ConstructResponseUtilV2.scala

/*
 * Copyright © 2015-2021 the contributors (see Contributors.md).
 *
 *  This file is part of Knora.
 *
 *  Knora is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 *  it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
 *  by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 *  (at your option) any later version.
 *
 *  Knora is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 *  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 *  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 *  GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
 *
 *  You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public
 *  License along with Knora.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 */

package org.knora.webapi.messages.util

import java.time.Instant
import java.util.UUID

import akka.actor.ActorRef
import akka.http.scaladsl.util.FastFuture
import akka.pattern.ask
import akka.util.Timeout
import org.knora.webapi._
import org.knora.webapi.exceptions.{AssertionException, InconsistentRepositoryDataException, NotImplementedException}
import org.knora.webapi.feature.FeatureFactoryConfig
import org.knora.webapi.messages.IriConversions._
import org.knora.webapi.messages.admin.responder.projectsmessages.{
  ProjectGetRequestADM,
  ProjectGetResponseADM,
  ProjectIdentifierADM
}
import org.knora.webapi.messages.admin.responder.usersmessages.UserADM
import org.knora.webapi.messages.store.triplestoremessages.SparqlExtendedConstructResponse.ConstructPredicateObjects
import org.knora.webapi.messages.store.triplestoremessages._
import org.knora.webapi.messages.util.PermissionUtilADM.EntityPermission
import org.knora.webapi.messages.util.standoff.StandoffTagUtilV2
import org.knora.webapi.messages.v2.responder.listsmessages.{NodeGetRequestV2, NodeGetResponseV2}
import org.knora.webapi.messages.v2.responder.ontologymessages.StandoffEntityInfoGetResponseV2
import org.knora.webapi.messages.v2.responder.resourcemessages.{ReadResourceV2, ReadResourcesSequenceV2}
import org.knora.webapi.messages.v2.responder.standoffmessages.{
  GetRemainingStandoffFromTextValueRequestV2,
  GetStandoffResponseV2,
  MappingXMLtoStandoff,
  StandoffTagV2
}
import org.knora.webapi.messages.v2.responder.valuemessages._
import org.knora.webapi.messages.{OntologyConstants, SmartIri, StringFormatter}
import org.knora.webapi.settings.KnoraSettingsImpl
import org.knora.webapi.util.ActorUtil

import scala.concurrent.{ExecutionContext, Future}

object ConstructResponseUtilV2 {

  private val InferredPredicates = Set(
    OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.HasValue,
    OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.IsMainResource
  )

  /**
    * A map of resource IRIs to resource RDF data.
    */
  type RdfResources = Map[IRI, ResourceWithValueRdfData]

  /**
    * Makes an empty instance of [[RdfResources]].
    */
  def emptyRdfResources: RdfResources = Map.empty

  /**
    * A map of property IRIs to value RDF data.
    */
  type RdfPropertyValues = Map[SmartIri, Seq[ValueRdfData]]

  /**
    * Makes an empty instance of [[RdfPropertyValues]].
    */
  def emptyRdfPropertyValues: RdfPropertyValues = Map.empty

  /**
    * A map of subject IRIs to [[ConstructPredicateObjects]] instances.
    */
  type Statements = Map[IRI, ConstructPredicateObjects]

  /**
    * A flattened map of predicates to objects. This assumes that each predicate has
    * * only one object.
    */
  type FlatPredicateObjects = Map[SmartIri, LiteralV2]

  /**
    * A map of subject IRIs to flattened maps of predicates to objects.
    */
  type FlatStatements = Map[IRI, Map[SmartIri, LiteralV2]]

  /**
    * Makes an empty instance of [[FlatStatements]].
    */
  def emptyFlatStatements: FlatStatements = Map.empty

  /**
    * Represents assertions about an RDF subject.
    */
  sealed trait RdfData {

    /**
      * The IRI of the subject.
      */
    val subjectIri: IRI

    /**
      * Assertions about the subject.
      */
    val assertions: FlatPredicateObjects

    /**
      * Returns the optional string object of the specified predicate. Throws an exception if the object is not a string.
      *
      * @param predicateIri the predicate.
      * @return the string object of the predicate.
      */
    def maybeStringObject(predicateIri: SmartIri): Option[String] = {
      assertions.get(predicateIri).map { literal =>
        literal
          .asStringLiteral(
            throw InconsistentRepositoryDataException(s"Unexpected object of $subjectIri $predicateIri: $literal"))
          .value
      }
    }

    /**
      * Returns the required string object of the specified predicate. Throws an exception if the object is not found or
      * is not a string.
      *
      * @param predicateIri the predicate.
      * @return the string object of the predicate.
      */
    def requireStringObject(predicateIri: SmartIri): String = {
      maybeStringObject(predicateIri).getOrElse(
        throw InconsistentRepositoryDataException(s"Subject $subjectIri does not have predicate $predicateIri"))
    }

    /**
      * Returns the optional IRI object of the specified predicate. Throws an exception if the object is not an IRI.
      *
      * @param predicateIri the predicate.
      * @return the IRI object of the predicate.
      */
    def maybeIriObject(predicateIri: SmartIri): Option[IRI] = {
      assertions.get(predicateIri).map { literal =>
        literal
          .asIriLiteral(
            throw InconsistentRepositoryDataException(s"Unexpected object of $subjectIri $predicateIri: $literal"))
          .value
      }
    }

    /**
      * Returns the required IRI object of the specified predicate. Throws an exception if the object is not found or
      * is not an IRI.
      *
      * @param predicateIri the predicate.
      * @return the IRI object of the predicate.
      */
    def requireIriObject(predicateIri: SmartIri): IRI = {
      maybeIriObject(predicateIri).getOrElse(
        throw InconsistentRepositoryDataException(s"Subject $subjectIri does not have predicate $predicateIri"))
    }

    /**
      * Returns the optional integer object of the specified predicate. Throws an exception if the object is not an integer.
      *
      * @param predicateIri the predicate.
      * @return the integer object of the predicate.
      */
    def maybeIntObject(predicateIri: SmartIri): Option[Int] = {
      assertions.get(predicateIri).map { literal =>
        literal
          .asIntLiteral(
            throw InconsistentRepositoryDataException(s"Unexpected object of $subjectIri $predicateIri: $literal"))
          .value
      }
    }

    /**
      * Returns the required integer object of the specified predicate. Throws an exception if the object is not found or
      * is not an integer.
      *
      * @param predicateIri the predicate.
      * @return the integer object of the predicate.
      */
    def requireIntObject(predicateIri: SmartIri): Int = {
      maybeIntObject(predicateIri).getOrElse(
        throw InconsistentRepositoryDataException(s"Subject $subjectIri does not have predicate $predicateIri"))
    }

    /**
      * Returns the optional boolean object of the specified predicate. Throws an exception if the object is not a boolean.
      *
      * @param predicateIri the predicate.
      * @return the boolean object of the predicate.
      */
    def maybeBooleanObject(predicateIri: SmartIri): Option[Boolean] = {
      assertions.get(predicateIri).map { literal =>
        literal
          .asBooleanLiteral(
            throw InconsistentRepositoryDataException(s"Unexpected object of $subjectIri $predicateIri: $literal"))
          .value
      }
    }

    /**
      * Returns the required boolean object of the specified predicate. Throws an exception if the object is not found or
      * is not an boolean value.
      *
      * @param predicateIri the predicate.
      * @return the boolean object of the predicate.
      */
    def requireBooleanObject(predicateIri: SmartIri): Boolean = {
      maybeBooleanObject(predicateIri).getOrElse(
        throw InconsistentRepositoryDataException(s"Subject $subjectIri does not have predicate $predicateIri"))
    }

    /**
      * Returns the optional decimal object of the specified predicate. Throws an exception if the object is not a decimal.
      *
      * @param predicateIri the predicate.
      * @return the decimal object of the predicate.
      */
    def maybeDecimalObject(predicateIri: SmartIri): Option[BigDecimal] = {
      assertions.get(predicateIri).map { literal =>
        literal
          .asDecimalLiteral(
            throw InconsistentRepositoryDataException(s"Unexpected object of $subjectIri $predicateIri: $literal"))
          .value
      }
    }

    /**
      * Returns the required decimal object of the specified predicate. Throws an exception if the object is not found or
      * is not an decimal value.
      *
      * @param predicateIri the predicate.
      * @return the decimal object of the predicate.
      */
    def requireDecimalObject(predicateIri: SmartIri): BigDecimal = {
      maybeDecimalObject(predicateIri).getOrElse(
        throw InconsistentRepositoryDataException(s"Subject $subjectIri does not have predicate $predicateIri"))
    }

    /**
      * Returns the optional timestamp object of the specified predicate. Throws an exception if the object is not a timestamp.
      *
      * @param predicateIri the predicate.
      * @return the timestamp object of the predicate.
      */
    def maybeDateTimeObject(predicateIri: SmartIri): Option[Instant] = {
      assertions.get(predicateIri).map { literal =>
        literal
          .asDateTimeLiteral(
            throw InconsistentRepositoryDataException(s"Unexpected object of $subjectIri $predicateIri: $literal"))
          .value
      }
    }

    /**
      * Returns the required timestamp object of the specified predicate. Throws an exception if the object is not found or
      * is not an timestamp value.
      *
      * @param predicateIri the predicate.
      * @return the timestamp object of the predicate.
      */
    def requireDateTimeObject(predicateIri: SmartIri): Instant = {
      maybeDateTimeObject(predicateIri).getOrElse(
        throw InconsistentRepositoryDataException(s"Subject $subjectIri does not have predicate $predicateIri"))
    }
  }

  /**
    * Represents the RDF data about a value, possibly including standoff.
    *
    * @param subjectIri       the value object's IRI.
    * @param valueObjectClass the type (class) of the value object.
    * @param nestedResource   the nested resource in case of a link value (either the source or the target of a link value, depending on [[isIncomingLink]]).
    * @param isIncomingLink   indicates if it is an incoming or outgoing link in case of a link value.
    * @param userPermission   the permission that the requesting user has on the value.
    * @param assertions       the value objects assertions.
    * @param standoff         standoff assertions, if any.
    */
  case class ValueRdfData(subjectIri: IRI,
                          valueObjectClass: SmartIri,
                          nestedResource: Option[ResourceWithValueRdfData] = None,
                          isIncomingLink: Boolean = false,
                          userPermission: EntityPermission,
                          assertions: FlatPredicateObjects,
                          standoff: FlatStatements)
      extends RdfData

  /**
    * Represents a resource and its values.
    *
    * @param subjectIri              the resource IRI.
    * @param assertions              assertions about the resource (direct statements).
    * @param isMainResource          indicates if this represents a top level resource or a referred resource (depending on the query).
    * @param userPermission          the permission that the requesting user has on the resource.
    * @param valuePropertyAssertions assertions about value properties.
    */
  case class ResourceWithValueRdfData(subjectIri: IRI,
                                      assertions: FlatPredicateObjects,
                                      isMainResource: Boolean,
                                      userPermission: Option[EntityPermission],
                                      valuePropertyAssertions: RdfPropertyValues)
      extends RdfData

  /**
    * Represents a mapping including information about the standoff entities.
    * May include a default XSL transformation.
    *
    * @param mapping           the mapping from XML to standoff and vice versa.
    * @param standoffEntities  information about the standoff entities referred to in the mapping.
    * @param XSLTransformation the default XSL transformation to convert the resulting XML (e.g., to HTML), if any.
    */
  case class MappingAndXSLTransformation(mapping: MappingXMLtoStandoff,
                                         standoffEntities: StandoffEntityInfoGetResponseV2,
                                         XSLTransformation: Option[String])

  /**
    * Represents a tree structure of resources, values and dependent resources returned by a SPARQL CONSTRUCT query.
    *
    * @param resources          a map of resource Iris to [[ResourceWithValueRdfData]]. The resource Iris represent main resources, dependent
    *                           resources are contained in the link values as nested structures.
    * @param hiddenResourceIris the IRIs of resources that were hidden because the user does not have permission
    *                           to see them.
    */
  case class MainResourcesAndValueRdfData(resources: RdfResources, hiddenResourceIris: Set[IRI] = Set.empty)

  /**
    * An intermediate data structure containing RDF assertions about an entity and the user's permission on the entity.
    *
    * @param assertions          RDF assertions about the entity.
    * @param maybeUserPermission the user's permission on the entity, if any.
    */
  case class RdfWithUserPermission(assertions: ConstructPredicateObjects, maybeUserPermission: Option[EntityPermission])

  /**
    * A [[SparqlConstructResponse]] may contain both resources and value RDF data objects as well as standoff.
    * This method turns a graph (i.e. triples) into a structure organized by the principle of resources and their values,
    * i.e. a map of resource Iris to [[ResourceWithValueRdfData]].
    * The resource Iris represent main resources, dependent resources are contained in the link values as nested structures.
    *
    * @param constructQueryResults the results of a SPARQL construct query representing resources and their values.
    * @return an instance of [[MainResourcesAndValueRdfData]].
    */
  def splitMainResourcesAndValueRdfData(
      constructQueryResults: SparqlExtendedConstructResponse,
      requestingUser: UserADM)(implicit stringFormatter: StringFormatter): MainResourcesAndValueRdfData = {

    // Make sure all the subjects are IRIs, because blank nodes are not used in resources.
    val resultsWithIriSubjects: Statements = constructQueryResults.statements.map {
      case (iriSubject: IriSubjectV2, statements: ConstructPredicateObjects) => iriSubject.value -> statements
      case (otherSubject: SubjectV2, _: ConstructPredicateObjects) =>
        throw InconsistentRepositoryDataException(s"Unexpected subject: $otherSubject")
    }

    // split statements about resources and other statements (value objects and standoff)
    // resources are identified by the triple "resourceIri a knora-base:Resource" which is an inferred information returned by the SPARQL Construct query.
    val (resourceStatements: Statements, nonResourceStatements: Statements) = resultsWithIriSubjects.partition {
      case (_: IRI, assertions: ConstructPredicateObjects) =>
        // check if the subject is a Knora resource
        assertions
          .getOrElse(OntologyConstants.Rdf.Type.toSmartIri, Seq.empty)
          .contains(IriLiteralV2(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.Resource))
    }

    // create a single map of all resources with their representing values (rdf data)
    val flatResourcesWithValues: RdfResources = resourceStatements.map {
      case (resourceIri: IRI, assertions: ConstructPredicateObjects) =>
        // remove inferred statements (non explicit) returned in the query result
        // the query returns the following inferred information:
        // - every resource is a knora-base:Resource
        // - every value property is a subproperty of knora-base:hasValue
        // - every resource that's a main resource (not a dependent resource) in the query result has knora-base:isMainResource true
        val assertionsExplicit: ConstructPredicateObjects = assertions
          .filterNot {
            case (pred: SmartIri, _) => InferredPredicates(pred.toString)
          }
          .map {
            case (pred: SmartIri, objs: Seq[LiteralV2]) =>
              if (pred.toString == OntologyConstants.Rdf.Type) {
                pred -> objs.filterNot {
                  case IriLiteralV2(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.Resource) => true
                  case _                                                  => false
                }
              } else {
                pred -> objs
              }
          }

        // check for the knora-base:isMainResource flag created by the SPARQL CONSTRUCT query
        val isMainResource: Boolean = assertions.get(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.IsMainResource.toSmartIri) match {
          case Some(Seq(BooleanLiteralV2(value))) => value
          case _                                  => false
        }

        // Make a set of all the value object IRIs, because we're going to associate them with their properties.
        val valueObjectIris: Set[IRI] = assertions
          .collect {
            case (pred: SmartIri, objs: Seq[LiteralV2]) if pred.toString == OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.HasValue =>
              objs.map {
                case IriLiteralV2(iri) => iri
                case other =>
                  throw InconsistentRepositoryDataException(
                    s"Unexpected object for $resourceIri knora-base:hasValue: $other")
              }
          }
          .flatten
          .toSet

        // Make a map of property IRIs to sequences of value IRIs.
        val valuePropertyToObjectIris: Map[SmartIri, Seq[IRI]] =
          mapPropertyIrisToValueIris(assertionsExplicit, valueObjectIris)

        // Make an RdfPropertyValues representing the values of the resource.
        val valuePropertyToValueObject: RdfPropertyValues = makeRdfPropertyValuesForResource(
          valuePropertyToObjectIris = valuePropertyToObjectIris,
          resourceIri = resourceIri,
          requestingUser = requestingUser,
          assertionsExplicit = assertionsExplicit,
          nonResourceStatements = nonResourceStatements
        )

        // Flatten the resource assertions.
        val resourceAssertions: FlatPredicateObjects = assertionsExplicit.map {
          case (pred: SmartIri, objs: Seq[LiteralV2]) => pred -> objs.head
        }

        val userPermission: Option[EntityPermission] =
          PermissionUtilADM.getUserPermissionFromConstructAssertionsADM(resourceIri, assertions, requestingUser)

        // Make a ResourceWithValueRdfData for each resource IRI.
        resourceIri -> ResourceWithValueRdfData(
          subjectIri = resourceIri,
          assertions = resourceAssertions,
          isMainResource = isMainResource,
          userPermission = userPermission,
          valuePropertyAssertions = valuePropertyToValueObject
        )
    }

    // Identify the resources that the user has permission to see.

    val (visibleResources: RdfResources, hiddenResources: RdfResources) = flatResourcesWithValues.partition {
      case (_: IRI, resource: ResourceWithValueRdfData) => resource.userPermission.nonEmpty
    }

    val mainResourceIrisVisible: Set[IRI] = visibleResources.collect {
      case (resourceIri: IRI, resource: ResourceWithValueRdfData) if resource.isMainResource => resourceIri
    }.toSet

    val mainResourceIrisNotVisible: Set[IRI] = hiddenResources.collect {
      case (resourceIri: IRI, resource: ResourceWithValueRdfData) if resource.isMainResource => resourceIri
    }.toSet

    val dependentResourceIrisVisible: Set[IRI] = visibleResources.collect {
      case (resourceIri: IRI, resource: ResourceWithValueRdfData) if !resource.isMainResource => resourceIri
    }.toSet

    val dependentResourceIrisNotVisible: Set[IRI] = hiddenResources.collect {
      case (resourceIri: IRI, resource: ResourceWithValueRdfData) if !resource.isMainResource => resourceIri
    }.toSet

    // get incoming links for each resource: a map of resource IRIs to resources that link to it
    val incomingLinksForResource: Map[IRI, RdfResources] = getIncomingLink(visibleResources, flatResourcesWithValues)

    val mainResourcesNested: Map[IRI, ResourceWithValueRdfData] = mainResourceIrisVisible.map { resourceIri =>
      val transformedResource = nestResources(
        resourceIri = resourceIri,
        flatResourcesWithValues = flatResourcesWithValues,
        visibleResources = visibleResources,
        dependentResourceIrisVisible = dependentResourceIrisVisible,
        dependentResourceIrisNotVisible = dependentResourceIrisNotVisible,
        incomingLinksForResource = incomingLinksForResource
      )

      resourceIri -> transformedResource
    }.toMap

    MainResourcesAndValueRdfData(
      resources = mainResourcesNested,
      hiddenResourceIris = mainResourceIrisNotVisible ++ dependentResourceIrisNotVisible
    )
  }

  /**
    * Converts a [[ConstructPredicateObjects]] to a map of property IRIs to sequences of value IRIs.
    *
    * @param assertionsExplicit all non-inferred statements.
    * @param valueObjectIris    a set of all value object IRIs.
    * @return a map of property IRIs to sequences of value IRIs.
    */
  private def mapPropertyIrisToValueIris(assertionsExplicit: ConstructPredicateObjects,
                                         valueObjectIris: Set[IRI]): Map[SmartIri, Seq[IRI]] = {
    assertionsExplicit
      .map {
        case (pred: SmartIri, objs: Seq[LiteralV2]) =>
          // Get only the assertions in which the object is a value object IRI.
          val valueObjIris: Seq[IriLiteralV2] = objs.collect {
            case iriObj: IriLiteralV2 if valueObjectIris(iriObj.value) => iriObj
          }

          // create an entry using pred as a key and valueObjIris as the value
          pred -> valueObjIris
      }
      .filter {
        case (_: SmartIri, objs: Seq[IriLiteralV2]) => objs.nonEmpty
      }
      .groupBy {
        case (pred: SmartIri, _: Seq[IriLiteralV2]) =>
          // Turn the sequence of assertions into a Map of predicate IRIs to assertions.
          pred
      }
      .map {
        case (pred: SmartIri, valueAssertions: Map[SmartIri, Seq[IriLiteralV2]]) =>
          // Replace the assertions with their objects, i.e. the value object IRIs.
          pred -> valueAssertions.values.flatten.map(_.value).toSeq
      }
  }

  /**
    * Given the assertions that describe a resource and its values, makes an [[RdfPropertyValues]] representing the values.
    *
    * @param valuePropertyToObjectIris a map of property IRIs to value IRIs.
    * @param resourceIri               the IRI of the resource.
    * @param requestingUser            the user making the request.
    * @param assertionsExplicit        all non-inferred statements.
    * @param nonResourceStatements     statements that are not about the containing resource.
    * @return an [[RdfPropertyValues]] describing the values of the resource.
    */
  private def makeRdfPropertyValuesForResource(
      valuePropertyToObjectIris: Map[SmartIri, Seq[IRI]],
      resourceIri: IRI,
      requestingUser: UserADM,
      assertionsExplicit: ConstructPredicateObjects,
      nonResourceStatements: Statements)(implicit stringFormatter: StringFormatter): RdfPropertyValues = {
    valuePropertyToObjectIris
      .map {
        case (property: SmartIri, valObjIris: Seq[IRI]) =>
          // Make an RdfWithUserPermission for each value of the property.
          val rdfWithUserPermissionsForValues: Seq[(IRI, RdfWithUserPermission)] = valObjIris.map { valObjIri: IRI =>
            val valueObjAssertions: ConstructPredicateObjects = nonResourceStatements(valObjIri)

            // get the resource's project
            // value objects belong to the parent resource's project

            val resourceProjectLiteral: LiteralV2 = assertionsExplicit
              .getOrElse(
                OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.AttachedToProject.toSmartIri,
                throw InconsistentRepositoryDataException(s"Resource $resourceIri has no knora-base:attachedToProject")
              )
              .head

            // add the resource's project to the value's assertions, and get the user's permission on the value
            val maybeUserPermission = PermissionUtilADM.getUserPermissionFromConstructAssertionsADM(
              entityIri = valObjIri,
              assertions = valueObjAssertions + (OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.AttachedToProject.toSmartIri -> Seq(
                resourceProjectLiteral)),
              requestingUser = requestingUser
            )

            valObjIri -> RdfWithUserPermission(valueObjAssertions, maybeUserPermission)
          }

          // Filter out objects that the user doesn't have permission to see.
          val visibleRdfWithUserPermissionsForValues: Seq[(IRI, RdfWithUserPermission)] =
            rdfWithUserPermissionsForValues.filter {
              // check if the user has sufficient permissions to see the value object
              case (_: IRI, rdfWithUserPermission: RdfWithUserPermission) =>
                rdfWithUserPermission.maybeUserPermission.nonEmpty
            }

          // Make a ValueRdfData for each value object.
          val valueRdfDataForProperty: Seq[ValueRdfData] = visibleRdfWithUserPermissionsForValues.flatMap {
            case (valObjIri: IRI, valueRdfWithUserPermission: RdfWithUserPermission) =>
              // get all the standoff node IRIs possibly belonging to this value object
              val standoffNodeIris: Set[IRI] = valueRdfWithUserPermission.assertions
                .collect {
                  case (pred: SmartIri, objs: Seq[LiteralV2])
                      if pred.toString == OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ValueHasStandoff =>
                    objs.map(_.toString)
                }
                .flatten
                .toSet

              // given the standoff node IRIs, get the standoff assertions
              val standoffAssertions: FlatStatements = nonResourceStatements.collect {
                case (subjIri: IRI, assertions: ConstructPredicateObjects) if standoffNodeIris(subjIri) =>
                  subjIri -> assertions.flatMap {
                    case (pred: SmartIri, objs: Seq[LiteralV2]) =>
                      objs.map { obj =>
                        pred -> obj
                      }
                  }
              }

              // Flatten the value's statements.
              val valueStatements: FlatPredicateObjects = valueRdfWithUserPermission.assertions.flatMap {
                case (pred: SmartIri, objs: Seq[LiteralV2]) =>
                  objs.map { obj =>
                    pred -> obj
                  }
              }

              // Get the rdf:type of the value.
              val rdfTypeLiteral: LiteralV2 = valueStatements.getOrElse(
                OntologyConstants.Rdf.Type.toSmartIri,
                throw InconsistentRepositoryDataException(s"Value $valObjIri has no rdf:type"))

              val valueObjectClass: SmartIri = rdfTypeLiteral
                .asIriLiteral(
                  throw InconsistentRepositoryDataException(
                    s"Unexpected object of $valObjIri rdf:type: $rdfTypeLiteral")
                )
                .value
                .toSmartIri

              // check if it is a link value
              if (valueObjectClass.toString == OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.LinkValue) {
                // create a link value object
                Some(
                  ValueRdfData(
                    subjectIri = valObjIri,
                    valueObjectClass = valueObjectClass,
                    userPermission = valueRdfWithUserPermission.maybeUserPermission.get,
                    assertions = valueStatements,
                    standoff = emptyFlatStatements // link value does not contain standoff
                  )
                )

              } else {
                // create a non-link value object
                Some(
                  ValueRdfData(
                    subjectIri = valObjIri,
                    valueObjectClass = valueObjectClass,
                    userPermission = valueRdfWithUserPermission.maybeUserPermission.get,
                    assertions = valueStatements,
                    standoff = standoffAssertions
                  )
                )
              }
          }

          // Associate each property IRI with its Seq[ValueRdfData].
          property -> valueRdfDataForProperty
      }
      .filterNot {
        // filter out those properties that do not have value objects (they may have been filtered out because the user does not have sufficient permissions to see them)
        case (_, valObjs: Seq[ValueRdfData]) =>
          valObjs.isEmpty
      }
  }

  /**
    * This method returns all the incoming link for each resource as a map of resource IRI to resources that link to it.
    *
    * @param visibleResources        the resources that the user has permission to see
    * @param flatResourcesWithValues the set of resources with their representing values, before permission filtering
    * @return the incoming links as a map of resource IRIs
    */
  private def getIncomingLink(visibleResources: RdfResources, flatResourcesWithValues: RdfResources)(
      implicit stringFormatter: StringFormatter): Map[IRI, RdfResources] = {
    visibleResources.map {
      case (resourceIri: IRI, values: ResourceWithValueRdfData) =>
        // get all incoming links for resourceIri
        val incomingLinksForRes: RdfResources = flatResourcesWithValues.foldLeft(emptyRdfResources) {
          case (acc: RdfResources, (otherResourceIri: IRI, otherResource: ResourceWithValueRdfData)) =>
            // get all incoming links having assertions about value properties pointing to this resource
            val incomingLinkPropertyAssertions: RdfPropertyValues =
              otherResource.valuePropertyAssertions.foldLeft(emptyRdfPropertyValues) {
                case (acc: RdfPropertyValues, (prop: SmartIri, otherResourceValues: Seq[ValueRdfData])) =>
                  // collect all link values that point to resourceIri
                  val incomingLinkValues: Seq[ValueRdfData] = otherResourceValues.foldLeft(Seq.empty[ValueRdfData]) {
                    (acc, value: ValueRdfData) =>
                      // check if it is a link value and points to this resource
                      if (value.valueObjectClass.toString == OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.LinkValue && value
                            .requireIriObject(OntologyConstants.Rdf.Object.toSmartIri) == resourceIri) {
                        acc :+ value
                      } else {
                        acc
                      }
                  }

                  // check if the link value already exists
                  if (incomingLinkValues.nonEmpty) {
                    // add link value to the existing values
                    acc + (prop -> incomingLinkValues)
                  } else {
                    // it does not already exists therefore add the new oone
                    acc
                  }
              }

            // check if the property assertion already exists
            if (incomingLinkPropertyAssertions.nonEmpty) {
              // add resource values to the existing values
              acc + (otherResourceIri -> values.copy(
                valuePropertyAssertions = incomingLinkPropertyAssertions
              ))
            } else {
              // it does not already exist therefore add the new one
              acc
            }

        }

        // create an entry using the resource's Iri as a key and its incoming links as the value
        resourceIri -> incomingLinksForRes
    }
  }

  /**
    * Given a resource IRI, finds any link values in the resource, and recursively embeds the target resource in each link value.
    *
    * @param resourceIri                     the IRI of the resource to start with.
    * @param flatResourcesWithValues         the complete set of resources with their values, before permission filtering.
    * @param visibleResources                the resources that the user has permission to see.
    * @param dependentResourceIrisVisible    the IRIs of dependent resources that the user has permission to see.
    * @param dependentResourceIrisNotVisible the IRIs of dependent resources that the user does not have permission to see.
    * @param incomingLinksForResource        a map of resource IRIs to resources that link to each resource.
    * @param alreadyTraversed                a set (initially empty) of the IRIs of resources that this function has already
    *                                        traversed, to prevent an infinite loop if a cycle is encountered.
    * @return the same resource, with any nested resources attached to it.
    */
  private def nestResources(resourceIri: IRI,
                            flatResourcesWithValues: RdfResources,
                            visibleResources: RdfResources,
                            dependentResourceIrisVisible: Set[IRI],
                            dependentResourceIrisNotVisible: Set[IRI],
                            incomingLinksForResource: Map[IRI, RdfResources],
                            alreadyTraversed: Set[IRI] = Set.empty[IRI])(
      implicit stringFormatter: StringFormatter): ResourceWithValueRdfData = {
    val resource = visibleResources(resourceIri)

    val transformedValuePropertyAssertions: RdfPropertyValues = resource.valuePropertyAssertions
      .map {
        case (propIri: SmartIri, values: Seq[ValueRdfData]) =>
          val transformedValues: Seq[ValueRdfData] = transformValuesByNestingResources(
            resourceIri = resourceIri,
            values = values,
            flatResourcesWithValues = flatResourcesWithValues,
            visibleResources = visibleResources,
            dependentResourceIrisVisible = dependentResourceIrisVisible,
            dependentResourceIrisNotVisible = dependentResourceIrisNotVisible,
            incomingLinksForResource = incomingLinksForResource,
            alreadyTraversed = alreadyTraversed + resourceIri
          )

          propIri -> transformedValues
      }
      .filter {
        case (_: SmartIri, values: Seq[ValueRdfData]) =>
          // If we filtered out all the values for the property, filter out the property, too.
          values.nonEmpty
      }

    // incomingLinksForResource contains incoming link values for each resource
    // flatResourcesWithValues contains the complete information

    // filter out those resources that already have been processed
    // and the main resources (they are already present on the top level of the response)
    //
    // the main resources point to dependent resources and would be treated as incoming links of dependent resources
    // this would create circular dependencies

    // resources that point to this resource
    val referringResources: RdfResources = incomingLinksForResource(resourceIri).filterNot {
      case (incomingResIri: IRI, _: ResourceWithValueRdfData) =>
        alreadyTraversed(incomingResIri) || flatResourcesWithValues(incomingResIri).isMainResource
    }

    // link value assertions that point to this resource
    val incomingLinkAssertions: RdfPropertyValues = referringResources.values.foldLeft(emptyRdfPropertyValues) {
      case (acc: RdfPropertyValues, assertions: ResourceWithValueRdfData) =>
        val values: RdfPropertyValues = assertions.valuePropertyAssertions.flatMap {
          case (propIri: SmartIri, values: Seq[ValueRdfData]) =>
            // check if the property Iri already exists (there could be several instances of the same property)
            if (acc.contains(propIri)) {
              // add values to property Iri (keeping the already existing values)
              acc + (propIri -> (acc(propIri) ++ values).sortBy(_.subjectIri))
            } else {
              // prop Iri does not exists yet, add it
              acc + (propIri -> values.sortBy(_.subjectIri))
            }
        }

        values
    }

    if (incomingLinkAssertions.nonEmpty) {
      // create a virtual property representing an incoming link
      val incomingProps
        : (SmartIri, Seq[ValueRdfData]) = OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.HasIncomingLinkValue.toSmartIri -> incomingLinkAssertions.values.toSeq.flatten
        .map { linkValue: ValueRdfData =>
          // get the source of the link value (it points to the resource that is currently processed)
          val sourceIri: IRI = linkValue.requireIriObject(OntologyConstants.Rdf.Subject.toSmartIri)
          val source = Some(
            nestResources(
              resourceIri = sourceIri,
              flatResourcesWithValues = flatResourcesWithValues,
              visibleResources = visibleResources,
              dependentResourceIrisVisible = dependentResourceIrisVisible,
              dependentResourceIrisNotVisible = dependentResourceIrisNotVisible,
              incomingLinksForResource = incomingLinksForResource,
              alreadyTraversed = alreadyTraversed + resourceIri
            )
          )

          linkValue.copy(
            nestedResource = source,
            isIncomingLink = true
          )
        }

      resource.copy(
        valuePropertyAssertions = transformedValuePropertyAssertions + incomingProps
      )
    } else {
      resource.copy(
        valuePropertyAssertions = transformedValuePropertyAssertions
      )
    }
  }

  /**
    * Transforms a resource's values by nesting dependent resources in link values.
    *
    * @param resourceIri                     the IRI of the resource.
    * @param values                          the values of the resource.
    * @param flatResourcesWithValues         the complete set of resources with their values, before permission filtering.
    * @param visibleResources                the resources that the user has permission to see.
    * @param dependentResourceIrisVisible    the IRIs of dependent resources that the user has permission to see.
    * @param dependentResourceIrisNotVisible the IRIs of dependent resources that the user does not have permission to see.
    * @param incomingLinksForResource        a map of resource IRIs to resources that link to each resource.
    * @param alreadyTraversed                a set (initially empty) of the IRIs of resources that this function has already
    *                                        traversed, to prevent an infinite loop if a cycle is encountered.
    * @return the transformed values.
    */
  private def transformValuesByNestingResources(
      resourceIri: IRI,
      values: Seq[ValueRdfData],
      flatResourcesWithValues: RdfResources,
      visibleResources: RdfResources,
      dependentResourceIrisVisible: Set[IRI],
      dependentResourceIrisNotVisible: Set[IRI],
      incomingLinksForResource: Map[IRI, RdfResources],
      alreadyTraversed: Set[IRI])(implicit stringFormatter: StringFormatter): Seq[ValueRdfData] = {
    values.foldLeft(Vector.empty[ValueRdfData]) {
      case (acc: Vector[ValueRdfData], value: ValueRdfData) =>
        if (value.valueObjectClass.toString == OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.LinkValue) {
          val dependentResourceIri: IRI = value.requireIriObject(OntologyConstants.Rdf.Object.toSmartIri)

          if (alreadyTraversed(dependentResourceIri)) {
            acc :+ value
          } else {
            // Do we have the dependent resource?
            if (dependentResourceIrisVisible.contains(dependentResourceIri)) {
              // Yes. Nest it in the link value.
              val dependentResource: ResourceWithValueRdfData = nestResources(
                resourceIri = dependentResourceIri,
                flatResourcesWithValues = flatResourcesWithValues,
                visibleResources = visibleResources,
                dependentResourceIrisVisible = dependentResourceIrisVisible,
                dependentResourceIrisNotVisible = dependentResourceIrisNotVisible,
                incomingLinksForResource = incomingLinksForResource,
                alreadyTraversed = alreadyTraversed
              )

              acc :+ value.copy(
                nestedResource = Some(dependentResource)
              )
            } else if (dependentResourceIrisNotVisible.contains(dependentResourceIri)) {
              // No, because the user doesn't have permission to see it. Skip the link value.
              acc
            } else {
              // We don't have the dependent resource because it is marked as deleted. Just
              // return the link value without a nested resource.
              acc :+ value
            }
          }
        } else {
          acc :+ value
        }
    }
  }

  /**
    * Collect all mapping Iris referred to in the given value assertions.
    *
    * @param valuePropertyAssertions the given assertions (property -> value object).
    * @return a set of mapping Iris.
    */
  def getMappingIrisFromValuePropertyAssertions(valuePropertyAssertions: RdfPropertyValues)(
      implicit stringFormatter: StringFormatter): Set[IRI] = {
    valuePropertyAssertions.foldLeft(Set.empty[IRI]) {
      case (acc: Set[IRI], (_: SmartIri, valObjs: Seq[ValueRdfData])) =>
        val mappings: Seq[String] = valObjs
          .filter { valObj: ValueRdfData =>
            valObj.valueObjectClass == OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.TextValue.toSmartIri && valObj.assertions.contains(
              OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ValueHasMapping.toSmartIri)
          }
          .map { textValObj: ValueRdfData =>
            textValObj.requireIriObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ValueHasMapping.toSmartIri)
          }

        // get mappings from linked resources
        val mappingsFromReferredResources: Set[IRI] = valObjs
          .filter { valObj: ValueRdfData =>
            valObj.nestedResource.nonEmpty
          }
          .flatMap { valObj: ValueRdfData =>
            val referredRes: ResourceWithValueRdfData = valObj.nestedResource.get

            // recurse on the nested resource's values
            getMappingIrisFromValuePropertyAssertions(referredRes.valuePropertyAssertions)
          }
          .toSet

        acc ++ mappings ++ mappingsFromReferredResources
    }
  }

  /**
    * Given a [[ValueRdfData]], constructs a [[TextValueContentV2]]. This method is used to process a text value
    * as returned in an API response, as well as to process a page of standoff markup that is being queried
    * separately from its text value.
    *
    * @param valueObject               the given [[ValueRdfData]].
    * @param valueObjectValueHasString the value's `knora-base:valueHasString`.
    * @param valueCommentOption        the value's comment, if any.
    * @param mappings                  the mappings needed for standoff conversions and XSL transformations.
    * @param queryStandoff             if `true`, make separate queries to get the standoff for the text value.
    * @param responderManager          the Knora responder manager.
    * @param featureFactoryConfig      the feature factory configuration.
    * @param requestingUser            the user making the request.
    * @return a [[TextValueContentV2]].
    */
  private def makeTextValueContentV2(resourceIri: IRI,
                                     valueObject: ValueRdfData,
                                     valueObjectValueHasString: Option[String],
                                     valueCommentOption: Option[String],
                                     mappings: Map[IRI, MappingAndXSLTransformation],
                                     queryStandoff: Boolean,
                                     responderManager: ActorRef,
                                     featureFactoryConfig: FeatureFactoryConfig,
                                     requestingUser: UserADM)(
      implicit stringFormatter: StringFormatter,
      timeout: Timeout,
      executionContext: ExecutionContext): Future[TextValueContentV2] = {
    // Any knora-base:TextValue may have a language
    val valueLanguageOption: Option[String] =
      valueObject.maybeStringObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ValueHasLanguage.toSmartIri)

    if (valueObject.standoff.nonEmpty) {
      // The query included a page of standoff markup. This is either because we've queried the text value
      // and got the first page of its standoff along with it, or because we're querying a subsequent page
      // of standoff for a text value.

      val mappingIri: Option[IRI] = valueObject.maybeIriObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ValueHasMapping.toSmartIri)
      val mappingAndXsltTransformation: Option[MappingAndXSLTransformation] =
        mappingIri.flatMap(definedMappingIri => mappings.get(definedMappingIri))

      for {
        standoff: Vector[StandoffTagV2] <- StandoffTagUtilV2.createStandoffTagsV2FromConstructResults(
          standoffAssertions = valueObject.standoff,
          responderManager = responderManager,
          requestingUser = requestingUser
        )

        valueHasMaxStandoffStartIndex: Int = valueObject.requireIntObject(
          OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ValueHasMaxStandoffStartIndex.toSmartIri)
        lastStartIndexQueried = standoff.last.startIndex

        // Should we get more the rest of the standoff for the same text value?
        standoffToReturn <- if (queryStandoff && lastStartIndexQueried < valueHasMaxStandoffStartIndex) {
          // We're supposed to get all the standoff for the text value. Ask the standoff responder for the rest of it.
          // Each page of markup will be also be processed by this method. The resulting pages will be
          // concatenated together and returned in a GetStandoffResponseV2.

          for {
            standoffResponse <- (responderManager ? GetRemainingStandoffFromTextValueRequestV2(
              resourceIri = resourceIri,
              valueIri = valueObject.subjectIri,
              featureFactoryConfig = featureFactoryConfig,
              requestingUser = requestingUser
            )).mapTo[GetStandoffResponseV2]
          } yield standoff ++ standoffResponse.standoff
        } else {
          // We're not supposed to get any more standoff here, either because we have all of it already,
          // or because we're just supposed to return one page.
          FastFuture.successful(standoff)
        }
      } yield
        TextValueContentV2(
          ontologySchema = InternalSchema,
          maybeValueHasString = valueObjectValueHasString,
          valueHasLanguage = valueLanguageOption,
          standoff = standoffToReturn,
          mappingIri = mappingIri,
          mapping = mappingAndXsltTransformation.map(_.mapping),
          xslt = mappingAndXsltTransformation.flatMap(_.XSLTransformation),
          comment = valueCommentOption
        )
    } else {
      // The query returned no standoff markup.

      FastFuture.successful(
        TextValueContentV2(
          ontologySchema = InternalSchema,
          maybeValueHasString = valueObjectValueHasString,
          valueHasLanguage = valueLanguageOption,
          comment = valueCommentOption
        ))
    }
  }

  /**
    * Given a [[ValueRdfData]], constructs a [[FileValueContentV2]].
    *
    * @param valueType                 the IRI of the file value type
    * @param valueObject               the given [[ValueRdfData]].
    * @param valueObjectValueHasString the value's `knora-base:valueHasString`.
    * @param valueCommentOption        the value's comment, if any.
    * @param mappings                  the mappings needed for standoff conversions and XSL transformations.
    * @param responderManager          the Knora responder manager.
    * @param requestingUser            the user making the request.
    * @return a [[FileValueContentV2]].
    */
  private def makeFileValueContentV2(valueType: IRI,
                                     valueObject: ValueRdfData,
                                     valueObjectValueHasString: String,
                                     valueCommentOption: Option[String],
                                     mappings: Map[IRI, MappingAndXSLTransformation],
                                     responderManager: ActorRef,
                                     requestingUser: UserADM)(
      implicit stringFormatter: StringFormatter,
      timeout: Timeout,
      executionContext: ExecutionContext): Future[FileValueContentV2] = {
    val fileValue = FileValueV2(
      internalMimeType = valueObject.requireStringObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.InternalMimeType.toSmartIri),
      internalFilename = valueObject.requireStringObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.InternalFilename.toSmartIri),
      originalFilename = valueObject.maybeStringObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.OriginalFilename.toSmartIri),
      originalMimeType = valueObject.maybeStringObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.OriginalMimeType.toSmartIri)
    )

    valueType match {
      case OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.StillImageFileValue =>
        FastFuture.successful(
          StillImageFileValueContentV2(
            ontologySchema = InternalSchema,
            fileValue = fileValue,
            dimX = valueObject.requireIntObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.DimX.toSmartIri),
            dimY = valueObject.requireIntObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.DimY.toSmartIri),
            comment = valueCommentOption
          ))

      case OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.DocumentFileValue =>
        FastFuture.successful(
          DocumentFileValueContentV2(
            ontologySchema = InternalSchema,
            fileValue = fileValue,
            pageCount = valueObject.maybeIntObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.PageCount.toSmartIri),
            dimX = valueObject.maybeIntObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.DimX.toSmartIri),
            dimY = valueObject.maybeIntObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.DimY.toSmartIri),
            comment = valueCommentOption
          ))

      case OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.TextFileValue =>
        FastFuture.successful(
          TextFileValueContentV2(
            ontologySchema = InternalSchema,
            fileValue = fileValue,
            comment = valueCommentOption
          ))

      case OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.AudioFileValue =>
        FastFuture.successful(
          AudioFileValueContentV2(
            ontologySchema = InternalSchema,
            fileValue = fileValue,
            duration = valueObject
              .maybeStringObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.Duration.toSmartIri)
              .map(definedDuration => BigDecimal(definedDuration)),
            comment = valueCommentOption
          ))

      case _ => throw InconsistentRepositoryDataException(s"Unexpected file value type: $valueType")
    }
  }

  /**
    * Given a [[ValueRdfData]], constructs a [[LinkValueContentV2]].
    *
    * @param valueObject               the given [[ValueRdfData]].
    * @param valueObjectValueHasString the value's `knora-base:valueHasString`.
    * @param valueCommentOption        the value's comment, if any.
    * @param mappings                  the mappings needed for standoff conversions and XSL transformations.
    * @param queryStandoff             if `true`, make separate queries to get the standoff for text values.
    * @param versionDate               if defined, represents the requested time in the the resources' version history.
    * @param responderManager          the Knora responder manager.
    * @param targetSchema              the schema of the response.
    * @param featureFactoryConfig      the feature factory configuration.
    * @param settings                  the application's settings.
    * @param requestingUser            the user making the request.
    * @return a [[LinkValueContentV2]].
    */
  private def makeLinkValueContentV2(valueObject: ValueRdfData,
                                     valueObjectValueHasString: String,
                                     valueCommentOption: Option[String],
                                     mappings: Map[IRI, MappingAndXSLTransformation],
                                     queryStandoff: Boolean,
                                     versionDate: Option[Instant],
                                     responderManager: ActorRef,
                                     targetSchema: ApiV2Schema,
                                     featureFactoryConfig: FeatureFactoryConfig,
                                     settings: KnoraSettingsImpl,
                                     requestingUser: UserADM)(
      implicit stringFormatter: StringFormatter,
      timeout: Timeout,
      executionContext: ExecutionContext): Future[LinkValueContentV2] = {
    val referredResourceIri: IRI = if (valueObject.isIncomingLink) {
      valueObject.requireIriObject(OntologyConstants.Rdf.Subject.toSmartIri)
    } else {
      valueObject.requireIriObject(OntologyConstants.Rdf.Object.toSmartIri)
    }

    val linkValue = LinkValueContentV2(
      ontologySchema = InternalSchema,
      referredResourceIri = referredResourceIri,
      isIncomingLink = valueObject.isIncomingLink,
      nestedResource = None,
      comment = valueCommentOption
    )

    // Is there a nested resource in the link value?
    valueObject.nestedResource match {
      case Some(nestedResourceAssertions: ResourceWithValueRdfData) =>
        // Yes. Construct a ReadResourceV2 representing the nested resource.
        for {
          nestedResource <- constructReadResourceV2(
            resourceIri = referredResourceIri,
            resourceWithValueRdfData = nestedResourceAssertions,
            mappings = mappings,
            queryStandoff = queryStandoff,
            versionDate = versionDate,
            responderManager = responderManager,
            requestingUser = requestingUser,
            targetSchema = targetSchema,
            featureFactoryConfig = featureFactoryConfig,
            settings = settings
          )
        } yield
          linkValue.copy(
            nestedResource = Some(nestedResource)
          )

      case None =>
        // There is no nested resource.
        FastFuture.successful(linkValue)
    }
  }

  /**
    * Given a [[ValueRdfData]], constructs a [[ValueContentV2]], considering the specific type of the given [[ValueRdfData]].
    *
    * @param valueObject          the given [[ValueRdfData]].
    * @param mappings             the mappings needed for standoff conversions and XSL transformations.
    * @param queryStandoff        if `true`, make separate queries to get the standoff for text values.
    * @param versionDate          if defined, represents the requested time in the the resources' version history.
    * @param responderManager     the Knora responder manager.
    * @param targetSchema         the schema of the response.
    * @param featureFactoryConfig the feature factory configuration.
    * @param settings             the application's settings.
    * @param requestingUser       the user making the request.
    * @return a [[ValueContentV2]] representing a value.
    */
  private def createValueContentV2FromValueRdfData(resourceIri: IRI,
                                                   valueObject: ValueRdfData,
                                                   mappings: Map[IRI, MappingAndXSLTransformation],
                                                   queryStandoff: Boolean,
                                                   versionDate: Option[Instant] = None,
                                                   responderManager: ActorRef,
                                                   targetSchema: ApiV2Schema,
                                                   featureFactoryConfig: FeatureFactoryConfig,
                                                   settings: KnoraSettingsImpl,
                                                   requestingUser: UserADM)(
      implicit stringFormatter: StringFormatter,
      timeout: Timeout,
      executionContext: ExecutionContext): Future[ValueContentV2] = {
    // every knora-base:Value (any of its subclasses) has a string representation, but it is not necessarily returned with text values.
    val valueObjectValueHasString: Option[String] =
      valueObject.maybeStringObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ValueHasString.toSmartIri)

    // every knora-base:value (any of its subclasses) may have a comment
    val valueCommentOption: Option[String] =
      valueObject.maybeStringObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ValueHasComment.toSmartIri)

    val valueTypeStr: IRI = valueObject.valueObjectClass.toString

    valueTypeStr match {
      case OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.TextValue =>
        makeTextValueContentV2(
          resourceIri = resourceIri,
          valueObject = valueObject,
          valueObjectValueHasString = valueObjectValueHasString,
          valueCommentOption = valueCommentOption,
          mappings = mappings,
          queryStandoff = queryStandoff,
          responderManager = responderManager,
          featureFactoryConfig = featureFactoryConfig,
          requestingUser = requestingUser
        )

      case OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.DateValue =>
        val startPrecisionStr =
          valueObject.requireStringObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ValueHasStartPrecision.toSmartIri)
        val endPrecisionStr =
          valueObject.requireStringObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ValueHasEndPrecision.toSmartIri)
        val calendarNameStr = valueObject.requireStringObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ValueHasCalendar.toSmartIri)

        FastFuture.successful(
          DateValueContentV2(
            ontologySchema = InternalSchema,
            valueHasStartJDN = valueObject.requireIntObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ValueHasStartJDN.toSmartIri),
            valueHasEndJDN = valueObject.requireIntObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ValueHasEndJDN.toSmartIri),
            valueHasStartPrecision = DatePrecisionV2.parse(
              startPrecisionStr,
              throw InconsistentRepositoryDataException(s"Invalid date precision: $startPrecisionStr")),
            valueHasEndPrecision = DatePrecisionV2.parse(
              endPrecisionStr,
              throw InconsistentRepositoryDataException(s"Invalid date precision: $endPrecisionStr")),
            valueHasCalendar = CalendarNameV2.parse(
              calendarNameStr,
              throw InconsistentRepositoryDataException(s"Invalid calendar name: $calendarNameStr")),
            comment = valueCommentOption
          ))

      case OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.IntValue =>
        FastFuture.successful(
          IntegerValueContentV2(
            ontologySchema = InternalSchema,
            valueHasInteger = valueObject.requireIntObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ValueHasInteger.toSmartIri),
            comment = valueCommentOption
          ))

      case OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.DecimalValue =>
        FastFuture.successful(
          DecimalValueContentV2(
            ontologySchema = InternalSchema,
            valueHasDecimal = valueObject.requireDecimalObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ValueHasDecimal.toSmartIri),
            comment = valueCommentOption
          ))

      case OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.BooleanValue =>
        FastFuture.successful(
          BooleanValueContentV2(
            ontologySchema = InternalSchema,
            valueHasBoolean = valueObject.requireBooleanObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ValueHasBoolean.toSmartIri),
            comment = valueCommentOption
          ))

      case OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.UriValue =>
        FastFuture.successful(
          UriValueContentV2(
            ontologySchema = InternalSchema,
            valueHasUri = valueObject.requireIriObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ValueHasUri.toSmartIri),
            comment = valueCommentOption
          ))

      case OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ColorValue =>
        FastFuture.successful(
          ColorValueContentV2(
            ontologySchema = InternalSchema,
            valueHasColor = valueObject.requireStringObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ValueHasColor.toSmartIri),
            comment = valueCommentOption
          ))

      case OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.GeomValue =>
        FastFuture.successful(
          GeomValueContentV2(
            ontologySchema = InternalSchema,
            valueHasGeometry = valueObject.requireStringObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ValueHasGeometry.toSmartIri),
            comment = valueCommentOption
          ))

      case OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.GeonameValue =>
        FastFuture.successful(
          GeonameValueContentV2(
            ontologySchema = InternalSchema,
            valueHasGeonameCode =
              valueObject.requireStringObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ValueHasGeonameCode.toSmartIri),
            comment = valueCommentOption
          ))

      case OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ListValue =>
        val listNodeIri: IRI = valueObject.requireIriObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ValueHasListNode.toSmartIri)

        val listNode = HierarchicalListValueContentV2(
          ontologySchema = InternalSchema,
          valueHasListNode = listNodeIri,
          listNodeLabel = None,
          comment = valueCommentOption
        )

        // only query the list node if the response is requested in the simple schema
        // (label is required in the simple schema, but not in the complex schema)

        targetSchema match {
          case ApiV2Simple =>
            for {
              nodeResponse <- (responderManager ? NodeGetRequestV2(
                nodeIri = listNodeIri,
                featureFactoryConfig = featureFactoryConfig,
                requestingUser = requestingUser
              )).mapTo[NodeGetResponseV2]
            } yield
              listNode.copy(
                listNodeLabel = nodeResponse.node.getLabelInPreferredLanguage(userLang = requestingUser.lang,
                                                                              fallbackLang = settings.fallbackLanguage)
              )

          case ApiV2Complex => FastFuture.successful(listNode)
        }

      case OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.IntervalValue =>
        FastFuture.successful(
          IntervalValueContentV2(
            ontologySchema = InternalSchema,
            valueHasIntervalStart =
              valueObject.requireDecimalObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ValueHasIntervalStart.toSmartIri),
            valueHasIntervalEnd =
              valueObject.requireDecimalObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ValueHasIntervalEnd.toSmartIri),
            comment = valueCommentOption
          ))

      case OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.TimeValue =>
        FastFuture.successful(
          TimeValueContentV2(
            ontologySchema = InternalSchema,
            valueHasTimeStamp =
              valueObject.requireDateTimeObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ValueHasTimeStamp.toSmartIri),
            comment = valueCommentOption
          ))

      case OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.LinkValue =>
        makeLinkValueContentV2(
          valueObject = valueObject,
          valueObjectValueHasString = valueObjectValueHasString.getOrElse(
            throw AssertionException(s"Value <${valueObject.subjectIri}> has no knora-base:valueHasString")),
          valueCommentOption = valueCommentOption,
          mappings = mappings,
          queryStandoff = queryStandoff,
          versionDate = versionDate,
          responderManager = responderManager,
          requestingUser = requestingUser,
          targetSchema = targetSchema,
          featureFactoryConfig = featureFactoryConfig,
          settings = settings
        )

      case fileValueClass: IRI if OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.FileValueClasses.contains(fileValueClass) =>
        makeFileValueContentV2(
          valueType = fileValueClass,
          valueObject = valueObject,
          valueObjectValueHasString = valueObjectValueHasString.getOrElse(
            throw AssertionException(s"Value <${valueObject.subjectIri}> has no knora-base:valueHasString")),
          valueCommentOption = valueCommentOption,
          mappings = mappings,
          responderManager = responderManager,
          requestingUser = requestingUser
        )

      case other => throw NotImplementedException(s"Not implemented yet: $other")
    }
  }

  /**
    *
    * Creates a [[ReadResourceV2]] from a [[ResourceWithValueRdfData]].
    *
    * @param resourceIri              the IRI of the resource.
    * @param resourceWithValueRdfData the Rdf data belonging to the resource.
    * @param mappings                 the mappings needed for standoff conversions and XSL transformations.
    * @param queryStandoff            if `true`, make separate queries to get the standoff for text values.
    * @param versionDate              if defined, represents the requested time in the the resources' version history.
    * @param responderManager         the Knora responder manager.
    * @param targetSchema             the schema of the response.
    * @param featureFactoryConfig     the feature factory configuration.
    * @param settings                 the application's settings.
    * @param requestingUser           the user making the request.
    * @return a [[ReadResourceV2]].
    */
  private def constructReadResourceV2(resourceIri: IRI,
                                      resourceWithValueRdfData: ResourceWithValueRdfData,
                                      mappings: Map[IRI, MappingAndXSLTransformation],
                                      queryStandoff: Boolean,
                                      versionDate: Option[Instant],
                                      responderManager: ActorRef,
                                      targetSchema: ApiV2Schema,
                                      featureFactoryConfig: FeatureFactoryConfig,
                                      settings: KnoraSettingsImpl,
                                      requestingUser: UserADM)(
      implicit stringFormatter: StringFormatter,
      timeout: Timeout,
      executionContext: ExecutionContext): Future[ReadResourceV2] = {
    def getDeletionInfo(rdfData: RdfData): Option[DeletionInfo] = {
      val isDeleted: Boolean = rdfData.requireBooleanObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.IsDeleted.toSmartIri)

      if (isDeleted) {
        val deleteDate = rdfData.requireDateTimeObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.DeleteDate.toSmartIri)
        val maybeDeleteComment = rdfData.maybeStringObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.DeleteComment.toSmartIri)

        Some(
          DeletionInfo(
            deleteDate = deleteDate,
            maybeDeleteComment = maybeDeleteComment
          )
        )
      } else {
        None
      }
    }

    val resourceLabel: String = resourceWithValueRdfData.requireStringObject(OntologyConstants.Rdfs.Label.toSmartIri)
    val resourceClassStr: IRI = resourceWithValueRdfData.requireIriObject(OntologyConstants.Rdf.Type.toSmartIri)
    val resourceClass = resourceClassStr.toSmartIriWithErr(
      throw InconsistentRepositoryDataException(
        s"Couldn't parse rdf:type of resource <$resourceIri>: <$resourceClassStr>"))
    val resourceAttachedToUser: IRI =
      resourceWithValueRdfData.requireIriObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.AttachedToUser.toSmartIri)
    val resourceAttachedToProject: IRI =
      resourceWithValueRdfData.requireIriObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.AttachedToProject.toSmartIri)
    val resourcePermissions: String =
      resourceWithValueRdfData.requireStringObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.HasPermissions.toSmartIri)
    val resourceCreationDate: Instant =
      resourceWithValueRdfData.requireDateTimeObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.CreationDate.toSmartIri)
    val resourceLastModificationDate: Option[Instant] =
      resourceWithValueRdfData.maybeDateTimeObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.LastModificationDate.toSmartIri)
    val resourceDeletionInfo = getDeletionInfo(resourceWithValueRdfData)

    // get the resource's values
    val valueObjectFutures: Map[SmartIri, Seq[Future[ReadValueV2]]] =
      resourceWithValueRdfData.valuePropertyAssertions.map {
        case (property: SmartIri, valObjs: Seq[ValueRdfData]) =>
          val readValues: Seq[Future[ReadValueV2]] = valObjs
            .sortBy(_.subjectIri)
            .sortBy { // order values by value IRI, then by knora-base:valueHasOrder
              valObj: ValueRdfData =>
                // set order to zero if not given
                valObj.maybeIntObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ValueHasOrder.toSmartIri).getOrElse(0)
            }
            .map { valObj: ValueRdfData =>
              for {
                valueContent: ValueContentV2 <- createValueContentV2FromValueRdfData(
                  resourceIri = resourceIri,
                  valueObject = valObj,
                  mappings = mappings,
                  queryStandoff = queryStandoff,
                  responderManager = responderManager,
                  requestingUser = requestingUser,
                  targetSchema = targetSchema,
                  featureFactoryConfig = featureFactoryConfig,
                  settings = settings
                )

                attachedToUser = valObj.requireIriObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.AttachedToUser.toSmartIri)
                permissions = valObj.requireStringObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.HasPermissions.toSmartIri)
                valueCreationDate: Instant = valObj.requireDateTimeObject(
                  OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ValueCreationDate.toSmartIri)
                valueDeletionInfo = getDeletionInfo(valObj)
                valueHasUUID: UUID = stringFormatter.decodeUuid(
                  valObj.requireStringObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ValueHasUUID.toSmartIri))
                previousValueIri: Option[IRI] = valObj.maybeIriObject(
                  OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.PreviousValue.toSmartIri)

              } yield
                valueContent match {
                  case linkValueContentV2: LinkValueContentV2 =>
                    val valueHasRefCount: Int =
                      valObj.requireIntObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ValueHasRefCount.toSmartIri)

                    ReadLinkValueV2(
                      valueIri = valObj.subjectIri,
                      attachedToUser = attachedToUser,
                      permissions = permissions,
                      userPermission = valObj.userPermission,
                      valueCreationDate = valueCreationDate,
                      valueHasUUID = valueHasUUID,
                      valueContent = linkValueContentV2,
                      valueHasRefCount = valueHasRefCount,
                      previousValueIri = previousValueIri,
                      deletionInfo = valueDeletionInfo
                    )

                  case textValueContentV2: TextValueContentV2 =>
                    val maybeValueHasMaxStandoffStartIndex: Option[Int] =
                      valObj.maybeIntObject(OntologyConstants.KnoraBase.ValueHasMaxStandoffStartIndex.toSmartIri)

                    ReadTextValueV2(
                      valueIri = valObj.subjectIri,
                      attachedToUser = attachedToUser,
                      permissions = permissions,
                      userPermission = valObj.userPermission,
                      valueCreationDate = valueCreationDate,
                      valueHasUUID = valueHasUUID,
                      valueContent = textValueContentV2,
                      valueHasMaxStandoffStartIndex = maybeValueHasMaxStandoffStartIndex,
                      previousValueIri = previousValueIri,
                      deletionInfo = valueDeletionInfo
                    )

                  case otherValueContentV2: ValueContentV2 =>
                    ReadOtherValueV2(
                      valueIri = valObj.subjectIri,
                      attachedToUser = attachedToUser,
                      permissions = permissions,
                      userPermission = valObj.userPermission,
                      valueCreationDate = valueCreationDate,
                      valueHasUUID = valueHasUUID,
                      valueContent = otherValueContentV2,
                      previousValueIri = previousValueIri,
                      deletionInfo = valueDeletionInfo
                    )
                }
            }

          property -> readValues
      }

    for {
      projectResponse: ProjectGetResponseADM <- (responderManager ? ProjectGetRequestADM(
        identifier = ProjectIdentifierADM(maybeIri = Some(resourceAttachedToProject)),
        featureFactoryConfig = featureFactoryConfig,
        requestingUser = requestingUser
      )).mapTo[ProjectGetResponseADM]

      valueObjects <- ActorUtil.sequenceSeqFuturesInMap(valueObjectFutures)
    } yield
      ReadResourceV2(
        resourceIri = resourceIri,
        resourceClassIri = resourceClass,
        label = resourceLabel,
        attachedToUser = resourceAttachedToUser,
        projectADM = projectResponse.project,
        permissions = resourcePermissions,
        userPermission = resourceWithValueRdfData.userPermission.get,
        values = valueObjects,
        creationDate = resourceCreationDate,
        lastModificationDate = resourceLastModificationDate,
        versionDate = versionDate,
        deletionInfo = resourceDeletionInfo
      )
  }

  /**
    * Creates an API response.
    *
    * @param mainResourcesAndValueRdfData the query results.
    * @param orderByResourceIri           the order in which the resources should be returned. This sequence
    *                                     contains the resource IRIs received from the triplestore before filtering
    *                                     for permissions, but after filtering for duplicates.
    * @param pageSizeBeforeFiltering      the number of resources returned before filtering for permissions and duplicates.
    * @param mappings                     the mappings to convert standoff to XML, if any.
    * @param queryStandoff                if `true`, make separate queries to get the standoff for text values.
    * @param calculateMayHaveMoreResults  if `true`, calculate whether there may be more results for the query.
    * @param versionDate                  if defined, represents the requested time in the the resources' version history.
    * @param responderManager             the Knora responder manager.
    * @param targetSchema                 the schema of response.
    * @param featureFactoryConfig         the feature factory configuration.
    * @param settings                     the application's settings.
    * @param requestingUser               the user making the request.
    * @return a collection of [[ReadResourceV2]] representing the search results.
    */
  def createApiResponse(mainResourcesAndValueRdfData: MainResourcesAndValueRdfData,
                        orderByResourceIri: Seq[IRI],
                        pageSizeBeforeFiltering: Int,
                        mappings: Map[IRI, MappingAndXSLTransformation] = Map.empty[IRI, MappingAndXSLTransformation],
                        queryStandoff: Boolean,
                        calculateMayHaveMoreResults: Boolean,
                        versionDate: Option[Instant],
                        responderManager: ActorRef,
                        targetSchema: ApiV2Schema,
                        featureFactoryConfig: FeatureFactoryConfig,
                        settings: KnoraSettingsImpl,
                        requestingUser: UserADM)(
      implicit stringFormatter: StringFormatter,
      timeout: Timeout,
      executionContext: ExecutionContext): Future[ReadResourcesSequenceV2] = {

    val visibleResourceIris: Seq[IRI] =
      orderByResourceIri.filter(resourceIri => mainResourcesAndValueRdfData.resources.keySet.contains(resourceIri))

    // iterate over visibleResourceIris and construct the response in the correct order
    val readResourceFutures: Vector[Future[ReadResourceV2]] = visibleResourceIris.map { resourceIri: IRI =>
      constructReadResourceV2(
        resourceIri = resourceIri,
        resourceWithValueRdfData = mainResourcesAndValueRdfData.resources(resourceIri),
        mappings = mappings,
        queryStandoff = queryStandoff,
        versionDate = versionDate,
        responderManager = responderManager,
        targetSchema = targetSchema,
        featureFactoryConfig = featureFactoryConfig,
        settings = settings,
        requestingUser = requestingUser
      )

    }.toVector

    for {
      resources <- Future.sequence(readResourceFutures)

      // If we got a full page of results from the triplestore (before filtering for permissions), there
      // might be at least one more page of results that the user could request.
      mayHaveMoreResults = calculateMayHaveMoreResults && pageSizeBeforeFiltering == settings.v2ResultsPerPage
    } yield
      ReadResourcesSequenceV2(
        resources = resources,
        hiddenResourceIris = mainResourcesAndValueRdfData.hiddenResourceIris,
        mayHaveMoreResults = mayHaveMoreResults
      )
  }
}