
     * @param o   the sole object to be stored in the returned list.
     *
     * @return an immutable list containing only the specified object.
     *
     * @since 1.3
     */
    // 单元素List
    public static <T> List<T> singletonList(T o) {
        return new SingletonList<>(o);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns an immutable set containing only the specified object.
     * The returned set is serializable.
     *
     * @param <T> the class of the objects in the set
     * @param o   the sole object to be stored in the returned set.
     *
     * @return an immutable set containing only the specified object.
     */
    // 单元素Set
    public static <T> Set<T> singleton(T o) {
        return new SingletonSet<>(o);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns an immutable map, mapping only the specified key to the
     * specified value.  The returned map is serializable.
     *
     * @param <K>   the class of the map keys
     * @param <V>   the class of the map values
     * @param key   the sole key to be stored in the returned map.
     * @param value the value to which the returned map maps {@code key}.
     *
     * @return an immutable map containing only the specified key-value
     * mapping.
     *
     * @since 1.3
     */
    // 单元素Map
    public static <K, V> Map<K, V> singletonMap(K key, V value) {
        return new SingletonMap<>(key, value);
    }
    
    // 单元素容器迭代器
    static <E> Iterator<E> singletonIterator(final E e) {
        return new Iterator<E>() {
            private boolean hasNext = true;
            
            public boolean hasNext() {
                return hasNext;
            }
            
            public E next() {
                if(hasNext) {
                    hasNext = false;
                    return e;
                }
                
                throw new NoSuchElementException();
            }
            
            public void remove() {
                throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
            }
            
            @Override
            public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> action) {
                Objects.requireNonNull(action);
                if(hasNext) {
                    hasNext = false;
                    action.accept(e);
                }
            }
        };
    }
    
    /**
     * Creates a {@code Spliterator} with only the specified element
     *
     * @param <T> Type of elements
     *
     * @return A singleton {@code Spliterator}
     */
    // 单元素容器迭代器
    static <T> Spliterator<T> singletonSpliterator(final T element) {
        return new Spliterator<T>() {
            long est = 1;
            
            @Override
            public long estimateSize() {
                return est;
            }
            
            @Override
            public int characteristics() {
                int value = (element != null) ? Spliterator.NONNULL : 0;
                
                return value | Spliterator.SIZED | Spliterator.SUBSIZED | Spliterator.IMMUTABLE | Spliterator.DISTINCT | Spliterator.ORDERED;
            }
            
            @Override
            public Spliterator<T> trySplit() {
                return null;
            }
            
            @Override
            public boolean tryAdvance(Consumer<? super T> consumer) {
                Objects.requireNonNull(consumer);
                if(est>0) {
                    est--;
                    consumer.accept(element);
                    return true;
                }
                return false;
            }
            
            @Override
            public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super T> consumer) {
                tryAdvance(consumer);
            }
            
        };
    }
    
    /*▲ 单元素容器 ████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████┛ */
    
    
    
    /*▼ 杂项 ████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████┓ */
    
    /**
     * Returns an immutable list consisting of {@code n} copies of the
     * specified object.  The newly allocated data object is tiny (it contains
     * a single reference to the data object).  This method is useful in
     * combination with the {@code List.addAll} method to grow lists.
     * The returned list is serializable.
     *
     * @param <T> the class of the object to copy and of the objects
     *            in the returned list.
     * @param n   the number of elements in the returned list.
     * @param o   the element to appear repeatedly in the returned list.
     *
     * @return an immutable list consisting of {@code n} copies of the
     * specified object.
     *
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code n < 0}
     * @see List#addAll(Collection)
     * @see List#addAll(int, Collection)
     */
    // 返回一个拷贝List(代表拥有n个相同元素的List)
    public static <T> List<T> nCopies(int n, T o) {
        if(n<0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("List length = " + n);
        }
        return new CopiesList<>(n, o);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a view of a {@link Deque} as a Last-in-first-out (Lifo)
     * {@link Queue}. Method {@code add} is mapped to {@code push},
     * {@code remove} is mapped to {@code pop} and so on. This
     * view can be useful when you would like to use a method
     * requiring a {@code Queue} but you need Lifo ordering.
     *
     * <p>Each method invocation on the queue returned by this method
     * results in exactly one method invocation on the backing deque, with
     * one exception.  The {@link Queue#addAll addAll} method is
     * implemented as a sequence of {@link Deque#addFirst addFirst}
     * invocations on the backing deque.
     *
     * @param <T>   the class of the objects in the deque
     * @param deque the deque
     *
     * @return the queue
     *
     * @since 1.6
     */
    // 返回一个栈式(后入先出)队列
    public static <T> Queue<T> asLifoQueue(Deque<T> deque) {
        return new AsLIFOQueue<>(Objects.requireNonNull(deque));
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a set backed by the specified map.  The resulting set displays
     * the same ordering, concurrency, and performance characteristics as the
     * backing map.  In essence, this factory method provides a {@link Set}
     * implementation corresponding to any {@link Map} implementation.  There
     * is no need to use this method on a {@link Map} implementation that
     * already has a corresponding {@link Set} implementation (such as {@link
     * HashMap} or {@link TreeMap}).
     *
     * <p>Each method invocation on the set returned by this method results in
     * exactly one method invocation on the backing map or its {@code keySet}
     * view, with one exception.  The {@code addAll} method is implemented
     * as a sequence of {@code put} invocations on the backing map.
     *
     * <p>The specified map must be empty at the time this method is invoked,
     * and should not be accessed directly after this method returns.  These
     * conditions are ensured if the map is created empty, passed directly
     * to this method, and no reference to the map is retained, as illustrated
     * in the following code fragment:
     * <pre>
     *    Set&lt;Object&gt; weakHashSet = Collections.newSetFromMap(
     *        new WeakHashMap&lt;Object, Boolean&gt;());
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param <E> the class of the map keys and of the objects in the
     *            returned set
     * @param map the backing map
     *
     * @return the set backed by the map
     *
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code map} is not empty
     * @since 1.6
     */
    // 返回一个来自Map的Set(只使用了keySet)
    public static <E> Set<E> newSetFromMap(Map<E, Boolean> map) {
        return new SetFromMap<>(map);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a comparator that imposes the reverse of the <em>natural
     * ordering</em> on a collection of objects that implement the
     * {@code Comparable} interface.  (The natural ordering is the ordering
     * imposed by the objects' own {@code compareTo} method.)  This enables a
     * simple idiom for sorting (or maintaining) collections (or arrays) of
     * objects that implement the {@code Comparable} interface in
     * reverse-natural-order.  For example, suppose {@code a} is an array of
     * strings. Then: <pre>
     *          Arrays.sort(a, Collections.reverseOrder());
     * </pre> sorts the array in reverse-lexicographic (alphabetical) order.<p>
     *
     * The returned comparator is serializable.
     *
     * @param <T> the class of the objects compared by the comparator
     *
     * @return A comparator that imposes the reverse of the <i>natural
     * ordering</i> on a collection of objects that implement
     * the {@code Comparable} interface.
     *
     * @see Comparable
     */
    // 返回一个逆序比较器(实际应用了内部比较器)
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public static <T> Comparator<T> reverseOrder() {
        return (Comparator<T>) ReverseComparator.REVERSE_ORDER;
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a comparator that imposes the reverse ordering of the specified
     * comparator.  If the specified comparator is {@code null}, this method is
     * equivalent to {@link #reverseOrder()} (in other words, it returns a
     * comparator that imposes the reverse of the <em>natural ordering</em> on
     * a collection of objects that implement the Comparable interface).
     *
     * <p>The returned comparator is serializable (assuming the specified
     * comparator is also serializable or {@code null}).
     *
     * @param <T> the class of the objects compared by the comparator
     * @param cmp a comparator who's ordering is to be reversed by the returned
     *            comparator or {@code null}
     *
     * @return A comparator that imposes the reverse ordering of the
     * specified comparator.
     *
     * @since 1.5
     */
    // 返回一个逆序比较器
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public static <T> Comparator<T> reverseOrder(Comparator<T> cmp) {
        // 如果没有提供外部比较器，则使用内部比较器
        if(cmp == null) {
            return (Comparator<T>) ReverseComparator.REVERSE_ORDER;
        }
        
        if(cmp == ReverseComparator.REVERSE_ORDER) {
            // 返回自然顺序比较器，用于比较实现了Comparable的对象
            return (Comparator<T>) Comparators.NaturalOrderComparator.INSTANCE;
        }
        
        if(cmp == Comparators.NaturalOrderComparator.INSTANCE) {
            // 返回逆序比较器(实际应用了内部比较器)
            return (Comparator<T>) ReverseComparator.REVERSE_ORDER;
        }
        
        if(cmp instanceof ReverseComparator2) {
            // 返回逆序比较器(实际应用了外部比较器)
            return ((ReverseComparator2<T>) cmp).cmp;
        }
        
        // 返回逆序比较器(实际应用了外部比较器)
        return new ReverseComparator2<>(cmp);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns an enumeration over the specified collection.
     * This provides interoperability with legacy APIs that require an enumeration as input.
     *
     * <p>The iterator returned from a call to {@link Enumeration#asIterator()}
     * does not support removal of elements from the specified collection.  This
     * is necessary to avoid unintentionally increasing the capabilities of the
     * returned enumeration.
     *
     * @param <T> the class of the objects in the collection
     * @param c   the collection for which an enumeration is to be returned.
     *
     * @return an enumeration over the specified collection.
     *
     * @see Enumeration
     */
    // 返回指定容器的枚举
    public static <T> Enumeration<T> enumeration(final Collection<T> c) {
        return new Enumeration<T>() {
            private final Iterator<T> i = c.iterator();
            
            public boolean hasMoreElements() {
                return i.hasNext();
            }
            
            public T nextElement() {
                return i.next();
            }
        };
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns an array list containing the elements returned by the
     * specified enumeration in the order they are returned by the
     * enumeration.  This method provides interoperability between
     * legacy APIs that return enumerations and new APIs that require
     * collections.
     *
     * @param <T> the class of the objects returned by the enumeration
     * @param e   enumeration providing elements for the returned
     *            array list
     *
     * @return an array list containing the elements returned
     * by the specified enumeration.
     *
     * @see Enumeration
     * @see ArrayList
     * @since 1.4
     */
    // 将指定枚举中的元素以ArrayList的形式返回
    public static <T> ArrayList<T> list(Enumeration<T> e) {
        ArrayList<T> list = new ArrayList<>();
        
        while(e.hasMoreElements()) {
            T element = e.nextElement();
            list.add(element);
        }
        
        return list;
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns the number of elements in the specified collection equal to the specified object.
     * More formally, returns the number of elements {@code e} in the collection such that {@code Objects.equals(o, e)}.
     *
     * @param c the collection in which to determine the frequency of {@code o}
     * @param o the object whose frequency is to be determined
     *
     * @return the number of elements in {@code c} equal to {@code o}
     *
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code c} is null
     * @since 1.5
     */
    // 返回指定容器中元素o的数量
    public static int frequency(Collection<?> c, Object o) {
        int result = 0;
        if(o == null) {
            for(Object e : c) {
                if(e == null) {
                    result++;
                }
            }
        } else {
            for(Object e : c) {
                if(o.equals(e)) {
                    result++;
                }
            }
        }
        return result;
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns {@code true} if the two specified collections have no elements in common.
     *
     * <p>Care must be exercised if this method is used on collections that
     * do not comply with the general contract for {@code Collection}.
     * Implementations may elect to iterate over either collection and test
     * for containment in the other collection (or to perform any equivalent
     * computation).  If either collection uses a nonstandard equality test
     * (as does a {@link SortedSet} whose ordering is not <em>compatible with
     * equals</em>, or the key set of an {@link IdentityHashMap}), both
     * collections must use the same nonstandard equality test, or the
     * result of this method is undefined.
     *
     * <p>Care must also be exercised when using collections that have
     * restrictions on the elements that they may contain. Collection
     * implementations are allowed to throw exceptions for any operation
     * involving elements they deem ineligible. For absolute safety the
     * specified collections should contain only elements which are
     * eligible elements for both collections.
     *
     * <p>Note that it is permissible to pass the same collection in both
     * parameters, in which case the method will return {@code true} if and
     * only if the collection is empty.
     *
     * @param c1 a collection
     * @param c2 a collection
     *
     * @return {@code true} if the two specified collections have no elements in common.
     *
     * @throws NullPointerException if either collection is {@code null}.
     * @throws NullPointerException if one collection contains a {@code null}
     *                              element and {@code null} is not an eligible element for the other collection.
     *                              (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws ClassCastException   if one collection contains an element that is
     *                              of a type which is ineligible for the other collection.
     *                              (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @since 1.5
     */
    // 判断两个容器是否有交集
    public static boolean disjoint(Collection<?> c1, Collection<?> c2) {
        // The collection to be used for contains().
        // Preference is given to the collection who's contains() has lower O() complexity.
        Collection<?> contains = c2;
        
        // The collection to be iterated.
        // If the collections' contains() impl are of different O() complexity,
        // the collection with slower contains() will be used for iteration.
        // For collections who's contains() are of the same complexity then best performance is achieved by iterating the smaller collection.
        Collection<?> iterate = c1;
        
        // Performance optimization cases. The heuristics:
        //   1. Generally iterate over c1.
        //   2. If c1 is a Set then iterate over c2.
        //   3. If either collection is empty then result is always true.
        //   4. Iterate over the smaller Collection.
        if(c1 instanceof Set) {
            // Use c1 for contains as a Set's contains() is expected to perform
            // better than O(N/2)
            iterate = c2;
            contains = c1;
        } else if(!(c2 instanceof Set)) {
            // Both are mere Collections. Iterate over smaller collection.
            // Example: If c1 contains 3 elements and c2 contains 50 elements and assuming contains() requires ceiling(N/2) comparisons
            // then checking for all c1 elements in c2 would require 75 comparisons (3 * ceiling(50/2))
            // vs. checking all c2 elements in c1 requiring 100 comparisons (50 * ceiling(3/2)).
            int c1size = c1.size();
            int c2size = c2.size();
            if(c1size == 0 || c2size == 0) {
                // At least one collection is empty. Nothing will match.
                return true;
            }
            
            if(c1size>c2size) {
                iterate = c2;
                contains = c1;
            }
        }
        
        for(Object e : iterate) {
            if(contains.contains(e)) {
                // Found a common element. Collections are not disjoint.
                return false;
            }
        }
        
        // No common elements were found.
        return true;
    }
    
    /**
     * Adds all of the specified elements to the specified collection.
     * Elements to be added may be specified individually or as an array.
     * The behavior of this convenience method is identical to that of
     * {@code c.addAll(Arrays.asList(elements))}, but this method is likely
     * to run significantly faster under most implementations.
     *
     * <p>When elements are specified individually, this method provides a
     * convenient way to add a few elements to an existing collection:
     * <pre>
     *     Collections.addAll(flavors, "Peaches 'n Plutonium", "Rocky Racoon");
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param <T>      the class of the elements to add and of the collection
     * @param c        the collection into which {@code elements} are to be inserted
     * @param elements the elements to insert into {@code c}
     *
     * @return {@code true} if the collection changed as a result of the call
     *
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if {@code c} does not support
     *                                       the {@code add} operation
     * @throws NullPointerException          if {@code elements} contains one or more
     *                                       null values and {@code c} does not permit null elements, or
     *                                       if {@code c} or {@code elements} are {@code null}
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException      if some property of a value in
     *                                       {@code elements} prevents it from being added to {@code c}
     * @see Collection#addAll(Collection)
     * @since 1.5
     */
    // 将elements添加到指定的容器中
    @SafeVarargs
    public static <T> boolean addAll(Collection<? super T> c, T... elements) {
        boolean result = false;
        for(T element : elements) {
            result |= c.add(element);
        }
        return result;
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns true if the specified arguments are equal, or both null.
     *
     * NB: Do not replace with Object.equals until JDK-8015417 is resolved.
     */
    // 判断o1与o2是否为相等
    static boolean eq(Object o1, Object o2) {
        return o1 == null
            ? o2 == null
            : o1.equals(o2);
    }
    
    /*▲ 杂项 ████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████┛ */
    
    
    
    // 二分查找(使用内部比较器)：在list中查找key，返回其索引
    private static <T> int indexedBinarySearch(List<? extends Comparable<? super T>> list, T key) {
        int low = 0;
        int high = list.size() - 1;
        
        while(low<=high) {
            int mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
            
            Comparable<? super T> midVal = list.get(mid);
            
            int cmp = midVal.compareTo(key);
            
            if(cmp<0) {
                low = mid + 1;
            } else if(cmp>0) {
                high = mid - 1;
            } else {
                return mid; // key found
            }
        }
        
        return -(low + 1);  // key not found
    }
    
    // 二分查找(使用内部比较器)：在list中查找key，返回其索引
    private static <T> int iteratorBinarySearch(List<? extends Comparable<? super T>> list, T key) {
        int low = 0;
        int high = list.size() - 1;
        
        ListIterator<? extends Comparable<? super T>> i = list.listIterator();
        
        while(low<=high) {
            int mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
            
            Comparable<? super T> midVal = get(i, mid);
            
            int cmp = midVal.compareTo(key);
            
            if(cmp<0) {
                low = mid + 1;
            } else if(cmp>0) {
                high = mid - 1;
            } else {
                return mid; // key found
            }
        }
        
        return -(low + 1);  // key not found
    }
    
    // 二分查找(使用外部比较器)：在list中查找key，返回其索引
    private static <T> int indexedBinarySearch(List<? extends T> l, T key, Comparator<? super T> c) {
        int low = 0;
        int high = l.size() - 1;
        
        while(low<=high) {
            int mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
            
            T midVal = l.get(mid);
            
            int cmp = c.compare(midVal, key);
            
            if(cmp<0) {
                low = mid + 1;
            } else if(cmp>0) {
                high = mid - 1;
            } else {
                return mid; // key found
            }
        }
        
        return -(low + 1);  // key not found
    }
    
    // 二分查找(使用外部比较器)：在list中查找key，返回其索引
    private static <T> int iteratorBinarySearch(List<? extends T> l, T key, Comparator<? super T> c) {
        int low = 0;
        
        int high = l.size() - 1;
        
        ListIterator<? extends T> i = l.listIterator();
        
        while(low<=high) {
            int mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
            
            T midVal = get(i, mid);
            
            int cmp = c.compare(midVal, key);
            
            if(cmp<0) {
                low = mid + 1;
            } else if(cmp>0) {
                high = mid - 1;
            } else {
                return mid; // key found
            }
        }
        
        return -(low + 1);  // key not found
    }
    
    /**
     * Gets the ith element from the given list by repositioning the specified list listIterator.
     */
    // 从指定的迭代器中获取索引为index的元素
    private static <T> T get(ListIterator<? extends T> i, int index) {
        T obj = null;
        
        int pos = i.nextIndex();
        
        if(pos<=index) {
            do {
                obj = i.next();
            } while(pos++<index);
        } else {
            do {
                obj = i.previous();
            } while(--pos>index);
        }
        
        return obj;
    }
    
    /**
     * Swaps the two specified elements in the specified array.
     */
    // 交换arr中索引i和j处的元素
    private static void swap(Object[] arr, int i, int j) {
        Object tmp = arr[i];
        arr[i] = arr[j];
        arr[j] = tmp;
    }
    
    /*
     * 旋转list
     * distance>0时，指示旋转之后左边子视图的长度
     * distance<0时，指示旋转之后右边子视图的长度
     */
    private static <T> void rotate1(List<T> list, int distance) {
        int size = list.size();
        if(size == 0) {
            return;
        }
        
        distance = distance % size;
        if(distance<0) {
            distance += size;
        }
        
        if(distance == 0) {
            return;
        }
        
        for(int cycleStart = 0, nMoved = 0; nMoved != size; cycleStart++) {
            T displaced = list.get(cycleStart);
            int i = cycleStart;
            do {
                i += distance;
                if(i >= size) {
                    i -= size;
                }
                displaced = list.set(i, displaced);
                nMoved++;
            } while(i != cycleStart);
        }
    }
    
    /*
     * 旋转list
     * distance>0时，指示旋转之后左边子视图的长度
     * distance<0时，指示旋转之后右边子视图的长度
     */
    private static void rotate2(List<?> list, int distance) {
        int size = list.size();
        if(size == 0) {
            return;
        }
        
        int mid = -distance % size;
        if(mid<0) {
            mid += size;
        }
        
        if(mid == 0) {
            return;
        }
        
        reverse(list.subList(0, mid));
        reverse(list.subList(mid, size));
        reverse(list);
    }
    
    
    
    
    
    
    /* 同步容器 ▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼  */
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    // 同步容器(线程安全)
    static class SynchronizedCollection<E> implements Collection<E>, Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 3053995032091335093L;
        
        final Collection<E> c;  // Backing Collection
        final Object mutex;     // Object on which to synchronize
        
        SynchronizedCollection(Collection<E> c) {
            this.c = Objects.requireNonNull(c);
            mutex = this;
        }
        
        SynchronizedCollection(Collection<E> c, Object mutex) {
            this.c = Objects.requireNonNull(c);
            this.mutex = Objects.requireNonNull(mutex);
        }
        
        public int size() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return c.size();
            }
        }
        
        public boolean isEmpty() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return c.isEmpty();
            }
        }
        
        public boolean contains(Object o) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return c.contains(o);
            }
        }
        
        public Object[] toArray() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return c.toArray();
            }
        }
        
        public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return c.toArray(a);
            }
        }
        
        public <T> T[] toArray(IntFunction<T[]> f) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return c.toArray(f);
            }
        }
        
        public Iterator<E> iterator() {
            return c.iterator(); // Must be manually synched by user!
        }
        
        public boolean add(E e) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return c.add(e);
            }
        }
        
        public boolean remove(Object o) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return c.remove(o);
            }
        }
        
        public boolean containsAll(Collection<?> coll) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return c.containsAll(coll);
            }
        }
        
        public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> coll) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return c.addAll(coll);
            }
        }
        
        public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> coll) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return c.removeAll(coll);
            }
        }
        
        public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> coll) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return c.retainAll(coll);
            }
        }
        
        public void clear() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                c.clear();
            }
        }
        
        public String toString() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return c.toString();
            }
        }
        
        // Override default methods in Collection
        @Override
        public void forEach(Consumer<? super E> consumer) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                c.forEach(consumer);
            }
        }
        
        @Override
        public boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return c.removeIf(filter);
            }
        }
        
        @Override
        public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
            return c.spliterator(); // Must be manually synched by user!
        }
        
        @Override
        public Stream<E> stream() {
            return c.stream(); // Must be manually synched by user!
        }
        
        @Override
        public Stream<E> parallelStream() {
            return c.parallelStream(); // Must be manually synched by user!
        }
        
        private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream s) throws IOException {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                s.defaultWriteObject();
            }
        }
    }
    
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    // 同步List(线程安全)
    static class SynchronizedList<E> extends SynchronizedCollection<E> implements List<E> {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = -7754090372962971524L;
        
        final List<E> list;
        
        SynchronizedList(List<E> list) {
            super(list);
            this.list = list;
        }
        
        SynchronizedList(List<E> list, Object mutex) {
            super(list, mutex);
            this.list = list;
        }
        
        public boolean equals(Object o) {
            if(this == o)
                return true;
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return list.equals(o);
            }
        }
        
        public int hashCode() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return list.hashCode();
            }
        }
        
        public E get(int index) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return list.get(index);
            }
        }
        
        public E set(int index, E element) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return list.set(index, element);
            }
        }
        
        public void add(int index, E element) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                list.add(index, element);
            }
        }
        
        public E remove(int index) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return list.remove(index);
            }
        }
        
        public int indexOf(Object o) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return list.indexOf(o);
            }
        }
        
        public int lastIndexOf(Object o) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return list.lastIndexOf(o);
            }
        }
        
        public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return list.addAll(index, c);
            }
        }
        
        public ListIterator<E> listIterator() {
            return list.listIterator(); // Must be manually synched by user
        }
        
        public ListIterator<E> listIterator(int index) {
            return list.listIterator(index); // Must be manually synched by user
        }
        
        public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return new SynchronizedList<>(list.subList(fromIndex, toIndex), mutex);
            }
        }
        
        @Override
        public void replaceAll(UnaryOperator<E> operator) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                list.replaceAll(operator);
            }
        }
        
        @Override
        public void sort(Comparator<? super E> c) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                list.sort(c);
            }
        }
        
        /**
         * SynchronizedRandomAccessList instances are serialized as
         * SynchronizedList instances to allow them to be deserialized
         * in pre-1.4 JREs (which do not have SynchronizedRandomAccessList).
         * This method inverts the transformation.  As a beneficial
         * side-effect, it also grafts the RandomAccess marker onto
         * SynchronizedList instances that were serialized in pre-1.4 JREs.
         *
         * Note: Unfortunately, SynchronizedRandomAccessList instances
         * serialized in 1.4.1 and deserialized in 1.4 will become
         * SynchronizedList instances, as this method was missing in 1.4.
         */
        private Object readResolve() {
            return (list instanceof RandomAccess ? new SynchronizedRandomAccessList<>(list) : this);
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    // 同步List(线程安全)，兼容RandomAccess接口
    static class SynchronizedRandomAccessList<E> extends SynchronizedList<E> implements RandomAccess {
        
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1530674583602358482L;
        
        SynchronizedRandomAccessList(List<E> list) {
            super(list);
        }
        
        SynchronizedRandomAccessList(List<E> list, Object mutex) {
            super(list, mutex);
        }
        
        public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return new SynchronizedRandomAccessList<>(list.subList(fromIndex, toIndex), mutex);
            }
        }
        
        /**
         * Allows instances to be deserialized in pre-1.4 JREs (which do
         * not have SynchronizedRandomAccessList).  SynchronizedList has
         * a readResolve method that inverts this transformation upon
         * deserialization.
         */
        private Object writeReplace() {
            return new SynchronizedList<>(list);
        }
    }
    
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    // 同步Set(线程安全)
    static class SynchronizedSet<E> extends SynchronizedCollection<E> implements Set<E> {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 487447009682186044L;
        
        SynchronizedSet(Set<E> s) {
            super(s);
        }
        
        SynchronizedSet(Set<E> s, Object mutex) {
            super(s, mutex);
        }
        
        public boolean equals(Object o) {
            if(this == o)
                return true;
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return c.equals(o);
            }
        }
        
        public int hashCode() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return c.hashCode();
            }
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    // 同步Set(线程安全)，兼容SortedSet接口
    static class SynchronizedSortedSet<E> extends SynchronizedSet<E> implements SortedSet<E> {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 8695801310862127406L;
        
        private final SortedSet<E> ss;
        
        SynchronizedSortedSet(SortedSet<E> s) {
            super(s);
            ss = s;
        }
        
        SynchronizedSortedSet(SortedSet<E> s, Object mutex) {
            super(s, mutex);
            ss = s;
        }
        
        public Comparator<? super E> comparator() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return ss.comparator();
            }
        }
        
        public SortedSet<E> subSet(E fromElement, E toElement) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return new SynchronizedSortedSet<>(ss.subSet(fromElement, toElement), mutex);
            }
        }
        
        public SortedSet<E> headSet(E toElement) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return new SynchronizedSortedSet<>(ss.headSet(toElement), mutex);
            }
        }
        
        public SortedSet<E> tailSet(E fromElement) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return new SynchronizedSortedSet<>(ss.tailSet(fromElement), mutex);
            }
        }
        
        public E first() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return ss.first();
            }
        }
        
        public E last() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return ss.last();
            }
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    // 同步Set(线程安全)，兼容SortedSet接口和NavigableSet接口
    static class SynchronizedNavigableSet<E> extends SynchronizedSortedSet<E> implements NavigableSet<E> {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = -5505529816273629798L;
        
        private final NavigableSet<E> ns;
        
        SynchronizedNavigableSet(NavigableSet<E> s) {
            super(s);
            ns = s;
        }
        
        SynchronizedNavigableSet(NavigableSet<E> s, Object mutex) {
            super(s, mutex);
            ns = s;
        }
        
        public E lower(E e) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return ns.lower(e);
            }
        }
        
        public E floor(E e) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return ns.floor(e);
            }
        }
        
        public E ceiling(E e) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return ns.ceiling(e);
            }
        }
        
        public E higher(E e) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return ns.higher(e);
            }
        }
        
        public E pollFirst() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return ns.pollFirst();
            }
        }
        
        public E pollLast() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return ns.pollLast();
            }
        }
        
        public NavigableSet<E> descendingSet() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return new SynchronizedNavigableSet<>(ns.descendingSet(), mutex);
            }
        }
        
        public Iterator<E> descendingIterator() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return descendingSet().iterator();
            }
        }
        
        public NavigableSet<E> subSet(E fromElement, E toElement) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return new SynchronizedNavigableSet<>(ns.subSet(fromElement, true, toElement, false), mutex);
            }
        }
        
        public NavigableSet<E> headSet(E toElement) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return new SynchronizedNavigableSet<>(ns.headSet(toElement, false), mutex);
            }
        }
        
        public NavigableSet<E> tailSet(E fromElement) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return new SynchronizedNavigableSet<>(ns.tailSet(fromElement, true), mutex);
            }
        }
        
        public NavigableSet<E> subSet(E fromElement, boolean fromInclusive, E toElement, boolean toInclusive) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return new SynchronizedNavigableSet<>(ns.subSet(fromElement, fromInclusive, toElement, toInclusive), mutex);
            }
        }
        
        public NavigableSet<E> headSet(E toElement, boolean inclusive) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return new SynchronizedNavigableSet<>(ns.headSet(toElement, inclusive), mutex);
            }
        }
        
        public NavigableSet<E> tailSet(E fromElement, boolean inclusive) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return new SynchronizedNavigableSet<>(ns.tailSet(fromElement, inclusive), mutex);
            }
        }
    }
    
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    // 同步Map(线程安全)
    private static class SynchronizedMap<K, V> implements Map<K, V>, Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1978198479659022715L;
        
        final Object mutex;        // Object on which to synchronize
        
        private final Map<K, V> m;     // Backing Map
        private transient Set<K> keySet;
        private transient Set<Map.Entry<K, V>> entrySet;
        private transient Collection<V> values;
        
        SynchronizedMap(Map<K, V> m) {
            this.m = Objects.requireNonNull(m);
            mutex = this;
        }
        
        SynchronizedMap(Map<K, V> m, Object mutex) {
            this.m = m;
            this.mutex = mutex;
        }
        
        public int size() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return m.size();
            }
        }
        
        public boolean isEmpty() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return m.isEmpty();
            }
        }
        
        public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return m.containsKey(key);
            }
        }
        
        public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return m.containsValue(value);
            }
        }
        
        public V get(Object key) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return m.get(key);
            }
        }
        
        public V put(K key, V value) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return m.put(key, value);
            }
        }
        
        public V remove(Object key) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return m.remove(key);
            }
        }
        
        public void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> map) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                m.putAll(map);
            }
        }
        
        public void clear() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                m.clear();
            }
        }
        
        public Set<K> keySet() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                if(keySet == null) {
                    keySet = new SynchronizedSet<>(m.keySet(), mutex);
                }
                return keySet;
            }
        }
        
        public Set<Map.Entry<K, V>> entrySet() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                if(entrySet == null) {
                    entrySet = new SynchronizedSet<>(m.entrySet(), mutex);
                }
                return entrySet;
            }
        }
        
        public Collection<V> values() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                if(values == null) {
                    values = new SynchronizedCollection<>(m.values(), mutex);
                }
                return values;
            }
        }
        
        public boolean equals(Object o) {
            if(this == o) {
                return true;
            }
            
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return m.equals(o);
            }
        }
        
        public int hashCode() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return m.hashCode();
            }
        }
        
        public String toString() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return m.toString();
            }
        }
        
        // Override default methods in Map
        @Override
        public V getOrDefault(Object k, V defaultValue) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return m.getOrDefault(k, defaultValue);
            }
        }
        
        @Override
        public void forEach(BiConsumer<? super K, ? super V> action) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                m.forEach(action);
            }
        }
        
        @Override
        public void replaceAll(BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> function) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                m.replaceAll(function);
            }
        }
        
        @Override
        public V putIfAbsent(K key, V value) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return m.putIfAbsent(key, value);
            }
        }
        
        @Override
        public boolean remove(Object key, Object value) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return m.remove(key, value);
            }
        }
        
        @Override
        public boolean replace(K key, V oldValue, V newValue) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return m.replace(key, oldValue, newValue);
            }
        }
        
        @Override
        public V replace(K key, V value) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return m.replace(key, value);
            }
        }
        
        @Override
        public V computeIfAbsent(K key, Function<? super K, ? extends V> mappingFunction) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return m.computeIfAbsent(key, mappingFunction);
            }
        }
        
        @Override
        public V computeIfPresent(K key, BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return m.computeIfPresent(key, remappingFunction);
            }
        }
        
        @Override
        public V compute(K key, BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return m.compute(key, remappingFunction);
            }
        }
        
        @Override
        public V merge(K key, V value, BiFunction<? super V, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return m.merge(key, value, remappingFunction);
            }
        }
        
        private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream s) throws IOException {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                s.defaultWriteObject();
            }
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    // 同步Map(线程安全)，兼容SortedSet接口
    static class SynchronizedSortedMap<K, V> extends SynchronizedMap<K, V> implements SortedMap<K, V> {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = -8798146769416483793L;
        
        private final SortedMap<K, V> sm;
        
        SynchronizedSortedMap(SortedMap<K, V> m) {
            super(m);
            sm = m;
        }
        
        SynchronizedSortedMap(SortedMap<K, V> m, Object mutex) {
            super(m, mutex);
            sm = m;
        }
        
        public Comparator<? super K> comparator() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return sm.comparator();
            }
        }
        
        public SortedMap<K, V> subMap(K fromKey, K toKey) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return new SynchronizedSortedMap<>(sm.subMap(fromKey, toKey), mutex);
            }
        }
        
        public SortedMap<K, V> headMap(K toKey) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return new SynchronizedSortedMap<>(sm.headMap(toKey), mutex);
            }
        }
        
        public SortedMap<K, V> tailMap(K fromKey) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return new SynchronizedSortedMap<>(sm.tailMap(fromKey), mutex);
            }
        }
        
        public K firstKey() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return sm.firstKey();
            }
        }
        
        public K lastKey() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return sm.lastKey();
            }
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * A synchronized NavigableMap.
     *
     * @serial include
     */
    // 同步Map(线程安全)，兼容SortedSet接口和NavigableSet接口
    static class SynchronizedNavigableMap<K, V> extends SynchronizedSortedMap<K, V> implements NavigableMap<K, V> {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 699392247599746807L;
        
        private final NavigableMap<K, V> nm;
        
        SynchronizedNavigableMap(NavigableMap<K, V> m) {
            super(m);
            nm = m;
        }
        
        SynchronizedNavigableMap(NavigableMap<K, V> m, Object mutex) {
            super(m, mutex);
            nm = m;
        }
        
        public Entry<K, V> lowerEntry(K key) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return nm.lowerEntry(key);
            }
        }
        
        public K lowerKey(K key) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return nm.lowerKey(key);
            }
        }
        
        public Entry<K, V> floorEntry(K key) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return nm.floorEntry(key);
            }
        }
        
        public K floorKey(K key) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return nm.floorKey(key);
            }
        }
        
        public Entry<K, V> ceilingEntry(K key) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return nm.ceilingEntry(key);
            }
        }
        
        public K ceilingKey(K key) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return nm.ceilingKey(key);
            }
        }
        
        public Entry<K, V> higherEntry(K key) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return nm.higherEntry(key);
            }
        }
        
        public K higherKey(K key) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return nm.higherKey(key);
            }
        }
        
        public Entry<K, V> firstEntry() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return nm.firstEntry();
            }
        }
        
        public Entry<K, V> lastEntry() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return nm.lastEntry();
            }
        }
        
        public Entry<K, V> pollFirstEntry() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return nm.pollFirstEntry();
            }
        }
        
        public Entry<K, V> pollLastEntry() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return nm.pollLastEntry();
            }
        }
        
        public NavigableMap<K, V> descendingMap() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return new SynchronizedNavigableMap<>(nm.descendingMap(), mutex);
            }
        }
        
        public NavigableSet<K> keySet() {
            return navigableKeySet();
        }
        
        public NavigableSet<K> navigableKeySet() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return new SynchronizedNavigableSet<>(nm.navigableKeySet(), mutex);
            }
        }
        
        public NavigableSet<K> descendingKeySet() {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return new SynchronizedNavigableSet<>(nm.descendingKeySet(), mutex);
            }
        }
        
        
        public SortedMap<K, V> subMap(K fromKey, K toKey) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return new SynchronizedNavigableMap<>(nm.subMap(fromKey, true, toKey, false), mutex);
            }
        }
        
        public SortedMap<K, V> headMap(K toKey) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return new SynchronizedNavigableMap<>(nm.headMap(toKey, false), mutex);
            }
        }
        
        public SortedMap<K, V> tailMap(K fromKey) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return new SynchronizedNavigableMap<>(nm.tailMap(fromKey, true), mutex);
            }
        }
        
        public NavigableMap<K, V> subMap(K fromKey, boolean fromInclusive, K toKey, boolean toInclusive) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return new SynchronizedNavigableMap<>(nm.subMap(fromKey, fromInclusive, toKey, toInclusive), mutex);
            }
        }
        
        public NavigableMap<K, V> headMap(K toKey, boolean inclusive) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return new SynchronizedNavigableMap<>(nm.headMap(toKey, inclusive), mutex);
            }
        }
        
        public NavigableMap<K, V> tailMap(K fromKey, boolean inclusive) {
            synchronized(mutex) {
                return new SynchronizedNavigableMap<>(nm.tailMap(fromKey, inclusive), mutex);
            }
        }
    }
    
    /* 同步容器 ▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲  */
    
    
    
    /* 只读容器 ▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼  */
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    static class UnmodifiableCollection<E> implements Collection<E>, Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1820017752578914078L;
        
        final Collection<? extends E> c;
        
        UnmodifiableCollection(Collection<? extends E> c) {
            if(c == null) {
                throw new NullPointerException();
            }
            this.c = c;
        }
        
        public boolean add(E e) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> coll) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        public boolean remove(Object o) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        @Override
        public boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> coll) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> coll) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        public void clear() {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        public boolean contains(Object o) {
            return c.contains(o);
        }
        
        public boolean containsAll(Collection<?> coll) {
            return c.containsAll(coll);
        }
        
        public Object[] toArray() {
            return c.toArray();
        }
        
        public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
            return c.toArray(a);
        }
        
        public <T> T[] toArray(IntFunction<T[]> f) {
            return c.toArray(f);
        }
        
        @Override
        public void forEach(Consumer<? super E> action) {
            c.forEach(action);
        }
        
        public Iterator<E> iterator() {
            return new Iterator<E>() {
                private final Iterator<? extends E> i = c.iterator();
                
                public boolean hasNext() {
                    return i.hasNext();
                }
                
                public E next() {
                    return i.next();
                }
                
                public void remove() {
                    throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
                }
                
                @Override
                public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> action) {
                    // Use backing collection version
                    i.forEachRemaining(action);
                }
            };
        }
        
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        @Override
        public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
            return (Spliterator<E>) c.spliterator();
        }
        
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        @Override
        public Stream<E> stream() {
            return (Stream<E>) c.stream();
        }
        
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        @Override
        public Stream<E> parallelStream() {
            return (Stream<E>) c.parallelStream();
        }
        
        public int size() {
            return c.size();
        }
        
        public boolean isEmpty() {
            return c.isEmpty();
        }
        
        public String toString() {
            return c.toString();
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    static class UnmodifiableList<E> extends UnmodifiableCollection<E> implements List<E> {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = -283967356065247728L;
        
        final List<? extends E> list;
        
        UnmodifiableList(List<? extends E> list) {
            super(list);
            this.list = list;
        }
        
        public void add(int index, E element) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        public E get(int index) {
            return list.get(index);
        }
        
        public E remove(int index) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        public E set(int index, E element) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        @Override
        public void replaceAll(UnaryOperator<E> operator) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        public int indexOf(Object o) {
            return list.indexOf(o);
        }
        
        public int lastIndexOf(Object o) {
            return list.lastIndexOf(o);
        }
        
        public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
            return new UnmodifiableList<>(list.subList(fromIndex, toIndex));
        }
        
        public ListIterator<E> listIterator() {
            return listIterator(0);
        }
        
        public ListIterator<E> listIterator(final int index) {
            return new ListIterator<E>() {
                private final ListIterator<? extends E> i = list.listIterator(index);
                
                public boolean hasNext() {
                    return i.hasNext();
                }
                
                public E next() {
                    return i.next();
                }
                
                public boolean hasPrevious() {
                    return i.hasPrevious();
                }
                
                public E previous() {
                    return i.previous();
                }
                
                public int nextIndex() {
                    return i.nextIndex();
                }
                
                public int previousIndex() {
                    return i.previousIndex();
                }
                
                public void remove() {
                    throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
                }
                
                public void set(E e) {
                    throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
                }
                
                public void add(E e) {
                    throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
                }
                
                @Override
                public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> action) {
                    i.forEachRemaining(action);
                }
            };
        }
        
        @Override
        public void sort(Comparator<? super E> c) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        /**
         * UnmodifiableRandomAccessList instances are serialized as
         * UnmodifiableList instances to allow them to be deserialized
         * in pre-1.4 JREs (which do not have UnmodifiableRandomAccessList).
         * This method inverts the transformation.  As a beneficial
         * side-effect, it also grafts the RandomAccess marker onto
         * UnmodifiableList instances that were serialized in pre-1.4 JREs.
         *
         * Note: Unfortunately, UnmodifiableRandomAccessList instances
         * serialized in 1.4.1 and deserialized in 1.4 will become
         * UnmodifiableList instances, as this method was missing in 1.4.
         */
        private Object readResolve() {
            return (list instanceof RandomAccess ? new UnmodifiableRandomAccessList<>(list) : this);
        }
        
        public boolean equals(Object o) {
            return o == this || list.equals(o);
        }
        
        public int hashCode() {
            return list.hashCode();
        }
        
    }
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    static class UnmodifiableRandomAccessList<E> extends UnmodifiableList<E> implements RandomAccess {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = -2542308836966382001L;
        
        UnmodifiableRandomAccessList(List<? extends E> list) {
            super(list);
        }
        
        public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
            return new UnmodifiableRandomAccessList<>(list.subList(fromIndex, toIndex));
        }
        
        /**
         * Allows instances to be deserialized in pre-1.4 JREs (which do
         * not have UnmodifiableRandomAccessList).  UnmodifiableList has
         * a readResolve method that inverts this transformation upon
         * deserialization.
         */
        private Object writeReplace() {
            return new UnmodifiableList<>(list);
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    static class UnmodifiableSet<E> extends UnmodifiableCollection<E> implements Set<E>, Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = -9215047833775013803L;
        
        UnmodifiableSet(Set<? extends E> s) {
            super(s);
        }
        
        public boolean equals(Object o) {
            return o == this || c.equals(o);
        }
        
        public int hashCode() {
            return c.hashCode();
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    static class UnmodifiableSortedSet<E> extends UnmodifiableSet<E> implements SortedSet<E>, Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = -4929149591599911165L;
        
        private final SortedSet<E> ss;
        
        UnmodifiableSortedSet(SortedSet<E> s) {
            super(s);
            ss = s;
        }
        
        public E first() {
            return ss.first();
        }
        
        public E last() {
            return ss.last();
        }
        
        public SortedSet<E> subSet(E fromElement, E toElement) {
            return new UnmodifiableSortedSet<>(ss.subSet(fromElement, toElement));
        }
        
        public SortedSet<E> headSet(E toElement) {
            return new UnmodifiableSortedSet<>(ss.headSet(toElement));
        }
        
        public SortedSet<E> tailSet(E fromElement) {
            return new UnmodifiableSortedSet<>(ss.tailSet(fromElement));
        }
        
        public Comparator<? super E> comparator() {
            return ss.comparator();
        }
        
    }
    
    /**
     * Wraps a navigable set and disables all of the mutative operations.
     *
     * @param <E> type of elements
     *
     * @serial include
     */
    static class UnmodifiableNavigableSet<E> extends UnmodifiableSortedSet<E> implements NavigableSet<E>, Serializable {
        
        private static final long serialVersionUID = -6027448201786391929L;
        
        @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
        private static final NavigableSet<?> EMPTY_NAVIGABLE_SET = new EmptyNavigableSet<>();
        
        /**
         * The instance we are protecting.
         */
        private final NavigableSet<E> ns;
        
        UnmodifiableNavigableSet(NavigableSet<E> s) {
            super(s);
            ns = s;
        }
        
        public E lower(E e) {
            return ns.lower(e);
        }
        
        public E higher(E e) {
            return ns.higher(e);
        }
        
        public E floor(E e) {
            return ns.floor(e);
        }
        
        public E ceiling(E e) {
            return ns.ceiling(e);
        }
        
        public E pollFirst() {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        public E pollLast() {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        public NavigableSet<E> subSet(E fromElement, boolean fromInclusive, E toElement, boolean toInclusive) {
            return new UnmodifiableNavigableSet<>(ns.subSet(fromElement, fromInclusive, toElement, toInclusive));
        }
        
        public NavigableSet<E> headSet(E toElement, boolean inclusive) {
            return new UnmodifiableNavigableSet<>(ns.headSet(toElement, inclusive));
        }
        
        public NavigableSet<E> tailSet(E fromElement, boolean inclusive) {
            return new UnmodifiableNavigableSet<>(ns.tailSet(fromElement, inclusive));
        }
        
        public NavigableSet<E> descendingSet() {
            return new UnmodifiableNavigableSet<>(ns.descendingSet());
        }
        
        public Iterator<E> descendingIterator() {
            return descendingSet().iterator();
        }
        
        /**
         * A singleton empty unmodifiable navigable set used for
         * {@link #emptyNavigableSet()}.
         *
         * @param <E> type of elements, if there were any, and bounds
         */
        private static class EmptyNavigableSet<E> extends UnmodifiableNavigableSet<E> implements Serializable {
            private static final long serialVersionUID = -6291252904449939134L;
            
            public EmptyNavigableSet() {
                super(new TreeSet<>());
            }
            
            private Object readResolve() {
                return EMPTY_NAVIGABLE_SET;
            }
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    private static class UnmodifiableMap<K, V> implements Map<K, V>, Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = -1034234728574286014L;
        
        private final Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m;
        
        private transient Set<K> keySet;
        private transient Collection<V> values;
        private transient Set<Map.Entry<K, V>> entrySet;
        
        UnmodifiableMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
            if(m == null) {
                throw new NullPointerException();
            }
            this.m = m;
        }
        
        public V put(K key, V value) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        @Override
        public V putIfAbsent(K key, V value) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        public void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        public V get(Object key) {
            return m.get(key);
        }
        
        // Override default methods in Map
        @Override
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public V getOrDefault(Object k, V defaultValue) {
            // Safe cast as we don't change the value
            return ((Map<K, V>) m).getOrDefault(k, defaultValue);
        }
        
        public V remove(Object key) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        @Override
        public boolean remove(Object key, Object value) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        public void clear() {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        @Override
        public V replace(K key, V value) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        @Override
        public boolean replace(K key, V oldValue, V newValue) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        @Override
        public void replaceAll(BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> function) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
            return m.containsKey(key);
        }
        
        public boolean containsValue(Object val) {
            return m.containsValue(val);
        }
        
        public Set<K> keySet() {
            if(keySet == null) {
                keySet = unmodifiableSet(m.keySet());
            }
            return keySet;
        }
        
        public Collection<V> values() {
            if(values == null) {
                values = unmodifiableCollection(m.values());
            }
            return values;
        }
        
        public Set<Map.Entry<K, V>> entrySet() {
            if(entrySet == null) {
                entrySet = new UnmodifiableEntrySet<>(m.entrySet());
            }
            return entrySet;
        }
        
        @Override
        public void forEach(BiConsumer<? super K, ? super V> action) {
            m.forEach(action);
        }
        
        @Override
        public V merge(K key, V value, BiFunction<? super V, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        @Override
        public V compute(K key, BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        @Override
        public V computeIfPresent(K key, BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        @Override
        public V computeIfAbsent(K key, Function<? super K, ? extends V> mappingFunction) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        public int size() {
            return m.size();
        }
        
        public boolean isEmpty() {
            return m.isEmpty();
        }
        
        public boolean equals(Object o) {
            return o == this || m.equals(o);
        }
        
        public int hashCode() {
            return m.hashCode();
        }
        
        public String toString() {
            return m.toString();
        }
        
        /**
         * We need this class in addition to UnmodifiableSet as
         * Map.Entries themselves permit modification of the backing Map
         * via their setValue operation.  This class is subtle: there are
         * many possible attacks that must be thwarted.
         *
         * @serial include
         */
        static class UnmodifiableEntrySet<K, V> extends UnmodifiableSet<Map.Entry<K, V>> {
            private static final long serialVersionUID = 7854390611657943733L;
            
            @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "rawtypes"})
            UnmodifiableEntrySet(Set<? extends Map.Entry<? extends K, ? extends V>> s) {
                // Need to cast to raw in order to work around a limitation in the type system
                super((Set) s);
            }
            
            /**
             * This method is overridden to protect the backing set against
             * an object with a nefarious equals function that senses
             * that the equality-candidate is Map.Entry and calls its
             * setValue method.
             */
            public boolean contains(Object o) {
                if(!(o instanceof Map.Entry)) {
                    return false;
                }
                
                return c.contains(new UnmodifiableEntry<>((Map.Entry<?, ?>) o));
            }
            
            /**
             * The next two methods are overridden to protect against
             * an unscrupulous List whose contains(Object o) method senses
             * when o is a Map.Entry, and calls o.setValue.
             */
            public boolean containsAll(Collection<?> coll) {
                for(Object e : coll) {
                    // Invokes safe contains() above
                    if(!contains(e)) {
                        return false;
                    }
                }
                return true;
            }
            
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            public Object[] toArray() {
                Object[] a = c.toArray();
                for(int i = 0; i<a.length; i++) {
                    a[i] = new UnmodifiableEntry<>((Entry<? extends K, ? extends V>) a[i]);
                }
                return a;
            }
            
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
                // We don't pass a to c.toArray, to avoid window of vulnerability wherein an unscrupulous multithreaded client could get his hands on raw (unwrapped) Entries from c.
                Object[] arr = c.toArray(a.length == 0 ? a : Arrays.copyOf(a, 0));
                
                for(int i = 0; i<arr.length; i++) {
                    arr[i] = new UnmodifiableEntry<>((Entry<? extends K, ? extends V>) arr[i]);
                }
                
                if(arr.length>a.length) {
                    return (T[]) arr;
                }
                
                System.arraycopy(arr, 0, a, 0, arr.length);
                
                if(a.length>arr.length) {
                    a[arr.length] = null;
                }
                
                return a;
            }
            
            public void forEach(Consumer<? super Entry<K, V>> action) {
                Objects.requireNonNull(action);
                c.forEach(entryConsumer(action));
            }
            
            public Iterator<Map.Entry<K, V>> iterator() {
                return new Iterator<Map.Entry<K, V>>() {
                    private final Iterator<? extends Map.Entry<? extends K, ? extends V>> i = c.iterator();
                    
                    public boolean hasNext() {
                        return i.hasNext();
                    }
                    
                    public Map.Entry<K, V> next() {
                        return new UnmodifiableEntry<>(i.next());
                    }
                    
                    public void remove() {
                        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
                    }
                    
                    public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super Map.Entry<K, V>> action) {
                        i.forEachRemaining(entryConsumer(action));
                    }
                };
            }
            
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            public Spliterator<Entry<K, V>> spliterator() {
                return new UnmodifiableEntrySetSpliterator<>((Spliterator<Map.Entry<K, V>>) c.spliterator());
            }
            
            @Override
            public Stream<Entry<K, V>> stream() {
                return StreamSupport.stream(spliterator(), false);
            }
            
            @Override
            public Stream<Entry<K, V>> parallelStream() {
                return StreamSupport.stream(spliterator(), true);
            }
            
            public boolean equals(Object o) {
                if(o == this) {
                    return true;
                }
                
                if(!(o instanceof Set)) {
                    return false;
                }
                
                Set<?> s = (Set<?>) o;
                if(s.size() != c.size()) {
                    return false;
                }
                
                return containsAll(s); // Invokes safe containsAll() above
            }
            
            static <K, V> Consumer<Map.Entry<? extends K, ? extends V>> entryConsumer(Consumer<? super Entry<K, V>> action) {
                return e -> action.accept(new UnmodifiableEntry<>(e));
            }
            
            /**
             * This "wrapper class" serves two purposes: it prevents
             * the client from modifying the backing Map, by short-circuiting
             * the setValue method, and it protects the backing Map against
             * an ill-behaved Map.Entry that attempts to modify another
             * Map Entry when asked to perform an equality check.
             */
            private static class UnmodifiableEntry<K, V> implements Map.Entry<K, V> {
                private Map.Entry<? extends K, ? extends V> e;
                
                UnmodifiableEntry(Map.Entry<? extends K, ? extends V> e) {
                    this.e = Objects.requireNonNull(e);
                }
                
                public K getKey() {
                    return e.getKey();
                }
                
                public V getValue() {
                    return e.getValue();
                }
                
                public V setValue(V value) {
                    throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
                }
                
                public int hashCode() {
                    return e.hashCode();
                }
                
                public boolean equals(Object o) {
                    if(this == o)
                        return true;
                    if(!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
                        return false;
                    Map.Entry<?, ?> t = (Map.Entry<?, ?>) o;
                    return eq(e.getKey(), t.getKey()) && eq(e.getValue(), t.getValue());
                }
                
                public String toString() {
                    return e.toString();
                }
            }
            
            static final class UnmodifiableEntrySetSpliterator<K, V> implements Spliterator<Entry<K, V>> {
                final Spliterator<Map.Entry<K, V>> s;
                
                UnmodifiableEntrySetSpliterator(Spliterator<Entry<K, V>> s) {
                    this.s = s;
                }
                
                @Override
                public long estimateSize() {
                    return s.estimateSize();
                }
                
                @Override
                public int characteristics() {
                    return s.characteristics();
                }
                
                @Override
                public Spliterator<Entry<K, V>> trySplit() {
                    Spliterator<Entry<K, V>> split = s.trySplit();
                    return split == null ? null : new UnmodifiableEntrySetSpliterator<>(split);
                }
                
                @Override
                public boolean tryAdvance(Consumer<? super Entry<K, V>> action) {
                    Objects.requireNonNull(action);
                    return s.tryAdvance(entryConsumer(action));
                }
                
                @Override
                public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super Entry<K, V>> action) {
                    Objects.requireNonNull(action);
                    s.forEachRemaining(entryConsumer(action));
                }
                
                @Override
                public long getExactSizeIfKnown() {
                    return s.getExactSizeIfKnown();
                }
                
                @Override
                public boolean hasCharacteristics(int characteristics) {
                    return s.hasCharacteristics(characteristics);
                }
                
                @Override
                public Comparator<? super Entry<K, V>> getComparator() {
                    return s.getComparator();
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    static class UnmodifiableSortedMap<K, V> extends UnmodifiableMap<K, V> implements SortedMap<K, V>, Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = -8806743815996713206L;
        
        private final SortedMap<K, ? extends V> sm;
        
        UnmodifiableSortedMap(SortedMap<K, ? extends V> m) {
            super(m);
            sm = m;
        }
        
        public Comparator<? super K> comparator() {
            return sm.comparator();
        }
        
        public K firstKey() {
            return sm.firstKey();
        }
        
        public K lastKey() {
            return sm.lastKey();
        }
        
        public SortedMap<K, V> subMap(K fromKey, K toKey) {
            return new UnmodifiableSortedMap<>(sm.subMap(fromKey, toKey));
        }
        
        public SortedMap<K, V> headMap(K toKey) {
            return new UnmodifiableSortedMap<>(sm.headMap(toKey));
        }
        
        public SortedMap<K, V> tailMap(K fromKey) {
            return new UnmodifiableSortedMap<>(sm.tailMap(fromKey));
        }
        
    }
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    static class UnmodifiableNavigableMap<K, V> extends UnmodifiableSortedMap<K, V> implements NavigableMap<K, V>, Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = -4858195264774772197L;
        
        /**
         * Singleton for {@link emptyNavigableMap()} which is also immutable.
         */
        private static final EmptyNavigableMap<?, ?> EMPTY_NAVIGABLE_MAP = new EmptyNavigableMap<>();
        
        /**
         * The instance we wrap and protect.
         */
        private final NavigableMap<K, ? extends V> nm;
        
        UnmodifiableNavigableMap(NavigableMap<K, ? extends V> m) {
            super(m);
            nm = m;
        }
        
        public K lowerKey(K key) {
            return nm.lowerKey(key);
        }
        
        public K higherKey(K key) {
            return nm.higherKey(key);
        }
        
        public K floorKey(K key) {
            return nm.floorKey(key);
        }
        
        public K ceilingKey(K key) {
            return nm.ceilingKey(key);
        }
        
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public Entry<K, V> firstEntry() {
            Entry<K, V> first = (Entry<K, V>) nm.firstEntry();
            return (null != first) ? new UnmodifiableEntrySet.UnmodifiableEntry<>(first) : null;
        }
        
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public Entry<K, V> lastEntry() {
            Entry<K, V> last = (Entry<K, V>) nm.lastEntry();
            return (null != last) ? new UnmodifiableEntrySet.UnmodifiableEntry<>(last) : null;
        }
        
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public Entry<K, V> lowerEntry(K key) {
            Entry<K, V> lower = (Entry<K, V>) nm.lowerEntry(key);
            return (null != lower) ? new UnmodifiableEntrySet.UnmodifiableEntry<>(lower) : null;
        }
        
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public Entry<K, V> higherEntry(K key) {
            Entry<K, V> higher = (Entry<K, V>) nm.higherEntry(key);
            return (null != higher) ? new UnmodifiableEntrySet.UnmodifiableEntry<>(higher) : null;
        }
        
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public Entry<K, V> floorEntry(K key) {
            Entry<K, V> floor = (Entry<K, V>) nm.floorEntry(key);
            return (null != floor) ? new UnmodifiableEntrySet.UnmodifiableEntry<>(floor) : null;
        }
        
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public Entry<K, V> ceilingEntry(K key) {
            Entry<K, V> ceiling = (Entry<K, V>) nm.ceilingEntry(key);
            return (null != ceiling) ? new UnmodifiableEntrySet.UnmodifiableEntry<>(ceiling) : null;
        }
        
        public Entry<K, V> pollFirstEntry() {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        public Entry<K, V> pollLastEntry() {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        public NavigableSet<K> navigableKeySet() {
            return unmodifiableNavigableSet(nm.navigableKeySet());
        }
        
        public NavigableSet<K> descendingKeySet() {
            return unmodifiableNavigableSet(nm.descendingKeySet());
        }
        
        public NavigableMap<K, V> subMap(K fromKey, boolean fromInclusive, K toKey, boolean toInclusive) {
            return unmodifiableNavigableMap(nm.subMap(fromKey, fromInclusive, toKey, toInclusive));
        }
        
        public NavigableMap<K, V> headMap(K toKey, boolean inclusive) {
            return unmodifiableNavigableMap(nm.headMap(toKey, inclusive));
        }
        
        public NavigableMap<K, V> tailMap(K fromKey, boolean inclusive) {
            return unmodifiableNavigableMap(nm.tailMap(fromKey, inclusive));
        }
        
        public NavigableMap<K, V> descendingMap() {
            return unmodifiableNavigableMap(nm.descendingMap());
        }
        
        /**
         * A class for the {@link EMPTY_NAVIGABLE_MAP} which needs readResolve
         * to preserve singleton property.
         *
         * @param <K> type of keys, if there were any, and of bounds
         * @param <V> type of values, if there were any
         */
        private static class EmptyNavigableMap<K, V> extends UnmodifiableNavigableMap<K, V> implements Serializable {
            
            private static final long serialVersionUID = -2239321462712562324L;
            
            EmptyNavigableMap() {
                super(new TreeMap<>());
            }
            
            @Override
            public NavigableSet<K> navigableKeySet() {
                return emptyNavigableSet();
            }
            
            private Object readResolve() {
                return EMPTY_NAVIGABLE_MAP;
            }
        }
    }
    
    /* 只读容器 ▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲  */
    
    
    
    /* 动态的类型安全容器 ▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼  */
    
    /* 添加元素时会检查加入的元素是否为预设类型的实例 */
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    static class CheckedCollection<E> implements Collection<E>, Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1578914078182001775L;
        
        private E[] zeroLengthElementArray; // Lazily initialized
        
        final Collection<E> c;
        final Class<E> type;
        
        CheckedCollection(Collection<E> c, Class<E> type) {
            this.c = Objects.requireNonNull(c, "c");
            this.type = Objects.requireNonNull(type, "type");
        }
        
        public boolean add(E e) {
            return c.add(typeCheck(e));
        }
        
        public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> coll) {
            // Doing things this way insulates us from concurrent changes in the contents of coll and provides all-or-nothing semantics
            // (which we wouldn't get if we type-checked each element as we added it)
            return c.addAll(checkedCopyOf(coll));
        }
        
        public boolean remove(Object o) {
            return c.remove(o);
        }
        
        @Override
        public boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter) {
            return c.removeIf(filter);
        }
        
        public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> coll) {
            return c.removeAll(coll);
        }
        
        public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> coll) {
            return c.retainAll(coll);
        }
        
        public void clear() {
            c.clear();
        }
        
        public boolean contains(Object o) {
            return c.contains(o);
        }
        
        public boolean containsAll(Collection<?> coll) {
            return c.containsAll(coll);
        }
        
        public Object[] toArray() {
            return c.toArray();
        }
        
        public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
            return c.toArray(a);
        }
        
        public <T> T[] toArray(IntFunction<T[]> f) {
            return c.toArray(f);
        }
        
        // Override default methods in Collection
        @Override
        public void forEach(Consumer<? super E> action) {
            c.forEach(action);
        }
        
        public Iterator<E> iterator() {
            // JDK-6363904 - unwrapped iterator could be typecast to ListIterator with unsafe set()
            final Iterator<E> it = c.iterator();
            return new Iterator<E>() {
                public boolean hasNext() {
                    return it.hasNext();
                }
                
                public E next() {
                    return it.next();
                }
                
                public void remove() {
                    it.remove();
                }
                
                public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> action) {
                    it.forEachRemaining(action);
                }
            };
        }
        
        @Override
        public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
            return c.spliterator();
        }
        
        @Override
        public Stream<E> stream() {
            return c.stream();
        }
        
        @Override
        public Stream<E> parallelStream() {
            return c.parallelStream();
        }
        
        public int size() {
            return c.size();
        }
        
        public boolean isEmpty() {
            return c.isEmpty();
        }
        
        public String toString() {
            return c.toString();
        }
        
        // 类型检查，如果o非空，则其必须为预设类型的实例
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        E typeCheck(Object o) {
            if(o != null && !type.isInstance(o)) {
                throw new ClassCastException(badElementMsg(o));
            }
            return (E) o;
        }
        
        // 容器元素拷贝(会进行类型转换)
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        Collection<E> checkedCopyOf(Collection<? extends E> coll) {
            Object[] a;
            
            try {
                // 获取零容量数组
                E[] z = zeroLengthElementArray();
                
                a = coll.toArray(z);
                
                // Defend against coll violating the toArray contract
                if(a.getClass() != z.getClass()) {
                    // 类型转换
                    a = Arrays.copyOf(a, a.length, z.getClass());
                }
            } catch(ArrayStoreException ignore) {
                // To get better and consistent diagnostics,
                // we call typeCheck explicitly on each element.
                // We call clone() to defend against coll retaining a
                // reference to the returned array and storing a bad
                // element into it after it has been type checked.
                a = coll.toArray().clone();
                for(Object o : a) {
                    typeCheck(o);
                }
            }
            
            // A slight abuse of the type system, but safe here.
            return (Collection<E>) Arrays.asList(a);
        }
        
        private String badElementMsg(Object o) {
            return "Attempt to insert " + o.getClass() + " element into collection with element type " + type;
        }
        
        // 返回零容量数组
        private E[] zeroLengthElementArray() {
            return zeroLengthElementArray != null
                ? zeroLengthElementArray
                : (zeroLengthElementArray = zeroLengthArray(type));
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    static class CheckedList<E> extends CheckedCollection<E> implements List<E> {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 65247728283967356L;
        
        final List<E> list;
        
        CheckedList(List<E> list, Class<E> type) {
            super(list, type);
            this.list = list;
        }
        
        public void add(int index, E element) {
            list.add(index, typeCheck(element));
        }
        
        public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
            return list.addAll(index, checkedCopyOf(c));
        }
        
        public E get(int index) {
            return list.get(index);
        }
        
        public E remove(int index) {
            return list.remove(index);
        }
        
        public E set(int index, E element) {
            return list.set(index, typeCheck(element));
        }
        
        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         *
         * @throws ClassCastException if the class of an element returned by the
         *                            operator prevents it from being added to this collection. The
         *                            exception may be thrown after some elements of the list have
         *                            already been replaced.
         */
        @Override
        public void replaceAll(UnaryOperator<E> operator) {
            Objects.requireNonNull(operator);
            list.replaceAll(e -> typeCheck(operator.apply(e)));
        }
        
        public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
            return new CheckedList<>(list.subList(fromIndex, toIndex), type);
        }
        
        public int indexOf(Object o) {
            return list.indexOf(o);
        }
        
        public ListIterator<E> listIterator() {
            return listIterator(0);
        }
        
        public ListIterator<E> listIterator(final int index) {
            final ListIterator<E> i = list.listIterator(index);
            
            return new ListIterator<E>() {
                public boolean hasNext() {
                    return i.hasNext();
                }
                
                public int nextIndex() {
                    return i.nextIndex();
                }
                
                public E next() {
                    return i.next();
                }
                
                public boolean hasPrevious() {
                    return i.hasPrevious();
                }
                
                public int previousIndex() {
                    return i.previousIndex();
                }
                
                public E previous() {
                    return i.previous();
                }
                
                public void add(E e) {
                    i.add(typeCheck(e));
                }
                
                public void remove() {
                    i.remove();
                }
                
                public void set(E e) {
                    i.set(typeCheck(e));
                }
                
                @Override
                public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> action) {
                    i.forEachRemaining(action);
                }
            };
        }
        
        public int lastIndexOf(Object o) {
            return list.lastIndexOf(o);
        }
        
        @Override
        public void sort(Comparator<? super E> c) {
            list.sort(c);
        }
        
        public boolean equals(Object o) {
            return o == this || list.equals(o);
        }
        
        public int hashCode() {
            return list.hashCode();
        }
        
    }
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    static class CheckedRandomAccessList<E> extends CheckedList<E> implements RandomAccess {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1638200125423088369L;
        
        CheckedRandomAccessList(List<E> list, Class<E> type) {
            super(list, type);
        }
        
        public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
            return new CheckedRandomAccessList<>(list.subList(fromIndex, toIndex), type);
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    static class CheckedQueue<E> extends CheckedCollection<E> implements Queue<E>, Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1433151992604707767L;
        
        final Queue<E> queue;
        
        CheckedQueue(Queue<E> queue, Class<E> elementType) {
            super(queue, elementType);
            this.queue = queue;
        }
        
        public boolean offer(E e) {
            return queue.offer(typeCheck(e));
        }
        
        public E poll() {
            return queue.poll();
        }
        
        public E remove() {
            return queue.remove();
        }
        
        public E element() {
            return queue.element();
        }
        
        public E peek() {
            return queue.peek();
        }
        
        public boolean equals(Object o) {
            return o == this || c.equals(o);
        }
        
        public int hashCode() {
            return c.hashCode();
        }
        
    }
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    static class CheckedSet<E> extends CheckedCollection<E> implements Set<E>, Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 4694047833775013803L;
        
        CheckedSet(Set<E> s, Class<E> elementType) {
            super(s, elementType);
        }
        
        public boolean equals(Object o) {
            return o == this || c.equals(o);
        }
        
        public int hashCode() {
            return c.hashCode();
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    static class CheckedSortedSet<E> extends CheckedSet<E> implements SortedSet<E>, Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1599911165492914959L;
        
        private final SortedSet<E> ss;
        
        CheckedSortedSet(SortedSet<E> s, Class<E> type) {
            super(s, type);
            ss = s;
        }
        
        public E first() {
            return ss.first();
        }
        
        public E last() {
            return ss.last();
        }
        
        public SortedSet<E> subSet(E fromElement, E toElement) {
            return checkedSortedSet(ss.subSet(fromElement, toElement), type);
        }
        
        public SortedSet<E> headSet(E toElement) {
            return checkedSortedSet(ss.headSet(toElement), type);
        }
        
        public SortedSet<E> tailSet(E fromElement) {
            return checkedSortedSet(ss.tailSet(fromElement), type);
        }
        
        public Comparator<? super E> comparator() {
            return ss.comparator();
        }
        
    }
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    static class CheckedNavigableSet<E> extends CheckedSortedSet<E> implements NavigableSet<E>, Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = -5429120189805438922L;
        
        private final NavigableSet<E> ns;
        
        CheckedNavigableSet(NavigableSet<E> s, Class<E> type) {
            super(s, type);
            ns = s;
        }
        
        public E lower(E e) {
            return ns.lower(e);
        }
        
        public E higher(E e) {
            return ns.higher(e);
        }
        
        public E floor(E e) {
            return ns.floor(e);
        }
        
        public E ceiling(E e) {
            return ns.ceiling(e);
        }
        
        public E pollFirst() {
            return ns.pollFirst();
        }
        
        public E pollLast() {
            return ns.pollLast();
        }
        
        public NavigableSet<E> subSet(E fromElement, E toElement) {
            return checkedNavigableSet(ns.subSet(fromElement, true, toElement, false), type);
        }
        
        public NavigableSet<E> subSet(E fromElement, boolean fromInclusive, E toElement, boolean toInclusive) {
            return checkedNavigableSet(ns.subSet(fromElement, fromInclusive, toElement, toInclusive), type);
        }
        
        public NavigableSet<E> headSet(E toElement) {
            return checkedNavigableSet(ns.headSet(toElement, false), type);
        }
        
        public NavigableSet<E> headSet(E toElement, boolean inclusive) {
            return checkedNavigableSet(ns.headSet(toElement, inclusive), type);
        }
        
        public NavigableSet<E> tailSet(E fromElement) {
            return checkedNavigableSet(ns.tailSet(fromElement, true), type);
        }
        
        public NavigableSet<E> tailSet(E fromElement, boolean inclusive) {
            return checkedNavigableSet(ns.tailSet(fromElement, inclusive), type);
        }
        
        public NavigableSet<E> descendingSet() {
            return checkedNavigableSet(ns.descendingSet(), type);
        }
        
        public Iterator<E> descendingIterator() {
            return checkedNavigableSet(ns.descendingSet(), type).iterator();
        }
        
    }
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    private static class CheckedMap<K, V> implements Map<K, V>, Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 5742860141034234728L;
        
        private final Map<K, V> m;
        
        final Class<K> keyType;
        final Class<V> valueType;
        private transient Set<Map.Entry<K, V>> entrySet;
        
        CheckedMap(Map<K, V> m, Class<K> keyType, Class<V> valueType) {
            this.m = Objects.requireNonNull(m);
            this.keyType = Objects.requireNonNull(keyType);
            this.valueType = Objects.requireNonNull(valueType);
        }
        
        public V put(K key, V value) {
            typeCheck(key, value);
            return m.put(key, value);
        }
        
        @Override
        public V putIfAbsent(K key, V value) {
            typeCheck(key, value);
            return m.putIfAbsent(key, value);
        }
        
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> t) {
            // Satisfy the following goals:
            // - good diagnostics in case of type mismatch
            // - all-or-nothing semantics
            // - protection from malicious t
            // - correct behavior if t is a concurrent map
            Object[] entries = t.entrySet().toArray();
            List<Map.Entry<K, V>> checked = new ArrayList<>(entries.length);
            for(Object o : entries) {
                Map.Entry<?, ?> e = (Map.Entry<?, ?>) o;
                Object k = e.getKey();
                Object v = e.getValue();
                typeCheck(k, v);
                checked.add(new AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry<>((K) k, (V) v));
            }
            
            for(Map.Entry<K, V> e : checked) {
                m.put(e.getKey(), e.getValue());
            }
        }
        
        public V get(Object key) {
            return m.get(key);
        }
        
        public V remove(Object key) {
            return m.remove(key);
        }
        
        @Override
        public boolean remove(Object key, Object value) {
            return m.remove(key, value);
        }
        
        public void clear() {
            m.clear();
        }
        
        @Override
        public V replace(K key, V value) {
            typeCheck(key, value);
            return m.replace(key, value);
        }
        
        @Override
        public boolean replace(K key, V oldValue, V newValue) {
            typeCheck(key, newValue);
            return m.replace(key, oldValue, newValue);
        }
        
        @Override
        public void replaceAll(BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> function) {
            m.replaceAll(typeCheck(function));
        }
        
        public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
            return m.containsKey(key);
        }
        
        public boolean containsValue(Object v) {
            return m.containsValue(v);
        }
        
        public Set<K> keySet() {
            return m.keySet();
        }
        
        public Collection<V> values() {
            return m.values();
        }
        
        public Set<Map.Entry<K, V>> entrySet() {
            if(entrySet == null) {
                entrySet = new CheckedEntrySet<>(m.entrySet(), valueType);
            }
            return entrySet;
        }
        
        // Override default methods in Map
        @Override
        public void forEach(BiConsumer<? super K, ? super V> action) {
            m.forEach(action);
        }
        
        @Override
        public V merge(K key, V value, BiFunction<? super V, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
            Objects.requireNonNull(remappingFunction);
            return m.merge(key, value, (v1, v2) -> {
                V newValue = remappingFunction.apply(v1, v2);
                typeCheck(null, newValue);
                return newValue;
            });
        }
        
        @Override
        public V compute(K key, BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
            return m.compute(key, typeCheck(remappingFunction));
        }
        
        @Override
        public V computeIfPresent(K key, BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
            return m.computeIfPresent(key, typeCheck(remappingFunction));
        }
        
        @Override
        public V computeIfAbsent(K key, Function<? super K, ? extends V> mappingFunction) {
            Objects.requireNonNull(mappingFunction);
            return m.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> {
                V value = mappingFunction.apply(k);
                typeCheck(k, value);
                return value;
            });
        }
        
        public int size() {
            return m.size();
        }
        
        public boolean isEmpty() {
            return m.isEmpty();
        }
        
        public boolean equals(Object o) {
            return o == this || m.equals(o);
        }
        
        public int hashCode() {
            return m.hashCode();
        }
        
        public String toString() {
            return m.toString();
        }
        
        private void typeCheck(Object key, Object value) {
            if(key != null && !keyType.isInstance(key)) {
                throw new ClassCastException(badKeyMsg(key));
            }
            
            if(value != null && !valueType.isInstance(value)) {
                throw new ClassCastException(badValueMsg(value));
            }
        }
        
        private BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> typeCheck(BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> func) {
            Objects.requireNonNull(func);
            return (k, v) -> {
                V newValue = func.apply(k, v);
                typeCheck(k, newValue);
                return newValue;
            };
        }
        
        private String badKeyMsg(Object key) {
            return "Attempt to insert " + key.getClass() + " key into map with key type " + keyType;
        }
        
        private String badValueMsg(Object value) {
            return "Attempt to insert " + value.getClass() + " value into map with value type " + valueType;
        }
        
        /**
         * We need this class in addition to CheckedSet as Map.Entry permits
         * modification of the backing Map via the setValue operation.  This
         * class is subtle: there are many possible attacks that must be
         * thwarted.
         *
         * @serial exclude
         */
        static class CheckedEntrySet<K, V> implements Set<Map.Entry<K, V>> {
            private final Set<Map.Entry<K, V>> s;
            private final Class<V> valueType;
            
            CheckedEntrySet(Set<Map.Entry<K, V>> s, Class<V> valueType) {
                this.s = s;
                this.valueType = valueType;
            }
            
            public boolean add(Map.Entry<K, V> e) {
                throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
            }
            
            public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends Map.Entry<K, V>> coll) {
                throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
            }
            
            public boolean remove(Object o) {
                if(!(o instanceof Map.Entry)) {
                    return false;
                }
                return s.remove(new AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry<>((Map.Entry<?, ?>) o));
            }
            
            public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
                return batchRemove(c, false);
            }
            
            public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) {
                return batchRemove(c, true);
            }
            
            public void clear() {
                s.clear();
            }
            
            /**
             * This method is overridden to protect the backing set against
             * an object with a nefarious equals function that senses
             * that the equality-candidate is Map.Entry and calls its
             * setValue method.
             */
            public boolean contains(Object o) {
                if(!(o instanceof Map.Entry)) {
                    return false;
                }
                Map.Entry<?, ?> e = (Map.Entry<?, ?>) o;
                return s.contains((e instanceof CheckedEntry) ? e : checkedEntry(e, valueType));
            }
            
            /**
             * The bulk collection methods are overridden to protect
             * against an unscrupulous collection whose contains(Object o)
             * method senses when o is a Map.Entry, and calls o.setValue.
             */
            public boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c) {
                for(Object o : c) {
                    // Invokes safe contains() above
                    if(!contains(o)) {
                        return false;
                    }
                }
                return true;
            }
            
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            public Object[] toArray() {
                Object[] source = s.toArray();
                
                /*
                 * Ensure that we don't get an ArrayStoreException even if
                 * s.toArray returns an array of something other than Object
                 */
                Object[] dest = (source.getClass() == Object[].class) ? source : new Object[source.length];
                
                for(int i = 0; i<source.length; i++) {
                    dest[i] = checkedEntry((Entry<K, V>) source[i], valueType);
                }
                
                return dest;
            }
            
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
                // We don't pass a to s.toArray, to avoid window of
                // vulnerability wherein an unscrupulous multithreaded client
                // could get his hands on raw (unwrapped) Entries from s.
                T[] arr = s.toArray(a.length == 0 ? a : Arrays.copyOf(a, 0));
                
                for(int i = 0; i<arr.length; i++) {
                    arr[i] = (T) checkedEntry((Entry<K, V>) arr[i], valueType);
                }
                
                if(arr.length>a.length) {
                    return arr;
                }
                
                System.arraycopy(arr, 0, a, 0, arr.length);
                
                if(a.length>arr.length) {
                    a[arr.length] = null;
                }
                
                return a;
            }
            
            public Iterator<Map.Entry<K, V>> iterator() {
                final Iterator<Map.Entry<K, V>> i = s.iterator();
                
                return new Iterator<Map.Entry<K, V>>() {
                    public boolean hasNext() {
                        return i.hasNext();
                    }
                    
                    public void remove() {
                        i.remove();
                    }
                    
                    public Map.Entry<K, V> next() {
                        return checkedEntry(i.next(), valueType);
                    }
                    
                    public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super Entry<K, V>> action) {
                        i.forEachRemaining(e -> action.accept(checkedEntry(e, valueType)));
                    }
                };
            }
            
            public int size() {
                return s.size();
            }
            
            public boolean isEmpty() {
                return s.isEmpty();
            }
            
            public boolean equals(Object o) {
                if(o == this) {
                    return true;
                }
                
                if(!(o instanceof Set)) {
                    return false;
                }
                
                Set<?> that = (Set<?>) o;
                
                return that.size() == s.size() && containsAll(that); // Invokes safe containsAll() above
            }
            
            public int hashCode() {
                return s.hashCode();
            }
            
            public String toString() {
                return s.toString();
            }
            
            static <K, V, T> CheckedEntry<K, V, T> checkedEntry(Map.Entry<K, V> e, Class<T> valueType) {
                return new CheckedEntry<>(e, valueType);
            }
            
            private boolean batchRemove(Collection<?> c, boolean complement) {
                Objects.requireNonNull(c);
                boolean modified = false;
                Iterator<Map.Entry<K, V>> it = iterator();
                while(it.hasNext()) {
                    if(c.contains(it.next()) != complement) {
                        it.remove();
                        modified = true;
                    }
                }
                return modified;
            }
            
            /**
             * This "wrapper class" serves two purposes: it prevents
             * the client from modifying the backing Map, by short-circuiting
             * the setValue method, and it protects the backing Map against
             * an ill-behaved Map.Entry that attempts to modify another
             * Map.Entry when asked to perform an equality check.
             */
            private static class CheckedEntry<K, V, T> implements Map.Entry<K, V> {
                private final Map.Entry<K, V> e;
                private final Class<T> valueType;
                
                CheckedEntry(Map.Entry<K, V> e, Class<T> valueType) {
                    this.e = Objects.requireNonNull(e);
                    this.valueType = Objects.requireNonNull(valueType);
                }
                
                public K getKey() {
                    return e.getKey();
                }
                
                public V getValue() {
                    return e.getValue();
                }
                
                public V setValue(V value) {
                    if(value != null && !valueType.isInstance(value)) {
                        throw new ClassCastException(badValueMsg(value));
                    }
                    return e.setValue(value);
                }
                
                public boolean equals(Object o) {
                    if(o == this) {
                        return true;
                    }
                    
                    if(!(o instanceof Map.Entry)) {
                        return false;
                    }
                    
                    return e.equals(new AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry<>((Map.Entry<?, ?>) o));
                }
                
                public int hashCode() {
                    return e.hashCode();
                }
                
                public String toString() {
                    return e.toString();
                }
                
                private String badValueMsg(Object value) {
                    return "Attempt to insert " + value.getClass() + " value into map with value type " + valueType;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    static class CheckedSortedMap<K, V> extends CheckedMap<K, V> implements SortedMap<K, V>, Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1599671320688067438L;
        
        private final SortedMap<K, V> sm;
        
        CheckedSortedMap(SortedMap<K, V> m, Class<K> keyType, Class<V> valueType) {
            super(m, keyType, valueType);
            sm = m;
        }
        
        public Comparator<? super K> comparator() {
            return sm.comparator();
        }
        
        public K firstKey() {
            return sm.firstKey();
        }
        
        public K lastKey() {
            return sm.lastKey();
        }
        
        public SortedMap<K, V> subMap(K fromKey, K toKey) {
            return checkedSortedMap(sm.subMap(fromKey, toKey), keyType, valueType);
        }
        
        public SortedMap<K, V> headMap(K toKey) {
            return checkedSortedMap(sm.headMap(toKey), keyType, valueType);
        }
        
        public SortedMap<K, V> tailMap(K fromKey) {
            return checkedSortedMap(sm.tailMap(fromKey), keyType, valueType);
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    static class CheckedNavigableMap<K, V> extends CheckedSortedMap<K, V> implements NavigableMap<K, V>, Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = -4852462692372534096L;
        
        private final NavigableMap<K, V> nm;
        
        CheckedNavigableMap(NavigableMap<K, V> m, Class<K> keyType, Class<V> valueType) {
            super(m, keyType, valueType);
            nm = m;
        }
        
        public Comparator<? super K> comparator() {
            return nm.comparator();
        }
        
        public K firstKey() {
            return nm.firstKey();
        }
        
        public K lastKey() {
            return nm.lastKey();
        }
        
        public K lowerKey(K key) {
            return nm.lowerKey(key);
        }
        
        public K higherKey(K key) {
            return nm.higherKey(key);
        }
        
        public K floorKey(K key) {
            return nm.floorKey(key);
        }
        
        public K ceilingKey(K key) {
            return nm.ceilingKey(key);
        }
        
        public Entry<K, V> firstEntry() {
            Entry<K, V> first = nm.firstEntry();
            return (null != first) ? new CheckedMap.CheckedEntrySet.CheckedEntry<>(first, valueType) : null;
        }
        
        public Entry<K, V> lastEntry() {
            Entry<K, V> last = nm.lastEntry();
            return (null != last) ? new CheckedMap.CheckedEntrySet.CheckedEntry<>(last, valueType) : null;
        }
        
        public Entry<K, V> lowerEntry(K key) {
            Entry<K, V> lower = nm.lowerEntry(key);
            return (null != lower) ? new CheckedMap.CheckedEntrySet.CheckedEntry<>(lower, valueType) : null;
        }
        
        public Entry<K, V> higherEntry(K key) {
            Entry<K, V> higher = nm.higherEntry(key);
            return (null != higher) ? new CheckedMap.CheckedEntrySet.CheckedEntry<>(higher, valueType) : null;
        }
        
        public Entry<K, V> floorEntry(K key) {
            Entry<K, V> floor = nm.floorEntry(key);
            return (null != floor) ? new CheckedMap.CheckedEntrySet.CheckedEntry<>(floor, valueType) : null;
        }
        
        public Entry<K, V> ceilingEntry(K key) {
            Entry<K, V> ceiling = nm.ceilingEntry(key);
            return (null != ceiling) ? new CheckedMap.CheckedEntrySet.CheckedEntry<>(ceiling, valueType) : null;
        }
        
        public Entry<K, V> pollFirstEntry() {
            Entry<K, V> entry = nm.pollFirstEntry();
            return (null == entry) ? null : new CheckedMap.CheckedEntrySet.CheckedEntry<>(entry, valueType);
        }
        
        public Entry<K, V> pollLastEntry() {
            Entry<K, V> entry = nm.pollLastEntry();
            return (null == entry) ? null : new CheckedMap.CheckedEntrySet.CheckedEntry<>(entry, valueType);
        }
        
        public NavigableSet<K> navigableKeySet() {
            return checkedNavigableSet(nm.navigableKeySet(), keyType);
        }
        
        public NavigableSet<K> descendingKeySet() {
            return checkedNavigableSet(nm.descendingKeySet(), keyType);
        }
        
        public NavigableMap<K, V> descendingMap() {
            return checkedNavigableMap(nm.descendingMap(), keyType, valueType);
        }
        
        @Override
        public NavigableMap<K, V> subMap(K fromKey, K toKey) {
            return checkedNavigableMap(nm.subMap(fromKey, true, toKey, false), keyType, valueType);
        }
        
        public NavigableMap<K, V> subMap(K fromKey, boolean fromInclusive, K toKey, boolean toInclusive) {
            return checkedNavigableMap(nm.subMap(fromKey, fromInclusive, toKey, toInclusive), keyType, valueType);
        }
        
        @Override
        public NavigableMap<K, V> headMap(K toKey) {
            return checkedNavigableMap(nm.headMap(toKey, false), keyType, valueType);
        }
        
        public NavigableMap<K, V> headMap(K toKey, boolean inclusive) {
            return checkedNavigableMap(nm.headMap(toKey, inclusive), keyType, valueType);
        }
        
        @Override
        public NavigableMap<K, V> tailMap(K fromKey) {
            return checkedNavigableMap(nm.tailMap(fromKey, true), keyType, valueType);
        }
        
        public NavigableMap<K, V> tailMap(K fromKey, boolean inclusive) {
            return checkedNavigableMap(nm.tailMap(fromKey, inclusive), keyType, valueType);
        }
        
        public NavigableSet<K> keySet() {
            return navigableKeySet();
        }
        
    }
    
    /* 动态的类型安全容器 ▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲  */
    
    
    
    /* 空容器 ▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼  */
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    private static class EmptyList<E> extends AbstractList<E> implements RandomAccess, Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 8842843931221139166L;
        
        public E get(int index) {
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index: " + index);
        }
        
        public boolean contains(Object obj) {
            return false;
        }
        
        public boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c) {
            return c.isEmpty();
        }
        
        @Override
        public boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter) {
            Objects.requireNonNull(filter);
            return false;
        }
        
        @Override
        public void replaceAll(UnaryOperator<E> operator) {
            Objects.requireNonNull(operator);
        }
        
        public void clear() {
        }
        
        public Object[] toArray() {
            return new Object[0];
        }
        
        public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
            if(a.length>0)
                a[0] = null;
            return a;
        }
        
        // Override default methods in Collection
        @Override
        public void forEach(Consumer<? super E> action) {
            Objects.requireNonNull(action);
        }
        
        public Iterator<E> iterator() {
            return emptyIterator();
        }
        
        public ListIterator<E> listIterator() {
            return emptyListIterator();
        }
        
        @Override
        public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
            return Spliterators.emptySpliterator();
        }
        
        public int size() {
            return 0;
        }
        
        public boolean isEmpty() {
            return true;
        }
        
        @Override
        public void sort(Comparator<? super E> c) {
        }
        
        public boolean equals(Object o) {
            return (o instanceof List) && ((List<?>) o).isEmpty();
        }
        
        public int hashCode() {
            return 1;
        }
        
        // Preserves singleton property
        private Object readResolve() {
            return EMPTY_LIST;
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    private static class EmptySet<E> extends AbstractSet<E> implements Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1582296315990362920L;
        
        @Override
        public boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter) {
            Objects.requireNonNull(filter);
            return false;
        }
        
        public void clear() {
        }
        
        public boolean contains(Object obj) {
            return false;
        }
        
        public boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c) {
            return c.isEmpty();
        }
        
        public Object[] toArray() {
            return new Object[0];
        }
        
        public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
            if(a.length>0)
                a[0] = null;
            return a;
        }
        
        // Override default methods in Collection
        @Override
        public void forEach(Consumer<? super E> action) {
            Objects.requireNonNull(action);
        }
        
        public Iterator<E> iterator() {
            return emptyIterator();
        }
        
        @Override
        public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
            return Spliterators.emptySpliterator();
        }
        
        public int size() {
            return 0;
        }
        
        public boolean isEmpty() {
            return true;
        }
        
        @Override
        public int hashCode() {
            return 0;
        }
        
        // Preserves singleton property
        private Object readResolve() {
            return EMPTY_SET;
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    private static class EmptyMap<K, V> extends AbstractMap<K, V> implements Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 6428348081105594320L;
        
        @Override
        public V putIfAbsent(K key, V value) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        public V get(Object key) {
            return null;
        }
        
        // Override default methods in Map
        @Override
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public V getOrDefault(Object k, V defaultValue) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
        
        @Override
        public boolean remove(Object key, Object value) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        public void clear() {
        }
        
        @Override
        public V replace(K key, V value) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        @Override
        public boolean replace(K key, V oldValue, V newValue) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        @Override
        public void replaceAll(BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> function) {
            Objects.requireNonNull(function);
        }
        
        public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
            return false;
        }
        
        public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
            return false;
        }
        
        public Set<K> keySet() {
            return emptySet();
        }
        
        public Collection<V> values() {
            return emptySet();
        }
        
        public Set<Map.Entry<K, V>> entrySet() {
            return emptySet();
        }
        
        @Override
        public void forEach(BiConsumer<? super K, ? super V> action) {
            Objects.requireNonNull(action);
        }
        
        @Override
        public V merge(K key, V value, BiFunction<? super V, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        @Override
        public V compute(K key, BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        @Override
        public V computeIfPresent(K key, BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        @Override
        public V computeIfAbsent(K key, Function<? super K, ? extends V> mappingFunction) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        public int size() {
            return 0;
        }
        
        public boolean isEmpty() {
            return true;
        }
        
        public boolean equals(Object o) {
            return (o instanceof Map) && ((Map<?, ?>) o).isEmpty();
        }
        
        public int hashCode() {
            return 0;
        }
        
        // Preserves singleton property
        private Object readResolve() {
            return EMPTY_MAP;
        }
    }
    
    private static class EmptyIterator<E> implements Iterator<E> {
        static final EmptyIterator<Object> EMPTY_ITERATOR = new EmptyIterator<>();
        
        public boolean hasNext() {
            return false;
        }
        
        public E next() {
            throw new NoSuchElementException();
        }
        
        public void remove() {
            throw new IllegalStateException();
        }
        
        @Override
        public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> action) {
            Objects.requireNonNull(action);
        }
    }
    
    private static class EmptyListIterator<E> extends EmptyIterator<E> implements ListIterator<E> {
        static final EmptyListIterator<Object> EMPTY_ITERATOR = new EmptyListIterator<>();
        
        public int nextIndex() {
            return 0;
        }
        
        public boolean hasPrevious() {
            return false;
        }
        
        public int previousIndex() {
            return -1;
        }
        
        public E previous() {
            throw new NoSuchElementException();
        }
        
        public void add(E e) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        public void set(E e) {
            throw new IllegalStateException();
        }
        
    }
    
    private static class EmptyEnumeration<E> implements Enumeration<E> {
        static final EmptyEnumeration<Object> EMPTY_ENUMERATION = new EmptyEnumeration<>();
        
        public boolean hasMoreElements() {
            return false;
        }
        
        public E nextElement() {
            throw new NoSuchElementException();
        }
        
        public Iterator<E> asIterator() {
            return emptyIterator();
        }
    }
    
    /* 空容器 ▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲  */
    
    
    
    /* 单元素容器 ▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼  */
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    private static class SingletonList<E> extends AbstractList<E> implements RandomAccess, Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 3093736618740652951L;
        
        private final E element;
        
        SingletonList(E obj) {
            element = obj;
        }
        
        public E get(int index) {
            if(index != 0) {
                throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index: " + index + ", Size: 1");
            }
            return element;
        }
        
        @Override
        public boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        @Override
        public void replaceAll(UnaryOperator<E> operator) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        public boolean contains(Object obj) {
            return eq(obj, element);
        }
        
        public Iterator<E> iterator() {
            return singletonIterator(element);
        }
        
        // Override default methods for Collection
        @Override
        public void forEach(Consumer<? super E> action) {
            action.accept(element);
        }
        
        @Override
        public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
            return singletonSpliterator(element);
        }
        
        public int size() {
            return 1;
        }
        
        @Override
        public void sort(Comparator<? super E> c) {
        }
        
        @Override
        public int hashCode() {
            return 31 + Objects.hashCode(element);
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    private static class SingletonSet<E> extends AbstractSet<E> implements Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 3193687207550431679L;
        
        private final E element;
        
        SingletonSet(E e) {
            element = e;
        }
        
        @Override
        public boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        public boolean contains(Object o) {
            return eq(o, element);
        }
        
        // Override default methods for Collection
        @Override
        public void forEach(Consumer<? super E> action) {
            action.accept(element);
        }
        
        public Iterator<E> iterator() {
            return singletonIterator(element);
        }
        
        @Override
        public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
            return singletonSpliterator(element);
        }
        
        public int size() {
            return 1;
        }
        
        @Override
        public int hashCode() {
            return Objects.hashCode(element);
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    private static class SingletonMap<K, V> extends AbstractMap<K, V> implements Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = -6979724477215052911L;
        
        private final K k;
        private final V v;
        
        private transient Set<K> keySet;
        private transient Collection<V> values;
        private transient Set<Map.Entry<K, V>> entrySet;
        
        SingletonMap(K key, V value) {
            k = key;
            v = value;
        }
        
        @Override
        public V putIfAbsent(K key, V value) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        public V get(Object key) {
            return (eq(key, k) ? v : null);
        }
        
        // Override default methods in Map
        @Override
        public V getOrDefault(Object key, V defaultValue) {
            return eq(key, k) ? v : defaultValue;
        }
        
        @Override
        public boolean remove(Object key, Object value) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        @Override
        public V replace(K key, V value) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        @Override
        public boolean replace(K key, V oldValue, V newValue) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        @Override
        public void replaceAll(BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> function) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
            return eq(key, k);
        }
        
        public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
            return eq(value, v);
        }
        
        public Set<K> keySet() {
            if(keySet == null)
                keySet = singleton(k);
            return keySet;
        }
        
        public Set<Map.Entry<K, V>> entrySet() {
            if(entrySet == null)
                entrySet = Collections.singleton(new SimpleImmutableEntry<>(k, v));
            return entrySet;
        }
        
        public Collection<V> values() {
            if(values == null)
                values = singleton(v);
            return values;
        }
        
        @Override
        public void forEach(BiConsumer<? super K, ? super V> action) {
            action.accept(k, v);
        }
        
        @Override
        public V merge(K key, V value, BiFunction<? super V, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        @Override
        public V compute(K key, BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        @Override
        public V computeIfPresent(K key, BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        @Override
        public V computeIfAbsent(K key, Function<? super K, ? extends V> mappingFunction) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        
        public int size() {
            return 1;
        }
        
        public boolean isEmpty() {
            return false;
        }
        
        @Override
        public int hashCode() {
            return Objects.hashCode(k) ^ Objects.hashCode(v);
        }
        
    }
    
    /* 单元素容器 ▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲  */
    
    
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    // 拷贝List：代表拥有n个相同元素的List
    private static class CopiesList<E> extends AbstractList<E> implements RandomAccess, Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 2739099268398711800L;
        
        final int n;
        final E element;
        
        CopiesList(int n, E e) {
            assert n >= 0;
            this.n = n;
            element = e;
        }
        
        public E get(int index) {
            if(index<0 || index >= n) {
                throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index: " + index + ", Size: " + n);
            }
            return element;
        }
        
        public boolean contains(Object obj) {
            return n != 0 && eq(obj, element);
        }
        
        public int indexOf(Object o) {
            return contains(o) ? 0 : -1;
        }
        
        public int lastIndexOf(Object o) {
            return contains(o) ? n - 1 : -1;
        }
        
        public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
            if(fromIndex<0) {
                throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("fromIndex = " + fromIndex);
            }
            
            if(toIndex>n) {
                throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("toIndex = " + toIndex);
            }
            
            if(fromIndex>toIndex) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("fromIndex(" + fromIndex + ") > toIndex(" + toIndex + ")");
            }
            
            return new CopiesList<>(toIndex - fromIndex, element);
        }
        
        public Object[] toArray() {
            final Object[] a = new Object[n];
            if(element != null) {
                Arrays.fill(a, 0, n, element);
            }
            return a;
        }
        
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
            final int n = this.n;
            if(a.length<n) {
                a = (T[]) java.lang.reflect.Array.newInstance(a.getClass().getComponentType(), n);
                if(element != null) {
                    Arrays.fill(a, 0, n, element);
                }
            } else {
                Arrays.fill(a, 0, n, element);
                if(a.length>n) {
                    a[n] = null;
                }
            }
            return a;
        }
        
        @Override
        public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
            return stream().spliterator();
        }
        
        // Override default methods in Collection
        @Override
        public Stream<E> stream() {
            return IntStream.range(0, n).mapToObj(i -> element);
        }
        
        @Override
        public Stream<E> parallelStream() {
            return IntStream.range(0, n).parallel().mapToObj(i -> element);
        }
        
        public int size() {
            return n;
        }
        
    }
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    // 栈式(后入先出)队列，具体实现为入队/出队操作在头部进行
    static class AsLIFOQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E> implements Queue<E>, Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1802017725587941708L;
        
        private final Deque<E> q;
        
        AsLIFOQueue(Deque<E> q) {
            this.q = q;
        }
        
        public boolean offer(E e) {
            return q.offerFirst(e);
        }
        
        public boolean add(E e) {
            q.addFirst(e);
            return true;
        }
        
        public E poll() {
            return q.pollFirst();
        }
        
        public E remove() {
            return q.removeFirst();
        }
        
        public boolean remove(Object o) {
            return q.remove(o);
        }
        
        @Override
        public boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter) {
            return q.removeIf(filter);
        }
        
        public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
            return q.removeAll(c);
        }
        
        public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) {
            return q.retainAll(c);
        }
        
        public void clear() {
            q.clear();
        }
        
        public E element() {
            return q.getFirst();
        }
        
        public E peek() {
            return q.peekFirst();
        }
        
        public boolean contains(Object o) {
            return q.contains(o);
        }
        
        public boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c) {
            return q.containsAll(c);
        }
        
        public Object[] toArray() {
            return q.toArray();
        }
        
        public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
            return q.toArray(a);
        }
        
        public <T> T[] toArray(IntFunction<T[]> f) {
            return q.toArray(f);
        }
        
        // Override default methods in Collection
        @Override
        public void forEach(Consumer<? super E> action) {
            q.forEach(action);
        }
        
        public Iterator<E> iterator() {
            return q.iterator();
        }
        
        @Override
        public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
            return q.spliterator();
        }
        
        @Override
        public Stream<E> stream() {
            return q.stream();
        }
        
        @Override
        public Stream<E> parallelStream() {
            return q.parallelStream();
        }
        
        public int size() {
            return q.size();
        }
        
        public boolean isEmpty() {
            return q.isEmpty();
        }
        
        public String toString() {
            return q.toString();
        }
        
    }
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    // 来自Map的Set(只使用了keySet)
    private static class SetFromMap<E> extends AbstractSet<E> implements Set<E>, Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 2454657854757543876L;
        
        private final Map<E, Boolean> m;  // The backing map
        private transient Set<E> s;       // Its keySet
        
        SetFromMap(Map<E, Boolean> map) {
            if(!map.isEmpty()) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Map is non-empty");
            }
            m = map;
            s = map.keySet();
        }
        
        public boolean add(E e) {
            return m.put(e, Boolean.TRUE) == null;
        }
        
        public boolean remove(Object o) {
            return m.remove(o) != null;
        }
        
        @Override
        public boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter) {
            return s.removeIf(filter);
        }
        
        public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
            return s.removeAll(c);
        }
        
        public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) {
            return s.retainAll(c);
        }
        
        public void clear() {
            m.clear();
        }
        
        public boolean contains(Object o) {
            return m.containsKey(o);
        }
        
        public boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c) {
            return s.containsAll(c);
        }
        
        public Object[] toArray() {
            return s.toArray();
        }
        
        public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
            return s.toArray(a);
        }
        
        // Override default methods in Collection
        @Override
        public void forEach(Consumer<? super E> action) {
            s.forEach(action);
        }
        
        public Iterator<E> iterator() {
            return s.iterator();
        }
        
        @Override
        public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
            return s.spliterator();
        }
        
        @Override
        public Stream<E> stream() {
            return s.stream();
        }
        
        @Override
        public Stream<E> parallelStream() {
            return s.parallelStream();
        }
        
        public int size() {
            return m.size();
        }
        
        public boolean isEmpty() {
            return m.isEmpty();
        }
        
        public boolean equals(Object o) {
            return o == this || s.equals(o);
        }
        
        public int hashCode() {
            return s.hashCode();
        }
        
        public String toString() {
            return s.toString();
        }
        
        private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream stream) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
            stream.defaultReadObject();
            s = m.keySet();
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    // 逆序比较器(实际应用了内部比较器)
    private static class ReverseComparator implements Comparator<Comparable<Object>>, Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 7207038068494060240L;
        
        static final ReverseComparator REVERSE_ORDER = new ReverseComparator();
        
        public int compare(Comparable<Object> c1, Comparable<Object> c2) {
            return c2.compareTo(c1);
        }
        
        @Override
        public Comparator<Comparable<Object>> reversed() {
            return Comparator.naturalOrder();
        }
        
        private Object readResolve() {
            return Collections.reverseOrder();
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    // 逆序比较器(实际应用了外部比较器)
    private static class ReverseComparator2<T> implements Comparator<T>, Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 4374092139857L;
        
        /**
         * The comparator specified in the static factory.  This will never
         * be null, as the static factory returns a ReverseComparator
         * instance if its argument is null.
         *
         * @serial
         */
        final Comparator<T> cmp;
        
        ReverseComparator2(Comparator<T> cmp) {
            assert cmp != null;
            this.cmp = cmp;
        }
        
        public int compare(T t1, T t2) {
            return cmp.compare(t2, t1);
        }
        
        @Override
        public Comparator<T> reversed() {
            return cmp;
        }
        
        public boolean equals(Object o) {
            return (o == this) || (o instanceof ReverseComparator2 && cmp.equals(((ReverseComparator2) o).cmp));
        }
        
        public int hashCode() {
            return cmp.hashCode() ^ Integer.MIN_VALUE;
        }
        
    }
    
}