Internet-connected computers which allow for on-demand resource availability and virtually unlimited scale.
Containers offer a logical packaging mechanism in which applications can be abstracted from the environment in which they actually run. Like virtual machines, containers allow you to package your application together with libraries and other dependencies, providing isolated environments for running your software services. google Cloud
Auto-scaling is a cloud service that monitors your application and automatically provisions resources based on use requirements, essentially using the principle of just-in-time manufacturing.
The speed at which two computers are able to share information.
They charge based on a factor of (time service ran) * (computing power used)
Server Instances - A single virtual machine running on a single cpu
Containers - a self contained software package environment that handles running a given set of code.
Cloud Services - the various services provided by a cloud service provider. Many to choose from including runtime environments, storage facilities, automation, etc.
Cloud Architecture - the entire chain of cloud services used by a given project.
AWS - Amazon Web Services, kind of the kleenex of cloud services.
EC2/Beanstalk vs Heroku - Heroku is essentially a third-party GUI for the AWS EC2 and Elastic Beanstalk services.