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<h2>Rails Nested Model forms</h2><p>Creating a form for a model <em>and</em> its associations can become quite tedious. Therefore Rails provides helpers to assist in dealing with the complexities of generating these forms <em>and</em> the required CRUD operations to create, update, and destroy associations.</p><p>讀完本篇，您將了解：</p>
<ul>
<li>Nested model forms in Rails.</li>
</ul>
<div id="subCol">
<h3 class="chapter"><img src="images/chapters_icon.gif" alt="" />Chapters</h3>
<ol class="chapters">
<li>
<a href="#%E8%A8%AD%E5%AE%9A-model">設定 Model</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#activerecord-base-model">ActiveRecord::Base model</a></li>
<li><a href="#custom-model">Custom model</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#views">Views</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#controller-code">Controller code</a></li>
<li><a href="#form-code">Form code</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
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<div class="wrapper">
<div id="mainCol">
<div class="note"><p>This guide assumes the user knows how to use the <a href="form_helpers.html">Action View form helpers</a> in general. Also, it's <strong>not</strong> an API reference. For a complete reference please visit <a href="http://api.rubyonrails.org/">Rails API documentation</a>.</p></div><h3 id="設定-model">1 設定 Model</h3><p>To be able to use the nested model functionality in your forms, the model will need to support some basic operations.</p><p>First of all, it needs to define a writer method for the attribute that corresponds to the association you are building a nested model form for. The <code>fields_for</code> form helper will look for this method to decide whether or not a nested model form should be build.</p><p>If the associated object is an array a form builder will be yielded for each object, else only a single form builder will be yielded.</p><p>Consider a Person model with an associated Address. When asked to yield a nested FormBuilder for the <code>:address</code> attribute, the <code>fields_for</code> form helper will look for a method on the Person instance named <code>address_attributes=</code>.</p><h4 id="activerecord-base-model">1.1 ActiveRecord::Base model</h4><p>For an ActiveRecord::Base model and association this writer method is commonly defined with the <code>accepts_nested_attributes_for</code> class method:</p><h5 id="has-one">1.1.1 has_one</h5><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
has_one :address
accepts_nested_attributes_for :address
end
</pre>
</div>
<h5 id="belongs-to">1.1.2 belongs_to</h5><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
belongs_to :firm
accepts_nested_attributes_for :firm
end
</pre>
</div>
<h5 id="has-many-has-and-belongs-to-many">1.1.3 has_many / has_and_belongs_to_many</h5><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
has_many :projects
accepts_nested_attributes_for :projects
end
</pre>
</div>
<h4 id="custom-model">1.2 Custom model</h4><p>As you might have inflected from this explanation, you <em>don't</em> necessarily need an ActiveRecord::Base model to use this functionality. The following examples are sufficient to enable the nested model form behavior:</p><h5 id="single-associated-object">1.2.1 Single associated object</h5><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
class Person
def address
Address.new
end
def address_attributes=(attributes)
# ...
end
end
</pre>
</div>
<h5 id="association-collection">1.2.2 Association collection</h5><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
class Person
def projects
[Project.new, Project.new]
end
def projects_attributes=(attributes)
# ...
end
end
</pre>
</div>
<div class="note"><p>See (TODO) in the advanced section for more information on how to deal with the CRUD operations in your custom model.</p></div><h3 id="views">2 Views</h3><h4 id="controller-code">2.1 Controller code</h4><p>A nested model form will <em>only</em> be built if the associated object(s) exist. This means that for a new model instance you would probably want to build the associated object(s) first.</p><p>Consider the following typical RESTful controller which will prepare a new Person instance and its <code>address</code> and <code>projects</code> associations before rendering the <code>new</code> template:</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
class PeopleController < ApplicationController
def new
@person = Person.new
@person.built_address
2.times { @person.projects.build }
end
def create
@person = Person.new(params[:person])
if @person.save
# ...
end
end
end
</pre>
</div>
<div class="note"><p>Obviously the instantiation of the associated object(s) can become tedious and not DRY, so you might want to move that into the model itself. ActiveRecord::Base provides an <code>after_initialize</code> callback which is a good way to refactor this.</p></div><h4 id="form-code">2.2 Form code</h4><p>Now that you have a model instance, with the appropriate methods and associated object(s), you can start building the nested model form.</p><h5 id="standard-form">2.2.1 Standard form</h5><p>Start out with a regular RESTful form:</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; html-script: true; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
<%= form_for @person do |f| %>
<%= f.text_field :name %>
<% end %>
</pre>
</div>
<p>This will generate the following html:</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: xml; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
<form action="/people" class="new_person" id="new_person" method="post">
<input id="person_name" name="person[name]" type="text" />
</form>
</pre>
</div>
<h5 id="nested-form-for-a-single-associated-object">2.2.2 Nested form for a single associated object</h5><p>Now add a nested form for the <code>address</code> association:</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; html-script: true; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
<%= form_for @person do |f| %>
<%= f.text_field :name %>
<%= f.fields_for :address do |af| %>
<%= af.text_field :street %>
<% end %>
<% end %>
</pre>
</div>
<p>輸出：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: xml; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
<form action="/people" class="new_person" id="new_person" method="post">
<input id="person_name" name="person[name]" type="text" />
<input id="person_address_attributes_street" name="person[address_attributes][street]" type="text" />
</form>
</pre>
</div>
<p>Notice that <code>fields_for</code> recognized the <code>address</code> as an association for which a nested model form should be built by the way it has namespaced the <code>name</code> attribute.</p><p>When this form is posted the Rails parameter parser will construct a hash like the following:</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
{
"person" => {
"name" => "Eloy Duran",
"address_attributes" => {
"street" => "Nieuwe Prinsengracht"
}
}
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>That's it. The controller will simply pass this hash on to the model from the <code>create</code> action. The model will then handle building the <code>address</code> association for you and automatically save it when the parent (<code>person</code>) is saved.</p><h5 id="nested-form-for-a-collection-of-associated-objects">2.2.3 Nested form for a collection of associated objects</h5><p>The form code for an association collection is pretty similar to that of a single associated object:</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; html-script: true; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
<%= form_for @person do |f| %>
<%= f.text_field :name %>
<%= f.fields_for :projects do |pf| %>
<%= pf.text_field :name %>
<% end %>
<% end %>
</pre>
</div>
<p>輸出：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: xml; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
<form action="/people" class="new_person" id="new_person" method="post">
<input id="person_name" name="person[name]" type="text" />
<input id="person_projects_attributes_0_name" name="person[projects_attributes][0][name]" type="text" />
<input id="person_projects_attributes_1_name" name="person[projects_attributes][1][name]" type="text" />
</form>
</pre>
</div>
<p>As you can see it has generated 2 <code>project name</code> inputs, one for each new <code>project</code> that was built in the controller's <code>new</code> action. Only this time the <code>name</code> attribute of the input contains a digit as an extra namespace. This will be parsed by the Rails parameter parser as:</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
{
"person" => {
"name" => "Eloy Duran",
"projects_attributes" => {
"0" => { "name" => "Project 1" },
"1" => { "name" => "Project 2" }
}
}
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>You can basically see the <code>projects_attributes</code> hash as an array of attribute hashes, one for each model instance.</p><div class="note"><p>The reason that <code>fields_for</code> constructed a form which would result in a hash instead of an array is that it won't work for any forms nested deeper than one level deep.</p></div><div class="info"><p>You <em>can</em> however pass an array to the writer method generated by <code>accepts_nested_attributes_for</code> if you're using plain Ruby or some other API access. See (TODO) for more info and example.</p></div>
<h3>反饋</h3>
<p>
歡迎幫忙改善指南的品質。
</p>
<p>
如發現任何錯誤之處，歡迎修正。開始貢獻前，可以先閱讀<a href="http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#contributing-to-the-rails-documentation">貢獻指南：文件</a>。
</p>
<p>翻譯如有錯誤，深感抱歉，歡迎 <a href="https://github.com/docrails-tw/guides/fork">Fork</a> 修正，或至此處<a href="https://github.com/docsrails-tw/guides/issues/new">回報</a>。</p>
<p>
文章可能有未完成或過時的內容。請先檢查 <a href="http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org">Edge Guides</a> 來確定問題在 master 是否已經修掉了。再上 master 補上缺少的文件。內容參考 <a href="ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.html">Ruby on Rails 指南準則</a>來了解行文風格。
</p>
<p>最後，任何關於 Ruby on Rails 文件的討論，歡迎至 <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-docs">rubyonrails-docs 郵件論壇</a>。
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