/
index.php
1331 lines (1295 loc) · 52.7 KB
/
index.php
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
<? php session_start();
require( "backend/validate.php" ); ?>
< !DOCTYPE html >
< html >
< head >
< title > Environmental Health Atlas
for England and Wales < /title>
<meta charset="utf-8" / >
< meta http - equiv = "X-UA-Compatible"
content = "IE=9" / >
< meta name = "keywords"
content = "health , environmental , epidemiology, atlas , cancer , risk , england , wales , sahsu" >
< meta name = "description"
content = "Maps representing geographic patterns of disease and environmental exposure." >
< meta name = "viewport"
content = "width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" >
< base href = "http://www.envhealthatlas.co.uk/eha/" / >
<!--CSS Stylesheets-->
< link rel = "stylesheet"
href = "css/leaflet/leaflet.css" / >
< link rel = "stylesheet"
href = "css/map_ha.css" / >
< link rel = "stylesheet"
href = "css/openTips.css" / >
<!-- Libraries -->
< script type = "text/javascript"
src = "js/libs/jquery1.7.1.js" > < /script>
<script type="text/javascript
" src="
js / detect.js "></script>
<script type="
text / javascript " src="
js / libs / openTips.js "></script>
<script>L_PREFER_CANVAS = false;</script>
<script type="
text / javascript " src="
js / libs / leaflet / leaflet.js "></script>
<script src="
js / libs / flot / jquery.flotnew.js "></script>
<script src="
js / libs / d3.js "></script>
<script src="
js / libs / d3Topojson.js "></script>
<!--[if IE]><script language="
javascript " type="
text / javascript " src="
js / flot / excanvas.min.js "></script><![endif]-->
<!-- MY JS code -->
<script type="
text / javascript " src="
js / EHA / eha.js "></script>
<script type="
text / javascript " src="
js / EHA / map / eha.map.js "></script>
<script type="
text / javascript " src="
js / EHA / map / eha.map.geojson.js "></script>
<script type="
text / javascript " src="
js / EHA / map / L.TopoJSON.js "></script>
<script type="
text / javascript " src="
js / EHA / box / eha.box.js "></script>
<script type="
text / javascript " src="
js / EHA / graph / eha.graph.js "></script>
<script type="
text / javascript " src="
js / EHA / postcode / eha.postcode.js "></script>
<script src="
js / hover / hoverbox_counties.js " ></script>
</head>
<body>
<noscript>
<p>Your browser does not have JavaScript enabled!
This platform heavily relies on Javascript, please enable it (<a href="
http: //www.enable-javascript.com/">http://www.enable-javascript.com/</a>).</p>
< /noscript>
<div id="mainWrap">
<div id='rightCol'>
<div id='navigationMenu'>
<div class="home">
<a href='../homepage / ' target="_blank">Home</a>
</div>
<div class="environmental">
<a href='
environmental / NO2 / '>Environmental</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="simpleTabs">
<ul class="simpleTabsNavigation">
<li><a href="#" id="firstTab" class="current"><?php echo $diseaseName; ?></a></li>
<li><a href="#" id="secondTab">Risk factors</a></li>
<li><a href="#" id="thirdTab">Glossary</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="simpleTabsContent current firstTab" >
<div class="diseases Lungcancer">
<div class='
rate '>
<h2 class="male">Male lung cancer incidence</h2>
<h2 class="female">Female lung cancer incidence</h2>
<h3 class="male">National male lung cancer rate (2010)</h3>
<h3 class="female">National female lung cancer rate (2010)</h3>
<p class="male">58.0 cases per 100,000 population</p>
<p class="female">39.7 cases per 100,000 population</p>
<div class="rateCaption">
European Age-Standardised Incidence Rates for Great Britain.
<div class="src">
Source: <a href="http://www.cancerresearchuk.org" target='
_blank '>Cancer Research UK </a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<ul>
<li>
Lung cancer is the second most common cancer in the UK among men and the third most common in women.
</li>
<li>
In England and Wales, there were approximately 35,400 cases (19,800 male, 15,600 female) of lung cancer diagnosed and 30,000 deaths (17,000 male, 13,000 female) due to lung cancer in 2009.
</li>
<li>
The median observed number of lung cancer cases in a census ward, in the 25-year period 1985–2009, was 73 (47 male cases and 26 female cases).
</li>
<li>
The maps show the highest risks for lung cancer in conurbations and industrial areas of England and Wales. This is likely to reflect past smoking patterns and occupational exposures (e.g. to asbestos) with a smaller potential contribution from air pollution exposures.
</li>
<li>
<p>Further information about lung cancer can be found at:</p>
<div>
<a href="http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cancer-of-the-lung/pages/introduction.aspx" target='
_blank '>NHS choices – lung cancer </a>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-help/type/lung-cancer/" target='
_blank '>Cancer Research UK – lung cancer </a>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.roycastle.org/lung-cancer" target='
_blank '>The Roy Castle Lung Cancer Foundation <a>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="diseases Breastcancer">
<div class='
rate '>
<h2 class="female">Female breast cancer incidence</h2>
<h3 class="female">National female breast cancer rate (2010)</h3>
<p class="female">126.2 cases per 100,000 population</p>
<div class="rateCaption">
European Age-Standardised Incidence Rates for Great Britain. <br/>
Source: <a href="http://www.cancerresearchuk.org" target='
_blank '>Cancer Research UK </a>
</div>
</div>
<ul class="gender_na">
<li>
There are no maps available for male breast cancer. While breast cancer in men is possible it is very rare. This meant the numbers of cases available, even over the twenty-five year period, was too small to map. Further information on breast cancer in men can be at the <a href='
http: //www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-help/type/breast-cancer/about/types/breast-cancer-in-men' target='_blank'> cancerresearchuk website </a>
< /li>
</ul >
< ul class = "gender_avlb" >
< li >
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the UK. < /li>
<li>
In England and Wales, there were approximately 42,800 cases of breast cancer diagnosed and 10,300 deaths due to breast cancer in 2009.
</li >
< li >
The median observed number of breast cancer cases in a census ward,
in the 25 - year period 1985– 2009,
was 84. < /li>
<li>
The maps show very little variation in breast cancer risk across the country – sometimes described as a ‘flat map’.
</li >
< li >
< p > Further information about breast cancer can be found at: < /p>
<div>
<a href="http:/ / www.breastcancercare.org.uk " target='_blank'>Breast Cancer Care <a>
</div>
<div>
<a href="
http: //www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Cancer-of-the-breast-female/Pages/Introduction.aspx" target='_blank'>NHS Choices – breast cancer (female) </a>
< /div>
<div>
<a href="http:/ / www.cancerresearchuk.org / cancer - help / type / breast - cancer / ? script = true " target='_blank'>Cancer Research UK – breast cancer </a>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="
diseases Prostatecancer ">
<div class='rate'>
<h2 class="
male female ">Prostate cancer mortality</h2>
<h3 class="
male ">National prostate cancer rate (2010)</h3>
<p class="
male ">24.1 cases per 100,000 population</p>
<div class="
rateCaption ">
European Age-Standardised Mortality Rates for Great Britain.
<div class="
src ">
Source: <a href="
http : //www.cancerresearchuk.org" target='_blank'>Cancer Research UK </a>
< /div>
</div >
< /div>
<ul class="gender_na">
<li>There are no maps available for female prostate cancer as the prostate gland is only found in men.</li >
< /ul>
<ul class="gender_avlb">
<li>
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in the UK among men.
</li >
< li >
Unlike most cancers in this atlas,
these maps show mortality not incidence risk,
this is due to the introduction of prostate - specific antigen( PSA ) testing in the UK.PSA testing has large geographical variations in use which in turn affects the number of new cases diagnosed( the incidence ).Geographical patterns in mortality will be less influenced by PSA testing so are a better estimate of underlying prostate cancer risk. < /li>
<li>
In England and Wales, there were approximately 36,900 cases of prostate cancer diagnosed and 9,400 deaths due to prostate cancer in 2009.
</li >
< li >
The median observed number of prostate cancer deaths in a census ward,
in the 25 - year period 1985– 2009,
was 20. < /li>
<li>
The maps show higher mortality risks in Dorset and parts of west Wales and the South West, with areas of slightly higher risk distributed across the country and areas of lower risk in the north, the Midlands and the South East.
</li >
< li >
< p > Further information about prostate cancer can be found at: < /p>
<div>
<a href="http:/ / www.prostatecanceruk.org " target='_blank'>Prostate Cancer UK <a>
</div>
<div>
<a href="
http: //www.nhs.uk/conditions/cancer-of-the-prostate/pages/introduction.aspx" target='_blank'>NHS Choices: prostate cancer </a>
< /div>
<div>
<a href="http:/ / www.cancerresearchuk.org / cancer - help / type / prostate - cancer / " target='_blank'>Cancer Research UK – prostate cancer </a>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="
diseases Skincancer ">
<div class='rate'>
<h2 class="
male ">Male skin cancer (malignant melanoma) incidence</h2>
<h2 class="
female ">Female skin cancer (malignant melanoma) incidence</h2>
<h3 class="
female ">National female malignant melanoma rate (2010)</h3>
<h3 class="
male ">National male malignant melanoma rate (2010)</h3>
<p class="
female ">17.3 cases per 100,000 population</p>
<p class="
male ">17.3 cases per 100,000 population</p>
<div class="
rateCaption ">
European Age-Standardised Incidence Rates for Great Britain.
<div class="
src ">
Source: <a href="
http: //www.cancerresearchuk.org" target='_blank'>Cancer Research UK </a>
< /div>
</div >
< /div>
<ul>
<li>
Malignant melanoma is the sixth most common cancer in the UK among men and women.
</li >
< li >
In England and Wales,
there were approximately 10,
400 cases( 5, 000 male, 5, 400 female ) of malignant melanoma diagnosed and 1,
800 deaths( 1, 000 male, 800 female ) in 2009. < /li>
<li>
The median observed number of malignant melanoma cases in a census ward, in the 25-year period 1985–2009, was 14 (6 male cases and 8 female cases).
</li >
< li >
The maps show highest risks
for malignant melanoma in the south west of England and Wales. < /li>
<li>
<p>Further information about malignant melanoma can be found at:</p >
< div >
< a href = "http://www.macmillan.org.uk/Cancerinformation/Cancertypes/Melanoma/Melanoma.aspx"
target = '_blank' > Macmillan Cancer support < a >
< /div>
<div>
<a href="http:/ / www.nhs.uk / Conditions / malignant - melanoma / Pages / Introduction.aspx " target='_blank'> NHS Choices – Skin cancer (melanoma) </a>
</div>
<div>
<a href="
http: //www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-help/type/melanoma/" target='_blank'>Cancer Research UK – melanoma skin cancer </a>
< /div>
</li >
< /ul>
</div >
< div class = "diseases Bladdercancer" >
< div class = 'rate' >
< h2 class = "female" > Female bladder cancer incidence < /h2>
<h2 class="male">Male bladder cancer incidence</h2 >
< h3 class = "male" > National male bladder cancer rate( 2010 ) < /h3>
<h3 class="female">National female bladder cancer rate (2010)</h3 >
< p class = "female" > 5.5 cases per 100,
000 population < /p>
<p class="male">18 cases per 100,000 population</p >
< div class = "rateCaption" >
European Age - Standardised Incidence Rates
for Great Britain. < div class = "src" >
Source: < a href = "http://www.cancerresearchuk.org"
target = '_blank' > Cancer Research UK < /a>
</div >
< /div>
</div >
< ul >
< li >
Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in the UK among men and the thirteenth most common in women. < /li>
<li>
In England and Wales, there were approximately 9,600 cases (7,000 male, 2,600 female) of bladder cancer diagnosed and 4,450 deaths (3,000 male, 1,450 female) due to bladder cancer in 2009.
</li >
< li >
The median observed number of bladder cancer cases in a census ward,
in the 25 - year period 1985– 2009,
was 25( 18 male cases and 7 female cases ). < /li>
<li>
The maps show the highest bladder cancer risks are found in north and south Wales, Merseyside, and in a band running north from Hampshire to Oxfordshire. The observed geographical patterns are affected by variations in coding and registration of bladder cancers in different cancer registries.
</li >
< li >
< p > Further information about bladder cancer can be found at: < /p>
<div>
<a href="http:/ / www.cancerresearchuk.org / cancer - info / cancerstats / types / bladder / " target='_blank'>Cancer Research UK – bladder cancer <a>
</div>
<div>
<a href="
http: //www.nhs.uk/conditions/Cancer-of-the-bladder/Pages/Introduction.aspx" target='_blank'> NHS Choices – bladder cancer </a>
< /div>
</li >
< /ul>
</div >
< div class = "diseases Leukaemia" >
< div class = 'rate' >
< h2 class = "male" > Male leukaemia incidence < /h2>
<h2 class="female">Female leukaemia incidence</h2 >
< h3 class = "female" > National female leukaemia rate( 2010 ) < /h3>
<h3 class="male">National male leukaemia rate (2010)</h3 >
< p class = "female" > 7.9 cases per 100,
000 population < /p>
<p class="male">13 cases per 100,000 population</p >
< div class = "rateCaption" >
European Age - Standardised Incidence Rates
for Great Britain. < div class = "src" >
Source: < a href = "http://www.cancerresearchuk.org"
target = '_blank' > Cancer Research UK < /a>
</div >
< /div>
</div >
< ul >
< li >
Leukaemia is the tenth most common cancer in the UK among men and women. < /li>
<li>
In England and Wales, there were approximately 7,500 cases (4,400 male, 3,100 female) of leukaemia diagnosed and 4,000 deaths (2,300 male, 1,700 female) due to leukaemia in 2009.
</li >
< li >
The median observed number of leukaemia cases in a census ward,
in the 25 - year period 1985– 2009,
was 14( 8 male cases and 6 female cases ). < /li>
<li>
The maps show generally slightly higher leukaemia risks in Wales, the South West and the North East.
</li >
< li >
< p > Further information about leukaemia can be found at: < /p>
<div>
<a href="http:/ / www.leukaemialymphomaresearch.org.uk / " target='_blank'> Leukaemia and Lymphoma Research <a>
</div>
<div>
<a href="
http: //www.nhs.uk/conditions/Leukaemia-acute/Pages/Introduction.aspx" target='_blank'> NHS Choices – leukaemia </a>
< /div>
<div>
<a href="http:/ / www.cancerresearchuk.org / cancer - help / type / leukaemia / " target='_blank'> Cancer Research UK – leukaemia </a>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="
diseases Braincancer ">
<div class='rate'>
<h2 class="
female ">Female brain cancer incidence</h2>
<h2 class="
male ">Male brain cancer incidence</h2>
<h3 class="
male ">National male brain cancer rate (2010)</h3>
<h3 class="
female ">National female brain cancer rate (2010)</h3>
<p class="
female ">11.8 cases per 100,000 population</p>
<p class="
male ">13.1 cases per 100,000 population</p>
<div class="
rateCaption ">
European Age-Standardised Incidence Rates for Great Britain.
<div class="
src ">
Source: <a href="
http: //www.cancerresearchuk.org" target='_blank'>Cancer Research UK Brain, * includes other CNS and Intracranial Tumours* </a>
< /div>
</div >
< /div>
<ul>
<li>
Brain cancer is the twelfth most common cancer in the UK among men and the fourteenth most common in women.
</li >
< li >
In England and Wales,
there were approximately 4,
200 cases( 2, 400 male, 1, 800 female ) of brain cancer diagnosed and 3,
300 deaths( 1, 900 male, 1, 400 female ) due to brain cancer in 2009. < /li>
<li>
The median observed number of brain cancer cases in a census ward, in the 25-year period 1985–2009, was 9 (5 male cases and 4 female cases).
</li >
< li >
The maps show that brain cancer has very little geographical variation in England and Wales– sometimes described as a‘ flat map’. < /li>
<li>
<p>Further information about brain cancer can be found at:</p >
< div >
< a href = " http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-help/type/brain-tumour/"
target = '_blank' > Cancer Research UK: brain tumours < a >
< /div>
<div>
<a href="http:/ / interphone.iarc.fr / " target='_blank'> The INTERPHONE study </a>
</div>
<div>
<a href="
http: //www.ukcosmos.org/aboutus.html" target='_blank'> The cohort study of mobile phone use and health (COSMOS) </a>
< /div>
<div>
<a href="http:/ / www.brainstrust.org.uk / " target='_blank'> Brain Trust</a>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="
diseases Livercancer ">
<div class='rate'>
<h2 class="
male ">Male liver cancer incidence</h2>
<h2 class="
female ">Female liver cancer incidence</h2>
<h3 class="
female ">National female liver cancer rate (2010)</h3>
<h3 class="
male ">National male liver cancer rate (2010)</h3>
<p class="
female ">3.1 cases per 100,000 population</p>
<p class="
male ">7 cases per 100,000 population</p>
<div class="
rateCaption ">
European Age-Standardised Incidence Rates for Great Britain.
<div class="
src ">
Source: <a href="
http: //www.cancerresearchuk.org" target='_blank'>Cancer Research UK </a>
< /div>
</div >
< /div>
<ul>
<li>
Liver cancer is a relatively rare cancer in the UK among men and women but it is usually fatal.
</li >
< li >
In England and Wales,
there were approximately 3,
500 cases( 2, 200 male, 1, 300 female ) of liver cancer diagnosed and 3,
200 deaths( 1, 900 male, 1, 300 female ) due to liver cancer in 2009. < /li>
<li>
The median observed number of liver cancer cases in a census ward, in the 14-year period 1996–2009, was 3 (2 male cases and 1 female case).
</li >
< li >
The maps show higher risk of liver cancer in the North East and parts of South Wales.For males,
higher risk is also seen in London and parts of Hampshire and Dorset.This may reflect past exposure to risk factors,
such as hepatitis C virus,
but differences in coding practices
for liver cancer by different regional cancer registries may also contribute to observed regional differences in risk. < /li>
<li>
<p>Further information about liver cancer can be found at:</p >
< div >
< a href = "http://www.britishlivertrust.org.uk"
target = '_blank' > The British Liver Trust < a >
< /div>
<div>
<a href="http:/ / www.nhs.uk / conditions / cancer - of - the - liver / Pages / Introduction.aspx " target='_blank'> NHS Choices – liver cancer </a>
</div>
<div>
<a href="
http: //www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-help/type/liver-cancer/" target='_blank'> Cancer Research UK – liver cancer </a>
< /div>
</li >
< /ul>
</div >
< div class = "diseases Mesothelioma" >
< div class = 'rate' >
< h2 class = "male" > Male Mesothelioma incidence < /h2>
<h2 class="female">Female Mesothelioma incidence</h2 >
< h3 class = "male" > National male mesothelioma rate( 2010 ) < /h3>
<h3 class="female">National female mesothelioma rate (2010)</h3 >
< p class = "female" > 0.9 cases per 100,
000 population < /p>
<p class="male">5.2 cases per 100,000 population</p >
< div class = "rateCaption" >
European Age - Standardised Incidence Rates
for Great Britain. < div class = "src" >
Source: < a href = "http://www.cancerresearchuk.org"
target = '_blank' > Cancer Research UK < /a>
</div >
< /div>
</div >
< ul >
< li >
Mesothelioma is a rare cancer affecting the lung or abdominal cavity in the UK among men and women. < /li>
<li>
In England and Wales, there were approximately 2,290 cases (1,900 male and 390 female) of mesothelioma diagnosed and 2,030 deaths (1,700 male and 330 female) due to mesothelioma in 2009.
</li >
< li >
The median observed number of mesothelioma cases in a census ward,
in the 25 - year period 1985– 2009,
was 2( both male cases ). < /li>
<li>
The maps show the highest risks for mesothelioma incidence are in industrial regions of England and Wales, especially areas with previous and current shipbuilding industries.
</li >
< li >
< p > Further information about mesothelioma can be found at: < /p>
<div>
<a href="http:/ / www.mesothelioma.uk.com / " target='_blank'>Mesothelioma UK <a>
</div>
<div>
<a href="
http: //www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/causdis/mesothelioma/index.htm " target='_blank'> The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) – mesothelioma </a>
< /div>
<div>
<a href="http:/ / www.nhs.uk / conditions / mesothelioma / Pages / Definition.aspx " target='_blank'> NHS Choices – mesothelioma </a>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="
diseases Heartdisease ">
<div class='rate'>
<h2 class="
female ">Female Coronary Heart Disease mortality</h2>
<h2 class="
male ">Male Coronary Heart Disease mortality</h2>
<h3 class="
female ">National female coronary heart disease rate (2010)</h3>
<h3 class="
male ">National male coronary heart disease rate (2010)</h3>
<p class="
female ">16.0 cases per 100,000 population</p>
<p class="
male ">55.0 cases per 100,000 population</p>
<div class="
rateCaption ">
Age-Standardised Mortality Rates for Great Britain.
<div class="
src ">
Source: <a href="
http: //www.bhf.org.uk" target='_blank'> British Heart Foundation </a>
< /div>
</div >
< /div>
<ul>
<li>
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the single largest cause of death in the world and the most common cause of death in England and Wales.
</li >
< li >
In England and Wales,
there were approximately 71,
500 deaths( 41, 000 male, 30, 500 female ) from CHD in 2009. < /li>
<li>
The median observed number of CHD deaths in a census ward, in the 25-year period 1985–2009, was 268 (149 males and 119 females).
</li >
< li >
The maps show that the highest risks
for CHD in both males and females are in the north of England and the south of Wales. < /li>
<li>
<p>Further information about coronary heart disease can be found at:</p >
< div >
< a href = "http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Coronary-heart-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx"
target = '_blank' > NHS choices: coronary heart disease < /a>
</div >
< div >
< a href = "http://www.bhf.org.uk"
target = '_blank' > British Heart Foundation < /a>
</div >
< /li>
</ul >
< /div>
<div class="diseases COPD">
<div class='rate'>
<h2 class="female">Female chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease mortality</h2 >
< h2 class = "male" > Male chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease mortality < /h2>
<h3 class="female">National female COPD rate (2008)</h3 >
< h3 class = "male" > National male COPD rate( 2008 ) < /h3>
<p class="female">27 cases per 100,000 population</p >
< p class = "male" > 39 cases per 100,
000 population < /p>
<div class="rateCaption">
Age-Standardised Mortality Rates for Great Britain.
<div class="src">
Source: <a href="http:/ / www.who.int / healthinfo / statistics / mortality / en / index.html " target='_blank'>World Health Organization </a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<ul>
<li>
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), which includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, is the most common cause of death after cardiovascular disease and cancer.
</li>
<li>
In England and Wales, there were approximately 24,100 deaths (12,700 male, 11,400 female) from COPD in 2009.
</li>
<li>
The median observed number of COPD deaths in a census ward, in the 25-year period 1985–2009, was 53 (32 males and 21 females).
</li>
<li>
The maps show that mortality from COPD is highest in cities and conurbations, which is likely to reflect past smoking patterns and occupational exposures, with a smaller potential contribution from air pollution exposures.
</li>
<li>
<p>Further information about COPD can be found at:</p>
<div>
<a href="
http: //www.blf.org.uk/Home" target='_blank'> British Lung Foundation - </a>
< /div>
<div>
<a href="http:/ / www.nhs.uk / conditions / chronic - obstructive - pulmonary - disease / Pages / Introduction.aspx " target='_blank'> NHS Choices: COPD </a>
</div>
<div>
<a href="
http: //www.hse.gov.uk/copd/index.htm" target='_blank'> Health and Safety Executive – COPD </a>
< /div>
</li >
< /ul>
</div >
< div class = "diseases Kidneydisease" >
< div class = 'rate' >
< h2 class = "male" > Male Kidney Disease mortality < /h2>
<h2 class="female">Female Kidney Disease mortality</h2 >
< h3 class = "male" > National male kidney disease rate( 2008 ) < /h3>
<h3 class="female">National female kidney disease rate (2008)</h3 >
< p class = "female" > 2.9 cases per 100,
000 population < /p>
<p class="male">3.8 cases per 100,000 population</p >
< div class = "rateCaption" >
Age - Standardised Mortality Rates
for Great Britain. < div class = "src" >
Source: < a href = "http://www.who.int/topics/global_burden_of_disease/en/"
target = '_blank' > Global Burden of Disease < /a>
</div >
< /div>
</div >
< ul >
< li >
In England and Wales,
there were approximately 11,
800 deaths( 4, 800 male and 7, 000 female ) due to kidney disease in 2009. < /li>
<li>
The median observed number of kidney disease deaths in a census ward, in the 25-year period 1985–2009, was 17 (7 males and 10 females).
</li >
< li >
The maps show that the highest risks
for kidney disease mortality are in the East and West Midlands,
the east of England and London. < /li>
<li>
<p>Further information about kidney disease can be found at:</p >
< div >
< a href = "http://www.renalreg.com/"
target = '_blank' > The UK Renal Registry < /a>
</div >
< div >
< a href = "http://www.kidneyresearchuk.org/home.php "
target = '_blank' > Kidney Research UK < /a>
</div >
< div >
< a href = "http://www.kidneycare.nhs.uk/"
target = '_blank' > NHS Kidney Care < /a>
</div >
< div >
< a href = "http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Kidney-disease-chronic/Pages/Introduction.aspx "
target = '_blank' > NHS Choices: kidney disease( chronic ) < /a>
</div >
< /li>
</ul >
< /div>
<div class="diseases Stillbirths">
<div class='rate'>
<h2 class="female male">National stillbirths rate (2009)</h2 >
< p class = "female male" > 400 cases per 100,
000 births < /p>
<div class="rateCaption">
<div class="src">Source: <a href="http:/ / www.sciencedirect.com / science / article / pii / S0140673610623100 " target='_blank'> Cousens, S., Blencowe, H., Stanton, C.et al. National, regional, and worldwide estimates of stillbirth rates in 2009 with trends since 1995: a systematic analysis. The Lancet 377[9774], 1319-1330. 2011. </a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<ul>
<li>
Stillbirths are an uncommon reproductive outcome.
</li>
<li>
In England and Wales, there were approximately 3,600 stillbirths (1,900 male and 1,700 female) in 2009.
</li>
<li>
The median observed number of stillbirths in a census ward, in the 25-year period 1985–2009, was 4 (2 males and 2 females).
</li>
<li>
The maps show little geographical variation in stillbirth risk – sometimes described as a ‘flat map’
</li>
<li>
<p>Further information about stillbirth can be found at:</p>
<div>
<a href="
http: //www.nhs.uk/conditions/Stillbirth/Pages/Definition.aspx " target='_blank'> NHS Choices – stillbirths </a>
< /div>
<div>
<a href="http:/ / www.uk - sands.org / home.html " target='_blank'> SANDS – stillbirth and neonatal death charity </a>
</div>
<div>
<a href="
http: //www.tommys.org/page.aspx?pid=361 " target='_blank'> TOMMYS – stillbirth research </a>
< /div>
<div>
<a href="http:/ / www.europeristat.com / " target='_blank'> EURO-PERISTAT – Europe-wide health information and knowledge systems for evaluation and monitoring of health in pregnancy and during and just after childbirth </a>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="
diseases LowBirthWeight ">
<div class='rate'>
<h2 class="
female male ">National low birth weight rate (2000)</h2>
<p class="
female male ">8000 cases per 100,000 births</p>
<div class="
rateCaption ">
<div class="
src ">
Source: <a href="
http: //www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/monitoring/9280638327/en/" target='_blank'>World Health Organization </a>
< /div>
</div >
< /div>
<ul>
<li>
Low birth weight (LBW) is defined as birth weight of less than 2,500 g/
5 lbs 8 oz. < /li>
<li>
In England and Wales, there were approximately 37,700 newborns (17,700 male, 20,000 female) with LBW in 2009.
</li >
< li >
The median observed number of LBW babies in a census ward,
in the 25 - year period 1985– 2009,
was 61( 29 male babies and 32 female babies ). < /li>
<li>
The maps show greater risk of a newborn having low birth weight in central regions of England and Wales.
</li >
< li >
< p > Further information about on low birth weight can be found at: < /p>
<div>
<a href="http:/ / www.unicef.org / publications / files / low_birthweight_from_EY.pdf " target='_blank'> UNICEF – factsheet: low birth weight </a>
</div>
<div>
<a href="
http: //www.who.int/nutrition/topics/feto_maternal/en/index.html" target='_blank'> World Health Organization – feto-maternal nutrition and low birth weight </a>
< /div>
</li >
< /ul>
</div >
< p class = "disclaimer" >
Contains National Statistics and Ordnance Survey data© Crown copyright and database right 2013.Cancer incidence
for Wales was supplied by WCISU. < /p>
</div >
< div class = "simpleTabsContent secondTab" >
< div class = "info" >
< h2 style = 'margin:10px 0 0 20px;' > Risk factors < /h2>
<ul class='Lungcancer diseases'>
<li>
The major risk factor for lung cancer is cigarette smoking, which causes around nine in every ten cases of lung cancer. </li >
< li > Lung cancer is commoner in men than in women reflecting differences in past smoking rates. < /li>
<li>Deprivation is strongly linked to lung cancer, but this may reflect higher smoking rates in more deprived groups.</li >
< li > Occupational exposures are an important risk factor
for lung cancer,
particularly
for men. < /li>
<li>There are some environmental risk factors for lung cancer but they are a minor cause of lung cancer when compared to smoking but include radon, outdoor and indoor air pollution.</li >
< /ul>
<ul class='Breastcancer diseases'>
<li>
Most breast cancer risk factors are associated with hormonal factors; risks increase with onset of menstruation at younger age and later, at menopause, while childbearing (particularly an early first birth) reduces risk.
</li >
< li >
Reproductive history( childbearing, breastfeeding, oral contraceptive use and hormone replacement therapy - HRT ) can influence breast cancer risk through effects on individual hormone levels. < /li>
<li>
Family history of the disease is important and around 5% of breast cancer cases can be attributed to high-risk genetic mutations.
</li >
< li > Lifestyle factors such as diet,
exercise and alcohol intake are likely to affect the breast cancer risk. < /li>
<li> Occupational factors have been associated with approximately 5% of breast cancers in the UK, particularly shift/night
work. < /li>
<li> Breast cancer incidence is higher in more affluent social classes.</li >
< li > An environmental risk factor
for breast cancer that has been identified is ionising radiation. < /li>
</ul >
< ul class = 'Prostatecancer diseases' >
< li >
The strongest risk factor
for prostate cancer is age,
with 85 % of cases occurring in men over 65 years of age and less than 0.1 % of all patients diagnosed being younger than 50 years old. < /li>
<li>
Risk is also relatively high in men with a family history of prostate cancer and in men of African or Afro-Caribbean origin.
</li >
< li >
Other risk factors are not well understood.Several causal factors have been proposed including hormonal and dietary factors,
but the evidence is limited and inconclusive. < /li>
<li> Socio-economic differences in prostate cancer incidence rates are likely to be due to differences in uptake of testing.
</li >
< li > Environmental exposures that have been linked with prostate cancer include endocrine disruptors,
polychlorinated biphenyls( PCBs ),
heavy metals and sunlight / vitamin D,
but the evidence is limited and inconclusive. < /li>
</ul >
< ul class = 'Skincancer diseases' >
< li >
An individual’ s risk of developing malignant melanoma will be based on a combination of factors,
especially number of moles,
skin colour and extent of UV radiation exposure. < /li>
<li>
Most cases of malignant melanoma are caused by solar UV radiation exposure. This will be influenced by a range of lifestyle factors including time spent outdoors, vacation choices, the use of sun protection such as sunscreen, the timing and the level of UV exposure (especially in childhood), intermittent exposure and history of sunburn.
</li >
< li >
In the last four decades,
the use of tanning beds has additionally exposed individuals to UV radiation( mostly UVA ). < /li>
<li>
Individuals with a family history of malignant melanoma are at increased risk.
</li >
< li >
Unlike many cancers the incidence of malignant melanoma is higher in more affluent areas in the UK. < /li>
</ul >
< ul class = 'Bladdercancer diseases' >
< li >
Smoking is the major risk factor
for bladder cancer. < /li>
<li>
Other factors such as heavy coffee or alcohol consumption may increase an individual’s risk of bladder cancer, and fruit and vegetable consumption may decrease risk.
</li >
< li >
An estimated 7 % of male and 2 % of female bladder cancer cases in the UK are attributable to occupational exposures. < /li>
<li>
Ionising radiation can contribute to the development of bladder cancer.
</li >
< li >
High levels of arsenic are an established cause of bladder cancer,
but arsenic exposure levels in England and Wales are extremely low. < /li>
<li>
There is limited evidence for an association between exposure to chlorination disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water and bladder cancer in men; the evidence in women is conflicting.
</li >
< /ul>
<ul class='Leukaemia diseases'>
<li>
The known causes of leukaemia vary between subtypes of the disease
</li >
< li >
Ionising radiation is a known risk factor. < /li>
<li>
There is conflicting evidence for an association with socio-economic status.
</li >
< li >
Occupational exposure to chemicals such as benzene is associated with leukaemia. < /li>
<li>
Despite a known association with ionising radiation, there is no strong evidence for increases in leukaemia risk related to home radon exposures.
</li >
< li >
Smoking has been associated with certain subtypes of leukaemia. < /li>
</ul >
< ul class = 'Braincancer diseases' >
< li >
The only two established causes
for primary brain cancer are high - dose ionising radiation and rare inherited conditions such as Li - Fraumeni syndrome. < /li>
<li>
There is recent evidence suggestive of reduced risk of brain cancer among those with allergic disease.
</li >
< li >
Unlike most cancers the incidence of brain cancer is higher in more affluent groups. < /li>
<li>
There is no conclusive evidence that lifestyle factors (such as tobacco and alcohol consumption) and occupational exposures affect risk of brain cancer.
</li >
< li >
There is limited and inconclusive evidence
for a role
for environmental risk factors in brain cancer,
it has been suggested that mobile phone use may lead to the development of brain tumours,
but the evidence to date is inconclusive. < /li>
</ul >
< ul class = 'Livercancer diseases' >
< li >
There are various subtypes of liver cancer with the two most common forms of primary liver cancer being hepatocellular carcinoma( HCC ) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma( IHCC ).These have several risk factors in common,
such as cirrhosis,
chronic hepatitis B or C,
obesity and diabetes. < /li>
<li>
Alcohol consumption and smoking are major risk factors in the development of liver cancer.
</li >
< li >
There is some limited evidence that fruit,
vegetable and coffee intake may be protective against liver cancer. < /li>
<li>
Increased deprivation is associated with an increased risk of developing liver cancer.
</li >
< li >
Occupational exposure to vinyl chloride and arsenic has been associated with liver cancer. < /li>
<li>
Other potential risk factors include iron overload and past exposure to Thorotrast (used in X-rays until the 1960s).
</li >
< li >
The insecticide,
DDT( dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane ),
has been linked to liver cancer but has been banned in the UK since the 1980s. < /li>
</ul >
< ul class = 'Mesothelioma diseases' >
< li >
Occupational and para - occupational exposure to asbestos is the major cause of mesothelioma in the UK,
with the occupation at highest risk being construction work. < /li>
<li>
Para-occupational exposures are exposures of household members who live with an occupationally exposed worker, through mechanisms such as contact with clothing contaminated with asbestos.
</li >
< li >
Asbestos exposure can also be environmental as asbestos and asbestos - like fibres are found naturally in the environment in some areas of the world,
although not in the UK.Any environmental exposure to asbestos in the UK is due to past use of asbestos in buildings and industry. < /li>
<li>
Other potential risk factors for mesothelioma include the virus SV40 (or ‘simian’ virus) which was known to have contaminated polio vaccines in the 1950s and 1960s.
</li >
< li >
Smoking is not considered to be a risk factor
for mesothelioma,
but asbestos exposure in smokers greatly increases the risk of lung cancer. < /li>
</ul >
< ul class = 'Heartdisease diseases' >
< li >
Age,
gender,
heredity and ethnicity are the major non - modifiable risk factors
for coronary heart disease( CHD ). < /li>
<li>
Key modifiable risk factors include high total blood cholesterol levels, high LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, low HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, high blood pressure, current cigarette smoking and diabetes.
</li >
< li >
Lower socio - economic status is strongly associated with a higher incidence of CHD and a higher mortality rate after a myocardial infarction( heart attack ). < /li>
<li>
Life and work stress is associated with CHD risk.
</li >
< li >
Life - style factors,
such as physical inactivity and obesity,
are associated with CHD. < /li>
<li>
Physical activity also has a beneficial modifying effect on many of the established risk factors for CHD.
</li >
< li >
Dietary factors have been associated with the development of CHD,
including diets high in calories,
certain fats and salt and low in vegetables and fruit. < /li>
<li>
Short- and long-term exposure to air pollution increase the risk of cardiovascular events, including CHD.
</li >