diff --git a/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/jdbc/JdbcDriver.java b/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/jdbc/JdbcDriver.java
index f7214ea7..3f4a4335 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/jdbc/JdbcDriver.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/jdbc/JdbcDriver.java
@@ -88,6 +88,10 @@
  *       connection. Default is true. @see {@link
  *       com.google.cloud.spanner.jdbc.CloudSpannerJdbcConnection#setRetryAbortsInternally(boolean)}
  *       for more information.
+ *   <li>minSessions (int): Sets the minimum number of sessions in the backing session pool.
+ *       Defaults to 100.
+ *   <li>maxSessions (int): Sets the maximum number of sessions in the backing session pool.
+ *       Defaults to 400.
  *   <li>numChannels (int): Sets the number of gRPC channels to use. Defaults to 4.
  *   <li>usePlainText (boolean): Sets whether the JDBC connection should establish an unencrypted
  *       connection to the server. This option can only be used when connecting to a local emulator
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/jdbc/JdbcConnectionUrlTest.java b/src/test/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/jdbc/JdbcConnectionUrlTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..64ebe955
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/jdbc/JdbcConnectionUrlTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 Google LLC
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.google.cloud.spanner.jdbc;
+
+import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat;
+
+import com.google.cloud.spanner.connection.AbstractMockServerTest;
+import com.google.common.base.Predicate;
+import com.google.protobuf.AbstractMessage;
+import com.google.spanner.v1.BatchCreateSessionsRequest;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import org.junit.AfterClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.experimental.runners.Enclosed;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+@RunWith(Enclosed.class)
+public class JdbcConnectionUrlTest {
+
+  public static class ConnectionMinSessionsTest extends AbstractMockServerTest {
+    @AfterClass
+    public static void reset() {
+      mockSpanner.reset();
+    }
+
+    protected String getBaseUrl() {
+      return super.getBaseUrl() + ";minSessions=1";
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMinSessions() throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException, SQLException {
+      try (Connection connection = createJdbcConnection()) {
+        mockSpanner.waitForRequestsToContain(
+            new Predicate<AbstractMessage>() {
+              @Override
+              public boolean apply(AbstractMessage input) {
+                return input instanceof BatchCreateSessionsRequest
+                    && ((BatchCreateSessionsRequest) input).getSessionCount() == 1;
+              }
+            },
+            5000L);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static class ConnectionMaxSessionsTest extends AbstractMockServerTest {
+
+    @AfterClass
+    public static void reset() {
+      mockSpanner.reset();
+    }
+
+    protected String getBaseUrl() {
+      return super.getBaseUrl() + ";maxSessions=1";
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMaxSessions()
+        throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException, ExecutionException, SQLException {
+      ExecutorService executor1 = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
+      ExecutorService executor2 = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
+
+      try (Connection connection1 = createJdbcConnection();
+          Connection connection2 = createJdbcConnection()) {
+        final CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        Future<Void> fut1 =
+            executor1.submit(
+                new Callable<Void>() {
+                  @Override
+                  public Void call() throws SQLException, InterruptedException {
+                    latch.await(5L, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+                    connection1.createStatement().executeUpdate(INSERT_STATEMENT.getSql());
+                    connection1.commit();
+                    return null;
+                  }
+                });
+        Future<Void> fut2 =
+            executor2.submit(
+                new Callable<Void>() {
+                  @Override
+                  public Void call() throws SQLException {
+                    latch.countDown();
+                    connection2.createStatement().executeUpdate(INSERT_STATEMENT.getSql());
+                    connection2.commit();
+                    return null;
+                  }
+                });
+        // Wait until both finishes.
+        fut1.get(5L, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        fut2.get(5L, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+      } finally {
+        executor1.shutdown();
+        executor2.shutdown();
+      }
+      assertThat(mockSpanner.numSessionsCreated()).isEqualTo(1);
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/jdbc/JdbcGrpcErrorTest.java b/src/test/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/jdbc/JdbcGrpcErrorTest.java
index bdeda19c..51e9ab07 100644
--- a/src/test/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/jdbc/JdbcGrpcErrorTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/jdbc/JdbcGrpcErrorTest.java
@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@
 import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.AfterClass;
 import org.junit.BeforeClass;
-import org.junit.Ignore;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
@@ -133,7 +132,7 @@ public void reset() {
 
   private String createUrl() {
     return String.format(
-        "jdbc:cloudspanner://localhost:%d/projects/%s/instances/%s/databases/%s?usePlainText=true",
+        "jdbc:cloudspanner://localhost:%d/projects/%s/instances/%s/databases/%s?usePlainText=true;minSessions=0",
         server.getPort(), "proj", "inst", "db");
   }
 
@@ -141,13 +140,13 @@ private Connection createConnection() throws SQLException {
     return DriverManager.getConnection(createUrl());
   }
 
-  @Ignore(
-      "This can only be guaranteed with MinSessions=0. Re-enable when MinSessions is configurable for JDBC.")
   @Test
   public void autocommitBeginTransaction() {
     mockSpanner.setBeginTransactionExecutionTime(
         SimulatedExecutionTime.ofException(serverException));
     try (java.sql.Connection connection = createConnection()) {
+      // This triggers a retry with an explicit BeginTransaction RPC.
+      mockSpanner.abortNextStatement();
       connection.createStatement().executeUpdate(UPDATE_STATEMENT.getSql());
       fail("missing expected exception");
     } catch (SQLException e) {
@@ -155,8 +154,6 @@ public void autocommitBeginTransaction() {
     }
   }
 
-  @Ignore(
-      "This can only be guaranteed with MinSessions=0. Re-enable when MinSessions is configurable for JDBC.")
   @Test
   public void autocommitBeginPDMLTransaction() {
     mockSpanner.setBeginTransactionExecutionTime(
@@ -170,14 +167,14 @@ public void autocommitBeginPDMLTransaction() {
     }
   }
 
-  @Ignore(
-      "This can only be guaranteed with MinSessions=0. Re-enable when MinSessions is configurable for JDBC.")
   @Test
   public void transactionalBeginTransaction() {
     mockSpanner.setBeginTransactionExecutionTime(
         SimulatedExecutionTime.ofException(serverException));
     try (java.sql.Connection connection = createConnection()) {
       connection.setAutoCommit(false);
+      // This triggers a retry with an explicit BeginTransaction RPC.
+      mockSpanner.abortNextStatement();
       connection.createStatement().executeUpdate(UPDATE_STATEMENT.getSql());
       fail("missing expected exception");
     } catch (SQLException e) {
@@ -185,8 +182,6 @@ public void transactionalBeginTransaction() {
     }
   }
 
-  @Ignore(
-      "This can only be guaranteed with MinSessions=0. Re-enable when MinSessions is configurable for JDBC.")
   @Test
   public void readOnlyBeginTransaction() {
     mockSpanner.setBeginTransactionExecutionTime(
@@ -368,8 +363,6 @@ public void readOnlyExecuteStreamingSql() {
     }
   }
 
-  @Ignore(
-      "This can only be guaranteed with MinSessions=0. Re-enable when MinSessions is configurable for JDBC.")
   @Test
   public void autocommitCreateSession() {
     mockSpanner.setBatchCreateSessionsExecutionTime(
@@ -382,8 +375,6 @@ public void autocommitCreateSession() {
     }
   }
 
-  @Ignore(
-      "This can only be guaranteed with MinSessions=0. Re-enable when MinSessions is configurable for JDBC.")
   @Test
   public void transactionalCreateSession() {
     mockSpanner.setBatchCreateSessionsExecutionTime(
@@ -397,8 +388,6 @@ public void transactionalCreateSession() {
     }
   }
 
-  @Ignore(
-      "This can only be guaranteed with MinSessions=0. Re-enable when MinSessions is configurable for JDBC.")
   @Test
   public void readOnlyCreateSession() {
     mockSpanner.setBatchCreateSessionsExecutionTime(