[REQUEST]: Support std version override for MSVC

[rmccampbell]

Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe

When switching between C/C++ compilers, in most cases it is desirable to keep the same C++ standard option, but unfortunately the command line option is different between GCC/Clang and MSVC (a single pesky = vs :). A solution to this would be to use the Overrides button to specify the C++ standard in a way that can be platform-independent. But this isn't currently implemented for MSVC ("this override is not compatible with the current compiler"), which seems to defeat the purpose.

Describe the solution you'd like

Implement the std version override for MSVC. There are some questions about how versions that don't match between compilers should work, e.g. the "gnu++11" versions or "c++latest". Either they can be converted to the nearest equivalent, or simply dropped if not compatible. I would suggest dropping gnu extension versions and clamping the rest, so e.g. c++23/26/2c would map to c++latest for MSVC.

Describe alternatives you've considered

There are other proposals which would solve this problem in different ways: #2214, #6196, but the latter was closed and is probably too ambiguous, and the former hasn't gained traction in 3+ years. This is a much simpler and targeted solution for the specific problem though ##2214 would still be nice to have.

Additional context

Not applicable