SpannerOptions.java

/*
 * Copyright 2017 Google LLC
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package com.google.cloud.spanner;

import com.google.api.core.ApiFunction;
import com.google.api.gax.core.ExecutorProvider;
import com.google.api.gax.grpc.GrpcInterceptorProvider;
import com.google.api.gax.longrunning.OperationSnapshot;
import com.google.api.gax.longrunning.OperationTimedPollAlgorithm;
import com.google.api.gax.retrying.RetrySettings;
import com.google.api.gax.rpc.StatusCode;
import com.google.api.gax.rpc.TransportChannelProvider;
import com.google.api.gax.rpc.UnaryCallSettings;
import com.google.cloud.NoCredentials;
import com.google.cloud.ServiceDefaults;
import com.google.cloud.ServiceOptions;
import com.google.cloud.ServiceRpc;
import com.google.cloud.TransportOptions;
import com.google.cloud.grpc.GrpcTransportOptions;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.Options.QueryOption;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.admin.database.v1.DatabaseAdminSettings;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.admin.database.v1.stub.DatabaseAdminStubSettings;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.admin.instance.v1.InstanceAdminSettings;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.admin.instance.v1.stub.InstanceAdminStubSettings;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.spi.SpannerRpcFactory;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.spi.v1.GapicSpannerRpc;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.spi.v1.SpannerRpc;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.v1.SpannerSettings;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.v1.stub.SpannerStubSettings;
import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
import com.google.common.base.MoreObjects;
import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ThreadFactoryBuilder;
import com.google.spanner.admin.database.v1.CreateBackupRequest;
import com.google.spanner.admin.database.v1.CreateDatabaseRequest;
import com.google.spanner.admin.database.v1.RestoreDatabaseRequest;
import com.google.spanner.v1.ExecuteSqlRequest.QueryOptions;
import io.grpc.CallCredentials;
import io.grpc.CompressorRegistry;
import io.grpc.ExperimentalApi;
import io.grpc.ManagedChannelBuilder;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Map.Entry;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor;
import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
import javax.annotation.Nonnull;
import javax.annotation.Nullable;
import org.threeten.bp.Duration;

/** Options for the Cloud Spanner service. */
public class SpannerOptions extends ServiceOptions<Spanner, SpannerOptions> {
  private static final long serialVersionUID = 2789571558532701170L;
  private static SpannerEnvironment environment = SpannerEnvironmentImpl.INSTANCE;

  private static final String JDBC_API_CLIENT_LIB_TOKEN = "sp-jdbc";
  private static final String HIBERNATE_API_CLIENT_LIB_TOKEN = "sp-hib";
  private static final String API_SHORT_NAME = "Spanner";
  private static final String DEFAULT_HOST = "https://spanner.googleapis.com";
  private static final ImmutableSet<String> SCOPES =
      ImmutableSet.of(
          "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/spanner.admin",
          "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/spanner.data");
  private static final int MAX_CHANNELS = 256;
  private final TransportChannelProvider channelProvider;

  @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
  private final ApiFunction<ManagedChannelBuilder, ManagedChannelBuilder> channelConfigurator;

  private final GrpcInterceptorProvider interceptorProvider;
  private final SessionPoolOptions sessionPoolOptions;
  private final int prefetchChunks;
  private final int numChannels;
  private final ImmutableMap<String, String> sessionLabels;
  private final SpannerStubSettings spannerStubSettings;
  private final InstanceAdminStubSettings instanceAdminStubSettings;
  private final DatabaseAdminStubSettings databaseAdminStubSettings;
  private final Duration partitionedDmlTimeout;
  private final boolean autoThrottleAdministrativeRequests;
  /**
   * These are the default {@link QueryOptions} defined by the user on this {@link SpannerOptions}.
   */
  private final Map<DatabaseId, QueryOptions> defaultQueryOptions;
  /** These are the default {@link QueryOptions} defined in environment variables on this system. */
  private final QueryOptions envQueryOptions;
  /**
   * These are the merged query options of the {@link QueryOptions} set on this {@link
   * SpannerOptions} and the {@link QueryOptions} in the environment variables. Options specified in
   * environment variables take precedence above options specified in the {@link SpannerOptions}
   * instance.
   */
  private final Map<DatabaseId, QueryOptions> mergedQueryOptions;

  private final CallCredentialsProvider callCredentialsProvider;
  private final CloseableExecutorProvider asyncExecutorProvider;
  private final String compressorName;

  /**
   * Interface that can be used to provide {@link CallCredentials} instead of {@link Credentials} to
   * {@link SpannerOptions}.
   */
  public static interface CallCredentialsProvider {
    /** Return the {@link CallCredentials} to use for a gRPC call. */
    CallCredentials getCallCredentials();
  }

  /** Default implementation of {@code SpannerFactory}. */
  private static class DefaultSpannerFactory implements SpannerFactory {
    private static final DefaultSpannerFactory INSTANCE = new DefaultSpannerFactory();

    @Override
    public Spanner create(SpannerOptions serviceOptions) {
      return new SpannerImpl(serviceOptions);
    }
  }

  /** Default implementation of {@code SpannerRpcFactory}. */
  private static class DefaultSpannerRpcFactory implements SpannerRpcFactory {
    private static final DefaultSpannerRpcFactory INSTANCE = new DefaultSpannerRpcFactory();

    @Override
    public ServiceRpc create(SpannerOptions options) {
      return new GapicSpannerRpc(options);
    }
  }

  private static final AtomicInteger DEFAULT_POOL_COUNT = new AtomicInteger();

  /** {@link ExecutorProvider} that is used for {@link AsyncResultSet}. */
  interface CloseableExecutorProvider extends ExecutorProvider, AutoCloseable {
    /** Overridden to suppress the throws declaration of the super interface. */
    @Override
    public void close();
  }

  static class FixedCloseableExecutorProvider implements CloseableExecutorProvider {
    private final ScheduledExecutorService executor;

    private FixedCloseableExecutorProvider(ScheduledExecutorService executor) {
      this.executor = Preconditions.checkNotNull(executor);
    }

    @Override
    public void close() {
      executor.shutdown();
    }

    @Override
    public ScheduledExecutorService getExecutor() {
      return executor;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean shouldAutoClose() {
      return false;
    }

    /** Creates a FixedCloseableExecutorProvider. */
    static FixedCloseableExecutorProvider create(ScheduledExecutorService executor) {
      return new FixedCloseableExecutorProvider(executor);
    }
  }

  /**
   * Default {@link ExecutorProvider} for high-level async calls that need an executor. The default
   * uses a cached thread pool containing a max of 8 threads. The pool is lazily initialized and
   * will not create any threads if the user application does not use any async methods. It will
   * also scale down the thread usage if the async load allows for that.
   */
  @VisibleForTesting
  static CloseableExecutorProvider createDefaultAsyncExecutorProvider() {
    return createAsyncExecutorProvider(8, 60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
  }

  @VisibleForTesting
  static CloseableExecutorProvider createAsyncExecutorProvider(
      int poolSize, long keepAliveTime, TimeUnit unit) {
    String format =
        String.format("spanner-async-pool-%d-thread-%%d", DEFAULT_POOL_COUNT.incrementAndGet());
    ThreadFactory threadFactory =
        new ThreadFactoryBuilder().setDaemon(true).setNameFormat(format).build();
    ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor executor = new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(poolSize, threadFactory);
    executor.setKeepAliveTime(keepAliveTime, unit);
    executor.allowCoreThreadTimeOut(true);
    return FixedCloseableExecutorProvider.create(executor);
  }

  private SpannerOptions(Builder builder) {
    super(SpannerFactory.class, SpannerRpcFactory.class, builder, new SpannerDefaults());
    numChannels = builder.numChannels;
    Preconditions.checkArgument(
        numChannels >= 1 && numChannels <= MAX_CHANNELS,
        "Number of channels must fall in the range [1, %s], found: %s",
        MAX_CHANNELS,
        numChannels);

    channelProvider = builder.channelProvider;
    channelConfigurator = builder.channelConfigurator;
    interceptorProvider = builder.interceptorProvider;
    sessionPoolOptions =
        builder.sessionPoolOptions != null
            ? builder.sessionPoolOptions
            : SessionPoolOptions.newBuilder().build();
    prefetchChunks = builder.prefetchChunks;
    sessionLabels = builder.sessionLabels;
    try {
      spannerStubSettings = builder.spannerStubSettingsBuilder.build();
      instanceAdminStubSettings = builder.instanceAdminStubSettingsBuilder.build();
      databaseAdminStubSettings = builder.databaseAdminStubSettingsBuilder.build();
    } catch (IOException e) {
      throw SpannerExceptionFactory.newSpannerException(e);
    }
    partitionedDmlTimeout = builder.partitionedDmlTimeout;
    autoThrottleAdministrativeRequests = builder.autoThrottleAdministrativeRequests;
    defaultQueryOptions = builder.defaultQueryOptions;
    envQueryOptions = builder.getEnvironmentQueryOptions();
    if (envQueryOptions.equals(QueryOptions.getDefaultInstance())) {
      this.mergedQueryOptions = ImmutableMap.copyOf(builder.defaultQueryOptions);
    } else {
      // Merge all specific database options with the environment options.
      Map<DatabaseId, QueryOptions> merged = new HashMap<>(builder.defaultQueryOptions);
      for (Entry<DatabaseId, QueryOptions> entry : builder.defaultQueryOptions.entrySet()) {
        merged.put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue().toBuilder().mergeFrom(envQueryOptions).build());
      }
      this.mergedQueryOptions = ImmutableMap.copyOf(merged);
    }
    callCredentialsProvider = builder.callCredentialsProvider;
    asyncExecutorProvider = builder.asyncExecutorProvider;
    compressorName = builder.compressorName;
  }

  /**
   * The environment to read configuration values from. The default implementation uses environment
   * variables.
   */
  public static interface SpannerEnvironment {
    /**
     * The optimizer version to use. Must return an empty string to indicate that no value has been
     * set.
     */
    @Nonnull
    String getOptimizerVersion();
  }

  /**
   * Default implementation of {@link SpannerEnvironment}. Reads all configuration from environment
   * variables.
   */
  private static class SpannerEnvironmentImpl implements SpannerEnvironment {
    private static final SpannerEnvironmentImpl INSTANCE = new SpannerEnvironmentImpl();
    private static final String SPANNER_OPTIMIZER_VERSION_ENV_VAR = "SPANNER_OPTIMIZER_VERSION";

    private SpannerEnvironmentImpl() {}

    @Override
    public String getOptimizerVersion() {
      return MoreObjects.firstNonNull(System.getenv(SPANNER_OPTIMIZER_VERSION_ENV_VAR), "");
    }
  }

  /** Builder for {@link SpannerOptions} instances. */
  public static class Builder
      extends ServiceOptions.Builder<Spanner, SpannerOptions, SpannerOptions.Builder> {
    static final int DEFAULT_PREFETCH_CHUNKS = 4;
    static final QueryOptions DEFAULT_QUERY_OPTIONS = QueryOptions.getDefaultInstance();
    private final ImmutableSet<String> allowedClientLibTokens =
        ImmutableSet.of(
            ServiceOptions.getGoogApiClientLibName(),
            JDBC_API_CLIENT_LIB_TOKEN,
            HIBERNATE_API_CLIENT_LIB_TOKEN);
    private TransportChannelProvider channelProvider;

    @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
    private ApiFunction<ManagedChannelBuilder, ManagedChannelBuilder> channelConfigurator;

    private GrpcInterceptorProvider interceptorProvider;

    /** By default, we create 4 channels per {@link SpannerOptions} */
    private int numChannels = 4;

    private int prefetchChunks = DEFAULT_PREFETCH_CHUNKS;
    private SessionPoolOptions sessionPoolOptions;
    private ImmutableMap<String, String> sessionLabels;
    private SpannerStubSettings.Builder spannerStubSettingsBuilder =
        SpannerStubSettings.newBuilder();
    private InstanceAdminStubSettings.Builder instanceAdminStubSettingsBuilder =
        InstanceAdminStubSettings.newBuilder();
    private DatabaseAdminStubSettings.Builder databaseAdminStubSettingsBuilder =
        DatabaseAdminStubSettings.newBuilder();
    private Duration partitionedDmlTimeout = Duration.ofHours(2L);
    private boolean autoThrottleAdministrativeRequests = false;
    private Map<DatabaseId, QueryOptions> defaultQueryOptions = new HashMap<>();
    private CallCredentialsProvider callCredentialsProvider;
    private CloseableExecutorProvider asyncExecutorProvider;
    private String compressorName;
    private String emulatorHost = System.getenv("SPANNER_EMULATOR_HOST");

    private Builder() {
      // Manually set retry and polling settings that work.
      OperationTimedPollAlgorithm longRunningPollingAlgorithm =
          OperationTimedPollAlgorithm.create(
              RetrySettings.newBuilder()
                  .setInitialRpcTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(60L))
                  .setMaxRpcTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(600L))
                  .setInitialRetryDelay(Duration.ofSeconds(20L))
                  .setMaxRetryDelay(Duration.ofSeconds(45L))
                  .setRetryDelayMultiplier(1.5)
                  .setRpcTimeoutMultiplier(1.5)
                  .setTotalTimeout(Duration.ofHours(48L))
                  .build());
      databaseAdminStubSettingsBuilder
          .createDatabaseOperationSettings()
          .setPollingAlgorithm(longRunningPollingAlgorithm);
      databaseAdminStubSettingsBuilder
          .createBackupOperationSettings()
          .setPollingAlgorithm(longRunningPollingAlgorithm);
      databaseAdminStubSettingsBuilder
          .restoreDatabaseOperationSettings()
          .setPollingAlgorithm(longRunningPollingAlgorithm);
    }

    Builder(SpannerOptions options) {
      super(options);
      if (options.getHost() != null
          && this.emulatorHost != null
          && !options.getHost().equals(this.emulatorHost)) {
        this.emulatorHost = null;
      }
      this.numChannels = options.numChannels;
      this.sessionPoolOptions = options.sessionPoolOptions;
      this.prefetchChunks = options.prefetchChunks;
      this.sessionLabels = options.sessionLabels;
      this.spannerStubSettingsBuilder = options.spannerStubSettings.toBuilder();
      this.instanceAdminStubSettingsBuilder = options.instanceAdminStubSettings.toBuilder();
      this.databaseAdminStubSettingsBuilder = options.databaseAdminStubSettings.toBuilder();
      this.partitionedDmlTimeout = options.partitionedDmlTimeout;
      this.autoThrottleAdministrativeRequests = options.autoThrottleAdministrativeRequests;
      this.defaultQueryOptions = options.defaultQueryOptions;
      this.callCredentialsProvider = options.callCredentialsProvider;
      this.asyncExecutorProvider = options.asyncExecutorProvider;
      this.compressorName = options.compressorName;
      this.channelProvider = options.channelProvider;
      this.channelConfigurator = options.channelConfigurator;
      this.interceptorProvider = options.interceptorProvider;
    }

    @Override
    public Builder setTransportOptions(TransportOptions transportOptions) {
      if (!(transportOptions instanceof GrpcTransportOptions)) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
            "Only grpc transport is allowed for " + API_SHORT_NAME + ".");
      }
      return super.setTransportOptions(transportOptions);
    }

    @Override
    protected Set<String> getAllowedClientLibTokens() {
      return allowedClientLibTokens;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the {@code ChannelProvider}. {@link GapicSpannerRpc} would create a default one if none
     * is provided.
     */
    public Builder setChannelProvider(TransportChannelProvider channelProvider) {
      this.channelProvider = channelProvider;
      return this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets an {@link ApiFunction} that will be used to configure the transport channel. This will
     * only be used if no custom {@link TransportChannelProvider} has been set.
     */
    public Builder setChannelConfigurator(
        @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
            ApiFunction<ManagedChannelBuilder, ManagedChannelBuilder> channelConfigurator) {
      this.channelConfigurator = channelConfigurator;
      return this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the {@code GrpcInterceptorProvider}. {@link GapicSpannerRpc} would create a default one
     * if none is provided.
     */
    public Builder setInterceptorProvider(GrpcInterceptorProvider interceptorProvider) {
      this.interceptorProvider = interceptorProvider;
      return this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the number of gRPC channels to use. By default 4 channels are created per {@link
     * SpannerOptions}.
     */
    public Builder setNumChannels(int numChannels) {
      this.numChannels = numChannels;
      return this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the options for managing the session pool. If not specified then the default {@code
     * SessionPoolOptions} is used.
     */
    public Builder setSessionPoolOption(SessionPoolOptions sessionPoolOptions) {
      this.sessionPoolOptions = sessionPoolOptions;
      return this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the labels to add to all Sessions created in this client.
     *
     * @param sessionLabels Map from label key to label value. Label key and value cannot be null.
     *     For more information on valid syntax see <a
     *     href="https://cloud.google.com/spanner/docs/reference/rpc/google.spanner.v1#google.spanner.v1.Session">
     *     api docs </a>.
     */
    public Builder setSessionLabels(Map<String, String> sessionLabels) {
      Preconditions.checkNotNull(sessionLabels, "Session labels map cannot be null");
      for (String value : sessionLabels.values()) {
        Preconditions.checkNotNull(value, "Null values are not allowed in the labels map.");
      }
      this.sessionLabels = ImmutableMap.copyOf(sessionLabels);
      return this;
    }

    /**
     * {@link SpannerOptions.Builder} does not support global retry settings, as it creates three
     * different gRPC clients: {@link Spanner}, {@link DatabaseAdminClient} and {@link
     * InstanceAdminClient}. Instead of calling this method, you should set specific {@link
     * RetrySettings} for each of the underlying gRPC clients by calling respectively {@link
     * #getSpannerStubSettingsBuilder()}, {@link #getDatabaseAdminStubSettingsBuilder()} or {@link
     * #getInstanceAdminStubSettingsBuilder()}.
     */
    @Override
    public Builder setRetrySettings(RetrySettings retrySettings) {
      throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
          "SpannerOptions does not support setting global retry settings. "
              + "Call spannerStubSettingsBuilder().<method-name>Settings().setRetrySettings(RetrySettings) instead.");
    }

    /**
     * Returns the {@link SpannerStubSettings.Builder} that will be used to build the {@link
     * SpannerRpc}. Use this to set custom {@link RetrySettings} for individual gRPC methods.
     *
     * <p>The library will automatically use the defaults defined in {@link SpannerStubSettings} if
     * no custom settings are set. The defaults are the same as the defaults that are used by {@link
     * SpannerSettings}, and are generated from the file <a
     * href="https://github.com/googleapis/googleapis/blob/master/google/spanner/v1/spanner_gapic.yaml">spanner_gapic.yaml</a>.
     * Retries are configured for idempotent methods but not for non-idempotent methods.
     *
     * <p>You can set the same {@link RetrySettings} for all unary methods by calling this:
     *
     * <pre><code>
     * builder
     *     .getSpannerStubSettingsBuilder()
     *     .applyToAllUnaryMethods(
     *         new ApiFunction&lt;UnaryCallSettings.Builder&lt;?, ?&gt;, Void&gt;() {
     *           public Void apply(Builder&lt;?, ?&gt; input) {
     *             input.setRetrySettings(retrySettings);
     *             return null;
     *           }
     *         });
     * </code></pre>
     */
    public SpannerStubSettings.Builder getSpannerStubSettingsBuilder() {
      return spannerStubSettingsBuilder;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the {@link InstanceAdminStubSettings.Builder} that will be used to build the {@link
     * SpannerRpc}. Use this to set custom {@link RetrySettings} for individual gRPC methods.
     *
     * <p>The library will automatically use the defaults defined in {@link
     * InstanceAdminStubSettings} if no custom settings are set. The defaults are the same as the
     * defaults that are used by {@link InstanceAdminSettings}, and are generated from the file <a
     * href="https://github.com/googleapis/googleapis/blob/master/google/spanner/admin/instance/v1/spanner_admin_instance_gapic.yaml">spanner_admin_instance_gapic.yaml</a>.
     * Retries are configured for idempotent methods but not for non-idempotent methods.
     *
     * <p>You can set the same {@link RetrySettings} for all unary methods by calling this:
     *
     * <pre><code>
     * builder
     *     .getInstanceAdminStubSettingsBuilder()
     *     .applyToAllUnaryMethods(
     *         new ApiFunction&lt;UnaryCallSettings.Builder&lt;?, ?&gt;, Void&gt;() {
     *           public Void apply(Builder&lt;?, ?&gt; input) {
     *             input.setRetrySettings(retrySettings);
     *             return null;
     *           }
     *         });
     * </code></pre>
     */
    public InstanceAdminStubSettings.Builder getInstanceAdminStubSettingsBuilder() {
      return instanceAdminStubSettingsBuilder;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the {@link DatabaseAdminStubSettings.Builder} that will be used to build the {@link
     * SpannerRpc}. Use this to set custom {@link RetrySettings} for individual gRPC methods.
     *
     * <p>The library will automatically use the defaults defined in {@link
     * DatabaseAdminStubSettings} if no custom settings are set. The defaults are the same as the
     * defaults that are used by {@link DatabaseAdminSettings}, and are generated from the file <a
     * href="https://github.com/googleapis/googleapis/blob/master/google/spanner/admin/database/v1/spanner_admin_database_gapic.yaml">spanner_admin_database_gapic.yaml</a>.
     * Retries are configured for idempotent methods but not for non-idempotent methods.
     *
     * <p>You can set the same {@link RetrySettings} for all unary methods by calling this:
     *
     * <pre><code>
     * builder
     *     .getDatabaseAdminStubSettingsBuilder()
     *     .applyToAllUnaryMethods(
     *         new ApiFunction&lt;UnaryCallSettings.Builder&lt;?, ?&gt;, Void&gt;() {
     *           public Void apply(Builder&lt;?, ?&gt; input) {
     *             input.setRetrySettings(retrySettings);
     *             return null;
     *           }
     *         });
     * </code></pre>
     */
    public DatabaseAdminStubSettings.Builder getDatabaseAdminStubSettingsBuilder() {
      return databaseAdminStubSettingsBuilder;
    }

    /**
     * Sets a timeout specifically for Partitioned DML statements executed through {@link
     * DatabaseClient#executePartitionedUpdate(Statement)}. The default is 2 hours.
     */
    public Builder setPartitionedDmlTimeout(Duration timeout) {
      this.partitionedDmlTimeout = timeout;
      return this;
    }

    /**
     * Instructs the client library to automatically throttle the number of administrative requests
     * if the rate of administrative requests generated by this {@link Spanner} instance will exceed
     * the administrative limits Cloud Spanner. The default behavior is to not throttle any
     * requests. If the limit is exceeded, Cloud Spanner will return a RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED error.
     * More information on the administrative limits can be found here:
     * https://cloud.google.com/spanner/quotas#administrative_limits. Setting this option is not a
     * guarantee that the rate will never be exceeded, as this option will only throttle requests
     * coming from this client. Additional requests from other clients could still cause the limit
     * to be exceeded.
     */
    public Builder setAutoThrottleAdministrativeRequests() {
      this.autoThrottleAdministrativeRequests = true;
      return this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the default {@link QueryOptions} that will be used for all queries on the specified
     * database. Query options can also be specified on a per-query basis and as environment
     * variables. The precedence of these settings are:
     *
     * <ol>
     *   <li>Query options for a specific query
     *   <li>Environment variables
     *   <li>These default query options
     * </ol>
     *
     * Each {@link QueryOption} value that is used for a query is determined individually based on
     * the above precedence. If for example a value for {@link QueryOptions#getOptimizerVersion()}
     * is specified in an environment variable and a value for {@link
     * QueryOptions#getOptimizerStatisticsPackage()} is specified for a specific query, both values
     * will be used for the specific query. Environment variables are only read during the
     * initialization of a {@link SpannerOptions} instance. Changing an environment variable after
     * initializing a {@link SpannerOptions} instance will not have any effect on that instance.
     */
    public Builder setDefaultQueryOptions(DatabaseId database, QueryOptions defaultQueryOptions) {
      this.defaultQueryOptions.put(database, defaultQueryOptions);
      return this;
    }

    /** Gets the {@link QueryOptions} specified in the {@link SpannerEnvironment}. */
    QueryOptions getEnvironmentQueryOptions() {
      return QueryOptions.newBuilder()
          .setOptimizerVersion(environment.getOptimizerVersion())
          .build();
    }

    /**
     * Sets a {@link CallCredentialsProvider} that can deliver {@link CallCredentials} to use on a
     * per-gRPC basis. Any credentials returned by this {@link CallCredentialsProvider} will have
     * preference above any {@link Credentials} that may have been set on the {@link SpannerOptions}
     * instance.
     */
    public Builder setCallCredentialsProvider(CallCredentialsProvider callCredentialsProvider) {
      this.callCredentialsProvider = callCredentialsProvider;
      return this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the compression to use for all gRPC calls. The compressor must be a valid name known in
     * the {@link CompressorRegistry}.
     *
     * <p>Supported values are:
     *
     * <ul>
     *   <li>gzip: Enable gzip compression
     *   <li>identity: Disable compression
     *   <li><code>null</code>: Use default compression
     * </ul>
     */
    @ExperimentalApi("https://github.com/grpc/grpc-java/issues/1704")
    public Builder setCompressorName(@Nullable String compressorName) {
      Preconditions.checkArgument(
          compressorName == null
              || CompressorRegistry.getDefaultInstance().lookupCompressor(compressorName) != null,
          String.format("%s is not a known compressor", compressorName));
      this.compressorName = compressorName;
      return this;
    }

    /**
     * Specifying this will allow the client to prefetch up to {@code prefetchChunks} {@code
     * PartialResultSet} chunks for each read and query. The data size of each chunk depends on the
     * server implementation but a good rule of thumb is that each chunk will be up to 1 MiB. Larger
     * values reduce the likelihood of blocking while consuming results at the cost of greater
     * memory consumption. {@code prefetchChunks} should be greater than 0. To get good performance
     * choose a value that is large enough to allow buffering of chunks for an entire row. Apart
     * from the buffered chunks, there can be at most one more row buffered in the client. This can
     * be overriden on a per read/query basis by {@link Options#prefetchChunks()}. If unspecified,
     * we will use a default value (currently 4).
     */
    public Builder setPrefetchChunks(int prefetchChunks) {
      this.prefetchChunks = prefetchChunks;
      return this;
    }

    @Override
    public Builder setHost(String host) {
      super.setHost(host);
      // Setting a host should override any SPANNER_EMULATOR_HOST setting.
      setEmulatorHost(null);
      return this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the host of an emulator to use. By default the value is read from an environment
     * variable. If the environment variable is not set, this will be <code>null</code>.
     */
    public Builder setEmulatorHost(String emulatorHost) {
      this.emulatorHost = emulatorHost;
      return this;
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
    @Override
    public SpannerOptions build() {
      // Set the host of emulator has been set.
      if (emulatorHost != null) {
        if (!emulatorHost.startsWith("http")) {
          emulatorHost = "http://" + emulatorHost;
        }
        this.setHost(emulatorHost);
        // Channels are secure by default (via SSL/TLS). For the example we disable TLS to avoid
        // needing certificates.
        this.setChannelConfigurator(
            new ApiFunction<ManagedChannelBuilder, ManagedChannelBuilder>() {
              @Override
              public ManagedChannelBuilder apply(ManagedChannelBuilder builder) {
                return builder.usePlaintext();
              }
            });
        // As we are using plain text, we should never send any credentials.
        this.setCredentials(NoCredentials.getInstance());
      }
      return new SpannerOptions(this);
    }
  }

  /** Returns default instance of {@code SpannerOptions}. */
  public static SpannerOptions getDefaultInstance() {
    return newBuilder().build();
  }

  public static Builder newBuilder() {
    return new Builder();
  }

  /**
   * Sets the environment to use to read configuration. The default will read configuration from
   * environment variables.
   */
  public static void useEnvironment(SpannerEnvironment environment) {
    SpannerOptions.environment = environment;
  }

  /**
   * Sets the environment to use to read configuration to the default environment. This will read
   * configuration from environment variables.
   */
  public static void useDefaultEnvironment() {
    SpannerOptions.environment = SpannerEnvironmentImpl.INSTANCE;
  }

  public TransportChannelProvider getChannelProvider() {
    return channelProvider;
  }

  @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
  public ApiFunction<ManagedChannelBuilder, ManagedChannelBuilder> getChannelConfigurator() {
    return channelConfigurator;
  }

  public GrpcInterceptorProvider getInterceptorProvider() {
    return interceptorProvider;
  }

  public int getNumChannels() {
    return numChannels;
  }

  public SessionPoolOptions getSessionPoolOptions() {
    return sessionPoolOptions;
  }

  public Map<String, String> getSessionLabels() {
    return sessionLabels;
  }

  public SpannerStubSettings getSpannerStubSettings() {
    return spannerStubSettings;
  }

  public InstanceAdminStubSettings getInstanceAdminStubSettings() {
    return instanceAdminStubSettings;
  }

  public DatabaseAdminStubSettings getDatabaseAdminStubSettings() {
    return databaseAdminStubSettings;
  }

  public Duration getPartitionedDmlTimeout() {
    return partitionedDmlTimeout;
  }

  public boolean isAutoThrottleAdministrativeRequests() {
    return autoThrottleAdministrativeRequests;
  }

  public CallCredentialsProvider getCallCredentialsProvider() {
    return callCredentialsProvider;
  }

  public String getCompressorName() {
    return compressorName;
  }

  /** Returns the default query options to use for the specific database. */
  public QueryOptions getDefaultQueryOptions(DatabaseId databaseId) {
    // Use the specific query options for the database if any have been specified. These have
    // already been merged with the query options specified in the environment variables.
    QueryOptions options = this.mergedQueryOptions.get(databaseId);
    if (options == null) {
      // Use the generic environment query options. These are initialized as a default instance of
      // query options and appended with any options specified in the environment variables.
      options = this.envQueryOptions;
    }
    return options;
  }

  CloseableExecutorProvider getAsyncExecutorProvider() {
    return asyncExecutorProvider;
  }

  public int getPrefetchChunks() {
    return prefetchChunks;
  }

  public static GrpcTransportOptions getDefaultGrpcTransportOptions() {
    return GrpcTransportOptions.newBuilder().build();
  }

  @Override
  protected String getDefaultHost() {
    return DEFAULT_HOST;
  }

  private static class SpannerDefaults implements ServiceDefaults<Spanner, SpannerOptions> {

    @Override
    public SpannerFactory getDefaultServiceFactory() {
      return DefaultSpannerFactory.INSTANCE;
    }

    @Override
    public SpannerRpcFactory getDefaultRpcFactory() {
      return DefaultSpannerRpcFactory.INSTANCE;
    }

    @Override
    public TransportOptions getDefaultTransportOptions() {
      return getDefaultGrpcTransportOptions();
    }
  }

  @Override
  public Set<String> getScopes() {
    return SCOPES;
  }

  protected SpannerRpc getSpannerRpcV1() {
    return (SpannerRpc) getRpc();
  }

  /**
   * @return <code>true</code> if the cached Spanner service instance is <code>null</code> or
   *     closed. This will cause the method {@link #getService()} to create a new {@link SpannerRpc}
   *     instance when one is requested.
   */
  @Override
  protected boolean shouldRefreshService(Spanner cachedService) {
    return cachedService == null || cachedService.isClosed();
  }

  /**
   * @return <code>true</code> if the cached {@link ServiceRpc} instance is <code>null</code> or
   *     closed. This will cause the method {@link #getRpc()} to create a new {@link Spanner}
   *     instance when one is requested.
   */
  @Override
  protected boolean shouldRefreshRpc(ServiceRpc cachedRpc) {
    return cachedRpc == null || ((SpannerRpc) cachedRpc).isClosed();
  }

  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  @Override
  public Builder toBuilder() {
    return new Builder(this);
  }

  public String getEndpoint() {
    URL url;
    try {
      url = new URL(getHost());
    } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid host: " + getHost(), e);
    }
    return String.format(
        "%s:%s", url.getHost(), url.getPort() < 0 ? url.getDefaultPort() : url.getPort());
  }
}