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What We Measure

CyberGreen develops and applies statistical methods to data, allowing for measurement of key indicators of risk conditions. Using state-of-the-art metrics-based measurement and visualization, CyberGreen produces an Index score for five risk indicators using its own Internet scan data. The five risk indicators are open DNS, open NTP, open SSDP, open SNMP and open CHARGEN protocols.

Risk Indicators

**Open DNS**: The Domain Name System (DNS) is pervasive. For enterprises, it is their digital identity as well as a critical component of their security architecture. Since DNS runs on the UDP protocol, it can be used for amplification attacks. Read more »

**Open NTP**: Computers and network devices have a perversely strong need to have good agreement about what constitutes the current time. Most computers stay synchronized using Network Time Protocol (NTP). Just like DNS, NTP is a UDP-based service, and shares the same weaknesses that DNS does. Read more »

**Open SSDP**The Simple Service Discovery Protocol (SSDP) is used for advertisement and discovery of network services and presence information. It is often enabled in customer end devices (CPEs) such as modems. Since SSDP runs over UDP, it can be used for UDP reflection attacks. Read more »

**Open SNMP**: Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is an Internet-standard protocol for collecting and organizing information about managed devices on IP networks and for modifying that information to change device behavior. Devices that typically support SNMP include routers, switches, servers, workstations, printers, modem racks and more. It runs on the UDP protocol and can be abused for UDP based amplification attacks. Read more »

**Open CHARGEN**: Character Generator Protocol (CHARGEN) is a service of the Internet Protocol Suite defined in RFC 864 in 1983 by Jon Postel. It is intended for testing, debugging, and measurement purposes. The protocol is rarely used, as its design flaws allow ready misuse. Read more »

Mitigation Campaign Steps

Once CyberGreen has identified the presence of those risk conditions within a country, it requires coordination with national CSIRTs or other equivalent organizations to begin the process of mitigation. Read more »