Connection.java

/*
 * Copyright 2019 Google LLC
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package com.google.cloud.spanner.jdbc;

import com.google.cloud.Timestamp;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.AbortedException;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.ErrorCode;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.Mutation;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.Options.QueryOption;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.ReadContext.QueryAnalyzeMode;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.ResultSet;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.SpannerBatchUpdateException;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.SpannerException;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.SpannerOptions;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.Statement;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.TimestampBound;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.jdbc.StatementResult.ResultType;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

/**
 * A connection to a Cloud Spanner database. Connections are not designed to be thread-safe. The
 * only exception is the {@link Connection#cancel()} method that may be called by any other thread
 * to stop the execution of the current statement on the connection.
 *
 * <p>Connections accept a number of additional SQL statements for setting or changing the state of
 * a {@link Connection}. These statements can only be executed using the {@link
 * Connection#execute(Statement)} method:
 *
 * <ul>
 *   <li><code>SHOW AUTOCOMMIT</code>: Returns the current value of <code>AUTOCOMMIT</code> of this
 *       connection as a {@link ResultSet}
 *   <li><code>SET AUTOCOMMIT=TRUE|FALSE</code>: Sets the value of <code>AUTOCOMMIT</code> for this
 *       connection
 *   <li><code>SHOW READONLY</code>: Returns the current value of <code>READONLY</code> of this
 *       connection as a {@link ResultSet}
 *   <li><code>SET READONLY=TRUE|FALSE</code>: Sets the value of <code>READONLY</code> for this
 *       connection
 *   <li><code>SHOW RETRY_ABORTS_INTERNALLY</code>: Returns the current value of <code>
 *       RETRY_ABORTS_INTERNALLY</code> of this connection as a {@link ResultSet}
 *   <li><code>SET RETRY_ABORTS_INTERNALLY=TRUE|FALSE</code>: Sets the value of <code>
 *       RETRY_ABORTS_INTERNALLY</code> for this connection
 *   <li><code>SHOW AUTOCOMMIT_DML_MODE</code>: Returns the current value of <code>
 *       AUTOCOMMIT_DML_MODE</code> of this connection as a {@link ResultSet}
 *   <li><code>SET AUTOCOMMIT_DML_MODE='TRANSACTIONAL' | 'PARTITIONED_NON_ATOMIC'</code>: Sets the
 *       value of <code>AUTOCOMMIT_DML_MODE</code> for this connection
 *   <li><code>SHOW STATEMENT_TIMEOUT</code>: Returns the current value of <code>STATEMENT_TIMEOUT
 *       </code> of this connection as a {@link ResultSet}
 *   <li><code>SET STATEMENT_TIMEOUT='&lt;int64&gt;s|ms|us|ns' | NULL</code>: Sets the value of
 *       <code>STATEMENT_TIMEOUT</code> for this connection. The supported {@link TimeUnit}s are:
 *       <ul>
 *         <li>s - Seconds
 *         <li>ms - Milliseconds
 *         <li>us - Microseconds
 *         <li>ns - Nanoseconds
 *       </ul>
 *       Setting the STATEMENT_TIMEOUT to NULL will clear the value for the STATEMENT_TIMEOUT on the
 *       connection.
 *   <li><code>SHOW READ_TIMESTAMP</code>: Returns the last <code>READ_TIMESTAMP</code> of this
 *       connection as a {@link ResultSet}
 *   <li><code>SHOW COMMIT_TIMESTAMP</code>: Returns the last <code>COMMIT_TIMESTAMP</code> of this
 *       connection as a {@link ResultSet}
 *   <li><code>SHOW READ_ONLY_STALENESS</code>: Returns the current value of <code>
 *       READ_ONLY_STALENESS</code> of this connection as a {@link ResultSet}
 *   <li><code>
 *       SET READ_ONLY_STALENESS='STRONG' | 'MIN_READ_TIMESTAMP &lt;timestamp&gt;' | 'READ_TIMESTAMP &lt;timestamp&gt;' | 'MAX_STALENESS &lt;int64&gt;s|ms|mus|ns' | 'EXACT_STALENESS (&lt;int64&gt;s|ms|mus|ns)'
 *       </code>: Sets the value of <code>READ_ONLY_STALENESS</code> for this connection.
 *   <li><code>BEGIN [TRANSACTION]</code>: Begins a new transaction. This statement is optional when
 *       the connection is not in autocommit mode, as a new transaction will automatically be
 *       started when a query or update statement is issued. In autocommit mode, this statement will
 *       temporarily put the connection in transactional mode, and return the connection to
 *       autocommit mode when <code>COMMIT [TRANSACTION]</code> or <code>ROLLBACK [TRANSACTION]
 *       </code> is executed
 *   <li><code>COMMIT [TRANSACTION]</code>: Commits the current transaction
 *   <li><code>ROLLBACK [TRANSACTION]</code>: Rollbacks the current transaction
 *   <li><code>SET TRANSACTION READ ONLY|READ WRITE</code>: Sets the type for the current
 *       transaction. May only be executed before a transaction is actually running (i.e. before any
 *       statements have been executed in the transaction)
 *   <li><code>START BATCH DDL</code>: Starts a batch of DDL statements. May only be executed when
 *       no transaction has been started and the connection is in read/write mode. The connection
 *       will only accept DDL statements while a DDL batch is active.
 *   <li><code>START BATCH DML</code>: Starts a batch of DML statements. May only be executed when
 *       the connection is in read/write mode. The connection will only accept DML statements while
 *       a DML batch is active.
 *   <li><code>RUN BATCH</code>: Ends the current batch, sends the batched DML or DDL statements to
 *       Spanner and blocks until all statements have been executed or an error occurs. May only be
 *       executed when a (possibly empty) batch is active. The statement will return the update
 *       counts of the batched statements as {@link ResultSet} with an ARRAY&lt;INT64&gt; column. In
 *       case of a DDL batch, this array will always be empty.
 *   <li><code>ABORT BATCH</code>: Ends the current batch and removes any DML or DDL statements from
 *       the buffer without sending any statements to Spanner. May only be executed when a (possibly
 *       empty) batch is active.
 * </ul>
 *
 * Note that Cloud Spanner could abort read/write transactions in the background, and that
 * <strong>any</strong> database call during a read/write transaction could fail with an {@link
 * AbortedException}. This also includes calls to {@link ResultSet#next()}.
 *
 * <p>If {@link Connection#isRetryAbortsInternally()} is <code>true</code>, then the connection will
 * silently handle any {@link AbortedException}s by internally re-acquiring all transactional locks
 * and verifying (via the use of cryptographic checksums) that no underlying data has changed. If a
 * change to the underlying data is detected, then an {@link
 * AbortedDueToConcurrentModificationException} error will be thrown. If your application already
 * uses retry loops to handle these Aborted errors, then it will be most efficient to set {@link
 * Connection#isRetryAbortsInternally()} to <code>false</code>.
 *
 * <p>Use {@link ConnectionOptions} to create a {@link Connection}.
 */
interface Connection extends AutoCloseable {

  /** @return the {@link SpannerOptions} that were used to create this connection. */
  SpannerOptions getSpannerOptions();

  /** Closes this connection. This is a no-op if the {@link Connection} has alread been closed. */
  @Override
  void close();

  /** @return <code>true</code> if this connection has been closed. */
  boolean isClosed();

  /**
   * Sets autocommit on/off for this {@link Connection}. Connections in autocommit mode will apply
   * any changes to the database directly without waiting for an explicit commit. DDL- and DML
   * statements as well as {@link Mutation}s are sent directly to Spanner, and committed
   * automatically unless the statement caused an error. The statement is retried in case of an
   * {@link AbortedException}. All other errors will cause the underlying transaction to be rolled
   * back.
   *
   * <p>A {@link Connection} that is in autocommit and read/write mode will allow all types of
   * statements: Queries, DML, DDL, and Mutations (writes). If the connection is in read-only mode,
   * only queries will be allowed.
   *
   * <p>{@link Connection}s in autocommit mode may also accept partitioned DML statements. See
   * {@link Connection#setAutocommitDmlMode(AutocommitDmlMode)} for more information.
   *
   * @param autocommit true/false to turn autocommit on/off
   */
  void setAutocommit(boolean autocommit);

  /** @return <code>true</code> if this connection is in autocommit mode */
  boolean isAutocommit();

  /**
   * Sets this connection to read-only or read-write. This method may only be called when no
   * transaction is active. A connection that is in read-only mode, will never allow any kind of
   * changes to the database to be submitted.
   *
   * @param readOnly true/false to turn read-only mode on/off
   */
  void setReadOnly(boolean readOnly);

  /** @return <code>true</code> if this connection is in read-only mode */
  boolean isReadOnly();

  /**
   * Sets the duration the connection should wait before automatically aborting the execution of a
   * statement. The default is no timeout. Statement timeouts are applied all types of statements,
   * both in autocommit and transactional mode. They also apply to {@link Connection#commit()} and
   * {@link Connection#rollback()} statements.
   *
   * <p>A DML statement in autocommit mode may or may not have actually been applied to the
   * database, depending on when the timeout occurred.
   *
   * <p>A DML statement in a transaction that times out may still have been applied to the
   * transaction. If you still decide to commit the transaction after such a timeout, the DML
   * statement may or may not have been part of the transaction, depending on whether the timeout
   * occurred before or after the statement was (successfully) sent to Spanner. You should therefore
   * either always rollback a transaction that had a DML statement that timed out, or you should
   * accept that the timed out statement still might have been applied to the database.
   *
   * <p>DDL statements and DML statements in {@link AutocommitDmlMode#PARTITIONED_NON_ATOMIC} mode
   * cannot be rolled back. If such a statement times out, it may or may not have been applied to
   * the database. The same applies to commit and rollback statements.
   *
   * <p>Statements that time out will throw a {@link SpannerException} with error code {@link
   * ErrorCode#DEADLINE_EXCEEDED}.
   *
   * @param timeout The number of {@link TimeUnit}s before a statement is automatically aborted by
   *     the connection. Zero or negative values are not allowed. The maximum allowed value is
   *     315,576,000,000 seconds. Use {@link Connection#clearStatementTimeout()} to remove a timeout
   *     value that has been set.
   * @param unit The {@link TimeUnit} to specify the timeout value in. Must be one of {@link
   *     TimeUnit#NANOSECONDS}, {@link TimeUnit#MICROSECONDS}, {@link TimeUnit#MILLISECONDS}, {@link
   *     TimeUnit#SECONDS}.
   */
  void setStatementTimeout(long timeout, TimeUnit unit);

  /**
   * Clears the statement timeout value for this connection. This is a no-op if there is currently
   * no statement timeout set on this connection.
   */
  void clearStatementTimeout();

  /**
   * @param unit The {@link TimeUnit} to get the timeout value in. Must be one of {@link
   *     TimeUnit#NANOSECONDS}, {@link TimeUnit#MICROSECONDS}, {@link TimeUnit#MILLISECONDS}, {@link
   *     TimeUnit#SECONDS}
   * @return the current statement timeout value or 0 if no timeout value has been set.
   */
  long getStatementTimeout(TimeUnit unit);

  /** @return <code>true</code> if this {@link Connection} has a statement timeout value. */
  boolean hasStatementTimeout();

  /**
   * Cancels the currently running statement on this {@link Connection} (if any). If canceling the
   * statement execution succeeds, the statement will be terminated and a {@link SpannerException}
   * with code {@link ErrorCode#CANCELLED} will be thrown. The result of the statement will be the
   * same as when a statement times out (see {@link Connection#setStatementTimeout(long, TimeUnit)}
   * for more information).
   *
   * <p>Canceling a DDL statement in autocommit mode or a RUN BATCH statement of a DDL batch will
   * cause the connection to try to cancel the execution of the DDL statement(s). This is not
   * guaranteed to cancel the execution of the statement(s) on Cloud Spanner. See
   * https://cloud.google.com/spanner/docs/reference/rpc/google.longrunning#google.longrunning.Operations.CancelOperation
   * for more information.
   *
   * <p>Canceling a DML statement that is running in {@link
   * AutocommitDmlMode#PARTITIONED_NON_ATOMIC} mode will not cancel a statement on Cloud Spanner
   * that is already being executed, and its effects will still be applied to the database.
   */
  void cancel();

  /**
   * Begins a new transaction for this connection.
   *
   * <ul>
   *   <li>Calling this method on a connection that has no transaction and that is
   *       <strong>not</strong> in autocommit mode, will register a new transaction that has not yet
   *       started on this connection
   *   <li>Calling this method on a connection that has no transaction and that <strong>is</strong>
   *       in autocommit mode, will register a new transaction that has not yet started on this
   *       connection, and temporarily turn off autocommit mode until the next commit/rollback
   *   <li>Calling this method on a connection that already has a transaction that has not yet
   *       started, will cause a {@link SpannerException}
   *   <li>Calling this method on a connection that already has a transaction that has started, will
   *       cause a {@link SpannerException} (no nested transactions)
   * </ul>
   */
  void beginTransaction();

  /**
   * Sets the transaction mode to use for current transaction. This method may only be called when
   * in a transaction, and before the transaction is actually started, i.e. before any statements
   * have been executed in the transaction.
   *
   * @param transactionMode The transaction mode to use for the current transaction.
   *     <ul>
   *       <li>{@link TransactionMode#READ_ONLY_TRANSACTION} will create a read-only transaction and
   *           prevent any changes to written to the database through this transaction. The read
   *           timestamp to be used will be determined based on the current readOnlyStaleness
   *           setting of this connection. It is recommended to use {@link
   *           TransactionMode#READ_ONLY_TRANSACTION} instead of {@link
   *           TransactionMode#READ_WRITE_TRANSACTION} when possible, as read-only transactions do
   *           not acquire locks on Cloud Spanner, and read-only transactions never abort.
   *       <li>{@link TransactionMode#READ_WRITE_TRANSACTION} this value is only allowed when the
   *           connection is not in read-only mode and will create a read-write transaction. If
   *           {@link Connection#isRetryAbortsInternally()} is <code>true</code>, each read/write
   *           transaction will keep track of a running SHA256 checksum for each {@link ResultSet}
   *           that is returned in order to be able to retry the transaction in case the transaction
   *           is aborted by Spanner.
   *     </ul>
   */
  void setTransactionMode(TransactionMode transactionMode);

  /**
   * @return the transaction mode of the current transaction. This method may only be called when
   *     the connection is in a transaction.
   */
  TransactionMode getTransactionMode();

  /**
   * @return <code>true</code> if this connection will automatically retry read/write transactions
   *     that abort. This method may only be called when the connection is in read/write
   *     transactional mode and no transaction has been started yet.
   */
  boolean isRetryAbortsInternally();

  /**
   * Sets whether this connection will internally retry read/write transactions that abort. The
   * default is <code>true</code>. When internal retry is enabled, the {@link Connection} will keep
   * track of a running SHA256 checksum of all {@link ResultSet}s that have been returned from Cloud
   * Spanner. If the checksum that is calculated during an internal retry differs from the original
   * checksum, the transaction will abort with an {@link
   * AbortedDueToConcurrentModificationException}.
   *
   * <p>Note that retries of a read/write transaction that calls a non-deterministic function on
   * Cloud Spanner, such as CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(), will never be successful, as the data returned
   * during the retry will always be different from the original transaction.
   *
   * <p>It is also highly recommended that all queries in a read/write transaction have an ORDER BY
   * clause that guarantees that the data is returned in the same order as in the original
   * transaction if the transaction is internally retried. The most efficient way to achieve this is
   * to always include the primary key columns at the end of the ORDER BY clause.
   *
   * <p>This method may only be called when the connection is in read/write transactional mode and
   * no transaction has been started yet.
   *
   * @param retryAbortsInternally Set to <code>true</code> to internally retry transactions that are
   *     aborted by Spanner. When set to <code>false</code>, any database call on a transaction that
   *     has been aborted by Cloud Spanner will throw an {@link AbortedException} instead of being
   *     retried. Set this to false if your application already uses retry loops to handle {@link
   *     AbortedException}s.
   */
  void setRetryAbortsInternally(boolean retryAbortsInternally);

  /**
   * Add a {@link TransactionRetryListener} to this {@link Connection} for testing and logging
   * purposes. The method {@link TransactionRetryListener#retryStarting(Timestamp, long, int)} will
   * be called before an automatic retry is started for a read/write transaction on this connection.
   * The method {@link TransactionRetryListener#retryFinished(Timestamp, long, int,
   * TransactionRetryListener.RetryResult)} will be called after the retry has finished.
   *
   * @param listener The listener to add to this connection.
   */
  void addTransactionRetryListener(TransactionRetryListener listener);

  /**
   * Removes one existing {@link TransactionRetryListener} from this {@link Connection}, if it is
   * present (optional operation).
   *
   * @param listener The listener to remove from the connection.
   * @return <code>true</code> if a listener was removed from the connection.
   */
  boolean removeTransactionRetryListener(TransactionRetryListener listener);

  /**
   * @return an unmodifiable iterator of the {@link TransactionRetryListener}s registered for this
   *     connection.
   */
  Iterator<TransactionRetryListener> getTransactionRetryListeners();

  /**
   * Sets the mode for executing DML statements in autocommit mode for this connection. This setting
   * is only used when the connection is in autocommit mode, and may only be set while the
   * transaction is in autocommit mode and not in a temporary transaction. The autocommit
   * transaction mode is reset to its default value of {@link AutocommitDmlMode#TRANSACTIONAL} when
   * autocommit mode is changed on the connection.
   *
   * @param mode The DML autocommit mode to use
   *     <ul>
   *       <li>{@link AutocommitDmlMode#TRANSACTIONAL} DML statements are executed as single
   *           read-write transaction. After successful execution, the DML statement is guaranteed
   *           to have been applied exactly once to the database
   *       <li>{@link AutocommitDmlMode#PARTITIONED_NON_ATOMIC} DML statements are executed as
   *           partitioned DML transactions. If an error occurs during the execution of the DML
   *           statement, it is possible that the statement has been applied to some but not all of
   *           the rows specified in the statement.
   *     </ul>
   */
  void setAutocommitDmlMode(AutocommitDmlMode mode);

  /**
   * @return the current {@link AutocommitDmlMode} setting for this connection. This method may only
   *     be called on a connection that is in autocommit mode and not while in a temporary
   *     transaction.
   */
  AutocommitDmlMode getAutocommitDmlMode();

  /**
   * Sets the staleness to use for the current read-only transaction. This method may only be called
   * when the transaction mode of the current transaction is {@link
   * TransactionMode#READ_ONLY_TRANSACTION} and there is no transaction that has started, or when
   * the connection is in read-only and autocommit mode.
   *
   * @param staleness The staleness to use for the current but not yet started read-only transaction
   */
  void setReadOnlyStaleness(TimestampBound staleness);

  /**
   * @return the read-only staleness setting for the current read-only transaction. This method may
   *     only be called when the current transaction is a read-only transaction, or when the
   *     connection is in read-only and autocommit mode.
   */
  TimestampBound getReadOnlyStaleness();

  /**
   * Commits the current transaction of this connection. All mutations that have been buffered
   * during the current transaction will be written to the database.
   *
   * <p>If the connection is in autocommit mode, and there is a temporary transaction active on this
   * connection, calling this method will cause the connection to go back to autocommit mode after
   * calling this method.
   *
   * <p>This method will throw a {@link SpannerException} with code {@link
   * ErrorCode#DEADLINE_EXCEEDED} if a statement timeout has been set on this connection, and the
   * commit operation takes longer than this timeout.
   *
   * <ul>
   *   <li>Calling this method on a connection in autocommit mode and with no temporary transaction,
   *       will cause an exception
   *   <li>Calling this method while a DDL batch is active will cause an exception
   *   <li>Calling this method on a connection with a transaction that has not yet started, will end
   *       that transaction and any properties that might have been set on that transaction, and
   *       return the connection to its previous state. This means that if a transaction is created
   *       and set to read-only, and then committed before any statements have been executed, the
   *       read-only transaction is ended and any subsequent statements will be executed in a new
   *       transaction. If the connection is in read-write mode, the default for new transactions
   *       will be {@link TransactionMode#READ_WRITE_TRANSACTION}. Committing an empty transaction
   *       also does not generate a read timestamp or a commit timestamp, and calling one of the
   *       methods {@link Connection#getReadTimestamp()} or {@link Connection#getCommitTimestamp()}
   *       will cause an exception.
   *   <li>Calling this method on a connection with a {@link TransactionMode#READ_ONLY_TRANSACTION}
   *       transaction will end that transaction. If the connection is in read-write mode, any
   *       subsequent transaction will by default be a {@link
   *       TransactionMode#READ_WRITE_TRANSACTION} transaction, unless any following transaction is
   *       explicitly set to {@link TransactionMode#READ_ONLY_TRANSACTION}
   *   <li>Calling this method on a connection with a {@link TransactionMode#READ_WRITE_TRANSACTION}
   *       transaction will send all buffered mutations to the database, commit any DML statements
   *       that have been executed during this transaction and end the transaction.
   * </ul>
   */
  void commit();

  /**
   * Rollbacks the current transaction of this connection. All mutations or DDL statements that have
   * been buffered during the current transaction will be removed from the buffer.
   *
   * <p>If the connection is in autocommit mode, and there is a temporary transaction active on this
   * connection, calling this method will cause the connection to go back to autocommit mode after
   * calling this method.
   *
   * <ul>
   *   <li>Calling this method on a connection in autocommit mode and with no temporary transaction
   *       will cause an exception
   *   <li>Calling this method while a DDL batch is active will cause an exception
   *   <li>Calling this method on a connection with a transaction that has not yet started, will end
   *       that transaction and any properties that might have been set on that transaction, and
   *       return the connection to its previous state. This means that if a transaction is created
   *       and set to read-only, and then rolled back before any statements have been executed, the
   *       read-only transaction is ended and any subsequent statements will be executed in a new
   *       transaction. If the connection is in read-write mode, the default for new transactions
   *       will be {@link TransactionMode#READ_WRITE_TRANSACTION}.
   *   <li>Calling this method on a connection with a {@link TransactionMode#READ_ONLY_TRANSACTION}
   *       transaction will end that transaction. If the connection is in read-write mode, any
   *       subsequent transaction will by default be a {@link
   *       TransactionMode#READ_WRITE_TRANSACTION} transaction, unless any following transaction is
   *       explicitly set to {@link TransactionMode#READ_ONLY_TRANSACTION}
   *   <li>Calling this method on a connection with a {@link TransactionMode#READ_WRITE_TRANSACTION}
   *       transaction will clear all buffered mutations, rollback any DML statements that have been
   *       executed during this transaction and end the transaction.
   * </ul>
   */
  void rollback();

  /**
   * @return <code>true</code> if this connection has a transaction (that has not necessarily
   *     started). This method will only return false when the {@link Connection} is in autocommit
   *     mode and no explicit transaction has been started by calling {@link
   *     Connection#beginTransaction()}. If the {@link Connection} is not in autocommit mode, there
   *     will always be a transaction.
   */
  boolean isInTransaction();

  /**
   * @return <code>true</code> if this connection has a transaction that has started. A transaction
   *     is automatically started by the first statement that is executed in the transaction.
   */
  boolean isTransactionStarted();

  /**
   * Returns the read timestamp of the current/last {@link TransactionMode#READ_ONLY_TRANSACTION}
   * transaction, or the read timestamp of the last query in autocommit mode.
   *
   * <ul>
   *   <li>When in autocommit mode: The method will return the read timestamp of the last statement
   *       if the last statement was a query.
   *   <li>When in a {@link TransactionMode#READ_ONLY_TRANSACTION} transaction that has started (a
   *       query has been executed), or that has just committed: The read timestamp of the
   *       transaction. If the read-only transaction was committed without ever executing a query,
   *       calling this method after the commit will also throw a {@link SpannerException}
   *   <li>In all other cases the method will throw a {@link SpannerException}.
   * </ul>
   *
   * @return the read timestamp of the current/last read-only transaction.
   */
  Timestamp getReadTimestamp();

  /**
   * @return the commit timestamp of the last {@link TransactionMode#READ_WRITE_TRANSACTION}
   *     transaction. This method will throw a {@link SpannerException} if there is no last {@link
   *     TransactionMode#READ_WRITE_TRANSACTION} transaction (i.e. the last transaction was a {@link
   *     TransactionMode#READ_ONLY_TRANSACTION}), or if the last {@link
   *     TransactionMode#READ_WRITE_TRANSACTION} transaction rolled back. It will also throw a
   *     {@link SpannerException} if the last {@link TransactionMode#READ_WRITE_TRANSACTION}
   *     transaction was empty when committed.
   */
  Timestamp getCommitTimestamp();

  /**
   * Starts a new DDL batch on this connection. A DDL batch allows several DDL statements to be
   * grouped into a batch that can be executed as a group. DDL statements that are issued during the
   * batch are buffered locally and will return immediately with an OK. It is not guaranteed that a
   * DDL statement that has been issued during a batch will eventually succeed when running the
   * batch. Aborting a DDL batch will clear the DDL buffer and will have made no changes to the
   * database. Running a DDL batch will send all buffered DDL statements to Spanner, and Spanner
   * will try to execute these. The result will be OK if all the statements executed successfully.
   * If a statement cannot be executed, Spanner will stop execution at that point and return an
   * error message for the statement that could not be executed. Preceding statements of the batch
   * may have been executed.
   *
   * <p>This method may only be called when the connection is in read/write mode, autocommit mode is
   * enabled or no read/write transaction has been started, and there is not already another batch
   * active. The connection will only accept DDL statements while a DDL batch is active.
   */
  void startBatchDdl();

  /**
   * Starts a new DML batch on this connection. A DML batch allows several DML statements to be
   * grouped into a batch that can be executed as a group. DML statements that are issued during the
   * batch are buffered locally and will return immediately with an OK. It is not guaranteed that a
   * DML statement that has been issued during a batch will eventually succeed when running the
   * batch. Aborting a DML batch will clear the DML buffer and will have made no changes to the
   * database. Running a DML batch will send all buffered DML statements to Spanner, and Spanner
   * will try to execute these. The result will be OK if all the statements executed successfully.
   * If a statement cannot be executed, Spanner will stop execution at that point and return {@link
   * SpannerBatchUpdateException} for the statement that could not be executed. Preceding statements
   * of the batch will have been executed, and the update counts of those statements can be
   * retrieved through {@link SpannerBatchUpdateException#getUpdateCounts()}.
   *
   * <p>This method may only be called when the connection is in read/write mode, autocommit mode is
   * enabled or no read/write transaction has been started, and there is not already another batch
   * active. The connection will only accept DML statements while a DML batch is active.
   */
  void startBatchDml();

  /**
   * Sends all buffered DML or DDL statements of the current batch to the database, waits for these
   * to be executed and ends the current batch. The method will throw an exception for the first
   * statement that cannot be executed, or return successfully if all statements could be executed.
   * If an exception is thrown for a statement in the batch, the preceding statements in the same
   * batch may still have been applied to the database.
   *
   * <p>This method may only be called when a (possibly empty) batch is active.
   *
   * @return the update counts in case of a DML batch. Returns an array containing 1 for each
   *     successful statement and 0 for each failed statement or statement that was not executed DDL
   *     in case of a DDL batch.
   */
  long[] runBatch();

  /**
   * Clears all buffered statements in the current batch and ends the batch.
   *
   * <p>This method may only be called when a (possibly empty) batch is active.
   */
  void abortBatch();

  /** @return <code>true</code> if a DDL batch is active on this connection. */
  boolean isDdlBatchActive();

  /** @return <code>true</code> if a DML batch is active on this connection. */
  boolean isDmlBatchActive();

  /**
   * Executes the given statement if allowed in the current {@link TransactionMode} and connection
   * state. The returned value depends on the type of statement:
   *
   * <ul>
   *   <li>Queries will return a {@link ResultSet}
   *   <li>DML statements will return an update count
   *   <li>DDL statements will return a {@link ResultType#NO_RESULT}
   *   <li>Connection and transaction statements (SET AUTOCOMMIT=TRUE|FALSE, SHOW AUTOCOMMIT, SET
   *       TRANSACTION READ ONLY, etc) will return either a {@link ResultSet} or {@link
   *       ResultType#NO_RESULT}, depending on the type of statement (SHOW or SET)
   * </ul>
   *
   * @param statement The statement to execute
   * @return the result of the statement
   */
  StatementResult execute(Statement statement);

  /**
   * Executes the given statement as a query and returns the result as a {@link ResultSet}. This
   * method blocks and waits for a response from Spanner. If the statement does not contain a valid
   * query, the method will throw a {@link SpannerException}.
   *
   * @param query The query statement to execute
   * @param options the options to configure the query
   * @return a {@link ResultSet} with the results of the query
   */
  ResultSet executeQuery(Statement query, QueryOption... options);

  /**
   * Analyzes a query and returns query plan and/or query execution statistics information.
   *
   * <p>The query plan and query statistics information is contained in {@link
   * com.google.spanner.v1.ResultSetStats} that can be accessed by calling {@link
   * ResultSet#getStats()} on the returned {@code ResultSet}.
   *
   * <pre>
   * <!--SNIPPET connection_analyze_query-->
   * {@code
   * ResultSet resultSet =
   *     connection.analyzeQuery(
   *         Statement.of("SELECT SingerId, AlbumId, MarketingBudget FROM Albums"),
   *         ReadContext.QueryAnalyzeMode.PROFILE);
   * while (resultSet.next()) {
   *   // Discard the results. We're only processing because getStats() below requires it.
   * }
   * ResultSetStats stats = resultSet.getStats();
   * }
   * <!--SNIPPET connection_analyze_query-->
   * </pre>
   *
   * @param query the query statement to execute
   * @param queryMode the mode in which to execute the query
   */
  ResultSet analyzeQuery(Statement query, QueryAnalyzeMode queryMode);

  /**
   * Executes the given statement as a DML statement. If the statement does not contain a valid DML
   * statement, the method will throw a {@link SpannerException}.
   *
   * @param update The update statement to execute
   * @return the number of records that were inserted/updated/deleted by this statement
   */
  long executeUpdate(Statement update);

  /**
   * Executes a list of DML statements in a single request. The statements will be executed in order
   * and the semantics is the same as if each statement is executed by {@link
   * Connection#executeUpdate(Statement)} in a loop. This method returns an array of long integers,
   * each representing the number of rows modified by each statement.
   *
   * <p>If an individual statement fails, execution stops and a {@code SpannerBatchUpdateException}
   * is returned, which includes the error and the number of rows affected by the statements that
   * are run prior to the error.
   *
   * <p>For example, if statements contains 3 statements, and the 2nd one is not a valid DML. This
   * method throws a {@code SpannerBatchUpdateException} that contains the error message from the
   * 2nd statement, and an array of length 1 that contains the number of rows modified by the 1st
   * statement. The 3rd statement will not run. Executes the given statements as DML statements in
   * one batch. If one of the statements does not contain a valid DML statement, the method will
   * throw a {@link SpannerException}.
   *
   * @param updates The update statements that will be executed as one batch.
   * @return an array containing the update counts per statement.
   */
  long[] executeBatchUpdate(Iterable<Statement> updates);

  /**
   * Writes the specified mutation directly to the database and commits the change. The value is
   * readable after the successful completion of this method. Writing multiple mutations to a
   * database by calling this method multiple times mode is inefficient, as each call will need a
   * round trip to the database. Instead, you should consider writing the mutations together by
   * calling {@link Connection#write(Iterable)}.
   *
   * <p>Calling this method is only allowed in autocommit mode. See {@link
   * Connection#bufferedWrite(Iterable)} for writing mutations in transactions.
   *
   * @param mutation The {@link Mutation} to write to the database
   * @throws SpannerException if the {@link Connection} is not in autocommit mode
   */
  void write(Mutation mutation);

  /**
   * Writes the specified mutations directly to the database and commits the changes. The values are
   * readable after the successful completion of this method.
   *
   * <p>Calling this method is only allowed in autocommit mode. See {@link
   * Connection#bufferedWrite(Iterable)} for writing mutations in transactions.
   *
   * @param mutations The {@link Mutation}s to write to the database
   * @throws SpannerException if the {@link Connection} is not in autocommit mode
   */
  void write(Iterable<Mutation> mutations);

  /**
   * Buffers the given mutation locally on the current transaction of this {@link Connection}. The
   * mutation will be written to the database at the next call to {@link Connection#commit()}. The
   * value will not be readable on this {@link Connection} before the transaction is committed.
   *
   * <p>Calling this method is only allowed when not in autocommit mode. See {@link
   * Connection#write(Mutation)} for writing mutations in autocommit mode.
   *
   * @param mutation the {@link Mutation} to buffer for writing to the database on the next commit
   * @throws SpannerException if the {@link Connection} is in autocommit mode
   */
  void bufferedWrite(Mutation mutation);

  /**
   * Buffers the given mutations locally on the current transaction of this {@link Connection}. The
   * mutations will be written to the database at the next call to {@link Connection#commit()}. The
   * values will not be readable on this {@link Connection} before the transaction is committed.
   *
   * <p>Calling this method is only allowed when not in autocommit mode. See {@link
   * Connection#write(Iterable)} for writing mutations in autocommit mode.
   *
   * @param mutations the {@link Mutation}s to buffer for writing to the database on the next commit
   * @throws SpannerException if the {@link Connection} is in autocommit mode
   */
  void bufferedWrite(Iterable<Mutation> mutations);
}