models.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Copyright 2020 Google LLC
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
#
import pathlib
import proto
import shutil
import tempfile
from typing import Dict, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union

from google.api_core import operation
from google.api_core import exceptions as api_exceptions
from google.auth import credentials as auth_credentials

from google.cloud import aiplatform
from google.cloud.aiplatform import base
from google.cloud.aiplatform import explain
from google.cloud.aiplatform import initializer
from google.cloud.aiplatform import jobs
from google.cloud.aiplatform import models
from google.cloud.aiplatform import utils

from google.cloud.aiplatform.compat.services import endpoint_service_client

from google.cloud.aiplatform.compat.types import (
    encryption_spec as gca_encryption_spec,
    endpoint as gca_endpoint_compat,
    endpoint_v1 as gca_endpoint_v1,
    explanation as gca_explanation_compat,
    io as gca_io_compat,
    machine_resources as gca_machine_resources_compat,
    model as gca_model_compat,
    model_service as gca_model_service_compat,
    env_var as gca_env_var_compat,
)

from google.protobuf import json_format


_LOGGER = base.Logger(__name__)


_SUPPORTED_MODEL_FILE_NAMES = [
    "model.pkl",
    "model.joblib",
    "model.bst",
    "saved_model.pb",
    "saved_model.pbtxt",
]


class Prediction(NamedTuple):
    """Prediction class envelopes returned Model predictions and the Model id.

    Attributes:
        predictions:
            The predictions that are the output of the predictions
            call. The schema of any single prediction may be specified via
            Endpoint's DeployedModels' [Model's][google.cloud.aiplatform.v1beta1.DeployedModel.model]
            [PredictSchemata's][google.cloud.aiplatform.v1beta1.Model.predict_schemata]
        deployed_model_id:
            ID of the Endpoint's DeployedModel that served this prediction.
        explanations:
            The explanations of the Model's predictions. It has the same number
            of elements as instances to be explained. Default is None.
    """

    predictions: Dict[str, List]
    deployed_model_id: str
    explanations: Optional[Sequence[gca_explanation_compat.Explanation]] = None


class Endpoint(base.VertexAiResourceNounWithFutureManager):

    client_class = utils.EndpointClientWithOverride
    _is_client_prediction_client = False
    _resource_noun = "endpoints"
    _getter_method = "get_endpoint"
    _list_method = "list_endpoints"
    _delete_method = "delete_endpoint"

    def __init__(
        self,
        endpoint_name: str,
        project: Optional[str] = None,
        location: Optional[str] = None,
        credentials: Optional[auth_credentials.Credentials] = None,
    ):
        """Retrieves an endpoint resource.

        Args:
            endpoint_name (str):
                Required. A fully-qualified endpoint resource name or endpoint ID.
                Example: "projects/123/locations/us-central1/endpoints/456" or
                "456" when project and location are initialized or passed.
            project (str):
                Optional. Project to retrieve endpoint from. If not set, project
                set in aiplatform.init will be used.
            location (str):
                Optional. Location to retrieve endpoint from. If not set, location
                set in aiplatform.init will be used.
            credentials (auth_credentials.Credentials):
                Optional. Custom credentials to use to upload this model. Overrides
                credentials set in aiplatform.init.
        """

        super().__init__(
            project=project,
            location=location,
            credentials=credentials,
            resource_name=endpoint_name,
        )

        endpoint_name = utils.full_resource_name(
            resource_name=endpoint_name,
            resource_noun="endpoints",
            project=project,
            location=location,
        )

        # Lazy load the Endpoint gca_resource until needed
        self._gca_resource = gca_endpoint_compat.Endpoint(name=endpoint_name)

        self._prediction_client = self._instantiate_prediction_client(
            location=self.location, credentials=credentials,
        )

    def _skipped_getter_call(self) -> bool:
        """Check if GAPIC resource was populated by call to get/list API methods

        Returns False if `_gca_resource` is None or fully populated. Returns True
        if `_gca_resource` is partially populated
        """
        return self._gca_resource and not self._gca_resource.create_time

    def _sync_gca_resource_if_skipped(self) -> None:
        """Sync GAPIC service representation of Endpoint class resource only if
        get_endpoint() was never called."""
        if self._skipped_getter_call():
            self._gca_resource = self._get_gca_resource(
                resource_name=self._gca_resource.name
            )

    def _assert_gca_resource_is_available(self) -> None:
        """Ensures Endpoint getter was called at least once before
        asserting on gca_resource's availability."""
        super()._assert_gca_resource_is_available()
        self._sync_gca_resource_if_skipped()

    @property
    def traffic_split(self) -> Dict[str, int]:
        """A map from a DeployedModel's ID to the percentage of this Endpoint's
        traffic that should be forwarded to that DeployedModel.

        If a DeployedModel's ID is not listed in this map, then it receives no traffic.

        The traffic percentage values must add up to 100, or map must be empty if
        the Endpoint is to not accept any traffic at a moment.
        """
        self._sync_gca_resource()
        return dict(self._gca_resource.traffic_split)

    @property
    def network(self) -> Optional[str]:
        """The full name of the Google Compute Engine
        [network](https://cloud.google.com/vpc/docs/vpc#networks) to which this
        Endpoint should be peered.

        Takes the format `projects/{project}/global/networks/{network}`. Where
        {project} is a project number, as in `12345`, and {network} is a network name.

        Private services access must already be configured for the network. If left
        unspecified, the Endpoint is not peered with any network.
        """
        self._assert_gca_resource_is_available()
        return getattr(self._gca_resource, "network", None)

    @classmethod
    def create(
        cls,
        display_name: str,
        description: Optional[str] = None,
        labels: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
        metadata: Optional[Sequence[Tuple[str, str]]] = (),
        project: Optional[str] = None,
        location: Optional[str] = None,
        credentials: Optional[auth_credentials.Credentials] = None,
        encryption_spec_key_name: Optional[str] = None,
        sync=True,
    ) -> "Endpoint":
        """Creates a new endpoint.

        Args:
            display_name (str):
                Required. The user-defined name of the Endpoint.
                The name can be up to 128 characters long and can be consist
                of any UTF-8 characters.
            project (str):
                Required. Project to retrieve endpoint from. If not set, project
                set in aiplatform.init will be used.
            location (str):
                Required. Location to retrieve endpoint from. If not set, location
                set in aiplatform.init will be used.
            description (str):
                Optional. The description of the Endpoint.
            labels (Dict[str, str]):
                Optional. The labels with user-defined metadata to
                organize your Endpoints.
                Label keys and values can be no longer than 64
                characters (Unicode codepoints), can only
                contain lowercase letters, numeric characters,
                underscores and dashes. International characters
                are allowed.
                See https://goo.gl/xmQnxf for more information
                and examples of labels.
            metadata (Sequence[Tuple[str, str]]):
                Optional. Strings which should be sent along with the request as
                metadata.
            credentials (auth_credentials.Credentials):
                Optional. Custom credentials to use to upload this model. Overrides
                credentials set in aiplatform.init.
            encryption_spec_key_name (Optional[str]):
                Optional. The Cloud KMS resource identifier of the customer
                managed encryption key used to protect the model. Has the
                form:
                ``projects/my-project/locations/my-region/keyRings/my-kr/cryptoKeys/my-key``.
                The key needs to be in the same region as where the compute
                resource is created.

                If set, this Endpoint and all sub-resources of this Endpoint will be secured by this key.

                Overrides encryption_spec_key_name set in aiplatform.init.
            sync (bool):
                Whether to execute this method synchronously. If False, this method
                will be executed in concurrent Future and any downstream object will
                be immediately returned and synced when the Future has completed.
        Returns:
            endpoint (endpoint.Endpoint):
                Created endpoint.
        """

        api_client = cls._instantiate_client(location=location, credentials=credentials)

        utils.validate_display_name(display_name)
        if labels:
            utils.validate_labels(labels)

        project = project or initializer.global_config.project
        location = location or initializer.global_config.location

        return cls._create(
            api_client=api_client,
            display_name=display_name,
            project=project,
            location=location,
            description=description,
            labels=labels,
            metadata=metadata,
            credentials=credentials,
            encryption_spec=initializer.global_config.get_encryption_spec(
                encryption_spec_key_name=encryption_spec_key_name
            ),
            sync=sync,
        )

    @classmethod
    @base.optional_sync()
    def _create(
        cls,
        api_client: endpoint_service_client.EndpointServiceClient,
        display_name: str,
        project: str,
        location: str,
        description: Optional[str] = None,
        labels: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
        metadata: Optional[Sequence[Tuple[str, str]]] = (),
        credentials: Optional[auth_credentials.Credentials] = None,
        encryption_spec: Optional[gca_encryption_spec.EncryptionSpec] = None,
        sync=True,
    ) -> "Endpoint":
        """Creates a new endpoint by calling the API client.

        Args:
            api_client (EndpointServiceClient):
                Required. An instance of EndpointServiceClient with the correct
                api_endpoint already set based on user's preferences.
            display_name (str):
                Required. The user-defined name of the Endpoint.
                The name can be up to 128 characters long and can be consist
                of any UTF-8 characters.
            project (str):
                Required. Project to retrieve endpoint from. If not set, project
                set in aiplatform.init will be used.
            location (str):
                Required. Location to retrieve endpoint from. If not set, location
                set in aiplatform.init will be used.
            description (str):
                Optional. The description of the Endpoint.
            labels (Dict[str, str]):
                Optional. The labels with user-defined metadata to
                organize your Endpoints.
                Label keys and values can be no longer than 64
                characters (Unicode codepoints), can only
                contain lowercase letters, numeric characters,
                underscores and dashes. International characters
                are allowed.
                See https://goo.gl/xmQnxf for more information
                and examples of labels.
            metadata (Sequence[Tuple[str, str]]):
                Optional. Strings which should be sent along with the request as
                metadata.
            credentials (auth_credentials.Credentials):
                Optional. Custom credentials to use to upload this model. Overrides
                credentials set in aiplatform.init.
            encryption_spec (Optional[gca_encryption_spec.EncryptionSpec]):
                Optional. The Cloud KMS customer managed encryption key used to protect the dataset.
                The key needs to be in the same region as where the compute
                resource is created.

                If set, this Dataset and all sub-resources of this Dataset will be secured by this key.
            sync (bool):
                Whether to create this endpoint synchronously.
        Returns:
            endpoint (endpoint.Endpoint):
                Created endpoint.
        """

        parent = initializer.global_config.common_location_path(
            project=project, location=location
        )

        gapic_endpoint = gca_endpoint_compat.Endpoint(
            display_name=display_name,
            description=description,
            labels=labels,
            encryption_spec=encryption_spec,
        )

        operation_future = api_client.create_endpoint(
            parent=parent, endpoint=gapic_endpoint, metadata=metadata
        )

        _LOGGER.log_create_with_lro(cls, operation_future)

        created_endpoint = operation_future.result()

        _LOGGER.log_create_complete(cls, created_endpoint, "endpoint")

        return cls._construct_sdk_resource_from_gapic(
            gapic_resource=created_endpoint,
            project=project,
            location=location,
            credentials=credentials,
        )

    @classmethod
    def _construct_sdk_resource_from_gapic(
        cls,
        gapic_resource: proto.Message,
        project: Optional[str] = None,
        location: Optional[str] = None,
        credentials: Optional[auth_credentials.Credentials] = None,
    ) -> "Endpoint":
        """Given a GAPIC Endpoint object, return the SDK representation.

        Args:
            gapic_resource (proto.Message):
                A GAPIC representation of a Endpoint resource, usually
                retrieved by a get_* or in a list_* API call.
            project (str):
                Optional. Project to construct Endpoint object from. If not set,
                project set in aiplatform.init will be used.
            location (str):
                Optional. Location to construct Endpoint object from. If not set,
                location set in aiplatform.init will be used.
            credentials (auth_credentials.Credentials):
                Optional. Custom credentials to use to construct Endpoint.
                Overrides credentials set in aiplatform.init.

        Returns:
            Endpoint:
                An initialized Endpoint resource.
        """
        endpoint = cls._empty_constructor(
            project=project, location=location, credentials=credentials
        )

        endpoint._gca_resource = gapic_resource

        endpoint._prediction_client = cls._instantiate_prediction_client(
            location=endpoint.location, credentials=credentials,
        )

        return endpoint

    @staticmethod
    def _allocate_traffic(
        traffic_split: Dict[str, int], traffic_percentage: int,
    ) -> Dict[str, int]:
        """Allocates desired traffic to new deployed model and scales traffic
        of older deployed models.

        Args:
            traffic_split (Dict[str, int]):
                Required. Current traffic split of deployed models in endpoint.
            traffic_percentage (int):
                Required. Desired traffic to new deployed model.
        Returns:
            new_traffic_split (Dict[str, int]):
                Traffic split to use.
        """
        new_traffic_split = {}
        old_models_traffic = 100 - traffic_percentage
        if old_models_traffic:
            unallocated_traffic = old_models_traffic
            for deployed_model in traffic_split:
                current_traffic = traffic_split[deployed_model]
                new_traffic = int(current_traffic / 100 * old_models_traffic)
                new_traffic_split[deployed_model] = new_traffic
                unallocated_traffic -= new_traffic
            # will likely under-allocate. make total 100.
            for deployed_model in new_traffic_split:
                if unallocated_traffic == 0:
                    break
                new_traffic_split[deployed_model] += 1
                unallocated_traffic -= 1

        new_traffic_split["0"] = traffic_percentage

        return new_traffic_split

    @staticmethod
    def _unallocate_traffic(
        traffic_split: Dict[str, int], deployed_model_id: str,
    ) -> Dict[str, int]:
        """Sets deployed model id's traffic to 0 and scales the traffic of
        other deployed models.

        Args:
            traffic_split (Dict[str, int]):
                Required. Current traffic split of deployed models in endpoint.
            deployed_model_id (str):
                Required. Desired traffic to new deployed model.
        Returns:
            new_traffic_split (Dict[str, int]):
                Traffic split to use.
        """
        new_traffic_split = traffic_split.copy()
        del new_traffic_split[deployed_model_id]
        deployed_model_id_traffic = traffic_split[deployed_model_id]
        traffic_percent_left = 100 - deployed_model_id_traffic

        if traffic_percent_left:
            unallocated_traffic = 100
            for deployed_model in new_traffic_split:
                current_traffic = traffic_split[deployed_model]
                new_traffic = int(current_traffic / traffic_percent_left * 100)
                new_traffic_split[deployed_model] = new_traffic
                unallocated_traffic -= new_traffic
            # will likely under-allocate. make total 100.
            for deployed_model in new_traffic_split:
                if unallocated_traffic == 0:
                    break
                new_traffic_split[deployed_model] += 1
                unallocated_traffic -= 1

        new_traffic_split[deployed_model_id] = 0

        return new_traffic_split

    @staticmethod
    def _validate_deploy_args(
        min_replica_count: int,
        max_replica_count: int,
        accelerator_type: Optional[str],
        deployed_model_display_name: Optional[str],
        traffic_split: Optional[Dict[str, int]],
        traffic_percentage: int,
        explanation_metadata: Optional[explain.ExplanationMetadata] = None,
        explanation_parameters: Optional[explain.ExplanationParameters] = None,
    ):
        """Helper method to validate deploy arguments.

        Args:
            min_replica_count (int):
                Required. The minimum number of machine replicas this deployed
                model will be always deployed on. If traffic against it increases,
                it may dynamically be deployed onto more replicas, and as traffic
                decreases, some of these extra replicas may be freed.
            max_replica_count (int):
                Required. The maximum number of replicas this deployed model may
                be deployed on when the traffic against it increases. If requested
                value is too large, the deployment will error, but if deployment
                succeeds then the ability to scale the model to that many replicas
                is guaranteed (barring service outages). If traffic against the
                deployed model increases beyond what its replicas at maximum may
                handle, a portion of the traffic will be dropped. If this value
                is not provided, the larger value of min_replica_count or 1 will
                be used. If value provided is smaller than min_replica_count, it
                will automatically be increased to be min_replica_count.
            accelerator_type (str):
                Required. Hardware accelerator type. One of ACCELERATOR_TYPE_UNSPECIFIED,
                NVIDIA_TESLA_K80, NVIDIA_TESLA_P100, NVIDIA_TESLA_V100, NVIDIA_TESLA_P4,
                NVIDIA_TESLA_T4
            deployed_model_display_name (str):
                Required. The display name of the DeployedModel. If not provided
                upon creation, the Model's display_name is used.
            traffic_split (Dict[str, int]):
                Required. A map from a DeployedModel's ID to the percentage of
                this Endpoint's traffic that should be forwarded to that DeployedModel.
                If a DeployedModel's ID is not listed in this map, then it receives
                no traffic. The traffic percentage values must add up to 100, or
                map must be empty if the Endpoint is to not accept any traffic at
                the moment. Key for model being deployed is "0". Should not be
                provided if traffic_percentage is provided.
            traffic_percentage (int):
                Required. Desired traffic to newly deployed model. Defaults to
                0 if there are pre-existing deployed models. Defaults to 100 if
                there are no pre-existing deployed models. Negative values should
                not be provided. Traffic of previously deployed models at the endpoint
                will be scaled down to accommodate new deployed model's traffic.
                Should not be provided if traffic_split is provided.
            explanation_metadata (explain.ExplanationMetadata):
                Optional. Metadata describing the Model's input and output for explanation.
                Both `explanation_metadata` and `explanation_parameters` must be
                passed together when used. For more details, see
                `Ref docs <http://tinyurl.com/1igh60kt>`
            explanation_parameters (explain.ExplanationParameters):
                Optional. Parameters to configure explaining for Model's predictions.
                For more details, see `Ref docs <http://tinyurl.com/1an4zake>`

        Raises:
            ValueError: if Min or Max replica is negative. Traffic percentage > 100 or
                < 0. Or if traffic_split does not sum to 100.

            ValueError: if either explanation_metadata or explanation_parameters
                but not both are specified.
        """
        if min_replica_count < 0:
            raise ValueError("Min replica cannot be negative.")
        if max_replica_count < 0:
            raise ValueError("Max replica cannot be negative.")
        if deployed_model_display_name is not None:
            utils.validate_display_name(deployed_model_display_name)

        if traffic_split is None:
            if traffic_percentage > 100:
                raise ValueError("Traffic percentage cannot be greater than 100.")
            if traffic_percentage < 0:
                raise ValueError("Traffic percentage cannot be negative.")

        elif traffic_split:
            # TODO(b/172678233) verify every referenced deployed model exists
            if sum(traffic_split.values()) != 100:
                raise ValueError(
                    "Sum of all traffic within traffic split needs to be 100."
                )

        if bool(explanation_metadata) != bool(explanation_parameters):
            raise ValueError(
                "Both `explanation_metadata` and `explanation_parameters` should be specified or None."
            )

        # Raises ValueError if invalid accelerator
        if accelerator_type:
            utils.validate_accelerator_type(accelerator_type)

    def deploy(
        self,
        model: "Model",
        deployed_model_display_name: Optional[str] = None,
        traffic_percentage: int = 0,
        traffic_split: Optional[Dict[str, int]] = None,
        machine_type: Optional[str] = None,
        min_replica_count: int = 1,
        max_replica_count: int = 1,
        accelerator_type: Optional[str] = None,
        accelerator_count: Optional[int] = None,
        service_account: Optional[str] = None,
        explanation_metadata: Optional[explain.ExplanationMetadata] = None,
        explanation_parameters: Optional[explain.ExplanationParameters] = None,
        metadata: Optional[Sequence[Tuple[str, str]]] = (),
        sync=True,
    ) -> None:
        """Deploys a Model to the Endpoint.

        Args:
            model (aiplatform.Model):
                Required. Model to be deployed.
            deployed_model_display_name (str):
                Optional. The display name of the DeployedModel. If not provided
                upon creation, the Model's display_name is used.
            traffic_percentage (int):
                Optional. Desired traffic to newly deployed model. Defaults to
                0 if there are pre-existing deployed models. Defaults to 100 if
                there are no pre-existing deployed models. Negative values should
                not be provided. Traffic of previously deployed models at the endpoint
                will be scaled down to accommodate new deployed model's traffic.
                Should not be provided if traffic_split is provided.
            traffic_split (Dict[str, int]):
                Optional. A map from a DeployedModel's ID to the percentage of
                this Endpoint's traffic that should be forwarded to that DeployedModel.
                If a DeployedModel's ID is not listed in this map, then it receives
                no traffic. The traffic percentage values must add up to 100, or
                map must be empty if the Endpoint is to not accept any traffic at
                the moment. Key for model being deployed is "0". Should not be
                provided if traffic_percentage is provided.
            machine_type (str):
                Optional. The type of machine. Not specifying machine type will
                result in model to be deployed with automatic resources.
            min_replica_count (int):
                Optional. The minimum number of machine replicas this deployed
                model will be always deployed on. If traffic against it increases,
                it may dynamically be deployed onto more replicas, and as traffic
                decreases, some of these extra replicas may be freed.
            max_replica_count (int):
                Optional. The maximum number of replicas this deployed model may
                be deployed on when the traffic against it increases. If requested
                value is too large, the deployment will error, but if deployment
                succeeds then the ability to scale the model to that many replicas
                is guaranteed (barring service outages). If traffic against the
                deployed model increases beyond what its replicas at maximum may
                handle, a portion of the traffic will be dropped. If this value
                is not provided, the larger value of min_replica_count or 1 will
                be used. If value provided is smaller than min_replica_count, it
                will automatically be increased to be min_replica_count.
            accelerator_type (str):
                Optional. Hardware accelerator type. Must also set accelerator_count if used.
                One of ACCELERATOR_TYPE_UNSPECIFIED, NVIDIA_TESLA_K80, NVIDIA_TESLA_P100,
                NVIDIA_TESLA_V100, NVIDIA_TESLA_P4, NVIDIA_TESLA_T4
            accelerator_count (int):
                Optional. The number of accelerators to attach to a worker replica.
            service_account (str):
                The service account that the DeployedModel's container runs as. Specify the
                email address of the service account. If this service account is not
                specified, the container runs as a service account that doesn't have access
                to the resource project.
                Users deploying the Model must have the `iam.serviceAccounts.actAs`
                permission on this service account.
            explanation_metadata (explain.ExplanationMetadata):
                Optional. Metadata describing the Model's input and output for explanation.
                Both `explanation_metadata` and `explanation_parameters` must be
                passed together when used. For more details, see
                `Ref docs <http://tinyurl.com/1igh60kt>`
            explanation_parameters (explain.ExplanationParameters):
                Optional. Parameters to configure explaining for Model's predictions.
                For more details, see `Ref docs <http://tinyurl.com/1an4zake>`
            metadata (Sequence[Tuple[str, str]]):
                Optional. Strings which should be sent along with the request as
                metadata.
            sync (bool):
                Whether to execute this method synchronously. If False, this method
                will be executed in concurrent Future and any downstream object will
                be immediately returned and synced when the Future has completed.
        """
        self._sync_gca_resource_if_skipped()

        self._validate_deploy_args(
            min_replica_count,
            max_replica_count,
            accelerator_type,
            deployed_model_display_name,
            traffic_split,
            traffic_percentage,
            explanation_metadata,
            explanation_parameters,
        )

        self._deploy(
            model=model,
            deployed_model_display_name=deployed_model_display_name,
            traffic_percentage=traffic_percentage,
            traffic_split=traffic_split,
            machine_type=machine_type,
            min_replica_count=min_replica_count,
            max_replica_count=max_replica_count,
            accelerator_type=accelerator_type,
            accelerator_count=accelerator_count,
            service_account=service_account,
            explanation_metadata=explanation_metadata,
            explanation_parameters=explanation_parameters,
            metadata=metadata,
            sync=sync,
        )

    @base.optional_sync()
    def _deploy(
        self,
        model: "Model",
        deployed_model_display_name: Optional[str] = None,
        traffic_percentage: Optional[int] = 0,
        traffic_split: Optional[Dict[str, int]] = None,
        machine_type: Optional[str] = None,
        min_replica_count: int = 1,
        max_replica_count: int = 1,
        accelerator_type: Optional[str] = None,
        accelerator_count: Optional[int] = None,
        service_account: Optional[str] = None,
        explanation_metadata: Optional[explain.ExplanationMetadata] = None,
        explanation_parameters: Optional[explain.ExplanationParameters] = None,
        metadata: Optional[Sequence[Tuple[str, str]]] = (),
        sync=True,
    ) -> None:
        """Deploys a Model to the Endpoint.

        Args:
            model (aiplatform.Model):
                Required. Model to be deployed.
            deployed_model_display_name (str):
                Optional. The display name of the DeployedModel. If not provided
                upon creation, the Model's display_name is used.
            traffic_percentage (int):
                Optional. Desired traffic to newly deployed model. Defaults to
                0 if there are pre-existing deployed models. Defaults to 100 if
                there are no pre-existing deployed models. Negative values should
                not be provided. Traffic of previously deployed models at the endpoint
                will be scaled down to accommodate new deployed model's traffic.
                Should not be provided if traffic_split is provided.
            traffic_split (Dict[str, int]):
                Optional. A map from a DeployedModel's ID to the percentage of
                this Endpoint's traffic that should be forwarded to that DeployedModel.
                If a DeployedModel's ID is not listed in this map, then it receives
                no traffic. The traffic percentage values must add up to 100, or
                map must be empty if the Endpoint is to not accept any traffic at
                the moment. Key for model being deployed is "0". Should not be
                provided if traffic_percentage is provided.
            machine_type (str):
                Optional. The type of machine. Not specifying machine type will
                result in model to be deployed with automatic resources.
            min_replica_count (int):
                Optional. The minimum number of machine replicas this deployed
                model will be always deployed on. If traffic against it increases,
                it may dynamically be deployed onto more replicas, and as traffic
                decreases, some of these extra replicas may be freed.
            max_replica_count (int):
                Optional. The maximum number of replicas this deployed model may
                be deployed on when the traffic against it increases. If requested
                value is too large, the deployment will error, but if deployment
                succeeds then the ability to scale the model to that many replicas
                is guaranteed (barring service outages). If traffic against the
                deployed model increases beyond what its replicas at maximum may
                handle, a portion of the traffic will be dropped. If this value
                is not provided, the larger value of min_replica_count or 1 will
                be used. If value provided is smaller than min_replica_count, it
                will automatically be increased to be min_replica_count.
            accelerator_type (str):
                Optional. Hardware accelerator type. Must also set accelerator_count if used.
                One of ACCELERATOR_TYPE_UNSPECIFIED, NVIDIA_TESLA_K80, NVIDIA_TESLA_P100,
                NVIDIA_TESLA_V100, NVIDIA_TESLA_P4, NVIDIA_TESLA_T4
            accelerator_count (int):
                Optional. The number of accelerators to attach to a worker replica.
            service_account (str):
                The service account that the DeployedModel's container runs as. Specify the
                email address of the service account. If this service account is not
                specified, the container runs as a service account that doesn't have access
                to the resource project.
                Users deploying the Model must have the `iam.serviceAccounts.actAs`
                permission on this service account.
            explanation_metadata (explain.ExplanationMetadata):
                Optional. Metadata describing the Model's input and output for explanation.
                Both `explanation_metadata` and `explanation_parameters` must be
                passed together when used. For more details, see
                `Ref docs <http://tinyurl.com/1igh60kt>`
            explanation_parameters (explain.ExplanationParameters):
                Optional. Parameters to configure explaining for Model's predictions.
                For more details, see `Ref docs <http://tinyurl.com/1an4zake>`
            metadata (Sequence[Tuple[str, str]]):
                Optional. Strings which should be sent along with the request as
                metadata.
            sync (bool):
                Whether to execute this method synchronously. If False, this method
                will be executed in concurrent Future and any downstream object will
                be immediately returned and synced when the Future has completed.
        Raises:
            ValueError if there is not current traffic split and traffic percentage
            is not 0 or 100.
        """
        _LOGGER.log_action_start_against_resource(
            f"Deploying Model {model.resource_name} to", "", self
        )

        self._deploy_call(
            self.api_client,
            self.resource_name,
            model.resource_name,
            self._gca_resource.traffic_split,
            deployed_model_display_name=deployed_model_display_name,
            traffic_percentage=traffic_percentage,
            traffic_split=traffic_split,
            machine_type=machine_type,
            min_replica_count=min_replica_count,
            max_replica_count=max_replica_count,
            accelerator_type=accelerator_type,
            accelerator_count=accelerator_count,
            service_account=service_account,
            explanation_metadata=explanation_metadata,
            explanation_parameters=explanation_parameters,
            metadata=metadata,
        )

        _LOGGER.log_action_completed_against_resource("model", "deployed", self)

        self._sync_gca_resource()

    @classmethod
    def _deploy_call(
        cls,
        api_client: endpoint_service_client.EndpointServiceClient,
        endpoint_resource_name: str,
        model_resource_name: str,
        endpoint_resource_traffic_split: Optional[proto.MapField] = None,
        deployed_model_display_name: Optional[str] = None,
        traffic_percentage: Optional[int] = 0,
        traffic_split: Optional[Dict[str, int]] = None,
        machine_type: Optional[str] = None,
        min_replica_count: int = 1,
        max_replica_count: int = 1,
        accelerator_type: Optional[str] = None,
        accelerator_count: Optional[int] = None,
        service_account: Optional[str] = None,
        explanation_metadata: Optional[explain.ExplanationMetadata] = None,
        explanation_parameters: Optional[explain.ExplanationParameters] = None,
        metadata: Optional[Sequence[Tuple[str, str]]] = (),
    ):
        """Helper method to deploy model to endpoint.

        Args:
            api_client (endpoint_service_client.EndpointServiceClient):
                Required. endpoint_service_client.EndpointServiceClient to make call.
            endpoint_resource_name (str):
                Required. Endpoint resource name to deploy model to.
            model_resource_name (str):
                Required. Model resource name of Model to deploy.
            endpoint_resource_traffic_split (proto.MapField):
                Optional. Endpoint current resource traffic split.
            deployed_model_display_name (str):
                Optional. The display name of the DeployedModel. If not provided
                upon creation, the Model's display_name is used.
            traffic_percentage (int):
                Optional. Desired traffic to newly deployed model. Defaults to
                0 if there are pre-existing deployed models. Defaults to 100 if
                there are no pre-existing deployed models. Negative values should
                not be provided. Traffic of previously deployed models at the endpoint
                will be scaled down to accommodate new deployed model's traffic.
                Should not be provided if traffic_split is provided.
            traffic_split (Dict[str, int]):
                Optional. A map from a DeployedModel's ID to the percentage of
                this Endpoint's traffic that should be forwarded to that DeployedModel.
                If a DeployedModel's ID is not listed in this map, then it receives
                no traffic. The traffic percentage values must add up to 100, or
                map must be empty if the Endpoint is to not accept any traffic at
                the moment. Key for model being deployed is "0". Should not be
                provided if traffic_percentage is provided.
            machine_type (str):
                Optional. The type of machine. Not specifying machine type will
                result in model to be deployed with automatic resources.
            min_replica_count (int):
                Optional. The minimum number of machine replicas this deployed
                model will be always deployed on. If traffic against it increases,
                it may dynamically be deployed onto more replicas, and as traffic
                decreases, some of these extra replicas may be freed.
            max_replica_count (int):
                Optional. The maximum number of replicas this deployed model may
                be deployed on when the traffic against it increases. If requested
                value is too large, the deployment will error, but if deployment
                succeeds then the ability to scale the model to that many replicas
                is guaranteed (barring service outages). If traffic against the
                deployed model increases beyond what its replicas at maximum may
                handle, a portion of the traffic will be dropped. If this value
                is not provided, the larger value of min_replica_count or 1 will
                be used. If value provided is smaller than min_replica_count, it
                will automatically be increased to be min_replica_count.
            service_account (str):
                The service account that the DeployedModel's container runs as. Specify the
                email address of the service account. If this service account is not
                specified, the container runs as a service account that doesn't have access
                to the resource project.
                Users deploying the Model must have the `iam.serviceAccounts.actAs`
                permission on this service account.
            explanation_metadata (explain.ExplanationMetadata):
                Optional. Metadata describing the Model's input and output for explanation.
                Both `explanation_metadata` and `explanation_parameters` must be
                passed together when used. For more details, see
                `Ref docs <http://tinyurl.com/1igh60kt>`
            explanation_parameters (explain.ExplanationParameters):
                Optional. Parameters to configure explaining for Model's predictions.
                For more details, see `Ref docs <http://tinyurl.com/1an4zake>`
            metadata (Sequence[Tuple[str, str]]):
                Optional. Strings which should be sent along with the request as
                metadata.
            sync (bool):
                Whether to execute this method synchronously. If False, this method
                will be executed in concurrent Future and any downstream object will
                be immediately returned and synced when the Future has completed.
        Raises:
            ValueError: If there is not current traffic split and traffic percentage
                is not 0 or 100.
            ValueError: If only `explanation_metadata` or `explanation_parameters`
                is specified.
        """

        max_replica_count = max(min_replica_count, max_replica_count)

        if bool(accelerator_type) != bool(accelerator_count):
            raise ValueError(
                "Both `accelerator_type` and `accelerator_count` should be specified or None."
            )

        deployed_model = gca_endpoint_compat.DeployedModel(
            model=model_resource_name,
            display_name=deployed_model_display_name,
            service_account=service_account,
        )

        if machine_type:
            machine_spec = gca_machine_resources_compat.MachineSpec(
                machine_type=machine_type
            )

            if accelerator_type and accelerator_count:
                utils.validate_accelerator_type(accelerator_type)
                machine_spec.accelerator_type = accelerator_type
                machine_spec.accelerator_count = accelerator_count

            deployed_model.dedicated_resources = gca_machine_resources_compat.DedicatedResources(
                machine_spec=machine_spec,
                min_replica_count=min_replica_count,
                max_replica_count=max_replica_count,
            )

        else:
            deployed_model.automatic_resources = gca_machine_resources_compat.AutomaticResources(
                min_replica_count=min_replica_count,
                max_replica_count=max_replica_count,
            )

        # Service will throw error if both metadata and parameters are not provided
        if explanation_metadata and explanation_parameters:
            explanation_spec = gca_endpoint_compat.explanation.ExplanationSpec()
            explanation_spec.metadata = explanation_metadata
            explanation_spec.parameters = explanation_parameters
            deployed_model.explanation_spec = explanation_spec

        if traffic_split is None:
            # new model traffic needs to be 100 if no pre-existing models
            if not endpoint_resource_traffic_split:
                # default scenario
                if traffic_percentage == 0:
                    traffic_percentage = 100
                # verify user specified 100
                elif traffic_percentage < 100:
                    raise ValueError(
                        """There are currently no deployed models so the traffic
                        percentage for this deployed model needs to be 100."""
                    )
            traffic_split = cls._allocate_traffic(
                traffic_split=dict(endpoint_resource_traffic_split),
                traffic_percentage=traffic_percentage,
            )

        operation_future = api_client.deploy_model(
            endpoint=endpoint_resource_name,
            deployed_model=deployed_model,
            traffic_split=traffic_split,
            metadata=metadata,
        )

        _LOGGER.log_action_started_against_resource_with_lro(
            "Deploy", "model", cls, operation_future
        )

        operation_future.result()

    def undeploy(
        self,
        deployed_model_id: str,
        traffic_split: Optional[Dict[str, int]] = None,
        metadata: Optional[Sequence[Tuple[str, str]]] = (),
        sync=True,
    ) -> None:
        """Undeploys a deployed model.

        Proportionally adjusts the traffic_split among the remaining deployed
        models of the endpoint.

        Args:
            deployed_model_id (str):
                Required. The ID of the DeployedModel to be undeployed from the
                Endpoint.
            traffic_split (Dict[str, int]):
                Optional. A map from a DeployedModel's ID to the percentage of
                this Endpoint's traffic that should be forwarded to that DeployedModel.
                If a DeployedModel's ID is not listed in this map, then it receives
                no traffic. The traffic percentage values must add up to 100, or
                map must be empty if the Endpoint is to not accept any traffic at
                the moment. Key for model being deployed is "0". Should not be
                provided if traffic_percentage is provided.
            metadata (Sequence[Tuple[str, str]]):
                Optional. Strings which should be sent along with the request as
                metadata.
        """
        self._sync_gca_resource_if_skipped()

        if traffic_split is not None:
            if deployed_model_id in traffic_split and traffic_split[deployed_model_id]:
                raise ValueError("Model being undeployed should have 0 traffic.")
            if sum(traffic_split.values()) != 100:
                raise ValueError(
                    "Sum of all traffic within traffic split needs to be 100."
                )

        self._undeploy(
            deployed_model_id=deployed_model_id,
            traffic_split=traffic_split,
            metadata=metadata,
            sync=sync,
        )

    @base.optional_sync()
    def _undeploy(
        self,
        deployed_model_id: str,
        traffic_split: Optional[Dict[str, int]] = None,
        metadata: Optional[Sequence[Tuple[str, str]]] = (),
        sync=True,
    ) -> None:
        """Undeploys a deployed model.

        Proportionally adjusts the traffic_split among the remaining deployed
        models of the endpoint.

        Args:
            deployed_model_id (str):
                Required. The ID of the DeployedModel to be undeployed from the
                Endpoint.
            traffic_split (Dict[str, int]):
                Optional. A map from a DeployedModel's ID to the percentage of
                this Endpoint's traffic that should be forwarded to that DeployedModel.
                If a DeployedModel's ID is not listed in this map, then it receives
                no traffic. The traffic percentage values must add up to 100, or
                map must be empty if the Endpoint is to not accept any traffic at
                the moment. Key for model being deployed is "0". Should not be
                provided if traffic_percentage is provided.
            metadata (Sequence[Tuple[str, str]]):
                Optional. Strings which should be sent along with the request as
                metadata.
        """
        self._sync_gca_resource_if_skipped()
        current_traffic_split = traffic_split or dict(self._gca_resource.traffic_split)

        if deployed_model_id in current_traffic_split:
            current_traffic_split = self._unallocate_traffic(
                traffic_split=current_traffic_split,
                deployed_model_id=deployed_model_id,
            )
            current_traffic_split.pop(deployed_model_id)

        _LOGGER.log_action_start_against_resource("Undeploying", "model", self)

        operation_future = self.api_client.undeploy_model(
            endpoint=self.resource_name,
            deployed_model_id=deployed_model_id,
            traffic_split=current_traffic_split,
            metadata=metadata,
        )

        _LOGGER.log_action_started_against_resource_with_lro(
            "Undeploy", "model", self.__class__, operation_future
        )

        # block before returning
        operation_future.result()

        _LOGGER.log_action_completed_against_resource("model", "undeployed", self)

        # update local resource
        self._sync_gca_resource()

    @staticmethod
    def _instantiate_prediction_client(
        location: Optional[str] = None,
        credentials: Optional[auth_credentials.Credentials] = None,
    ) -> utils.PredictionClientWithOverride:

        """Helper method to instantiates prediction client with optional
        overrides for this endpoint.

        Args:
            location (str): The location of this endpoint.
            credentials (google.auth.credentials.Credentials):
                Optional custom credentials to use when accessing interacting with
                the prediction client.
        Returns:
            prediction_client (prediction_service_client.PredictionServiceClient):
                Initialized prediction client with optional overrides.
        """
        return initializer.global_config.create_client(
            client_class=utils.PredictionClientWithOverride,
            credentials=credentials,
            location_override=location,
            prediction_client=True,
        )

    def predict(self, instances: List, parameters: Optional[Dict] = None) -> Prediction:
        """Make a prediction against this Endpoint.

        Args:
            instances (List):
                Required. The instances that are the input to the
                prediction call. A DeployedModel may have an upper limit
                on the number of instances it supports per request, and
                when it is exceeded the prediction call errors in case
                of AutoML Models, or, in case of customer created
                Models, the behaviour is as documented by that Model.
                The schema of any single instance may be specified via
                Endpoint's DeployedModels'
                [Model's][google.cloud.aiplatform.v1beta1.DeployedModel.model]
                [PredictSchemata's][google.cloud.aiplatform.v1beta1.Model.predict_schemata]
                ``instance_schema_uri``.
            parameters (Dict):
                The parameters that govern the prediction. The schema of
                the parameters may be specified via Endpoint's
                DeployedModels' [Model's
                ][google.cloud.aiplatform.v1beta1.DeployedModel.model]
                [PredictSchemata's][google.cloud.aiplatform.v1beta1.Model.predict_schemata]
                ``parameters_schema_uri``.
        Returns:
            prediction: Prediction with returned predictions and Model Id.
        """
        self.wait()

        prediction_response = self._prediction_client.predict(
            endpoint=self._gca_resource.name, instances=instances, parameters=parameters
        )

        return Prediction(
            predictions=[
                json_format.MessageToDict(item)
                for item in prediction_response.predictions.pb
            ],
            deployed_model_id=prediction_response.deployed_model_id,
        )

    def explain(
        self,
        instances: List[Dict],
        parameters: Optional[Dict] = None,
        deployed_model_id: Optional[str] = None,
    ) -> Prediction:
        """Make a prediction with explanations against this Endpoint.

        Example usage:
            response = my_endpoint.explain(instances=[...])
            my_explanations = response.explanations

        Args:
            instances (List):
                Required. The instances that are the input to the
                prediction call. A DeployedModel may have an upper limit
                on the number of instances it supports per request, and
                when it is exceeded the prediction call errors in case
                of AutoML Models, or, in case of customer created
                Models, the behaviour is as documented by that Model.
                The schema of any single instance may be specified via
                Endpoint's DeployedModels'
                [Model's][google.cloud.aiplatform.v1beta1.DeployedModel.model]
                [PredictSchemata's][google.cloud.aiplatform.v1beta1.Model.predict_schemata]
                ``instance_schema_uri``.
            parameters (Dict):
                The parameters that govern the prediction. The schema of
                the parameters may be specified via Endpoint's
                DeployedModels' [Model's
                ][google.cloud.aiplatform.v1beta1.DeployedModel.model]
                [PredictSchemata's][google.cloud.aiplatform.v1beta1.Model.predict_schemata]
                ``parameters_schema_uri``.
            deployed_model_id (str):
                Optional. If specified, this ExplainRequest will be served by the
                chosen DeployedModel, overriding this Endpoint's traffic split.
        Returns:
            prediction: Prediction with returned predictions, explanations and Model Id.
        """
        self.wait()

        explain_response = self._prediction_client.explain(
            endpoint=self.resource_name,
            instances=instances,
            parameters=parameters,
            deployed_model_id=deployed_model_id,
        )

        return Prediction(
            predictions=[
                json_format.MessageToDict(item)
                for item in explain_response.predictions.pb
            ],
            deployed_model_id=explain_response.deployed_model_id,
            explanations=explain_response.explanations,
        )

    @classmethod
    def list(
        cls,
        filter: Optional[str] = None,
        order_by: Optional[str] = None,
        project: Optional[str] = None,
        location: Optional[str] = None,
        credentials: Optional[auth_credentials.Credentials] = None,
    ) -> List["models.Endpoint"]:
        """List all Endpoint resource instances.

        Example Usage:

        aiplatform.Endpoint.list(
            filter='labels.my_label="my_label_value" OR display_name=!"old_endpoint"',
        )

        Args:
            filter (str):
                Optional. An expression for filtering the results of the request.
                For field names both snake_case and camelCase are supported.
            order_by (str):
                Optional. A comma-separated list of fields to order by, sorted in
                ascending order. Use "desc" after a field name for descending.
                Supported fields: `display_name`, `create_time`, `update_time`
            project (str):
                Optional. Project to retrieve list from. If not set, project
                set in aiplatform.init will be used.
            location (str):
                Optional. Location to retrieve list from. If not set, location
                set in aiplatform.init will be used.
            credentials (auth_credentials.Credentials):
                Optional. Custom credentials to use to retrieve list. Overrides
                credentials set in aiplatform.init.

        Returns:
            List[models.Endpoint] - A list of Endpoint resource objects
        """

        return cls._list_with_local_order(
            filter=filter,
            order_by=order_by,
            project=project,
            location=location,
            credentials=credentials,
        )

    def list_models(self) -> Sequence[gca_endpoint_v1.DeployedModel]:
        """Returns a list of the models deployed to this Endpoint.

        Returns:
            deployed_models (Sequence[aiplatform.gapic.DeployedModel]):
                A list of the models deployed in this Endpoint.
        """
        self._sync_gca_resource()
        return self._gca_resource.deployed_models

    def undeploy_all(self, sync: bool = True) -> "Endpoint":
        """Undeploys every model deployed to this Endpoint.

        Args:
            sync (bool):
                Whether to execute this method synchronously. If False, this method
                will be executed in concurrent Future and any downstream object will
                be immediately returned and synced when the Future has completed.
        """
        self._sync_gca_resource()

        for deployed_model in self._gca_resource.deployed_models:
            self._undeploy(deployed_model_id=deployed_model.id, sync=sync)

        return self

    def delete(self, force: bool = False, sync: bool = True) -> None:
        """Deletes this Vertex AI Endpoint resource. If force is set to True,
        all models on this Endpoint will be undeployed prior to deletion.

        Args:
            force (bool):
                Required. If force is set to True, all deployed models on this
                Endpoint will be undeployed first. Default is False.
            sync (bool):
                Whether to execute this method synchronously. If False, this method
                will be executed in concurrent Future and any downstream object will
                be immediately returned and synced when the Future has completed.
        Raises:
            FailedPrecondition: If models are deployed on this Endpoint and force = False.
        """
        if force:
            self.undeploy_all(sync=sync)

        super().delete(sync=sync)


class Model(base.VertexAiResourceNounWithFutureManager):

    client_class = utils.ModelClientWithOverride
    _is_client_prediction_client = False
    _resource_noun = "models"
    _getter_method = "get_model"
    _list_method = "list_models"
    _delete_method = "delete_model"

    @property
    def uri(self) -> Optional[str]:
        """Path to the directory containing the Model artifact and any of its
        supporting files. Not present for AutoML Models."""
        self._assert_gca_resource_is_available()
        return self._gca_resource.artifact_uri or None

    @property
    def description(self) -> str:
        """Description of the model."""
        self._assert_gca_resource_is_available()
        return self._gca_resource.description

    @property
    def supported_export_formats(
        self,
    ) -> Dict[str, List[gca_model_compat.Model.ExportFormat.ExportableContent]]:
        """The formats and content types in which this Model may be exported.
        If empty, this Model is not available for export.

        For example, if this model can be exported as a Tensorflow SavedModel and
        have the artifacts written to Cloud Storage, the expected value would be:

            {'tf-saved-model': [<ExportableContent.ARTIFACT: 1>]}
        """
        self._assert_gca_resource_is_available()
        return {
            export_format.id: [
                gca_model_compat.Model.ExportFormat.ExportableContent(content)
                for content in export_format.exportable_contents
            ]
            for export_format in self._gca_resource.supported_export_formats
        }

    @property
    def supported_deployment_resources_types(
        self,
    ) -> List[aiplatform.gapic.Model.DeploymentResourcesType]:
        """List of deployment resource types accepted for this Model.

        When this Model is deployed, its prediction resources are described by
        the `prediction_resources` field of the objects returned by
        `Endpoint.list_models()`. Because not all Models support all resource
        configuration types, the configuration types this Model supports are
        listed here.

        If no configuration types are listed, the Model cannot be
        deployed to an `Endpoint` and does not support online predictions
        (`Endpoint.predict()` or `Endpoint.explain()`). Such a Model can serve
        predictions by using a `BatchPredictionJob`, if it has at least one entry
        each in `Model.supported_input_storage_formats` and
        `Model.supported_output_storage_formats`."""
        self._assert_gca_resource_is_available()
        return list(self._gca_resource.supported_deployment_resources_types)

    @property
    def supported_input_storage_formats(self) -> List[str]:
        """The formats this Model supports in the `input_config` field of a
        `BatchPredictionJob`. If `Model.predict_schemata.instance_schema_uri`
        exists, the instances should be given as per that schema.

        [Read the docs for more on batch prediction formats](https://cloud.google.com/vertex-ai/docs/predictions/batch-predictions#batch_request_input)

        If this Model doesn't support any of these formats it means it cannot be
        used with a `BatchPredictionJob`. However, if it has
        `supported_deployment_resources_types`, it could serve online predictions
        by using `Endpoint.predict()` or `Endpoint.explain()`.
        """
        self._assert_gca_resource_is_available()
        return list(self._gca_resource.supported_input_storage_formats)

    @property
    def supported_output_storage_formats(self) -> List[str]:
        """The formats this Model supports in the `output_config` field of a
        `BatchPredictionJob`.

        If both `Model.predict_schemata.instance_schema_uri` and
        `Model.predict_schemata.prediction_schema_uri` exist, the predictions
        are returned together with their instances. In other words, the
        prediction has the original instance data first, followed by the actual
        prediction content (as per the schema).

        [Read the docs for more on batch prediction formats](https://cloud.google.com/vertex-ai/docs/predictions/batch-predictions)

        If this Model doesn't support any of these formats it means it cannot be
        used with a `BatchPredictionJob`. However, if it has
        `supported_deployment_resources_types`, it could serve online predictions
        by using `Endpoint.predict()` or `Endpoint.explain()`.
        """
        self._assert_gca_resource_is_available()
        return list(self._gca_resource.supported_output_storage_formats)

    @property
    def predict_schemata(self) -> Optional[aiplatform.gapic.PredictSchemata]:
        """The schemata that describe formats of the Model's predictions and
        explanations, if available."""
        self._assert_gca_resource_is_available()
        return getattr(self._gca_resource, "predict_schemata")

    @property
    def training_job(self) -> Optional["aiplatform.training_jobs._TrainingJob"]:
        """The TrainingJob that uploaded this Model, if any.

        Raises:
            api_core.exceptions.NotFound: If the Model's training job resource
                cannot be found on the Vertex service.
        """
        self._assert_gca_resource_is_available()
        job_name = getattr(self._gca_resource, "training_pipeline")

        if not job_name:
            return None

        try:
            return aiplatform.training_jobs._TrainingJob._get_and_return_subclass(
                resource_name=job_name,
                project=self.project,
                location=self.location,
                credentials=self.credentials,
            )
        except api_exceptions.NotFound:
            raise api_exceptions.NotFound(
                f"The training job used to create this model could not be found: {job_name}"
            )

    @property
    def container_spec(self) -> Optional[aiplatform.gapic.ModelContainerSpec]:
        """The specification of the container that is to be used when deploying
        this Model. Not present for AutoML Models."""
        self._assert_gca_resource_is_available()
        return getattr(self._gca_resource, "container_spec")

    def __init__(
        self,
        model_name: str,
        project: Optional[str] = None,
        location: Optional[str] = None,
        credentials: Optional[auth_credentials.Credentials] = None,
    ):
        """Retrieves the model resource and instantiates its representation.

        Args:
            model_name (str):
                Required. A fully-qualified model resource name or model ID.
                Example: "projects/123/locations/us-central1/models/456" or
                "456" when project and location are initialized or passed.
            project (str):
                Optional project to retrieve model from. If not set, project
                set in aiplatform.init will be used.
            location (str):
                Optional location to retrieve model from. If not set, location
                set in aiplatform.init will be used.
            credentials: Optional[auth_credentials.Credentials]=None,
                Custom credentials to use to upload this model. If not set,
                credentials set in aiplatform.init will be used.
        """

        super().__init__(
            project=project,
            location=location,
            credentials=credentials,
            resource_name=model_name,
        )
        self._gca_resource = self._get_gca_resource(resource_name=model_name)

    # TODO(b/170979552) Add support for predict schemata
    # TODO(b/170979926) Add support for metadata and metadata schema
    @classmethod
    @base.optional_sync()
    def upload(
        cls,
        display_name: str,
        serving_container_image_uri: str,
        *,
        artifact_uri: Optional[str] = None,
        serving_container_predict_route: Optional[str] = None,
        serving_container_health_route: Optional[str] = None,
        description: Optional[str] = None,
        serving_container_command: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
        serving_container_args: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
        serving_container_environment_variables: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
        serving_container_ports: Optional[Sequence[int]] = None,
        instance_schema_uri: Optional[str] = None,
        parameters_schema_uri: Optional[str] = None,
        prediction_schema_uri: Optional[str] = None,
        explanation_metadata: Optional[explain.ExplanationMetadata] = None,
        explanation_parameters: Optional[explain.ExplanationParameters] = None,
        project: Optional[str] = None,
        location: Optional[str] = None,
        credentials: Optional[auth_credentials.Credentials] = None,
        labels: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
        encryption_spec_key_name: Optional[str] = None,
        staging_bucket: Optional[str] = None,
        sync=True,
    ) -> "Model":
        """Uploads a model and returns a Model representing the uploaded Model
        resource.

        Example usage:

        my_model = Model.upload(
            display_name='my-model',
            artifact_uri='gs://my-model/saved-model'
            serving_container_image_uri='tensorflow/serving'
        )

        Args:
            display_name (str):
                Required. The display name of the Model. The name can be up to 128
                characters long and can be consist of any UTF-8 characters.
            serving_container_image_uri (str):
                Required. The URI of the Model serving container.
            artifact_uri (str):
                Optional. The path to the directory containing the Model artifact and
                any of its supporting files. Leave blank for custom container prediction.
                Not present for AutoML Models.
            serving_container_predict_route (str):
                Optional. An HTTP path to send prediction requests to the container, and
                which must be supported by it. If not specified a default HTTP path will
                be used by Vertex AI.
            serving_container_health_route (str):
                Optional. An HTTP path to send health check requests to the container, and which
                must be supported by it. If not specified a standard HTTP path will be
                used by Vertex AI.
            description (str):
                The description of the model.
            serving_container_command: Optional[Sequence[str]]=None,
                The command with which the container is run. Not executed within a
                shell. The Docker image's ENTRYPOINT is used if this is not provided.
                Variable references $(VAR_NAME) are expanded using the container's
                environment. If a variable cannot be resolved, the reference in the
                input string will be unchanged. The $(VAR_NAME) syntax can be escaped
                with a double $$, ie: $$(VAR_NAME). Escaped references will never be
                expanded, regardless of whether the variable exists or not.
            serving_container_args: Optional[Sequence[str]]=None,
                The arguments to the command. The Docker image's CMD is used if this is
                not provided. Variable references $(VAR_NAME) are expanded using the
                container's environment. If a variable cannot be resolved, the reference
                in the input string will be unchanged. The $(VAR_NAME) syntax can be
                escaped with a double $$, ie: $$(VAR_NAME). Escaped references will
                never be expanded, regardless of whether the variable exists or not.
            serving_container_environment_variables: Optional[Dict[str, str]]=None,
                The environment variables that are to be present in the container.
                Should be a dictionary where keys are environment variable names
                and values are environment variable values for those names.
            serving_container_ports: Optional[Sequence[int]]=None,
                Declaration of ports that are exposed by the container. This field is
                primarily informational, it gives Vertex AI information about the
                network connections the container uses. Listing or not a port here has
                no impact on whether the port is actually exposed, any port listening on
                the default "0.0.0.0" address inside a container will be accessible from
                the network.
            instance_schema_uri (str):
                Optional. Points to a YAML file stored on Google Cloud
                Storage describing the format of a single instance, which
                are used in
                ``PredictRequest.instances``,
                ``ExplainRequest.instances``
                and
                ``BatchPredictionJob.input_config``.
                The schema is defined as an OpenAPI 3.0.2 `Schema
                Object <https://tinyurl.com/y538mdwt#schema-object>`__.
                AutoML Models always have this field populated by AI
                Platform. Note: The URI given on output will be immutable
                and probably different, including the URI scheme, than the
                one given on input. The output URI will point to a location
                where the user only has a read access.
            parameters_schema_uri (str):
                Optional. Points to a YAML file stored on Google Cloud
                Storage describing the parameters of prediction and
                explanation via
                ``PredictRequest.parameters``,
                ``ExplainRequest.parameters``
                and
                ``BatchPredictionJob.model_parameters``.
                The schema is defined as an OpenAPI 3.0.2 `Schema
                Object <https://tinyurl.com/y538mdwt#schema-object>`__.
                AutoML Models always have this field populated by AI
                Platform, if no parameters are supported it is set to an
                empty string. Note: The URI given on output will be
                immutable and probably different, including the URI scheme,
                than the one given on input. The output URI will point to a
                location where the user only has a read access.
            prediction_schema_uri (str):
                Optional. Points to a YAML file stored on Google Cloud
                Storage describing the format of a single prediction
                produced by this Model, which are returned via
                ``PredictResponse.predictions``,
                ``ExplainResponse.explanations``,
                and
                ``BatchPredictionJob.output_config``.
                The schema is defined as an OpenAPI 3.0.2 `Schema
                Object <https://tinyurl.com/y538mdwt#schema-object>`__.
                AutoML Models always have this field populated by AI
                Platform. Note: The URI given on output will be immutable
                and probably different, including the URI scheme, than the
                one given on input. The output URI will point to a location
                where the user only has a read access.
            explanation_metadata (explain.ExplanationMetadata):
                Optional. Metadata describing the Model's input and output for explanation.
                Both `explanation_metadata` and `explanation_parameters` must be
                passed together when used. For more details, see
                `Ref docs <http://tinyurl.com/1igh60kt>`
            explanation_parameters (explain.ExplanationParameters):
                Optional. Parameters to configure explaining for Model's predictions.
                For more details, see `Ref docs <http://tinyurl.com/1an4zake>`
            project: Optional[str]=None,
                Project to upload this model to. Overrides project set in
                aiplatform.init.
            location: Optional[str]=None,
                Location to upload this model to. Overrides location set in
                aiplatform.init.
            credentials: Optional[auth_credentials.Credentials]=None,
                Custom credentials to use to upload this model. Overrides credentials
                set in aiplatform.init.
            labels (Dict[str, str]):
                Optional. The labels with user-defined metadata to
                organize your Models.
                Label keys and values can be no longer than 64
                characters (Unicode codepoints), can only
                contain lowercase letters, numeric characters,
                underscores and dashes. International characters
                are allowed.
                See https://goo.gl/xmQnxf for more information
                and examples of labels.
            encryption_spec_key_name (Optional[str]):
                Optional. The Cloud KMS resource identifier of the customer
                managed encryption key used to protect the model. Has the
                form:
                ``projects/my-project/locations/my-region/keyRings/my-kr/cryptoKeys/my-key``.
                The key needs to be in the same region as where the compute
                resource is created.

                If set, this Model and all sub-resources of this Model will be secured by this key.

                Overrides encryption_spec_key_name set in aiplatform.init.
            staging_bucket (str):
                Optional. Bucket to stage local model artifacts. Overrides
                staging_bucket set in aiplatform.init.
        Returns:
            model: Instantiated representation of the uploaded model resource.
        Raises:
            ValueError: If only `explanation_metadata` or `explanation_parameters`
                is specified.
        """
        utils.validate_display_name(display_name)
        if labels:
            utils.validate_labels(labels)

        if bool(explanation_metadata) != bool(explanation_parameters):
            raise ValueError(
                "Both `explanation_metadata` and `explanation_parameters` should be specified or None."
            )

        api_client = cls._instantiate_client(location, credentials)
        env = None
        ports = None

        if serving_container_environment_variables:
            env = [
                gca_env_var_compat.EnvVar(name=str(key), value=str(value))
                for key, value in serving_container_environment_variables.items()
            ]
        if serving_container_ports:
            ports = [
                gca_model_compat.Port(container_port=port)
                for port in serving_container_ports
            ]

        container_spec = gca_model_compat.ModelContainerSpec(
            image_uri=serving_container_image_uri,
            command=serving_container_command,
            args=serving_container_args,
            env=env,
            ports=ports,
            predict_route=serving_container_predict_route,
            health_route=serving_container_health_route,
        )

        model_predict_schemata = None
        if any([instance_schema_uri, parameters_schema_uri, prediction_schema_uri]):
            model_predict_schemata = gca_model_compat.PredictSchemata(
                instance_schema_uri=instance_schema_uri,
                parameters_schema_uri=parameters_schema_uri,
                prediction_schema_uri=prediction_schema_uri,
            )

        # TODO(b/182388545) initializer.global_config.get_encryption_spec from a sync function
        encryption_spec = initializer.global_config.get_encryption_spec(
            encryption_spec_key_name=encryption_spec_key_name,
        )

        managed_model = gca_model_compat.Model(
            display_name=display_name,
            description=description,
            container_spec=container_spec,
            predict_schemata=model_predict_schemata,
            labels=labels,
            encryption_spec=encryption_spec,
        )

        if artifact_uri and not artifact_uri.startswith("gs://"):
            # Validating the model directory
            model_dir = pathlib.Path(artifact_uri)
            if not model_dir.exists():
                raise ValueError(f"artifact_uri path does not exist: '{artifact_uri}'")
            if not model_dir.is_dir():
                raise ValueError(
                    f"artifact_uri path must be a directory: '{artifact_uri}'"
                )
            if not any(
                (model_dir / file_name).exists()
                for file_name in _SUPPORTED_MODEL_FILE_NAMES
            ):
                raise ValueError(
                    "artifact_uri directory does not contain any supported model files. "
                    f"The upload method only supports the following model files: '{_SUPPORTED_MODEL_FILE_NAMES}'"
                )

            # Uploading the model
            staged_data_uri = utils.stage_local_data_in_gcs(
                data_path=str(model_dir),
                staging_gcs_dir=staging_bucket,
                project=project,
                location=location,
                credentials=credentials,
            )
            artifact_uri = staged_data_uri

        if artifact_uri:
            managed_model.artifact_uri = artifact_uri

        # Override explanation_spec if both required fields are provided
        if explanation_metadata and explanation_parameters:
            explanation_spec = gca_endpoint_compat.explanation.ExplanationSpec()
            explanation_spec.metadata = explanation_metadata
            explanation_spec.parameters = explanation_parameters
            managed_model.explanation_spec = explanation_spec

        lro = api_client.upload_model(
            parent=initializer.global_config.common_location_path(project, location),
            model=managed_model,
        )

        _LOGGER.log_create_with_lro(cls, lro)

        model_upload_response = lro.result()

        this_model = cls(model_upload_response.model)

        _LOGGER.log_create_complete(cls, this_model._gca_resource, "model")

        return this_model

    # TODO(b/172502059) support deploying with endpoint resource name
    def deploy(
        self,
        endpoint: Optional["Endpoint"] = None,
        deployed_model_display_name: Optional[str] = None,
        traffic_percentage: Optional[int] = 0,
        traffic_split: Optional[Dict[str, int]] = None,
        machine_type: Optional[str] = None,
        min_replica_count: int = 1,
        max_replica_count: int = 1,
        accelerator_type: Optional[str] = None,
        accelerator_count: Optional[int] = None,
        service_account: Optional[str] = None,
        explanation_metadata: Optional[explain.ExplanationMetadata] = None,
        explanation_parameters: Optional[explain.ExplanationParameters] = None,
        metadata: Optional[Sequence[Tuple[str, str]]] = (),
        encryption_spec_key_name: Optional[str] = None,
        sync=True,
    ) -> Endpoint:
        """Deploys model to endpoint. Endpoint will be created if unspecified.

        Args:
            endpoint ("Endpoint"):
                Optional. Endpoint to deploy model to. If not specified, endpoint
                display name will be model display name+'_endpoint'.
            deployed_model_display_name (str):
                Optional. The display name of the DeployedModel. If not provided
                upon creation, the Model's display_name is used.
            traffic_percentage (int):
                Optional. Desired traffic to newly deployed model. Defaults to
                0 if there are pre-existing deployed models. Defaults to 100 if
                there are no pre-existing deployed models. Negative values should
                not be provided. Traffic of previously deployed models at the endpoint
                will be scaled down to accommodate new deployed model's traffic.
                Should not be provided if traffic_split is provided.
            traffic_split (Dict[str, int]):
                Optional. A map from a DeployedModel's ID to the percentage of
                this Endpoint's traffic that should be forwarded to that DeployedModel.
                If a DeployedModel's ID is not listed in this map, then it receives
                no traffic. The traffic percentage values must add up to 100, or
                map must be empty if the Endpoint is to not accept any traffic at
                the moment. Key for model being deployed is "0". Should not be
                provided if traffic_percentage is provided.
            machine_type (str):
                Optional. The type of machine. Not specifying machine type will
                result in model to be deployed with automatic resources.
            min_replica_count (int):
                Optional. The minimum number of machine replicas this deployed
                model will be always deployed on. If traffic against it increases,
                it may dynamically be deployed onto more replicas, and as traffic
                decreases, some of these extra replicas may be freed.
            max_replica_count (int):
                Optional. The maximum number of replicas this deployed model may
                be deployed on when the traffic against it increases. If requested
                value is too large, the deployment will error, but if deployment
                succeeds then the ability to scale the model to that many replicas
                is guaranteed (barring service outages). If traffic against the
                deployed model increases beyond what its replicas at maximum may
                handle, a portion of the traffic will be dropped. If this value
                is not provided, the smaller value of min_replica_count or 1 will
                be used.
            accelerator_type (str):
                Optional. Hardware accelerator type. Must also set accelerator_count if used.
                One of ACCELERATOR_TYPE_UNSPECIFIED, NVIDIA_TESLA_K80, NVIDIA_TESLA_P100,
                NVIDIA_TESLA_V100, NVIDIA_TESLA_P4, NVIDIA_TESLA_T4
            accelerator_count (int):
                Optional. The number of accelerators to attach to a worker replica.
            service_account (str):
                The service account that the DeployedModel's container runs as. Specify the
                email address of the service account. If this service account is not
                specified, the container runs as a service account that doesn't have access
                to the resource project.
                Users deploying the Model must have the `iam.serviceAccounts.actAs`
                permission on this service account.
            explanation_metadata (explain.ExplanationMetadata):
                Optional. Metadata describing the Model's input and output for explanation.
                Both `explanation_metadata` and `explanation_parameters` must be
                passed together when used. For more details, see
                `Ref docs <http://tinyurl.com/1igh60kt>`
            explanation_parameters (explain.ExplanationParameters):
                Optional. Parameters to configure explaining for Model's predictions.
                For more details, see `Ref docs <http://tinyurl.com/1an4zake>`
            metadata (Sequence[Tuple[str, str]]):
                Optional. Strings which should be sent along with the request as
                metadata.
            encryption_spec_key_name (Optional[str]):
                Optional. The Cloud KMS resource identifier of the customer
                managed encryption key used to protect the model. Has the
                form:
                ``projects/my-project/locations/my-region/keyRings/my-kr/cryptoKeys/my-key``.
                The key needs to be in the same region as where the compute
                resource is created.

                If set, this Model and all sub-resources of this Model will be secured by this key.

                Overrides encryption_spec_key_name set in aiplatform.init
            sync (bool):
                Whether to execute this method synchronously. If False, this method
                will be executed in concurrent Future and any downstream object will
                be immediately returned and synced when the Future has completed.
        Returns:
            endpoint ("Endpoint"):
                Endpoint with the deployed model.
        """

        Endpoint._validate_deploy_args(
            min_replica_count,
            max_replica_count,
            accelerator_type,
            deployed_model_display_name,
            traffic_split,
            traffic_percentage,
            explanation_metadata,
            explanation_parameters,
        )

        return self._deploy(
            endpoint=endpoint,
            deployed_model_display_name=deployed_model_display_name,
            traffic_percentage=traffic_percentage,
            traffic_split=traffic_split,
            machine_type=machine_type,
            min_replica_count=min_replica_count,
            max_replica_count=max_replica_count,
            accelerator_type=accelerator_type,
            accelerator_count=accelerator_count,
            service_account=service_account,
            explanation_metadata=explanation_metadata,
            explanation_parameters=explanation_parameters,
            metadata=metadata,
            encryption_spec_key_name=encryption_spec_key_name
            or initializer.global_config.encryption_spec_key_name,
            sync=sync,
        )

    @base.optional_sync(return_input_arg="endpoint", bind_future_to_self=False)
    def _deploy(
        self,
        endpoint: Optional["Endpoint"] = None,
        deployed_model_display_name: Optional[str] = None,
        traffic_percentage: Optional[int] = 0,
        traffic_split: Optional[Dict[str, int]] = None,
        machine_type: Optional[str] = None,
        min_replica_count: int = 1,
        max_replica_count: int = 1,
        accelerator_type: Optional[str] = None,
        accelerator_count: Optional[int] = None,
        service_account: Optional[str] = None,
        explanation_metadata: Optional[explain.ExplanationMetadata] = None,
        explanation_parameters: Optional[explain.ExplanationParameters] = None,
        metadata: Optional[Sequence[Tuple[str, str]]] = (),
        encryption_spec_key_name: Optional[str] = None,
        sync: bool = True,
    ) -> Endpoint:
        """Deploys model to endpoint. Endpoint will be created if unspecified.

        Args:
            endpoint ("Endpoint"):
                Optional. Endpoint to deploy model to. If not specified, endpoint
                display name will be model display name+'_endpoint'.
            deployed_model_display_name (str):
                Optional. The display name of the DeployedModel. If not provided
                upon creation, the Model's display_name is used.
            traffic_percentage (int):
                Optional. Desired traffic to newly deployed model. Defaults to
                0 if there are pre-existing deployed models. Defaults to 100 if
                there are no pre-existing deployed models. Negative values should
                not be provided. Traffic of previously deployed models at the endpoint
                will be scaled down to accommodate new deployed model's traffic.
                Should not be provided if traffic_split is provided.
            traffic_split (Dict[str, int]):
                Optional. A map from a DeployedModel's ID to the percentage of
                this Endpoint's traffic that should be forwarded to that DeployedModel.
                If a DeployedModel's ID is not listed in this map, then it receives
                no traffic. The traffic percentage values must add up to 100, or
                map must be empty if the Endpoint is to not accept any traffic at
                the moment. Key for model being deployed is "0". Should not be
                provided if traffic_percentage is provided.
            machine_type (str):
                Optional. The type of machine. Not specifying machine type will
                result in model to be deployed with automatic resources.
            min_replica_count (int):
                Optional. The minimum number of machine replicas this deployed
                model will be always deployed on. If traffic against it increases,
                it may dynamically be deployed onto more replicas, and as traffic
                decreases, some of these extra replicas may be freed.
            max_replica_count (int):
                Optional. The maximum number of replicas this deployed model may
                be deployed on when the traffic against it increases. If requested
                value is too large, the deployment will error, but if deployment
                succeeds then the ability to scale the model to that many replicas
                is guaranteed (barring service outages). If traffic against the
                deployed model increases beyond what its replicas at maximum may
                handle, a portion of the traffic will be dropped. If this value
                is not provided, the smaller value of min_replica_count or 1 will
                be used.
            accelerator_type (str):
                Optional. Hardware accelerator type. Must also set accelerator_count if used.
                One of ACCELERATOR_TYPE_UNSPECIFIED, NVIDIA_TESLA_K80, NVIDIA_TESLA_P100,
                NVIDIA_TESLA_V100, NVIDIA_TESLA_P4, NVIDIA_TESLA_T4
            accelerator_count (int):
                Optional. The number of accelerators to attach to a worker replica.
            service_account (str):
                The service account that the DeployedModel's container runs as. Specify the
                email address of the service account. If this service account is not
                specified, the container runs as a service account that doesn't have access
                to the resource project.
                Users deploying the Model must have the `iam.serviceAccounts.actAs`
                permission on this service account.
            explanation_metadata (explain.ExplanationMetadata):
                Optional. Metadata describing the Model's input and output for explanation.
                Both `explanation_metadata` and `explanation_parameters` must be
                passed together when used. For more details, see
                `Ref docs <http://tinyurl.com/1igh60kt>`
            explanation_parameters (explain.ExplanationParameters):
                Optional. Parameters to configure explaining for Model's predictions.
                For more details, see `Ref docs <http://tinyurl.com/1an4zake>`
            metadata (Sequence[Tuple[str, str]]):
                Optional. Strings which should be sent along with the request as
                metadata.
            encryption_spec_key_name (Optional[str]):
                Optional. The Cloud KMS resource identifier of the customer
                managed encryption key used to protect the model. Has the
                form:
                ``projects/my-project/locations/my-region/keyRings/my-kr/cryptoKeys/my-key``.
                The key needs to be in the same region as where the compute
                resource is created.

                If set, this Model and all sub-resources of this Model will be secured by this key.

                Overrides encryption_spec_key_name set in aiplatform.init
            sync (bool):
                Whether to execute this method synchronously. If False, this method
                will be executed in concurrent Future and any downstream object will
                be immediately returned and synced when the Future has completed.
        Returns:
            endpoint ("Endpoint"):
                Endpoint with the deployed model.
        """

        if endpoint is None:
            display_name = self.display_name[:118] + "_endpoint"
            endpoint = Endpoint.create(
                display_name=display_name,
                project=self.project,
                location=self.location,
                credentials=self.credentials,
                encryption_spec_key_name=encryption_spec_key_name,
            )

        _LOGGER.log_action_start_against_resource("Deploying model to", "", endpoint)

        Endpoint._deploy_call(
            endpoint.api_client,
            endpoint.resource_name,
            self.resource_name,
            endpoint._gca_resource.traffic_split,
            deployed_model_display_name=deployed_model_display_name,
            traffic_percentage=traffic_percentage,
            traffic_split=traffic_split,
            machine_type=machine_type,
            min_replica_count=min_replica_count,
            max_replica_count=max_replica_count,
            accelerator_type=accelerator_type,
            accelerator_count=accelerator_count,
            service_account=service_account,
            explanation_metadata=explanation_metadata,
            explanation_parameters=explanation_parameters,
            metadata=metadata,
        )

        _LOGGER.log_action_completed_against_resource("model", "deployed", endpoint)

        endpoint._sync_gca_resource()

        return endpoint

    def batch_predict(
        self,
        job_display_name: str,
        gcs_source: Optional[Union[str, Sequence[str]]] = None,
        bigquery_source: Optional[str] = None,
        instances_format: str = "jsonl",
        gcs_destination_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
        bigquery_destination_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
        predictions_format: str = "jsonl",
        model_parameters: Optional[Dict] = None,
        machine_type: Optional[str] = None,
        accelerator_type: Optional[str] = None,
        accelerator_count: Optional[int] = None,
        starting_replica_count: Optional[int] = None,
        max_replica_count: Optional[int] = None,
        generate_explanation: Optional[bool] = False,
        explanation_metadata: Optional[explain.ExplanationMetadata] = None,
        explanation_parameters: Optional[explain.ExplanationParameters] = None,
        labels: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
        credentials: Optional[auth_credentials.Credentials] = None,
        encryption_spec_key_name: Optional[str] = None,
        sync: bool = True,
    ) -> jobs.BatchPredictionJob:
        """Creates a batch prediction job using this Model and outputs
        prediction results to the provided destination prefix in the specified
        `predictions_format`. One source and one destination prefix are
        required.

        Example usage:

        my_model.batch_predict(
            job_display_name="prediction-123",
            gcs_source="gs://example-bucket/instances.csv",
            instances_format="csv",
            bigquery_destination_prefix="projectId.bqDatasetId.bqTableId"
        )

        Args:
            job_display_name (str):
                Required. The user-defined name of the BatchPredictionJob.
                The name can be up to 128 characters long and can be consist
                of any UTF-8 characters.
            gcs_source: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None
                Google Cloud Storage URI(-s) to your instances to run
                batch prediction on. They must match `instances_format`.
                May contain wildcards. For more information on wildcards, see
                https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/gsutil/addlhelp/WildcardNames.
            bigquery_source: Optional[str] = None
                BigQuery URI to a table, up to 2000 characters long. For example:
                `bq://projectId.bqDatasetId.bqTableId`
            instances_format: str = "jsonl"
                Required. The format in which instances are given, must be one
                of "jsonl", "csv", "bigquery", "tf-record", "tf-record-gzip",
                or "file-list". Default is "jsonl" when using `gcs_source`. If a
                `bigquery_source` is provided, this is overridden to "bigquery".
            gcs_destination_prefix: Optional[str] = None
                The Google Cloud Storage location of the directory where the
                output is to be written to. In the given directory a new
                directory is created. Its name is
                ``prediction-<model-display-name>-<job-create-time>``, where
                timestamp is in YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.sssZ ISO-8601 format.
                Inside of it files ``predictions_0001.<extension>``,
                ``predictions_0002.<extension>``, ...,
                ``predictions_N.<extension>`` are created where
                ``<extension>`` depends on chosen ``predictions_format``,
                and N may equal 0001 and depends on the total number of
                successfully predicted instances. If the Model has both
                ``instance`` and ``prediction`` schemata defined then each such
                file contains predictions as per the ``predictions_format``.
                If prediction for any instance failed (partially or
                completely), then an additional ``errors_0001.<extension>``,
                ``errors_0002.<extension>``,..., ``errors_N.<extension>``
                files are created (N depends on total number of failed
                predictions). These files contain the failed instances, as
                per their schema, followed by an additional ``error`` field
                which as value has ```google.rpc.Status`` <Status>`__
                containing only ``code`` and ``message`` fields.
            bigquery_destination_prefix: Optional[str] = None
                The BigQuery project location where the output is to be
                written to. In the given project a new dataset is created
                with name
                ``prediction_<model-display-name>_<job-create-time>`` where
                is made BigQuery-dataset-name compatible (for example, most
                special characters become underscores), and timestamp is in
                YYYY_MM_DDThh_mm_ss_sssZ "based on ISO-8601" format. In the
                dataset two tables will be created, ``predictions``, and
                ``errors``. If the Model has both ``instance`` and ``prediction``
                schemata defined then the tables have columns as follows:
                The ``predictions`` table contains instances for which the
                prediction succeeded, it has columns as per a concatenation
                of the Model's instance and prediction schemata. The
                ``errors`` table contains rows for which the prediction has
                failed, it has instance columns, as per the instance schema,
                followed by a single "errors" column, which as values has
                ```google.rpc.Status`` <Status>`__ represented as a STRUCT,
                and containing only ``code`` and ``message``.
            predictions_format: str = "jsonl"
                Required. The format in which Vertex AI gives the
                predictions, must be one of "jsonl", "csv", or "bigquery".
                Default is "jsonl" when using `gcs_destination_prefix`. If a
                `bigquery_destination_prefix` is provided, this is overridden to
                "bigquery".
            model_parameters: Optional[Dict] = None
                Optional. The parameters that govern the predictions. The schema of
                the parameters may be specified via the Model's `parameters_schema_uri`.
            machine_type: Optional[str] = None
                Optional. The type of machine for running batch prediction on
                dedicated resources. Not specifying machine type will result in
                batch prediction job being run with automatic resources.
            accelerator_type: Optional[str] = None
                Optional. The type of accelerator(s) that may be attached
                to the machine as per `accelerator_count`. Only used if
                `machine_type` is set.
            accelerator_count: Optional[int] = None
                Optional. The number of accelerators to attach to the
                `machine_type`. Only used if `machine_type` is set.
            starting_replica_count: Optional[int] = None
                The number of machine replicas used at the start of the batch
                operation. If not set, Vertex AI decides starting number, not
                greater than `max_replica_count`. Only used if `machine_type` is
                set.
            max_replica_count: Optional[int] = None
                The maximum number of machine replicas the batch operation may
                be scaled to. Only used if `machine_type` is set.
                Default is 10.
            generate_explanation (bool):
                Optional. Generate explanation along with the batch prediction
                results. This will cause the batch prediction output to include
                explanations based on the `prediction_format`:
                    - `bigquery`: output includes a column named `explanation`. The value
                        is a struct that conforms to the [aiplatform.gapic.Explanation] object.
                    - `jsonl`: The JSON objects on each line include an additional entry
                        keyed `explanation`. The value of the entry is a JSON object that
                        conforms to the [aiplatform.gapic.Explanation] object.
                    - `csv`: Generating explanations for CSV format is not supported.
            explanation_metadata (explain.ExplanationMetadata):
                Optional. Explanation metadata configuration for this BatchPredictionJob.
                Can be specified only if `generate_explanation` is set to `True`.

                This value overrides the value of `Model.explanation_metadata`.
                All fields of `explanation_metadata` are optional in the request. If
                a field of the `explanation_metadata` object is not populated, the
                corresponding field of the `Model.explanation_metadata` object is inherited.
                For more details, see `Ref docs <http://tinyurl.com/1igh60kt>`
            explanation_parameters (explain.ExplanationParameters):
                Optional. Parameters to configure explaining for Model's predictions.
                Can be specified only if `generate_explanation` is set to `True`.

                This value overrides the value of `Model.explanation_parameters`.
                All fields of `explanation_parameters` are optional in the request. If
                a field of the `explanation_parameters` object is not populated, the
                corresponding field of the `Model.explanation_parameters` object is inherited.
                For more details, see `Ref docs <http://tinyurl.com/1an4zake>`
            labels: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None
                Optional. The labels with user-defined metadata to organize your
                BatchPredictionJobs. Label keys and values can be no longer than
                64 characters (Unicode codepoints), can only contain lowercase
                letters, numeric characters, underscores and dashes.
                International characters are allowed. See https://goo.gl/xmQnxf
                for more information and examples of labels.
            credentials: Optional[auth_credentials.Credentials] = None
                Optional. Custom credentials to use to create this batch prediction
                job. Overrides credentials set in aiplatform.init.
            encryption_spec_key_name (Optional[str]):
                Optional. The Cloud KMS resource identifier of the customer
                managed encryption key used to protect the model. Has the
                form:
                ``projects/my-project/locations/my-region/keyRings/my-kr/cryptoKeys/my-key``.
                The key needs to be in the same region as where the compute
                resource is created.

                If set, this Model and all sub-resources of this Model will be secured by this key.

                Overrides encryption_spec_key_name set in aiplatform.init.
        Returns:
            (jobs.BatchPredictionJob):
                Instantiated representation of the created batch prediction job.
        """

        return jobs.BatchPredictionJob.create(
            job_display_name=job_display_name,
            model_name=self,
            instances_format=instances_format,
            predictions_format=predictions_format,
            gcs_source=gcs_source,
            bigquery_source=bigquery_source,
            gcs_destination_prefix=gcs_destination_prefix,
            bigquery_destination_prefix=bigquery_destination_prefix,
            model_parameters=model_parameters,
            machine_type=machine_type,
            accelerator_type=accelerator_type,
            accelerator_count=accelerator_count,
            starting_replica_count=starting_replica_count,
            max_replica_count=max_replica_count,
            generate_explanation=generate_explanation,
            explanation_metadata=explanation_metadata,
            explanation_parameters=explanation_parameters,
            labels=labels,
            project=self.project,
            location=self.location,
            credentials=credentials or self.credentials,
            encryption_spec_key_name=encryption_spec_key_name,
            sync=sync,
        )

    @classmethod
    def list(
        cls,
        filter: Optional[str] = None,
        order_by: Optional[str] = None,
        project: Optional[str] = None,
        location: Optional[str] = None,
        credentials: Optional[auth_credentials.Credentials] = None,
    ) -> List["models.Model"]:
        """List all Model resource instances.

        Example Usage:

        aiplatform.Model.list(
            filter='labels.my_label="my_label_value" AND display_name="my_model"',
        )

        Args:
            filter (str):
                Optional. An expression for filtering the results of the request.
                For field names both snake_case and camelCase are supported.
            order_by (str):
                Optional. A comma-separated list of fields to order by, sorted in
                ascending order. Use "desc" after a field name for descending.
                Supported fields: `display_name`, `create_time`, `update_time`
            project (str):
                Optional. Project to retrieve list from. If not set, project
                set in aiplatform.init will be used.
            location (str):
                Optional. Location to retrieve list from. If not set, location
                set in aiplatform.init will be used.
            credentials (auth_credentials.Credentials):
                Optional. Custom credentials to use to retrieve list. Overrides
                credentials set in aiplatform.init.

        Returns:
            List[models.Model] - A list of Model resource objects
        """

        return cls._list(
            filter=filter,
            order_by=order_by,
            project=project,
            location=location,
            credentials=credentials,
        )

    @base.optional_sync()
    def _wait_on_export(self, operation_future: operation.Operation, sync=True) -> None:
        operation_future.result()

    def export_model(
        self,
        export_format_id: str,
        artifact_destination: Optional[str] = None,
        image_destination: Optional[str] = None,
        sync: bool = True,
    ) -> Dict[str, str]:
        """Exports a trained, exportable Model to a location specified by the user.
        A Model is considered to be exportable if it has at least one `supported_export_formats`.
        Either `artifact_destination` or `image_destination` must be provided.

        Usage:
            my_model.export(
                export_format_id='tf-saved-model'
                artifact_destination='gs://my-bucket/models/'
            )

            or

            my_model.export(
                export_format_id='custom-model'
                image_destination='us-central1-docker.pkg.dev/projectId/repo/image'
            )

        Args:
            export_format_id (str):
                Required. The ID of the format in which the Model must be exported.
                The list of export formats that this Model supports can be found
                by calling `Model.supported_export_formats`.
            artifact_destination (str):
                The Cloud Storage location where the Model artifact is to be
                written to. Under the directory given as the destination a
                new one with name
                "``model-export-<model-display-name>-<timestamp-of-export-call>``",
                where timestamp is in YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.sssZ ISO-8601
                format, will be created. Inside, the Model and any of its
                supporting files will be written.

                This field should only be set when, in [Model.supported_export_formats],
                the value for the key given in `export_format_id` contains ``ARTIFACT``.
            image_destination (str):
                The Google Container Registry or Artifact Registry URI where
                the Model container image will be copied to. Accepted forms:

                -  Google Container Registry path. For example:
                ``gcr.io/projectId/imageName:tag``.

                -  Artifact Registry path. For example:
                ``us-central1-docker.pkg.dev/projectId/repoName/imageName:tag``.

                This field should only be set when, in [Model.supported_export_formats],
                the value for the key given in `export_format_id` contains ``IMAGE``.
            sync (bool):
                Whether to execute this export synchronously. If False, this method
                will be executed in concurrent Future and any downstream object will
                be immediately returned and synced when the Future has completed.
        Returns:
            output_info (Dict[str, str]):
                Details of the completed export with output destination paths to
                the artifacts or container image.
        Raises:
            ValueError if model does not support exporting.

            ValueError if invalid arguments or export formats are provided.
        """

        # Model does not support exporting
        if not self.supported_export_formats:
            raise ValueError(f"The model `{self.resource_name}` is not exportable.")

        # No destination provided
        if not any((artifact_destination, image_destination)):
            raise ValueError(
                "Please provide an `artifact_destination` or `image_destination`."
            )

        export_format_id = export_format_id.lower()

        # Unsupported export type
        if export_format_id not in self.supported_export_formats:
            raise ValueError(
                f"'{export_format_id}' is not a supported export format for this model. "
                f"Choose one of the following: {self.supported_export_formats}"
            )

        content_types = gca_model_compat.Model.ExportFormat.ExportableContent
        supported_content_types = self.supported_export_formats[export_format_id]

        if (
            artifact_destination
            and content_types.ARTIFACT not in supported_content_types
        ):
            raise ValueError(
                "This model can not be exported as an artifact in '{export_format_id}' format. "
                "Try exporting as a container image by passing the `image_destination` argument."
            )

        if image_destination and content_types.IMAGE not in supported_content_types:
            raise ValueError(
                "This model can not be exported as a container image in '{export_format_id}' format. "
                "Try exporting the model artifacts by passing a `artifact_destination` argument."
            )

        # Construct request payload
        output_config = gca_model_service_compat.ExportModelRequest.OutputConfig(
            export_format_id=export_format_id
        )

        if artifact_destination:
            output_config.artifact_destination = gca_io_compat.GcsDestination(
                output_uri_prefix=artifact_destination
            )

        if image_destination:
            output_config.image_destination = gca_io_compat.ContainerRegistryDestination(
                output_uri=image_destination
            )

        _LOGGER.log_action_start_against_resource("Exporting", "model", self)

        operation_future = self.api_client.export_model(
            name=self.resource_name, output_config=output_config
        )

        _LOGGER.log_action_started_against_resource_with_lro(
            "Export", "model", self.__class__, operation_future
        )

        # Block before returning
        self._wait_on_export(operation_future=operation_future, sync=sync)

        _LOGGER.log_action_completed_against_resource("model", "exported", self)

        return json_format.MessageToDict(operation_future.metadata.output_info._pb)

    @staticmethod
    def upload_xgboost_model_file(
        model_file_path: str,
        xgboost_version: Optional[str] = None,
        display_name: Optional[str] = None,
        description: Optional[str] = None,
        instance_schema_uri: Optional[str] = None,
        parameters_schema_uri: Optional[str] = None,
        prediction_schema_uri: Optional[str] = None,
        explanation_metadata: Optional[explain.ExplanationMetadata] = None,
        explanation_parameters: Optional[explain.ExplanationParameters] = None,
        project: Optional[str] = None,
        location: Optional[str] = None,
        credentials: Optional[auth_credentials.Credentials] = None,
        labels: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
        encryption_spec_key_name: Optional[str] = None,
        staging_bucket: Optional[str] = None,
        sync=True,
    ):
        """Uploads a model and returns a Model representing the uploaded Model
        resource.

        Note: This function is *experimental* and can be changed in the future.

        Example usage::

            my_model = Model.upload_xgboost_model_file(
                model_file_path="iris.xgboost_model.bst"
            )

        Args:
            model_file_path (str): Required. Local file path of the model.
            xgboost_version (str): Optional. The version of the XGBoost serving container.
                Supported versions: ["0.82", "0.90", "1.1", "1.2", "1.3", "1.4"].
                If the version is not specified, the latest version is used.
            display_name (str):
                Optional. The display name of the Model. The name can be up to 128
                characters long and can be consist of any UTF-8 characters.
            description (str):
                The description of the model.
            instance_schema_uri (str):
                Optional. Points to a YAML file stored on Google Cloud
                Storage describing the format of a single instance, which
                are used in
                ``PredictRequest.instances``,
                ``ExplainRequest.instances``
                and
                ``BatchPredictionJob.input_config``.
                The schema is defined as an OpenAPI 3.0.2 `Schema
                Object <https://tinyurl.com/y538mdwt#schema-object>`__.
                AutoML Models always have this field populated by AI
                Platform. Note: The URI given on output will be immutable
                and probably different, including the URI scheme, than the
                one given on input. The output URI will point to a location
                where the user only has a read access.
            parameters_schema_uri (str):
                Optional. Points to a YAML file stored on Google Cloud
                Storage describing the parameters of prediction and
                explanation via
                ``PredictRequest.parameters``,
                ``ExplainRequest.parameters``
                and
                ``BatchPredictionJob.model_parameters``.
                The schema is defined as an OpenAPI 3.0.2 `Schema
                Object <https://tinyurl.com/y538mdwt#schema-object>`__.
                AutoML Models always have this field populated by AI
                Platform, if no parameters are supported it is set to an
                empty string. Note: The URI given on output will be
                immutable and probably different, including the URI scheme,
                than the one given on input. The output URI will point to a
                location where the user only has a read access.
            prediction_schema_uri (str):
                Optional. Points to a YAML file stored on Google Cloud
                Storage describing the format of a single prediction
                produced by this Model, which are returned via
                ``PredictResponse.predictions``,
                ``ExplainResponse.explanations``,
                and
                ``BatchPredictionJob.output_config``.
                The schema is defined as an OpenAPI 3.0.2 `Schema
                Object <https://tinyurl.com/y538mdwt#schema-object>`__.
                AutoML Models always have this field populated by AI
                Platform. Note: The URI given on output will be immutable
                and probably different, including the URI scheme, than the
                one given on input. The output URI will point to a location
                where the user only has a read access.
            explanation_metadata (explain.ExplanationMetadata):
                Optional. Metadata describing the Model's input and output for explanation.
                Both `explanation_metadata` and `explanation_parameters` must be
                passed together when used. For more details, see
                `Ref docs <http://tinyurl.com/1igh60kt>`
            explanation_parameters (explain.ExplanationParameters):
                Optional. Parameters to configure explaining for Model's predictions.
                For more details, see `Ref docs <http://tinyurl.com/1an4zake>`
            project: Optional[str]=None,
                Project to upload this model to. Overrides project set in
                aiplatform.init.
            location: Optional[str]=None,
                Location to upload this model to. Overrides location set in
                aiplatform.init.
            credentials: Optional[auth_credentials.Credentials]=None,
                Custom credentials to use to upload this model. Overrides credentials
                set in aiplatform.init.
            labels (Dict[str, str]):
                Optional. The labels with user-defined metadata to
                organize your Models.
                Label keys and values can be no longer than 64
                characters (Unicode codepoints), can only
                contain lowercase letters, numeric characters,
                underscores and dashes. International characters
                are allowed.
                See https://goo.gl/xmQnxf for more information
                and examples of labels.
            encryption_spec_key_name (Optional[str]):
                Optional. The Cloud KMS resource identifier of the customer
                managed encryption key used to protect the model. Has the
                form:
                ``projects/my-project/locations/my-region/keyRings/my-kr/cryptoKeys/my-key``.
                The key needs to be in the same region as where the compute
                resource is created.

                If set, this Model and all sub-resources of this Model will be secured by this key.

                Overrides encryption_spec_key_name set in aiplatform.init.
            staging_bucket (str):
                Optional. Bucket to stage local model artifacts. Overrides
                staging_bucket set in aiplatform.init.
        Returns:
            model: Instantiated representation of the uploaded model resource.
        Raises:
            ValueError: If only `explanation_metadata` or `explanation_parameters`
                is specified.
        """
        # https://cloud.google.com/vertex-ai/docs/predictions/pre-built-containers#xgboost
        XGBOOST_SUPPORTED_VERSIONS = ["0.82", "0.90", "1.1", "1.2", "1.3", "1.4"]
        XGBOOST_CONTAINER_IMAGE_URI_TEMPLATE = (
            "{registry}/vertex-ai/prediction/xgboost-{cpu_or_gpu}.{version}:latest"
        )

        XGBOOST_SUPPORTED_MODEL_FILE_EXTENSIONS = [
            ".pkl",
            ".joblib",
            ".bst",
        ]

        if xgboost_version is None:
            # Using the latest version
            xgboost_version = XGBOOST_SUPPORTED_VERSIONS[-1]
            _LOGGER.info(f"Using the {xgboost_version} version of XGBoost.")

        if xgboost_version not in XGBOOST_SUPPORTED_VERSIONS:
            _LOGGER.error(
                f"XGBoost version {xgboost_version} is not supported. "
                f"Supported versions: {XGBOOST_SUPPORTED_VERSIONS}"
            )

        model_file_path_obj = pathlib.Path(model_file_path)
        if not model_file_path_obj.is_file():
            raise ValueError(
                f"model_file_path path must point to a file: '{model_file_path}'"
            )

        model_file_extension = model_file_path_obj.suffix
        if model_file_extension not in XGBOOST_SUPPORTED_MODEL_FILE_EXTENSIONS:
            _LOGGER.warning(
                f"Only the following XGBoost model file extensions are currently supported: '{XGBOOST_SUPPORTED_MODEL_FILE_EXTENSIONS}'"
            )
            _LOGGER.warning(
                "Treating the model file as a binary serialized XGBoost Booster."
            )
            model_file_extension = ".bst"

        # Preparing model directory
        prepared_model_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
        prepared_model_file_path = pathlib.Path(prepared_model_dir) / (
            "model" + model_file_extension
        )
        shutil.copy(model_file_path_obj, prepared_model_file_path)

        container_image_uri = XGBOOST_CONTAINER_IMAGE_URI_TEMPLATE.format(
            registry=_get_container_registry(
                location or aiplatform.initializer.global_config.location
            ),
            cpu_or_gpu="cpu",
            version=xgboost_version.replace(".", "-"),
        )

        display_name = display_name or "XGBoost model"

        return aiplatform.Model.upload(
            serving_container_image_uri=container_image_uri,
            artifact_uri=prepared_model_dir,
            display_name=display_name,
            description=description,
            instance_schema_uri=instance_schema_uri,
            parameters_schema_uri=parameters_schema_uri,
            prediction_schema_uri=prediction_schema_uri,
            explanation_metadata=explanation_metadata,
            explanation_parameters=explanation_parameters,
            project=project,
            location=location,
            credentials=credentials,
            labels=labels,
            encryption_spec_key_name=encryption_spec_key_name,
            staging_bucket=staging_bucket,
            sync=sync,
        )

    @staticmethod
    def upload_scikit_learn_model_file(
        model_file_path: str,
        sklearn_version: Optional[str] = None,
        display_name: Optional[str] = None,
        description: Optional[str] = None,
        instance_schema_uri: Optional[str] = None,
        parameters_schema_uri: Optional[str] = None,
        prediction_schema_uri: Optional[str] = None,
        explanation_metadata: Optional[explain.ExplanationMetadata] = None,
        explanation_parameters: Optional[explain.ExplanationParameters] = None,
        project: Optional[str] = None,
        location: Optional[str] = None,
        credentials: Optional[auth_credentials.Credentials] = None,
        labels: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
        encryption_spec_key_name: Optional[str] = None,
        staging_bucket: Optional[str] = None,
        sync=True,
    ):
        """Uploads a model and returns a Model representing the uploaded Model
        resource.

        Note: This function is *experimental* and can be changed in the future.

        Example usage::

            my_model = Model.upload_scikit_learn_model_file(
                model_file_path="iris.sklearn_model.joblib"
            )

        Args:
            model_file_path (str): Required. Local file path of the model.
            sklearn_version (str):
                Optional. The version of the Scikit-learn serving container.
                Supported versions: ["0.20", "0.22", "0.23", "0.24"].
                If the version is not specified, the latest version is used.
            display_name (str):
                Optional. The display name of the Model. The name can be up to 128
                characters long and can be consist of any UTF-8 characters.
            description (str):
                The description of the model.
            instance_schema_uri (str):
                Optional. Points to a YAML file stored on Google Cloud
                Storage describing the format of a single instance, which
                are used in
                ``PredictRequest.instances``,
                ``ExplainRequest.instances``
                and
                ``BatchPredictionJob.input_config``.
                The schema is defined as an OpenAPI 3.0.2 `Schema
                Object <https://tinyurl.com/y538mdwt#schema-object>`__.
                AutoML Models always have this field populated by AI
                Platform. Note: The URI given on output will be immutable
                and probably different, including the URI scheme, than the
                one given on input. The output URI will point to a location
                where the user only has a read access.
            parameters_schema_uri (str):
                Optional. Points to a YAML file stored on Google Cloud
                Storage describing the parameters of prediction and
                explanation via
                ``PredictRequest.parameters``,
                ``ExplainRequest.parameters``
                and
                ``BatchPredictionJob.model_parameters``.
                The schema is defined as an OpenAPI 3.0.2 `Schema
                Object <https://tinyurl.com/y538mdwt#schema-object>`__.
                AutoML Models always have this field populated by AI
                Platform, if no parameters are supported it is set to an
                empty string. Note: The URI given on output will be
                immutable and probably different, including the URI scheme,
                than the one given on input. The output URI will point to a
                location where the user only has a read access.
            prediction_schema_uri (str):
                Optional. Points to a YAML file stored on Google Cloud
                Storage describing the format of a single prediction
                produced by this Model, which are returned via
                ``PredictResponse.predictions``,
                ``ExplainResponse.explanations``,
                and
                ``BatchPredictionJob.output_config``.
                The schema is defined as an OpenAPI 3.0.2 `Schema
                Object <https://tinyurl.com/y538mdwt#schema-object>`__.
                AutoML Models always have this field populated by AI
                Platform. Note: The URI given on output will be immutable
                and probably different, including the URI scheme, than the
                one given on input. The output URI will point to a location
                where the user only has a read access.
            explanation_metadata (explain.ExplanationMetadata):
                Optional. Metadata describing the Model's input and output for explanation.
                Both `explanation_metadata` and `explanation_parameters` must be
                passed together when used. For more details, see
                `Ref docs <http://tinyurl.com/1igh60kt>`
            explanation_parameters (explain.ExplanationParameters):
                Optional. Parameters to configure explaining for Model's predictions.
                For more details, see `Ref docs <http://tinyurl.com/1an4zake>`
            project: Optional[str]=None,
                Project to upload this model to. Overrides project set in
                aiplatform.init.
            location: Optional[str]=None,
                Location to upload this model to. Overrides location set in
                aiplatform.init.
            credentials: Optional[auth_credentials.Credentials]=None,
                Custom credentials to use to upload this model. Overrides credentials
                set in aiplatform.init.
            labels (Dict[str, str]):
                Optional. The labels with user-defined metadata to
                organize your Models.
                Label keys and values can be no longer than 64
                characters (Unicode codepoints), can only
                contain lowercase letters, numeric characters,
                underscores and dashes. International characters
                are allowed.
                See https://goo.gl/xmQnxf for more information
                and examples of labels.
            encryption_spec_key_name (Optional[str]):
                Optional. The Cloud KMS resource identifier of the customer
                managed encryption key used to protect the model. Has the
                form:
                ``projects/my-project/locations/my-region/keyRings/my-kr/cryptoKeys/my-key``.
                The key needs to be in the same region as where the compute
                resource is created.

                If set, this Model and all sub-resources of this Model will be secured by this key.

                Overrides encryption_spec_key_name set in aiplatform.init.
            staging_bucket (str):
                Optional. Bucket to stage local model artifacts. Overrides
                staging_bucket set in aiplatform.init.
        Returns:
            model: Instantiated representation of the uploaded model resource.
        Raises:
            ValueError: If only `explanation_metadata` or `explanation_parameters`
                is specified.
        """
        # https://cloud.google.com/vertex-ai/docs/predictions/pre-built-containers#scikit-learn
        SKLEARN_SUPPORTED_VERSIONS = ["0.20", "0.22", "0.23", "0.24"]
        SKLEARN_CONTAINER_IMAGE_URI_TEMPLATE = (
            "{registry}/vertex-ai/prediction/sklearn-{cpu_or_gpu}.{version}:latest"
        )
        SKLEARN_SUPPORTED_MODEL_FILE_EXTENSIONS = [
            ".pkl",
            ".joblib",
        ]

        if sklearn_version is None:
            # Using the latest version
            sklearn_version = SKLEARN_SUPPORTED_VERSIONS[-1]
            _LOGGER.info(f"Using the {sklearn_version} version of Scikit-learn.")

        if sklearn_version not in SKLEARN_SUPPORTED_VERSIONS:
            _LOGGER.error(
                f"Scikit-learn version {sklearn_version} is not supported. "
                f"Supported versions: {SKLEARN_SUPPORTED_VERSIONS}"
            )

        model_file_path_obj = pathlib.Path(model_file_path)
        if not model_file_path_obj.is_file():
            raise ValueError(
                f"model_file_path path must point to a file: '{model_file_path}'"
            )

        model_file_extension = model_file_path_obj.suffix
        if model_file_extension not in SKLEARN_SUPPORTED_MODEL_FILE_EXTENSIONS:
            _LOGGER.warning(
                f"Only the following Scikit-learn model file extensions are currently supported: '{SKLEARN_SUPPORTED_MODEL_FILE_EXTENSIONS}'"
            )
            _LOGGER.warning(
                "Treating the model file as a pickle serialized Scikit-learn model."
            )
            model_file_extension = ".pkl"

        # Preparing model directory
        prepared_model_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
        prepared_model_file_path = pathlib.Path(prepared_model_dir) / (
            "model" + model_file_extension
        )
        shutil.copy(model_file_path_obj, prepared_model_file_path)

        container_image_uri = SKLEARN_CONTAINER_IMAGE_URI_TEMPLATE.format(
            registry=_get_container_registry(
                location or aiplatform.initializer.global_config.location
            ),
            cpu_or_gpu="cpu",
            version=sklearn_version.replace(".", "-"),
        )

        display_name = display_name or "Scikit-learn model"

        return aiplatform.Model.upload(
            serving_container_image_uri=container_image_uri,
            artifact_uri=prepared_model_dir,
            display_name=display_name,
            description=description,
            instance_schema_uri=instance_schema_uri,
            parameters_schema_uri=parameters_schema_uri,
            prediction_schema_uri=prediction_schema_uri,
            explanation_metadata=explanation_metadata,
            explanation_parameters=explanation_parameters,
            project=project,
            location=location,
            credentials=credentials,
            labels=labels,
            encryption_spec_key_name=encryption_spec_key_name,
            staging_bucket=staging_bucket,
            sync=sync,
        )

    @staticmethod
    def upload_tensorflow_saved_model(
        saved_model_dir: str,
        tensorflow_version: Optional[str] = None,
        use_gpu: bool = False,
        display_name: Optional[str] = None,
        description: Optional[str] = None,
        instance_schema_uri: Optional[str] = None,
        parameters_schema_uri: Optional[str] = None,
        prediction_schema_uri: Optional[str] = None,
        explanation_metadata: Optional[explain.ExplanationMetadata] = None,
        explanation_parameters: Optional[explain.ExplanationParameters] = None,
        project: Optional[str] = None,
        location: Optional[str] = None,
        credentials: Optional[auth_credentials.Credentials] = None,
        labels: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
        encryption_spec_key_name: Optional[str] = None,
        staging_bucket: Optional[str] = None,
        sync=True,
    ):
        """Uploads a model and returns a Model representing the uploaded Model
        resource.

        Note: This function is *experimental* and can be changed in the future.

        Example usage::

            my_model = Model.upload_scikit_learn_model_file(
                model_file_path="iris.tensorflow_model.SavedModel"
            )

        Args:
            saved_model_dir (str): Required.
                Local directory of the Tensorflow SavedModel.
            tensorflow_version (str):
                Optional. The version of the Tensorflow serving container.
                Supported versions: ["0.15", "2.1", "2.2", "2.3", "2.4", "2.5", "2.6"].
                If the version is not specified, the latest version is used.
            use_gpu (bool): Whether to use GPU for model serving.
            display_name (str):
                Optional. The display name of the Model. The name can be up to 128
                characters long and can be consist of any UTF-8 characters.
            description (str):
                The description of the model.
            instance_schema_uri (str):
                Optional. Points to a YAML file stored on Google Cloud
                Storage describing the format of a single instance, which
                are used in
                ``PredictRequest.instances``,
                ``ExplainRequest.instances``
                and
                ``BatchPredictionJob.input_config``.
                The schema is defined as an OpenAPI 3.0.2 `Schema
                Object <https://tinyurl.com/y538mdwt#schema-object>`__.
                AutoML Models always have this field populated by AI
                Platform. Note: The URI given on output will be immutable
                and probably different, including the URI scheme, than the
                one given on input. The output URI will point to a location
                where the user only has a read access.
            parameters_schema_uri (str):
                Optional. Points to a YAML file stored on Google Cloud
                Storage describing the parameters of prediction and
                explanation via
                ``PredictRequest.parameters``,
                ``ExplainRequest.parameters``
                and
                ``BatchPredictionJob.model_parameters``.
                The schema is defined as an OpenAPI 3.0.2 `Schema
                Object <https://tinyurl.com/y538mdwt#schema-object>`__.
                AutoML Models always have this field populated by AI
                Platform, if no parameters are supported it is set to an
                empty string. Note: The URI given on output will be
                immutable and probably different, including the URI scheme,
                than the one given on input. The output URI will point to a
                location where the user only has a read access.
            prediction_schema_uri (str):
                Optional. Points to a YAML file stored on Google Cloud
                Storage describing the format of a single prediction
                produced by this Model, which are returned via
                ``PredictResponse.predictions``,
                ``ExplainResponse.explanations``,
                and
                ``BatchPredictionJob.output_config``.
                The schema is defined as an OpenAPI 3.0.2 `Schema
                Object <https://tinyurl.com/y538mdwt#schema-object>`__.
                AutoML Models always have this field populated by AI
                Platform. Note: The URI given on output will be immutable
                and probably different, including the URI scheme, than the
                one given on input. The output URI will point to a location
                where the user only has a read access.
            explanation_metadata (explain.ExplanationMetadata):
                Optional. Metadata describing the Model's input and output for explanation.
                Both `explanation_metadata` and `explanation_parameters` must be
                passed together when used. For more details, see
                `Ref docs <http://tinyurl.com/1igh60kt>`
            explanation_parameters (explain.ExplanationParameters):
                Optional. Parameters to configure explaining for Model's predictions.
                For more details, see `Ref docs <http://tinyurl.com/1an4zake>`
            project: Optional[str]=None,
                Project to upload this model to. Overrides project set in
                aiplatform.init.
            location: Optional[str]=None,
                Location to upload this model to. Overrides location set in
                aiplatform.init.
            credentials: Optional[auth_credentials.Credentials]=None,
                Custom credentials to use to upload this model. Overrides credentials
                set in aiplatform.init.
            labels (Dict[str, str]):
                Optional. The labels with user-defined metadata to
                organize your Models.
                Label keys and values can be no longer than 64
                characters (Unicode codepoints), can only
                contain lowercase letters, numeric characters,
                underscores and dashes. International characters
                are allowed.
                See https://goo.gl/xmQnxf for more information
                and examples of labels.
            encryption_spec_key_name (Optional[str]):
                Optional. The Cloud KMS resource identifier of the customer
                managed encryption key used to protect the model. Has the
                form:
                ``projects/my-project/locations/my-region/keyRings/my-kr/cryptoKeys/my-key``.
                The key needs to be in the same region as where the compute
                resource is created.

                If set, this Model and all sub-resources of this Model will be secured by this key.

                Overrides encryption_spec_key_name set in aiplatform.init.
            staging_bucket (str):
                Optional. Bucket to stage local model artifacts. Overrides
                staging_bucket set in aiplatform.init.
        Returns:
            model: Instantiated representation of the uploaded model resource.
        Raises:
            ValueError: If only `explanation_metadata` or `explanation_parameters`
                is specified.
        """
        # https://cloud.google.com/vertex-ai/docs/predictions/pre-built-containers#tensorflow
        TENSORFLOW_SUPPORTED_VERSIONS = [
            "0.15",
            "2.1",
            "2.2",
            "2.3",
            "2.4",
            "2.5",
            "2.6",
        ]
        TENSORFLOW_CONTAINER_IMAGE_URI_TEMPLATE = (
            "{registry}/vertex-ai/prediction/tf{tf2_or_1}-{cpu_or_gpu}.{version}:latest"
        )

        if tensorflow_version is None:
            # Using the latest version
            tensorflow_version = TENSORFLOW_SUPPORTED_VERSIONS[-1]
            _LOGGER.info(f"Using the {tensorflow_version} version of Tensorflow.")

        if tensorflow_version not in TENSORFLOW_SUPPORTED_VERSIONS:
            _LOGGER.error(
                f"Tensorflow version {tensorflow_version} is not supported. "
                f"Supported versions: {TENSORFLOW_SUPPORTED_VERSIONS}"
            )

        container_image_uri = TENSORFLOW_CONTAINER_IMAGE_URI_TEMPLATE.format(
            registry=_get_container_registry(
                location or aiplatform.initializer.global_config.location
            ),
            tf2_or_1=("2" if tensorflow_version.startswith("2.") else ""),
            cpu_or_gpu="gpu" if use_gpu else "cpu",
            version=tensorflow_version.replace(".", "-"),
        )

        display_name = display_name or "Tensorflow model"

        return aiplatform.Model.upload(
            serving_container_image_uri=container_image_uri,
            artifact_uri=saved_model_dir,
            display_name=display_name,
            description=description,
            instance_schema_uri=instance_schema_uri,
            parameters_schema_uri=parameters_schema_uri,
            prediction_schema_uri=prediction_schema_uri,
            explanation_metadata=explanation_metadata,
            explanation_parameters=explanation_parameters,
            project=project,
            location=location,
            credentials=credentials,
            labels=labels,
            encryption_spec_key_name=encryption_spec_key_name,
            staging_bucket=staging_bucket,
            sync=sync,
        )


def _get_container_registry(location: Optional[str] = None,) -> str:
    location = location or "us-"
    if location.startswith("us-"):
        return "us-docker.pkg.dev"
    elif location.startswith("europe-"):
        return "europe-docker.pkg.dev"
    elif location.startswith("asia-"):
        return "asia-docker.pkg.dev"
    else:
        raise ValueError(f"Unrecognized location: {location}")