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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8"/>
<title>Requirements for Chinese Text Layout 中文排版需求</title>
<link rel="canonical" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/WD-clreq-20150730/"/>
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{ name: "<span lang='zh-hant'>陳奕鈞</span> (Yijun Chen)",
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{ name: "<span lang='zh-hans'>梁海</span> (Hai Liang)",
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{ name: "<span lang='zh-hans'>张爱杰</span> (Aijie Zhang)",
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company: "<span lang='zh-hans'>中国移动通信集团公司</span> (China Mobile)" },
{ name: "<span lang='zh-hans'>吴小倩（至2015年8月）</span> (Xiaoqian Wu) (until August 2015)",
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{ name: "<span lang='zh-hans'>李安琪</span> (Angel Li)",
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<body>
<div id="abstract">
<p data-lang="en"> This document summarizes the text composition requirements in the Chinese writing system. One of the goals of the task force is to describe the issues in the Chinese layout requirements, another one is to provide satisfactory equivalent to the current standards (i.e. Unicode), also to promote vendors to implement those relevant features correctly.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">本文整理了中文（汉字）书写系统在排版上的需求。一方面说明需求事项以明确描述中文排版的需求与问题；另一方面也提出了与现有标准（如Unicode）的对应，希望能本文能对实际操作起到有效地指导作用。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">本文書整理了中文（漢字）書寫系統於排版上的需求。一方面說明需求事項以明確描述中文排版之需求與問題；另一方面也提與既有標準（如萬國碼）的對應，冀求透過本文書能在實作層級更能有效地促進實現。</p>
</div>
<div id="sotd">
<p data-lang="en">This document was created by the <a href="http://www.w3.org/International/groups/chinese-layout/">Chinese Layout Task Force</a> within the W3C Internationalization Interest Group, and in collaboration with the <a href="http://www.w3.org/html/ig/zh/">W3C HTML5 Chinese Interest Group</a>. The <a href="http://www.w3.org/International/core/">Internationalization Working Group</a> has been a great help during the writing of this document. The Chinese Layout Task Force will work with Internationalization Working Group to publish Working Drafts of this document, and to widen the exposure and review of the document. </p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="translateme">本文档由W3C国际化兴趣组下设的<a href="http://www.w3.org/International/groups/chinese-layout/">中文布局任务小组</a> 编写而成，<a href="http://www.w3.org/html/ig/zh/">W3C HTML5中文兴趣组</a>为本文档提供了审阅支持，<a href="http://www.w3.org/International/core/">W3C国际化工作组</a>为文档的编写提供了诸多的帮助。中文版式布局任务小组将与<a href="http://www.w3.org/International/core/">W3C国际化工作组</a>联合发布该文档的工作草案，并邀请业界进行审阅。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">本文档由W3C国际化兴趣组下设的<a href="http://www.w3.org/International/groups/chinese-layout/">中文布局任务小组</a> 编写而成，<a href="http://www.w3.org/html/ig/zh/">W3C HTML5中文兴趣组</a>为本文档提供了审阅支持，<a href="http://www.w3.org/International/core/">W3C国际化工作组</a>为文档的编写提供了诸多的帮助。中文版式布局任务小组将与<a href="http://www.w3.org/International/core/">W3C国际化工作组</a>联合发布该文档的工作草案，并邀请业界进行审阅。</p>
<div class="note">
<p data-lang="en" style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 120%">Sending comments on this document</p>
<p data-lang="en">If you wish to make comments regarding this document, please raise them as <a href="https://github.com/w3c/clreq/issues" style="font-size: 120%;">github issues</a> against the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/WD-clreq-20150730/" style="font-size: 120%">latest dated version in /TR</a>. Only send comments by email if you are unable to raise issues on github (see links below). All comments are welcome.</p>
<p data-lang="en">To make it easier to track comments, please raise separate issues or emails for each comment, and point to the section you are commenting on using a URL for the dated version of the document.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="translateme" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:120%">发表对本文档的建议</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="translateme">如果你对<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/WD-clreq-20150730/" style="font-size: 120%">/TR下最新版本</a>的文档有任何建议和反馈，请把您的想法整理发布为 <a href="https://github.com/w3c/clreq/issues" style="font-size: 120%;">github issues</a>。若您觉得在GitHub上提出issues比较困难，也可以邮件形式进行反馈（请参考下面的链接）。您的任何建议对本文档都很可贵。</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="translateme">为便于跟踪您所反馈的问题，请为您所提出的每一个意见点单独成立一个issue或者邮件，并在其中明确指出您所谈到的章节序号和您所阅读的日期版本的URL。</p>
<p data-lang="zh" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:120%">发表对本文档的建议</p>
<p data-lang="zh">如果你对<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/WD-clreq-20150730/" style="font-size: 120%">/TR下最新版本</a>的文档有任何建议和反馈，请把您的想法整理发布为 <a href="https://github.com/w3c/clreq/issues" style="font-size: 120%;">github issues</a>。若您觉得在GitHub上提出issues比较困难，也可以邮件形式进行反馈（请参考下面的链接）。您的任何建议对本文档都很可贵。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">为便于跟踪您所反馈的问题，请为您所提出的每一个意见点单独成立一个issue或者邮件，并在其中明确指出您所谈到的章节序号和您所阅读的日期版本的URL。</p>
</div>
<p id="langSwitch">
<button id="toZH" onClick="switch2zh();">zh</button>
<button id="toZHHans" onClick="switch2zhHans();">zh-hans</button>
<button onClick="switch2en();">en</button>
</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="translateme">本章节描述了本文档的发布状态。其它更新版本可能会覆盖本文档。W3C的文档列表和最新版本可通过<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/">W3C技术报告</a>索引访问。 </p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="translateme">以编辑草稿方式发布的文档还没有通过<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>会员流程的认可。这是一份文档草稿并且会被不断更新。请暂时不要正式引用本文档。</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="translateme">本文档遵循<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr><a id="sotd_patent_zh_hans" href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/">专利政策</a>（2004-02-05）。<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>为工作组的产出成果维护着一份<a href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/32113/status" rel="disclosure">公开专利披露列表</a>，此页面也同时涵盖了专利披露说明。若个人发现其有包含<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#def-essential">必须声明</a>的专利信息，必须按照<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>专利政策第六章节</a>披露此信息。</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="translateme">本文档遵循<a id="w3c_process_revision_zh_hans" href="http://www.w3.org/2014/Process-20140801/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>流程文档</a>（2014-08-01）。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">本章节描述了本文档的发布状态。其它更新版本可能会覆盖本文档。W3C的文档列表和最新版本可通过<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/">W3C技术报告</a>索引访问。 </p>
<p data-lang="zh">以编辑草稿方式发布的文档还没有通过<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>会员流程的认可。这是一份文档草稿并且会被不断更新。请暂时不要正式引用本文档。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">本文档遵循<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr><a id="sotd_patent_zh" href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/">专利政策</a>（2004-02-05）。<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>为工作组的产出成果维护着一份<a href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/32113/status" rel="disclosure">公开专利披露列表</a>，此页面也同时涵盖了专利披露说明。若个人发现其有包含<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#def-essential">必须声明</a>的专利信息，必须按照<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>专利政策第六章节</a>披露此信息。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">本文档遵循<a id="w3c_process_revision_zh" href="http://www.w3.org/2014/Process-20140801/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>流程文档</a>（2014-08-01）。</p>
</div>
<section id="introduction">
<h2><span data-lang="en">Introduction</span> <span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">绪论</span> <span data-lang="zh">緒論</span></h2>
<section id="basic_features_of_chinese_script">
<h3><span data-lang="en">Basic Features of Chinese Script</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">中文排版的主要特色</span>
<span data-lang="zh">中文排版的主要特色</span></h3>
<p data-lang="en">Chinese composition exhibits several differences from other writing systems. The major features include: </p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">中文排版有别于其它版本，主要特点如下：
</p><p data-lang="zh">中文排版有別於其他體系，主要特色在於以下各點：</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p data-lang="en"> There are two written scripts in Chinese, using traditional and simplified characters. Apart from the differences between glyphs and strokes, the composition rules can be different as well.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">中文版本分为繁体字版本和简体字版本，两者除文字字形、笔画多少等差异外，各项排版规则也有所区别。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">中文分為繁體字與簡體字，兩者除文字字形、筆畫多寡等差異外，各項排版規則也有所區別。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en"> There are two writing modes: vertical and horizontal. The former is often seen in Traditional Chinese publications.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">中文的书写方向有直排及横排两种，其中，前者多见于繁体中文出版物。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">中文的書寫方向有直排及橫排二種，其中，前者多見於繁體中文出版品。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en"> In principal, the characters, including Chinese (hanzi) characters and punctuation, used in Chinese composition are squares with the ratio of 1:1, and are seamlessly arranged with one another.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">原则上，中文排版所使用的汉字和标点符号的比例皆为1:1的正方形，将其无缝隙并列排成版面。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">原則上，中文排版所使用的漢字與標點符號之比例皆為1:1的正方形，將其無縫隙並列排成版面。</p>
</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="purpose_of_this_document">
<h3><span data-lang="en">Purpose of this document</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">目的</span>
<span data-lang="zh">本文書之目的</span></h3>
<p data-lang="en">Each cultural community has its own language, script and writing system. The transfer of each writing system into cyberspace is a task with very high importance for information and communication technology.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">每一个文化群体都拥有独自的语言、文字、书写系统。对文化资产的承继而言，将个别书写系统在虚拟空间再现，是信息传播技术的重要责任。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">每一個文化群體都擁有獨自的語言、文字、書寫系統。將個別書寫系統得以在虛擬空間再現，對文化資產的承繼而言，是資訊傳播技術的重要責任。</p>
<p data-lang="en">As one of the basic work items of this task force, this document summarizes the text composition requirements in the Chinese writing system. One of the goals of the task force is to describe the issues in Chinese layout requirements, another is to provide satisfactory equivalents to the current standards (i.e. Unicode), and another is to prompt vendors to implement those relevant features correctly.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">作为实现这个责任的基础，本文整理了中文（汉字）书写系统在排版上的需求。一方面说明需求事项以明确描述中文排版的需求与问题；另一方面也提供与现有标准（如Unicode）的对应，希望能本文能对实际操作起到有效地指导作用。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">作為實現這個責任的基礎，本文書整理了中文（漢字）書寫系統於排版上的需求。一方面說明需求事項以明確描述中文排版之需求與問題；另一方面也提供與既有標準（如萬國碼）的對應，冀求透過本文書能在實作層級更能有效地促進實現。</p>
</section>
<section id="basic_principles_for_development_of_this_document">
<h3><span data-lang="en">How This Document Was Created</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">撰写方针</span>
<span data-lang="zh">本文件之撰寫方針</span></h3>
<section id="chinese_text_in_this_document">
<h4><span data-lang="en">Languages Used in this Document</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">本文档所使用的中文语言</span>
<span data-lang="zh">本文档所使用的中文语言</span></h4>
<p data-lang="en">This document was developed by people working in both Simplified and Traditional Chinese. We very much appreciate the contributions of the editors and collaborators from different linguistic backgrounds, and their willingness to collaborate across linguistic boundaries. In this early version of the Working Draft, the version of the script used for the Chinese text depends on the person who contributed the text. We expect to create separate translations of the Chinese text in future versions of this document, but at this early stage the original contributions are kept as is to enable rapid development of the text.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">文档的作者包含繁体中文使用者和简体中文使用者。我们非常感谢来自不同语言文化背景的编辑和合作者对本文档的贡献，以及他们跨越文化差异共同致力完善本文档的美好愿景。在本工作草稿的早期阶段，文中汉语所使用的版本取决于贡献此内容的编写者。未来的版本会逐步改善整理此混合文本，但在本阶段，原始文本将被保留以快速完成和修正本文档。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">本文档的作者包含繁体中文使用者和简体中文使用者。我们非常感谢来自不同语言文化背景的编辑和合作者对本文档的贡献，以及他们跨越文化差异共同致力完善本文档的美好愿景。 在本工作草稿的早期阶段，文中汉语所使用的版本取决于贡献此内容的编写者。未来的版本会逐步改善整理此混合文本，但在本阶段，原始文本将被保留以快速完成和修正本文档。</p>
<p data-lang="en">You can view the document in a single language using the buttons at the top right of the window.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">您可通过本页面右上方的按钮选择阅读文档的单一语言版本。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">您可通过本页面右上方的按钮选择阅读文档的单一语言版本。</p>
<div class="note">
<p data-lang="en" class="translateme">Text with a yellow background, like this, needs updating to match the latest edits to the document.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="translateme">带有黄色背景的文字，如本文，意味将需要被更新以匹配另一个语言版本的改动。</p>
<p data-lang="zh" class="translateme">带有黄色背景的文字，如本文，意味将需要被更新以匹配另一个语言版本的改动。</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="design_approach">
<h4><span data-lang="en">Design Approach</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">设计原则</span>
<span data-lang="zh">设计原则</span></h4>
<p data-lang="en">This document mainly adopts the following policies to explain the features of Chinese composition:</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">本文基于以上前提，主要将中文排版的特征以下列方针解说。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">本文基於以上前提，主要將中文排版的特徵以下列方針解說。</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">It does not fully cover all details of the Chinese composition system, but mainly describes the differences from Western composition systems.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">不列举中文排版的各项细节，而是主要处理与西文排版有所不同的项目。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">不列舉中文排版之各項細節，而是主要處理與西文排版有所不同之項目。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">It explains in detail the similarities and differences between traditional and Simplified Chinese composition.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">详细说明繁、简中文排版规则间的差异与相同之处。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">詳細說明繁、簡中文排版規則間的差異與相同之處。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en"> It describes features of Chinese composition that differ from those mentioned in <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/jlreq/">Requirements for Japanese Text Layout</a>.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">对于《<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/jlreq/">日文排版规范</a>》中有所说明，其中与中文排版有所相同与差异之处作出说明。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">對於《<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/jlreq/">日文排版規範</a>》中有所說明，其中與中文排版有所相同與差異之處作出說明。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">It describes presentational results and considers these results as issues and requirements for Chinese text layout. Meanwhile, it offers principles or methods for for handling these issues, without describing particular technological solutions.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">说明中文排版所表现的结果，以及将其结果视为问题，即中文排版的需求。同时提供处理原理或方式，但不提出具体处理技术。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">說明中文排版所表現的結果，以及將其結果視為問題，即是中文排版之需求。同時提供處理原理或方式，但不提出具體處理技術。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">It suggests solutions for, or explains, present-day issues that people face in Chinese composition.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">针对目前中文排版上所遇到不明确的问题，试图提出处理方法，或以列举的方式提出说明。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">針對目前中文排版上所遇到不明確的問題，試圖提出處理方法，或以列舉的方式提出說明。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">It provides typical instances of Chinese composition and their actual use cases as much as possible.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">我们也尽可能地提供中文排版的实际范例，并且在批注中说明该排版方式会应用于何种状况。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">我們也盡可能地提供中文排版的實際範例，並且在註解中說明該排版方式會應用於何種狀況。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">In consideration of non-Chinese readers of this document, figures are used for explanation wherever possible.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">考虑到未曾接触过中文排版的读者，尽可能地以图解来呈现。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">考慮到未曾接觸過中文排版的讀者，盡可能地以圖解來呈現。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">It mainly explains modern Chinese publications. Looking back to the publications in the time of movable type, there may be some differences, but they are still considered part of Chinese composition. The document does not yet fully cover ancient books. Future editions may be revised with such features in mind.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">本文所提出的中文排版以近代为主，并追溯至金属活字印刷的成熟期，与现今流通的书籍排版也许有所不同，但依然属于中文排版规则。至于古籍排版，非本文件所及，待日后增修再依状况增修。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">本文所提出的中文排版以近代為主，並追溯至金屬活字印刷的成熟期，與現今流通的書籍排版也許有所不同，但依然屬於中文排版規則。至於古籍排版，非本文件所及，待日後增修再依狀況增修。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">For non-Chinese readers, frequency of use is indicated for each requirement. These frequencies are not the outcome of any accurate research, but arise from the long experience of the authors. Non-Chinese readers should understand that they are intuitive for ordinary Chinese readers. These frequencies provide only rough information to prioritize the importance of issues.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">我们也对日常上不会接触到中文排版的读者简单说明各排版需求的使用频率。但频率并非实际调查的结果，而是作者依照经验所做出的判断。即日常的中文读者可能做出的判断，让非中文读者理解其使用频率。简单而言，表示该排版处理的重要性，而并非信息的准确性。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">我們也對日常上不會接觸到中文排版的讀者簡單說明各排版需求的使用頻率。但頻率並非實際調查之結果，而是作者依照經驗所做出的判斷。即日常的中文讀者可能做出的判斷，讓非中文讀者理解其使用頻率。簡單而言，表示該排版處理的重要性，而並非資訊的準確性。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">The main target of this document is common books. Other publications, such as magazines or newspapers, are also included.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">本文以书籍作为主要描述对象，但也包括杂志、报纸等不同排版方式。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">本文以書籍作為主要描述對象，但也包括雜誌、報紙等不同排版方式。</p>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="basics_of_chinese_composition">
<h2><span data-lang="en">Basics of Chinese Composition</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">中文排版基础</span>
<span data-lang="zh">中文排版基礎</span></h2>
<section id="characters_and_the_principles_of_setting_them_for_chinese_composition">
<h3><span data-lang="en">Characters and Principles for Setting them in Chinese Composition</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">中文排版所使用的文字和基本原则</span>
<span data-lang="zh">中文排版所使用的文字和基本原则</span></h3>
<section id="characters_used_in_chinese_composition">
<h4><span data-lang="en">Characters used for Chinese composition</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">中文排版所使用的文字</span>
<span data-lang="zh">中文排版所使用的文字</span></h4>
<p data-lang="en">The majority of the text used in Chinese composition consists of Han characters (hanzi).</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans">中文排版主要使用的文字為漢字。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">中文排版主要使用的文字為漢字。</p>
<p data-lang="en">Chinese characters include Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese alternatives. The former, which is also known as Upright Characters or Traditional Han, is commonly used in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao while the latter is commonly used in Mainland China, Singapore and Malaysia. In this document, the number of strokes and the compositional nature of a character are considered to be the major differences between Simplified Chinese characters and Traditional Chinese characters.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">依照各地的通行标准，中文所使用的汉字主要分为繁体字与简体字。前者又称正体字、传统汉字等，主要通行于台湾、香港、澳门等地；后者又称简化字，主要通行于中国大陆、新加坡等地。本文依笔画多寡与部件结构为区别，统称为繁体字与简体字。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">依照各地的通行標準，中文所使用的漢字主要又分為繁體字與簡體字。前者又作正體字、傳統漢字等，主要通行於台灣、香港、澳門等地；後者又作簡化字，主要通行於中國大陸、星馬地區。本文依筆畫多寡與部件結構為區別，統稱為繁體字與簡體字。</p>
<p data-lang="en">Different glyphs are used in different regions. One unicode code point does not match just one glyph, but rather depends on the operating system and fonts. The focus of this document is Chinese composition and we will not discuss glyph variations. </p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">不同地区所使用的字形有差异，各种字形与Unicode并不是一一对应关系，需要依赖处理系统和字库来呈现。本文主要探究中文排版，对此不做详述。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">不同地区所使用的字形有差异，各种字形与万国码位并不是一一对应关系，需要依赖处理系统和字库来呈现。本文主要探究中文排版，對此不做詳述。</p>
<div class="note">
<p data-lang="en">In addition to the Chinese (hanzi) characters, various punctuation marks, as well as Western characters such as European numerals, Latin letters and/or Greek letters, may be used in Chinese text. </p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">中文排版除了汉字外，也使用标点符号，也会与阿拉伯数字、拉丁文字、希腊文字等外文混排。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">中文排版除了漢字外，也使用標點符號。也會與阿拉伯數字、拉丁文字、希臘文字等外文混排。</p>
</div>
<div class="note">
<p data-lang="en">One Simplified Chinese character may have more than one corresponding Traditional form. For example, the Simplified Chinese character 发 can be matched to either the Traditional Chinese character 發 or 髮, depending on the context. </p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">一个简体汉字可能对应着多个繁体汉字。例如，简体字“发”，相应的繁体文字可能为“發”或“髮”，具体应由上下文决定。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">一个简体汉字可能对应着多个繁体汉字。例如，简体字“发”，相应的繁体文字可能为“發”或“髮”，具体应由上下文决定。</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="han_characters">
<h4><span data-lang="en">Chinese Characters</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">汉字</span>
<span data-lang="zh">漢字</span></h4>
<p data-lang="en">Chinese characters have square <dfn id="endef_characterFrame">character frames</dfn> of equal dimensions. Aligned with the vertical and horizontal center of the character frame, there is a smaller box called the <dfn id="def_letterFace">letter face</dfn>, which contains the actual symbol. (There should be some space left between the letter face and the frame). Most of the punctuation marks for Chinese characters share the same size as the other characters, however some of them differ, such as the ellipsis, which is one-character high and two-characters wide.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">汉字有正方形的文字外框。在文字外框的正中央有比文字外框小的字面（反过来说，字面的上下左右与文字外框之间有稍微比字面大的若干空白）。中文标点符号的尺寸多与汉字一致，宽高相等，部分标点（如删节号等）则占用一个汉字高、两个汉字宽的大小。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">漢字有著正方形的文字外框。於文字外框的正中央，有著比文字外框小的字面（反過來說，字面的上下左右與文字外框之間，有稍微比字面大的若干空白）。中文標點符號的尺寸多與漢字一致，寬高相等，部分標點（如刪節號等）則佔用一個漢字高、二個漢字寬的大小。</p>
<p data-lang="en">Character size is measured by the size of the character frame. <dfn id="def_characterAdvance">Character advance</dfn> is a term used to describe the advance width of the character frame of a character, which should be the same as the width of the character.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">文字尺寸则为文字外框的尺寸。此外，字间距则是依照文字排列方向的文字外框大小，为文字的宽度。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">文字尺寸則為文字外框的尺寸。此外，字幅則是依照文字排列方向的文字外框大小，為文字的寬度。</p>
</section>
<section id="principles_of_arrangement_of_han_characters">
<h4><span data-lang="en">Principles for Arranging Characters during Chinese Composition</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">汉字的配置原则</span>
<span data-lang="zh">漢字的配置原則</span></h4>
<p data-lang="en">In principle, when composing a line with Chinese characters, no extra space appears between their character frames. This is called <dfn id="endef_solidSetting">solid setting</dfn>. </p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">汉字按照行排列文字，原则上文字外框彼此紧贴配置，称作密排。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">漢字依行排列文字，原則上文字外框彼此緊貼配置，稱作密排。</p>
<div class="note">
<p data-lang="en">Unlike the letterpress printing era, when several sizes of the original pattern of a letter were required to create matrices, in today's digital era the same original pattern is used for any size simply by enlargement or reduction. Because of this, it might be necessary to adjust the inter-character space when composing lines at large character sizes. When composing lines at small character sizes in outline fonts, hinting data is used to ensure that the width of the strokes that make up a character look correct. When only a small portion of the fonts are smaller, they will be displayed as bitmaps, and there is no need to make extra adjustments.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">从活字排版时代起，汉字无论直、横文字外框彼此紧贴配置适于阅读。但活字排版依照文字尺寸不同，各号数的字型原模不同，字面也随之不同。目前数字字体仅采取单一原型，当文字尺寸放大时，有时需要调整字距。然而，中文汉字的字面一般比日文字体小，除非在特殊状况下，不需特别处理。另，当文字尺寸缩小时，若为向量字体，则需要补正信息来调整文字线幅；但有部分字体在文字尺寸较小时，会以点阵字体呈现，此时就不需另外调整。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">從活字排版時代起，漢字無論直、橫文字外框彼此緊貼配置適於閱讀。但活字排版依照文字尺寸不同，各號數之字型原模不同，字面也隨之不同。目前數位字體僅採取單一原型，當文字尺寸放大時，有時需要調整字距。然而，中文漢字字體面率一般較日文字體小，除非在特殊狀況下，不需特別處理。另當文字尺寸縮小時，若為向量字體，則需要補正資訊來調整文字線幅；但有部分字體在文字尺寸較小時，會以點陣字體呈現，此時就不需另外調整。</p>
</div>
<p data-lang="en">Depending on the context, in addition to solid setting several alternative setting methods can be used, as described below.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">依照内容的不同，也会采用以下方式排列。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">依照內容的不同，也會採用以下方式排列：</p>
<section id="increased_inter_character_spacing">
<h5><span data-lang="en">Increased inter-character spacing</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">增加字距</span>
<span data-lang="zh">增加字距</span></h5>
<p data-lang="en"> It is common in books to increase the space between each character frame (i.e. <dfn id="endef_looseSetting">loose setting</dfn>) for the following cases:</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">在各字之间加入固定量的空白来排列文字，称作疏排。书籍排版上，遇到以下状况时，会采用这种排列方式。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">於各字之間加入固定量的空白來排列文字，稱作疏排。書籍排版上，遇到以下狀況時，會採用此排列方式：</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">To achieve a balance between running heads with different numbers of characters, increased inter-character spacing is used for running heads with few characters.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">为使字数不同的标题间能取得平衡，需要加大字距。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">為使字數不同的標題間能取得平衡，而加大字距。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">For captions of illustrations and tables, which only have a few characters, increased inter-character spacing is used to balance with the size of an illustration or table.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">图片与表格的说明文字字数少时，为取得平衡，需要加大字距。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">圖片與表格之說明文字字數少時，為取得平衡，而加大字距。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">In some cases, increased inter-character spacing is used for poetry where one line has only a few characters, so as to maintain the balance of the layout.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">应用在字数少的诗词时，为与版面取得平衡，需要加大字距</p>
<p data-lang="zh">應用於字數少的詩詞時，為與版面取得平衡，而加大字距。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">For publications whose main audience is children, inter-character spacing is increased to make it easier for the children to read.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">针对儿童书籍等，为提升易读性时，需要加大字距。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">針對兒童書籍等，為提升易讀性時，而加大字距。</p>
</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="even_inter_character_spacing">
<h5><span data-lang="en">Even inter-character spacing</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">平均排列</span>
<span data-lang="zh">平均排列</span></h5>
<p data-lang="en">Text may be set with equal inter-character spacing between all characters on a given line, so that each line is aligned to the same line head and line end. Since the Chinese characters and punctuation marks are all in square shapes with almost the same dimensions, it is natural that each line is aligned to the same line head and line end. Even inter-character spacing is mainly used in the following cases:</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">平均分配字距，使文字列两端能够对齐行首与行尾。中文排版时，由于使用的汉字与标点符号皆为正方形，自然会使得文字列对齐行首与行尾。这种排列方式主要应用于以下情况：
</p><p data-lang="zh">平均分配字距，使文字列兩端能夠對齊行首與行尾。中文排版時，由於使用的漢字與標點符號皆為正方形，自然會使得文字列對齊行首與行尾。該種排列方式，主要應用於：</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">To deal with rules that forbid certain characters at the beginning or end of a line. When a punctuation mark which is not supposed to be positioned at the end of a line happens to appear there, even inter-character space setting is used to move the character before the punctuation mark to the next line together with the punctuation mark. When a punctuation mark which is not supposed to be positioned at the beginning of a line happens to appear there it is necessary to move the last character from the previous line to the beginning of the next line, and there will be one or two (or sometimes more) empty spaces left in the previous line. Even inter-character space setting is used to unify the length of each line and justify them.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">行首行尾禁则。当该行行尾遇到不能置于行尾的标点符号，而必须将标点符号与前一汉字移至次行时；或次行行首遇到不能置于行首的标点符号，而必须将移动前一行汉字于次行时，就会在行尾产生一到两字（甚至以上）的空白。由于中文书籍各行首尾对齐是重要的排版规则，此时就会利用平均排列将两字（以及以上）空白均分至该行各字字距。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">行首行尾禁則。當該行行尾遇到不能置於行尾的標點符號，而必須將標點符號與前一漢字移至次行時；或次行行頭遇到不能置於行頭的標點符號，而必須將移動前一行漢字於次行時，就會於行尾產生一到二字（甚至以上）的空白。由於中文書籍各行行頭尾對齊是重要的排版規則，此時就會利用平均排列將二字（以及以上）空白均分至該行各字字距。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">Even inter-character space setting is used when the number of characters in a table head differs from the table content, such as for person names, so as to justify the table.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">表格标题、名单等要求呈现上一致时，会采用平均排列的方式处理。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">表格标题、人名名单等求呈現上一致時，會採用平均排列的方式處理。</p>
</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="reduced_inter_character_spacing">
<h5><span data-lang="en">Reduced inter-character spacing</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">减少字距</span>
<span data-lang="zh">減少字距</span></h5>
<p data-lang="en">By reducing the inter-character spacing, a portion of two character frames overlap each other (i.e. solid setting). This method is mainly used in the following cases:</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">减少字与字间的字距，使得文字外框一部份重叠，称作紧排。这种处理方式，主要应用于以下情况：</p>
<p data-lang="zh">減少字與字間的字距，使得文字外框一部份重疊，稱作紧排。這種處理方式，主要應用於：</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">For characters in headings in magazines or advertisements, reduced inter-character spacing can be used to keep the characters on one line, or it can also be used to achieve a special effect for presentation.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">杂志标题以及广告文案字数较多，为使其排列在一行，或为求特殊表现时使用。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">雜誌標題以及廣告文案字數較多，為使其排列於一行，或為求特殊表現時使用。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">Since Chinese characters are all square-shaped, this method does not apply to headings and content in books produced by letterpress printing.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">由于汉字皆为正方形，此方式并不适用于活字排版，故不应用于书籍标题与内文的排列上。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">由於漢字皆為正方形，此方式並不適用於活字排版，故不應用於書籍標題與內文的排列上。</p>
</li>
</ol>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="commonly_used_chinese_typefaces">
<h3><span data-lang="en">Typefaces for Chinese Characters</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">中文排版常用字体</span>
<span data-lang="zh">中文排版常用字體</span></h3>
<section id="four_commonly_used_typefaces_for_chinese_composition">
<h4><span data-lang="en">Four Frequently-used Typefaces for Chinese Characters</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">中文排版经常使用的四种字体</span>
<span data-lang="zh">中文排版經常使用的四種字體</span></h4>
<p data-lang="en">There are four main typefaces in use for Chinese characters:</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">中文排版时，主要使用的四种字体为：</p>
<p data-lang="zh">中文排版時，主要使用的四種字體為：</p>
<ul>
<li><span data-lang="en">Song (Ming)</span> <span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">宋体（明体、明朝体）</span> <span data-lang="zh">宋體（明體、明朝體）</span></li>
<li><span data-lang="en">Kai</span> <span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">楷体</span> <span data-lang="zh">楷體</span></li>
<li><span data-lang="en">Hei</span> <span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">黑体</span> <span data-lang="zh">黑體</span></li>
<li><span data-lang="en">Fangsong (Imitation Song)</span> <span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">仿宋体</span> <span data-lang="zh">仿宋體</span></li>
</ul>
<p data-lang="en">The following sections describe common practice and contexts for use of these four typefaces. </p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">这四种字体在书籍排版上有其常见的使用方式，下列各节分别介绍其使用情境。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">這四種字體於書籍排版上有其常見之使用方式，下列各節分別敘述其使用情境。</p>
</section>
<section id="song">
<h4><span data-lang="en">Song/Ming</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">宋体（明体、明朝体）</span>
<span data-lang="zh">宋體（明體、明朝體）</span></h4>
<figure id="fig-song"><span style="text-align:center;"><img src="images/zh/song.png" alt="Picture of Song Type" width="600"></span>
<figcaption><span data-lang="en">Song</span> <span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">宋体（明体、明朝体）</span> <span data-lang="zh">宋體（明體、明朝體）</span></figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-lang="en"><dfn id="endef_song">Song</dfn>, also known as Songti or Ming, is currently the most common style of type in print for Chinese. </p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">宋体，又称为明体或明朝体，是中文排版最常使用的字体。如<a href="#fig-song"></a>所示。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">宋體，又稱為明體或明朝體，是中文排版最常使用之字體。</p>
<p data-lang="en">Song is commonly used in text, headings and annotations. When used in headings, the characters will appear in a bold face, so as to distinguish the heading from the text. </p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">普遍使用于内文文字、标题与注释。当应用于标题时，通常会特别加强字重，使其与内文有所差异。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">普遍使用於內文文字、標題與注釋。當應用於標題時，通常會特別加強字重，令其與內文有所差異。</p>
</section>
<section id="kai">
<h4><span data-lang="en">Kai</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">楷体</span>
<span data-lang="zh">楷體</span></h4>
<figure id="fig-kai"><span style="text-align:center;"><img src="images/zh/kai.png" width="600" height="215"></span>
<figcaption><span data-lang="en">Kai</span> <span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">楷体</span> <span data-lang="zh">楷體</span></figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-lang="en"><dfn id="endef_kai">Kai</dfn> is another of the major typefaces, and shows notable handwriting features. </p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">楷体为带有书法形态、手写笔触的字体，如<a href="#fig-kai"></a>所示。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">楷體為帶有書法形態、手寫筆觸之字體。</p>
<p data-lang="en">Kai is mainly used in text that needs to be differentiated from the rest of the content, for example, headlines, references, quotations, and dialogs. It is rarely used for emphasis, because of its similarity with Song. </p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">主要使用于标题、引言、摘要、对话、参考文献等，与内文有所不同的段落上。但因为与宋体近似，故少用于强调。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">主要使用於標題、引言、摘句、對話、內容出處等，與內文有所不同的段落上。但因為與宋體近似，故少用於強調。</p>
<div class="note">
<p data-lang="en">Since Kai retains some calligraphic features, it is widely used in office documents and textbooks. </p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">由于楷体保留了书法笔触，普遍用于公文书、教科书的内文。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">由於楷體保留了書法筆觸，普遍用於公文書、教科書之內文字。</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="hei">
<h4><span data-lang="en">Hei</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">黑体</span>
<span data-lang="zh">黑體</span></h4>
<figure id="fig-hei"><span style="text-align:center;"><img src="images/zh/hei.png" alt="Picture of Hei Type" width="600"></span>
<figcaption><span data-lang="en">Hei</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">黑体</span>
<span data-lang="zh">黑體</span></figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-lang="en"><dfn id="endef_hei">Hei</dfn>, is commonly used in headlines, signs, and personal names in dialogs. For certain types of text, characters in Kai style with thicker strokes typically indicate emphasis.</p>
<p data-lang="zh">黑體主要應用於標題、圖說、對話之人名。內文中也會使用字重較粗的黑體作為特定文字的強調、著重。</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">黑体主要应用于标题、图注、对话的人名。内文中也会使用字重较粗的黑体作为特定文字的强调、着重。如<a href="#fig-hei"></a>所示。</p>
<p data-lang="en">Traditional publications rarely apply the Hei style for content, but with the growing influence of the World Wide Web and the digital publishing industry, some publications are starting to experiment Hei in this context.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">传统印刷品少有使用黑体作为内文文字的，但受到万维网、数字出版的影响，也有少数书籍开始使用黑体作为内文字体。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">傳統印刷品少有使用黑體作為內文文字者，但受到萬維網、數位出版的影響，也有少數書籍開始使用黑體作為內文字體。</p>
</section>
<section id="imitation_song">
<h4><span data-lang="en">Fangsong (Imitation Song)</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">仿宋体</span>
<span data-lang="zh">仿宋體</span></h4>
<figure id="fig-fangsong"><span style="text-align:center;"><img src="images/zh/fangsong.png" alt="Picture of Fangsong Type" width="600"></span>
<figcaption><span data-lang="en">Fangsong (Imitation Song)</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">仿宋体</span>
<span data-lang="zh">仿宋體</span></figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-lang="en">The <dfn id="endef_fangsong">Fangsong</dfn> (Imitation Song) style lies between Song and Kai. It is commonly used in isolated paragraphs such as quotations or highlighted sentences.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">仿宋体的字体形态介于宋体与楷体之间。常用于引言、摘要等与内文间隔的段落上。如 <a href="#fig-fangsong"></a>所示。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">仿宋體的字體形態介於宋體與楷體之間。常用於引言、摘句等與內文區隔的段落上。</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="type_area">
<h3><span data-lang="en">The Type Area (or Printing Area)</span> <span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">版心</span> <span data-lang="zh">版心</span></h3>
<p data-lang="en">The <dfn id="endef_typeArea">type area</dfn>, sometimes called the printing area, is designed in the following sequence. <span class="issue">There is no actual definition of what the type area is. I suggest we change the foregoing to something like: The <dfn id="def_typeArea2">type area</dfn>, sometimes called the printing area, is the rectangle in the middle of the page that contains the main body of the text. It is surrounded by space containing headers, footers, notes, etc.</span></p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">中文书籍排版按照以下顺序设计：</p>
<p data-lang="zh">中文書籍排版依以下順序設計：</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p data-lang="en"> First, prepare a template of the page format, which determines the basic appearance of document pages.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">首先，设计版心。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">首先，設計版心。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en"> Then, specify the details of actual page elements based on the template.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">其次以版心为基准，进行实际页面 的设计。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">其次以版心為基準，進行實際頁面的設計。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p data-lang="en">Books usually use one basic template for page format, whereas magazines often use several templates.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">书籍多数仅使用一种基础版式设计，杂志则会使用上数种。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">書籍多數僅使用一種基礎排版體裁，雜誌則會使用上數種。</p>
<p data-lang="en">Although in books, there tends to be one template for the page format, some further design effort based around the basic page format will be needed for pages such as the table of contents and indexes. Furthermore, there are many examples of indexes with a different page format than the basic page format, and vertically set books often have indexes in horizontal writing mode, and sometimes multiple columns. However, while doing actual design for the page, the size of the type area should not exceed the basic page template.<span class="issue"> (some doubts about the translation of 版面 here)</span>.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">尽管书籍仅使用一种版式设计，但在实际页面的设计上，如目录、索引等页面，会基于基本版面重新设计。索引等页面采用不同版式设计的案例也相当多，直排书索引也会以横排或者多栏排版方式设计。但在设计上，版面尺寸等依然按照基础版式设计。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">但儘管書籍僅使用一種體裁，在實際頁面的設計上，如：目錄、索引等頁面，會基於基本排版體裁重新設計。索引等頁面採用不同排版體裁設計的案例也相當多，直排書索引也會以橫排或者多欄排版方式設計。但在設計上，版面尺寸等依然不出基礎排版體裁。</p>
<p data-lang="en">Magazines usually contain various kinds of content, which naturally leads to various designs of templates, different sizes of characters, and varying numbers of columns. </p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">杂志则因为内容不同，版式设计多变，文字大小、栏数依照内容不同会有所变化。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">雜誌則因為內容不同，排版體裁多變，文字大小、欄數依照內容不同會有所變化。</p>
<section id="main_elements_of_basic_composition">
<h4><span data-lang="en">Basic Elements of Page Format</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">基础版式设计的主要元素</span>
<span data-lang="zh">基礎排版體裁的主要元素</span></h4>
<p data-lang="en">The following are the basic elements of a page format.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">基础版式设计的主要元素如下：</p>
<p data-lang="zh">基礎排版體裁的主要元素如下：</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">Trim size and binding side (vertically set Chinese documents are bound on the right-hand side, and horizontally set documents are bound on the left-hand side.)</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">版面与装订线（中文书籍直排为右侧装订、横排为左侧装订）</p>
<p data-lang="zh">完成尺寸與裝訂邊（中文書籍直排為右側裝訂、橫排為左側裝訂）</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">Principal text direction (vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode).</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">文字书写方向（直排或横排）</p>
<p data-lang="zh">文字書寫方向（直排或橫排）</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">Appearance of the type area and its position relative to the trim size.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">版心与版面的相对位置</p>
<p data-lang="zh">版心與完成尺寸的相對位置</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en"> Appearance of running heads and page numbers, and their positions relative to the trim size and type area.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">页眉与页数位置</p>
<p data-lang="zh">頁眉與頁數位置</p>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="note">
<p data-lang="en">Establishing a type area may be seen as defining not only a rectangular area on a page, but also within that area an underlying, logical grid, to guide the placement of such things as characters, headings, and illustrations. Once the grid is established according to the principles of composition, the setting of the characters must align with the grid. If the content contains Chinese characters only, it is an important principle that the first and last characters on a line should align with the border of the type area. When both Chinese characters and Western text are mixed in the content, or forbidden locations of punctuation marks need to be taken into consideration, the setting of the content may not align with the grid.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">决定版心除了在页面中设定长方形的空间外，也有着供内文、标题、图片配置做为基准的格子设定。其格子设定于中文排版原则下，内文必须依照格子进行配置。在文章仅由汉字构成的状况下，行首、行尾对齐版心边界是中文书排版重要的原则。但在与西文混排、或配置标点禁则处理时，为遵从本项原则，内文可不按照格子排列。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">決定版心除了在頁面中設定長方形的空間外，也有著供內文、標題、圖片配置做為基準的格子設定。其格子設定於中文排版原則下，內文必須依照格子進行配置。在文章僅由漢字構成的狀況下，行首、行尾對齊版心邊界是中文書排版重要的原則。但在與西文混排、或配置標點禁則處理時，為遵從本項原則，內文可不按照格子排列。</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="designing_elements_of_type_area">
<h4><span data-lang="en">Design of the Type Area</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">版心的设计元素</span>
<span data-lang="zh">版心的設計元素</span></h4>
<p data-lang="en">The type area defines the basic printing style of a book. The following are the basic elements of the type area.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">作为书籍基本设计而成的版式设计称为版心，版心的设计元素如下：</p>
<p data-lang="zh">作為書籍基本設計而成的排版體裁稱為版心，版心的設計元素如下：</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p data-lang="en"> Character size and typeface name</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">所使用的文字尺寸以及字体种类</p>
<p data-lang="zh">所使用的文字尺寸以及字體種類</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en"> Text direction (vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode)</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">文字书写方向（直排或者横排）</p>
<p data-lang="zh">文字書寫方向（直排或者橫排）</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en"> Number of columns and column gap when using multi-column format</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">分栏时，栏数以及栏距</p>
<p data-lang="zh">分欄時，欄數以及欄距</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en"> Length of a line</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">一行的长度（字数）</p>
<p data-lang="zh">一行的長度（字數）</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en"> Number of lines per page (number of lines per column when using multi-column format)</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">一页的行数（分栏时为一栏的行数）</p>
<p data-lang="zh">一頁之行數（分欄時為一欄之行數）</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en"> Line gap</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">行距</p>
<p data-lang="zh">行距</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">Letter-spacing</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">字距</p>
<p data-lang="zh">字距</p>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="using_type_area_for_composition_in_real_pages">
<h4><span data-lang="en">Type Area and Real Page Format</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">以版心作为实际页面的排版体裁</span>
<span data-lang="zh">以版心作為實際頁面的排版體裁</span></h4>
<p data-lang="en">This section explains how to create a real page format based on the type area. </p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">本部分说明如何以版心作为基本版式来设计各页面。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">本部分說明如何以版心作為基本排版體裁來設計各頁面。</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p data-lang="en"><span class="leadin">Realm and position of headings:</span> The direction and size of the characters of the heading should be based on a number of lines in the type area. The size of the indent is usually specified as a number of characters in the type area.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">配置标题的空间与位置标题所使用空间的文字方向与尺寸，以版心设定的行的位置为基准，采用数行的空间来设计。标题缩排时的处理，以版心所设定的文字尺寸为基准，决定要缩排的量。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">配置標題的空間與位置標題所使用空間之文字方向與尺寸，以版心設定的行的位置為基準，採用數行的空間來設計。標題縮排時的處理，以版心所設定的文字尺寸為基準，決定要縮排的量。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en"><span class="leadin">Size of illustrations:</span> In horizontal writing mode, the width of illustrations should, if at all possible, be the width of the type area; in horizontal writing mode with multiple columns, the width of illustrations should, if at all possible, be the width of one type area column. The illustrations are usually set at the head or the foot of the page. Likewise, in vertical writing mode, the height of illustrations should, if at all possible, be either the height of one type area column or the height of the type area. The illustrations are usually set at the right side or left side of the type area.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">图片的尺寸：图片横排时，宽度尽可能地与版心的尺寸一致；若为多栏排版时，则尽可能与版心所设定的一栏宽度一致。排列时多与版心的天或者地对齐配置。直排时，也要依照版心的天地高度、或者多栏排版下所设计单栏或者多栏的天地尺寸为基准配置；排列时亦多与版心的天或者地对齐配置。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">圖片之尺寸：橫排時圖片，寬度盡可能地以版心的尺寸一致；若為多欄排版時，則盡可能與版心所設定的一欄寬度一致。排列時多與版心的天或者地對齊配置。直排時亦同，依照版心的天地高度、或者多欄排版下所設計單欄或者多欄的天地尺寸為基準配置。排列時亦多與版心的天或者地對齊配置。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en"><span class="leadin">Page for Table of Contents, Indexes and References:</span> The size of the type area for the table of contents, indexes and references of books is based on the size of the type area for the main body content. There are many examples of tables of contents in vertical writing mode where the left-to-right size is identical to that of the type area, but the top-to-bottom size is a little bit smaller.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">目录、索引、参考文献等页面以版心的尺寸作为基准设计。但有不少案例会在内文采单栏横排时，目录等页采用多栏设计；而目录页有时天地侧会对文字进行缩排。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">目錄、索引、參考書目等頁面目錄、索引、參考書目等頁面以版心之尺寸作為基準設計。但有不少案例會於內文採單欄橫排時，目錄等頁採多欄設計；而目錄頁有時天地側會對文字進行縮排。</p>
</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="procedure_for_defining_type_area">
<h4><span data-lang="en">Procedure for Defining the Type Area</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">设计版心的顺序</span>
<span data-lang="zh">設計版心的順序</span></h4>
<ol>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">Specifying the dimensions of the type area</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">决定版心尺寸</p>
<p data-lang="zh">決定版心尺寸</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p data-lang="en"> For a document with a single column per page, specify the character size, the line length (the number of characters per line), the number of lines per page, and the line gap. </p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">无分栏时，需决定文字尺寸、一行的字数（即为行长）、一页的行数以及行距。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">無分欄時，需決定文字尺寸、一行的字數（即為行長）、一頁的行數以及行距。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en"> For a document with multiple columns per page, specify the character size, the line length (the number of characters per line), the number of lines per column, the line-gap, the number of columns and the column gap.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">当分栏时，需决定文字尺寸、一行的字数（即为行长）、一栏的行数、行距、栏数以及栏距。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">當分欄時，需決定文字尺寸、一行的字數（即為行長）、一欄的行數、行距、欄數以及欄距。</p>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">Determining the position of the type area relative to the trim size. There are various alternative methods for specifying the position of the type area relative to the trim size:</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">决定相对于印刷版面，版心的配置位置。版心配置位置的设计顺序有着以下方式。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">決定相對於印刷版面，版心的配置位置。版心配置位置的設計順序有著以下方式。</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p data-lang="en"> Set the type area at the horizontal and vertical center of the trim size.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">将版心置于印刷版面的正中央，天地等高、左右等宽。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">將版心置於印刷版面的正中央，天地等高、左右等寬。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en"> Position vertically by specifying the size of the space at the head (for horizontal writing mode) or the space at the foot (for vertical writing mode). Position horizontally by centering the type area.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">横排时指定天的留白量、直排时则指定地的留白量，左右等宽。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">橫排時指定天的留白量、直排時則指定地的留白量，左右等寬。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en"> Position vertically by centering the type area. Position horizontally by specifying the size of the space for the gutter.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">天地等高，指定装订线的留白量。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">天地等高，指定裝訂邊的留白量。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en"> Position vertically by specifying the space at the head (for horizontal writing mode) or the space at the foot (for vertical writing mode). Position horizontally by specifying the size of the space for the gutter.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">指定装订线的留白量，横排时指定天的留白量、直排时则指定地的留白量。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">指定裝訂邊的留白量，橫排時指定天的留白量、直排時則指定地的留白量。</p>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="note">
<p data-lang="en">In most cases the type area is set at the horizontal and vertical center of the trim size, and then it can be adjusted depending on its dimensions. This design method is mainly inherited from the letter press printing technology. For desktop publishing, the dimensions of the type area are usually calculated based on the space between the type area and the trim size.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">一般而言，版心多置于印刷版面的的正中央，然后依照版心尺寸不同，向上下、左右调整。这种设计方式主要承袭自活字印刷，但在桌上排版，则多以印刷版面计算与版心尺寸四方边界的差为之。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">一般而言，版心多置放於印刷版面的的正中央，然後依照版心尺寸不同，向上下、左右調整。這種設計方式主要承襲自活字印刷，但於桌上排版，則多以印刷版面計算與版心尺寸四方邊界之差為之。</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="considerations_in_designing_type_area">
<h4><span data-lang="en">Considerations when Designing the Type Area</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">设计版心的注意事项</span>
<span data-lang="zh">設計版心的注意點</span></h4>
<p data-lang="en">The following are considerations that need to be taken into account when designing the type area: </p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">在设计版心时需考虑以下事项：</p>
<p data-lang="zh">版心於設計時需考量以下事項：</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p data-lang="en"> When deciding the dimensions of the type area, it is necessary to consider both the trim size and the margin. Generally speaking, the shape of the type area could be made similar to that of the trim size.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">决定版心尺寸时，要先考虑到印刷版面尺寸与留白后进行。一般而言，版心与印刷版面会呈相似形的设计。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">決定版心尺寸時，得先考量到印刷版面尺寸與留白後進行。一般而言，版心與印刷版面會呈近於相似形的設計。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en"> Character size. For the main target audience of publications, i.e. the adult population, most commonly the character size is 10.5pt (≒3.7mm) or 9pt (≒3.2mm). The minimum acceptable size of type is 8pt (≒2.8mm), except for specialized publications. </p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">以成人为读者制作书籍时，文字尺寸一般为10.5pt（≒3.7mm）与9pt（≒3.2mm）为多。除了特殊书籍外，最小也要有8pt（≒2.8mm）。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">以成人為讀者製作書籍時，文字尺寸一般為10.5pt（≒3.7mm）與9pt（≒3.2mm）為多。除了特殊書籍外，最小也要有8pt（≒2.8mm）。</p>
<div class="note">
<p data-lang="en">There are two traditional size systems for Chinese characters, and old one and a new one. The following shows the equivalence in the Western point system. In the Old size system, Size 0 = 42pt, Size 1 = 27.5pt, Size 2 = 21pt, Size 3 = 15.75pt, Size 4 = 13.75pt, Size 5 = 10.5pt, Size 6 = 7.875pt, and Size 7 = 5.25pt; in the new size system, New Size 0 = 36pt, New Size 1 = 24pt, New Size 2 = 18pt, New Size 3 = 16pt, New Size 4 = 12pt, New Size 5 is 9pt.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">中文活字尺寸以“号”为单位，又分新旧两种。可完整对应美制的“点”（point），分别如下：初号=42pt、一号=27.5pt、二号=21pt、三号=15.75pt、四号=13.75pt、五号=10.5pt、六号=7.875pt、七号=5.25pt。新五号四行=36pt、新一号=24pt、新二号=18pt、新三号字=16pt、新四号=12pt、新五号=9pt。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">中文活字尺寸以「號」為單位，又分新舊兩種寸法。可完整對應美制的「點」（point），分別如下：初號＝42pt、一號＝27.5pt、二號＝21pt、三號＝15.75pt、四號＝13.75pt、五號＝10.5pt、六號＝7.875pt、七號＝5.25pt。新五號四行＝36pt、新一號＝24pt、新二號＝18pt、新三號字＝16pt、新四號＝12pt、新五號＝9pt。</p>
</div>
<div class="note">
<p data-lang="en">Size 5 is usually used for text content. Newspapers and magazines use both Size 5 and New Size 5. The acceptable minimal size for the text in content is Size 6 (7.875pt≒2.8mm). If a smaller size is used, it will be difficult to read due to the complex structure of the Chinese characters.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">一般内文主要使用五号字（10.5pt≒3.7mm），而报纸、杂志则使用新五号字（9pt≒3.2mm），两种皆常用。而一般内文字最小使用到六号字（7.875pt≒2.8mm），若小于此尺寸，由于汉字结构复杂，则难以阅读。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">一般內文主要使用五號字（10.5pt≒3.7mm），而報紙、雜誌則使用新五號字（9pt≒3.2mm），兩種皆常為使用。而一般內文字最小使用到六號字（7.875pt≒2.8mm），若小於此尺寸，由於漢字結構複雜，則難以閱讀。</p>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">Line length should be multiples of the character size and each line should be in alignment with each other. </p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">一行的行长应为文字尺寸的整数倍，各行的位置尽可能头尾对齐。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">一行的行長應為文字尺寸的整數倍，各行的位置盡可能頭尾對齊。</p>
<div class="note">
<p data-lang="en">For Chinese composition without intermixed Western scripts, the characters all have a square-shaped frame, so all line lengths except that of the last line of the paragraph should, in principle, be the same.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">中文在不与西文混排的状况下，所使用的文字外框皆为正方形，除段落最后一行不对齐外，各行行首、行尾皆需对齐，这是重要的排版原则。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">中文在不與西文混排的狀況下，所使用的文字外框皆為正方形，除段落最後一行不對齊外，各行行首、行尾皆需對齊，這是重要的排版原則。</p>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en"> The line gaps between each line should be the same throughout the book, except for special cases. <span class="issue">It would probably help, at this point, to define what the line gap is, since it initially sounds like the same thing as line height. What are the reference points for measuring the line gap?</span></p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">行与行之间的空白（行距）除特别状况外，皆需保持一致。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">行與行之間的空白（行距）除特別狀況外，皆需保持一致。</p>
<div class="note">
<p data-lang="en">In Traditional Chinese composition, there are cases where pronunciation marks, referred to as 'ruby' in the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/jlreq/#ruby_and_emphasis_dots">Japanese Layout Requirements</a>, are inserted between lines. In such cases the line gap is not changed but is kept constant . If these elements are likely to occur in text, the line gap established during the type area design needs to be of an adequate size to accommodate them.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">在繁体中文排版中，字间的注音符号可能会超过行距空间，而翻译书籍也可能使用类似日文排版的 <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/jlreq/#ruby_and_emphasis_dots">ruby</a> 文字，此时行距仍需保持一致。当文中需要配置这些元素时，在设计版心的阶段就须考虑到这些要素来决定行距。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">在繁體中文排版，字間的注音符號可能會超入行距空間，而翻譯書籍亦可能使用類似日文排版的<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/jlreq/#ruby_and_emphasis_dots">ruby</a>文字，此時行距仍需保持一致。當文書需要配置這些元素時，於設計版心之階段就須考量到這些要素來決定行距。</p>
</div>
<div class="note">
<p data-lang="en">The line gap for the type area is commonly set to a value between 50% and 100% of the height of the character frame used for the type area. A shorter line gap can be chosen in cases where the line length is short or the character size of the type area is relatively small. On the other hand, the line gap usually does not exceed the character size. Increasing the line gap beyond the character size does not improve the reading experience.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">版心的行距多半介于文字尺寸的50%~100%之间，当行长较短或文字尺寸较小时，行距设定也会相对较小。反之，行距一般不会超过文字尺寸，就算超过文字尺寸，也不会因而增加易读性。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">版心之行距多半介於文字尺寸之50%–100%之間，當行長較短、或文字尺寸較小時，行距設定也會相對較小。反之，行距一般不會超過文字尺寸，就算超過文字尺寸，也不會因而增加易讀性。</p>
</div>
<div class="note">
<p data-lang="en">There is another method of specifying the type area that uses line height rather than line gaps. <dfn id="endef_lineHeight">Line height</dfn> is the distance between two adjacent lines measured from their reference points. The reference point differs from implementation to implementation, however, in vertical writing mode the horizontal center of the character frame is usually used, and with horizontal writing mode, the vertical center of the character frame is used. When the character size is the same for every character, the following calculation is used:</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">指定版心的方法中，有着不以行距，而是依行高来设定的方法。行高就是彼此邻接的两行的基准点之间的距离。基准点依照处理方式而会有所不同，直排时为行左右的中央线，横排时为行上下的中央线。当配置的文字全部尺寸相同时，有着以下关系：</p>
<p data-lang="zh">指定版心的方法中，有著不以行距，而是依行高來設定的方法。行高就是彼此鄰接的兩行的基準點到基準點之間的距離。基準點依照處理方式而會有所不同，直排時行左右的中央線，橫排時為行上下的中央線。當配置的文字全部尺寸相同時，有著以下關係：</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">line height = character size / 2 + line gap + character size / 2 = character size + line gap</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">行高=文字尺寸÷2+行距+文字尺寸÷2=文字尺寸+行距</p>
<p data-lang="zh">行高＝文字尺寸÷2＋行距＋文字尺寸÷2＝文字尺寸＋行距</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">line gap = line height - character size</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">行距=行高-文字尺寸</p>
<p data-lang="zh">行距＝行高－文字尺寸</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</section>
</section>
<section id="writing_modes">
<h3><span data-lang="en">Writing Modes</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">文字书写方向</span>
<span data-lang="zh">文字書寫方向</span></h3>
<section id="writing_modes_in_chinese_composition">
<h4><span data-lang="en">Writing Modes in Chinese</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">中文的文字书写方向</span>
<span data-lang="zh">中文的文字書寫方向</span></h4>
<p data-lang="en">Chinese composition has two text directions, vertical writing mode and horizontal writing mode. Traditional Chinese can be composed both in vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode, while Simplified Chinese is mostly composed in horizontal writing mode. There are rare cases where Simplified Chinese is composed in vertical writing mode. </p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">中文的文字书写方向,分为直排与横排。其中，繁体中文出版品适用直排与横排；简体中文出版品则多为横排，直排书籍的案例极少。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">中文的文字書寫方向，分為直排與橫排。其中，繁體中文出版品適用直排與橫排；簡體中文出版品則多為橫排，直排書籍的案例極少。</p>
<div class="note">
<p data-lang="en">Ever since the letter-press printing period, the characters and punctuation marks used for Chinese composition have basically been designed to have a square character frame. Thus the same collection of printing types can be used in either vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode, simply by changing the direction of text. However, some adjustments will be needed for the punctuation marks so as to match the writing direction of the characters and their composition. This is described in more detail in <a href="#line_composition_rules_for_punctuation_marks"></a>. </p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">中文所使用的汉字与标点符号，原则上都是正方形的文字，自活字排版时代起，无论直、横排，都能使用相同的活字排列。但部分标点符号需配合文字书写方向调整字面分布及方向，见<a href="#glyphs_sizes_and_positions_in_character_faces_of_punctuation_marks"></a>标点符号与 其排版<a href="#line_composition_rules_for_punctuation_marks"></a>节的详述。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">中文所使用的漢字與標點符號，原則上都是正方形的文字，自活字排版時代起，無論直、橫排，都能使用相同的活字排列。但部分標點符號需配合文字書寫方向調整字面分布及方向，見<a href="#line_composition_rules_for_punctuation_marks"></a>節之詳述。</p>
</div>
<div class="note">
<p data-lang="en">Traditionally, Chinese publications were composed mainly in vertical writing mode, and this tradition has been largely preserved in the regions using Traditional Chinese. However, with the increasing amount of translated publications and mixed-text publications, and the default mode of writing modes in the character processing software, horizontal writing mode is becoming more and more popular. In the Taiwan area, government departments, educational materials and books of natural science mainly use horizontal writing mode while literary works such as poetry and novels still use vertical writing mode. Vertical writing mode still stands as an important cultural characteristic of regions where Traditional Chinese is used. </p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">传统上，中文书籍以直排为主，繁体中文通行地区较大程度地保留了这项传统。然而，近年随着翻译或中、西文混排等书籍的数量增加，加上文字处理软件的默认文字书写方向的影响，横排也逐渐成为主流。在台湾，公文、自然科学类书籍等使用横排居多；而文学作品，如诗、小说等，仍以直排为主。直排仍为繁体中文通行地区的重要文化表征之一。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">傳統上，中文書籍以直排為主，繁體中文通行地區較大程度地保留了這項傳統。然而，近年隨著翻譯或中、西文混排等書籍的數量增加，加上文書處理軟體的預設文字書寫方向的影響，橫排也逐漸成為主流。在台灣，公文、自然科學類書籍等使用橫排居多；而文學作品，如詩、小說等，仍以直排為主。直排仍為繁體中文通行地區的重要文化表徵之一。</p>
</div>
<div class="note">
<p data-lang="en">There is usually only one direction for all text throughout a book, but there are cases where horizontal writing mode is used in certain parts of vertically composed books. Tables, captions for illustrations, running heads, and page numbers are usually composed horizontally in a page with a vertical writing mode.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">一份印刷品中，原则上会选用统一的文字书写方向进行排版。但直排印刷品中，页眉、图注、表格等多会混用横排。同时，部分页面，如参考书目、注释等亦可能使用横排呈现。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">一份印刷品中，原則上會選用統一的文字書寫方向進行排版。但直排印刷品中，頁眉、圖說、表格等多會混用橫排。同時，部分頁面，如參考書目、註釋等亦可能使用橫排呈現。</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="major_differences_between_horizontal_and_vertical_writing_modes">
<h4><span data-lang="en">Major Differences Between Horizontal and Vertical Writing Modes</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">横排与直排的主要差异点</span>
<span data-lang="zh">橫排與直排的主要差異點</span></h4>
<p data-lang="en">The following are major differences between vertical writing mode and horizontal writing mode:</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">直排与横排的主要差异点，列举如下：</p>
<p data-lang="zh">直排與橫排的主要差異點，列舉如下：</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">Arrangement of characters, lines, columns and pages; direction of page progression.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">文字、行、栏以及页面布局、装订方向</p>
<p data-lang="zh">文字、行、欄以及頁面配置、裝訂方向</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">Vertical composition.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">直排时</p>
<p data-lang="zh">直排時</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">Characters are arranged from top to bottom, lines are arranged from right to left.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">文字由上向下，行由右向左排列。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">文字由上而下，行由右而左排列。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">Columns are arranged horizontally from top to bottom.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">水平切割，上下分栏。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">欄水平切割，上下分欄。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">A book starts with the left (recto) side and progresses from right to left.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">页面由封面开始，由右向左进行配置（由左向右翻页）。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">頁面由封面開始，由右向左進行配置（由左向右翻頁）。</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">Horizontal composition.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">横排时</p>
<p data-lang="zh">橫排時</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">Characters are arranged from left to right, and lines are arranged from top to bottom.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">文字由左向右，行由上向下排列。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">文字由左而右，行由上而下排列。</p>
<div class="note">
<p data-lang="en">Traditional Chinese mainly uses vertical writing mode. When characters need to be composed horizontally, each line will contain one character and lines will be arranged from right to left, and no columns will be applied. As a special case for vertical writing mode, this can be seen in stone inscriptions and headings in newspapers and magazines, but now it has been replaced by horizontal writing mode arranged from left to right.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">中文传统上仅使用直排，当文字需要横向排列时，采用每行一字、由右向左的规则，且不分栏，形成视觉上由右向左的横排，此为直排的特例。过去常见于牌匾、报纸、杂志的标题，目前多被由左而右的横排书写方向取代。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">中文傳統上僅使用直排，當文字需要橫向排列時，採用每行一字、由右向左的規則，且不分欄，形成視覺上由右向左的橫排，此為直排的特例。過去常見於匾額、報紙、雜誌的標題，目前多為由左而右的橫排書寫方向取代。</p>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">Columns are arranged vertically from left to right.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">垂直切割，左右分栏。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">欄垂直切割，左右分欄。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">A book starts with the right (recto) side and progresses from left to right.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">页面由封面开始，由左而右进行配置(由右向左翻页)。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">頁面由封面開始，由左而右進行配置（由右向左翻頁）。</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">Orientation of Western Text and Latin alphanumeric characters in a line.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">文中包含西文、阿拉伯数字时的配置方式：</p>
<p data-lang="zh">文中包含西文、阿拉伯數字時，如下配置：</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">In vertical writing mode, there are 3 methods for arranging Western text and Latin alphanumeric characters:</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">直排时，西文或阿拉伯数字有以下三种配置方式：</p>
<p data-lang="zh">直排時，西文或阿拉伯數字有以下三種配置方式：</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">One by one, with the same normal orientation as that of the other characters. This is usually applied to one-letter alphanumerics or capitalized abbreviations.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">与汉字的书写方向相同，按照字母顺序逐个排列，主要用于单一西文字母或阿拉伯数字、首字母缩写等。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">與漢字採相同的書寫方向，依字母字字排列，主要用於單一西文字母或阿拉伯數字、首字母縮寫等。</p>
<div class="note">
<p data-lang="en">Western text or alphanumeric characters used for this arrangement should have the same fixed size and width as the Chinese characters, rather than using the proportional width.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">西文字母或阿拉伯数字，采用此配置时，需使用与汉字相同尺寸、间距固定的等宽字体，而非比例 字体。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">西文字母或阿拉伯數字，採用此配置時，需使用與漢字相同尺寸、字幅固定的等寬字體，而非比例字體。</p>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">Rotated 90 degrees clockwise. This is usually applied to English words or sentences.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">文字以顺时针方向旋转90°，主要用于西文的单词、语句等。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">文字以順時鐘方向旋轉90度。主要用於西文的單字詞、語句等。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">Set horizontally without changing orientation. This is usually applied to two-digit numbers or numbers with more than two digits.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">保持正常方向，横排处理（如日文的纵中横排）。主要应用于两到三位数字。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">保持正常方向，橫排處理（如日文的縱中橫排）。主要應用於二至三位數字。</p>
<div class="note">
<p data-lang="en">In principle, if numbers are arranged horizontally in a vertical writing mode, the width of the numbers should not exceed one character width. This rule originated in the letterpress printing era due to the fixed width of each line. Therefore, in vertical writing mode, Western text and alphanumeric characters are not limited to two digits, but the width should not exceed one character width. Some commonly seen examples include "3.0", "A+" and "2B".</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">数字在直排行内横排，原则上不超过一个汉字的间距。这是从活字印刷时代起，每行宽度固定所致。所以，直排时西文字母与阿拉伯数字横排不限于两位数，但原则上不能超过一个汉字。现代常见的用法还 包括[3.0]、[A+]、[2B]等。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">數字於直排行內橫排，原則上不超過一個漢字的字幅。這是從活字印刷時代起，每行寬度固定所致。故直排時，西文字母與阿拉伯數字橫排不限於二位數，但原則上不能超過一個漢字。現代常見的用法還包括[3.0]、[A+]、[2B]等。</p>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">In horizontal writing mode there is only one way of arranging alphanumerics, i.e. the normal orientation.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">横排时，以正常方向配置。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">橫排時，以正常方向配置。</p>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">Arrangement of tables and/or illustrations.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">表格、图片等标题栏的位置</p>
<p data-lang="zh">表格、圖片等標題列的位置</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">In vertical writing mode, align the top of tables/illustrations to the right of the page but list the headers on the right side.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">直排时，表格横列的标题栏为上方，但直行的标题栏位于右侧。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">直排時，表格橫列之標題列為上方，但直行之標題列位於右側。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">In horizontal writing mode, align the top of tables/illustrations to the left of the page but list the headers on the left side. </p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">横排时，表格横列的标题栏为上方，但直行的标题栏位于左侧。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">橫排時，表格橫列之標題列為上方，但直行之標題列位於左側。</p>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">Arrangement of an incomplete number of lines on a multi-column format page due to new recto, page break, or other reason.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">换页、换章时最末页采用多栏排列、行在页面结束时，按照以下方式处理：</p>
<p data-lang="zh">換頁、換章時最末頁採多欄排列、行於頁面中結束時，依以下方式處理：</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">In vertical writing mode, just finish the line where it ends. The number of lines in each column is not uniform.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">直排时，顺延至行文结束，各栏左右行数可以不一致。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">直排時，順其行文結束，各欄左右行數可以不一致。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-lang="en">In horizontal writing mode, re-arrange columns so that each column has the same number of lines. In case the number of lines is not divisible by the number of columns, add the smallest number to make it divisible and re-arrange columns using the quotient as the number of lines so that only the last column shall have the incomplete number of lines.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">横排时，各栏的行数需平均。但因字数不足，行数无法与栏数配合时，不足的行数在最后一栏末尾留空。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">橫排時，各欄的行數需平均。但因字數不足，行數無法與欄數配合時，不足的行數於最後一欄末尾留空。</p>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="note">
<p data-lang="en">For most publications in Chinese, no columns are arranged either in vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode. This arrangement, referring to the Japanese composition method, is more for books with translated content.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">中文书籍无论直、横排大多不分栏，这项处理多来自翻译书籍或参考日文书籍的排版方式，故承袭日文排版需求。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">中文書籍無論直、橫排大多不分欄，這項處理多來自翻譯書籍或參考日文書籍之排版方式，故承襲日文排版需求。</p>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="line_composition">
<h2><span data-lang="en">Line composition</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">行内文字排版处理</span>
<span data-lang="zh">行內文字排版處理</span></h2>
<section id="line_composition_rules_for_punctuation_marks">
<h3><span data-lang="en">Line Composition Rules for Punctuation Marks</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">标点符号与其排版</span>
<span data-lang="zh">標點符號與其排版</span></h3>
<p data-lang="en">The usage of Chinese punctuation marks differs across different regions in China. One of the major differences is their behavior for composition. Punctuation marks in Traditional Chinese are usually positioned center-aligned with adjacent Han characters, while punctuation marks in Simplified Chinese should be aligned with the character they follow, and this alignment varies according to whether the composition uses vertical or horizontal writing mode. The differences of composition for punctuation in Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese, as well as the correct way to position them, will be introduced in more detail later. </p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">中文标点符号的排版在各地区有不同的处理方式，其中较显著的差异是其字面分布——繁体中文多使用符号居中的字形样式，而简体中文多使用符号尾随受注文字末端的字形样式，并根据直、横排有不同的处理。下文将详述繁、简中文标点的异同及准确的配置方式。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">中文標點符號的排版在各地區有不同的處理方式，其中較顯著的差異係其字面分布——繁體中文多使用符號居中的字形樣式，而簡體中文多使用符號尾隨受注文字末端的字形樣式，並依直、橫排有不同的處理。下文將詳述繁、簡中文標點的異同及準確的配置方式。</p>
<p data-lang="en">Major typesetting differences between Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese include the positioning of punctuation and terminological variations. (See more at <a href="#glyphs_sizes_and_positions_in_character_faces_of_punctuation_marks"></a>). </p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">在繁、简中文排版中，标点符号的字面分布与形态差异为二者主要的分歧点(详见<a href="#glyphs_sizes_and_positions_in_character_faces_of_punctuation_marks"></a>节)。进行版式配置时，需要多加留意。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">在繁、簡中文排版中，標點符號的字面分布與形態差異為二者主要的分歧點（詳見<a href="#glyphs_sizes_and_positions_in_character_faces_of_punctuation_marks"></a>節）。進行版式配置時，需要多加留意。</p>
<div class="note">
<p data-lang="en">There are differences between the punctuation marks used in China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam, but Unicode does not distinguish them using different codes. A number of punctuation marks are shared among Traditional Chinese, Simplified Chinese and Japanese. Usually the font used for the Han characters will determine the style of the punctuation marks, or they will be adjusted by the composition engine automatically. </p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">中日韩越意音文字标点符号有地区上的字形与形态差异，但Unicode并未对其区分码位，标点多有共享。通常，排版时使用相应的字体进行配置，或由排版引擎自动调适。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">中日韓越意音文字標點符號有地區上的字形與形態差異，但萬國碼並未對其區分字碼，標點多有共用。通常，排版時使用相應的字體進行配置，或由排版引擎自動調適。</p>
</div>
<p data-lang="en">The content of the following section is mainly based on the content of <cite>General Rules for Punctuation</cite> (GB/T 15834—2011) issued in Mainland China, as well as the <cite>Punctuation Guidance (2008 revised edition)</cite> issued by The Ministry of Education in Taiwan. The former is a recommended national standard while the latter is not mandatory for general publications but mainly used to regulate education materials like textbooks.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">本节主要基于中国大陆的《标点符号用法》(GB/T 15834–2011)及台湾教育部的《重订标点符号手册》(2008年修订版)。前者属推荐标准，后者主要用于规范教科书等教育书籍，对一般出版物不具强制性。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">本節主要基於中國大陸的《標點符號用法》（GB/T 15834–2011）及台灣教育部的《重訂標點符號手冊》（2008年修訂版）。前者屬推薦標準，後者主要用於規範教科書等教育書籍，對一般出版品不具強制性。</p>
<section id="categories_and_usage_of_punctuation_marks">
<h4><span data-lang="en">Categories and Usage of Punctuation Marks</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">标点符号的分类及用法</span>
<span data-lang="zh">標點符號的分類及用法</span></h4>
<section id="h-pause-or-stop-punctuation-marks">
<h5><span data-lang="en">Pause or Stop Punctuation Marks</span>
<span data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">點號</span>
<span data-lang="zh">点号</span></h5>
<p data-lang="en">Pause or stop punctuation marks are used to indicate pauses or the end of a sentence. Some of the pause or stop punctuation marks appear within a sentence, such as the slight-pause comma, comma, semicolon, colon, etc., while others appear at the end of a sentence, such as period, question mark and exclamation mark.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">点号相对于标号，用于表示语句的停顿或暂停。分为句内点号，如顿号、逗号、分号、冒号等；以及句末点号，如句号、问号、感叹号等。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">點號相對於標號，用於表示語句的停頓或暫停。分為句內點號，如頓號、逗號、分號、冒號等；及句末點號，如句號、問號、驚嘆號等。</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p data-lang="en"><span class="leadin">Ideographic full stops, fullwidth commas and ideographic comma.</span></p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">句号、逗号与顿号</p>
<p data-lang="zh"><span class="leadin">句號、逗號與頓號</span></p>
<p data-lang="en"><span class="uname">U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP</span> [。] is the punctuation mark placed at the end of a sentence. <span class="uname">U+FF0C FULLWIDTH COMMA</span> [，] is mainly used for separating parts of a sentence such as clauses, and items in lists, particularly when there are three or more items listed. <span class="uname">U+3001 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA</span> [、] (slight-pause comma) is usually used to separate items in lists, as a way to show sequence.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">句号<span class="uname">U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP </span>[。] 表示语句结束，逗号 <span class="uname">U+FF0C FULLWIDTH COMMA </span>[，] 表示语气停顿，顿号 <span class="uname">U+3001 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA</span> [、] 使用于并列连用、表示次序的字词之间。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">句號<span class="uname">U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP </span>[。]、逗號<span class="uname">U+FF0C FULLWIDTH COMMA </span>[，]以及頓號<span class="uname">U+3001 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA</span> [、]。句號表示語句結束、逗點表示語氣停頓、頓號使用於並列連用、表示次序的字詞之間。</p>
<div class="note">
<p data-lang="en">In many college books, science and technology literature, and grammar books of Western languages, most of which are in horizontal writing mode, Western language text is heavily used. In this case, <span class="uname">U+FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP</span> [．] can be used as period, while <span class="uname">U+002C COMMA</span> [,] or <span class="uname">U+FF0C FULLWIDTH COMMA</span> [，] can be used as comma and slight-pause comma.</p>
<p data-lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">许多理工书籍、科技文献、西文教科书、语法书籍等内含大量西文词句，并采用横排，为求标点符号体例一致，也有采用 <span class="uname">U+FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP</span> [．]为句号、采 <span class="uname">U+002C COMMA</span> [,]或 <span class="uname">U+FF0C FULLWIDTH COMMA</span> [，]为逗号与顿号的案例。详见<a href="#atypical_punctuation_marks_and_their_arrangements"></a>节。</p>
<p data-lang="zh">許多理工書籍、科技文獻、西文教科书语法书籍等內含大量西文詞句，並採用橫排，為求標點符號體例一致，也有採用<span class="uname">U+FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP</span> [．]為句號、採<span class="uname">U+002C COMMA</span> [,]或<span class="uname">U+FF0C FULLWIDTH COMMA</span> [，]為逗號與頓號的案例。詳見<a href="#atypical_punctuation_marks_and_their_arrangements"></a>節。</p>
</div>
</li>