L3_practice_with_pandas_solution.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Lesson 3: Practice with Pandas *solution*"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "import pandas as pd"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<hr/>\n",
    "\n",
    "Pandas can be a bit frustrating during your first experiences with it. In this lesson, we will practice using Pandas. The more and more you use it, the more distant the memory of life without it will become."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## The data set\n",
    "\n",
    "The data set comes from [Kleinteich and Gorb, *Sci. Rep.*, **4**, 5355, 2014](https://doi.org/10.1038/srep05225), and was [featured in the New York Times](http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/25/science/a-frog-thats-a-living-breathing-pac-man.html).  They measured several properties about the tongue strikes of horned frogs.  Let's take a look at the data set, which is in the file `~/Dataset/frog_tongue_adhesion.csv`."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "# These data are from the paper,\n",
      "#   Kleinteich and Gorb, Sci. Rep., 4, 5225, 2014.\n",
      "# It was featured in the New York Times.\n",
      "#    http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/25/science/a-frog-thats-a-living-breathing-pac-man.html\n",
      "#\n",
      "# The authors included the data in their supplemental information.\n",
      "#\n",
      "# Importantly, the ID refers to the identifites of the frogs they tested.\n",
      "#   I:   adult, 63 mm snout-vent-length (SVL) and 63.1 g body weight,\n",
      "#        Ceratophrys cranwelli crossed with Ceratophrys cornuta\n",
      "#   II:  adult, 70 mm SVL and 72.7 g body weight,\n",
      "#        Ceratophrys cranwelli crossed with Ceratophrys cornuta\n",
      "#   III: juvenile, 28 mm SVL and 12.7 g body weight, Ceratophrys cranwelli\n",
      "#   IV:  juvenile, 31 mm SVL and 12.7 g body weight, Ceratophrys cranwelli\n",
      "date,ID,trial number,impact force (mN),impact time (ms),impact force / body weight,adhesive force (mN),time frog pulls on target (ms),adhesive force / body weight,adhesive impulse (N-s),total contact area (mm2),contact area without mucus (mm2),contact area with mucus / contact area without mucus,contact pressure (Pa),adhesive strength (Pa)\n",
      "2013_02_26,I,3,1205,46,1.95,-785,884,1.27,-0.290,387,70,0.82,3117,-2030\n",
      "2013_02_26,I,4,2527,44,4.08,-983,248,1.59,-0.181,101,94,0.07,24923,-9695\n",
      "2013_03_01,I,1,1745,34,2.82,-850,211,1.37,-0.157,83,79,0.05,21020,-10239\n",
      "2013_03_01,I,2,1556,41,2.51,-455,1025,0.74,-0.170,330,158,0.52,4718,-1381\n",
      "2013_03_01,I,3,493,36,0.80,-974,499,1.57,-0.423,245,216,0.12,2012,-3975\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "!head -20 Dataset/frog_tongue_adhesion.csv"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The first lines all begin with `#` signs, signifying that they are comments and not data. They do give important information, though, such as the meaning of the ID data. The ID refers to which specific frog was tested.\n",
    "\n",
    "Immediately after the comments, we have a row of comma-separated headers. This row sets the number of columns in this data set and labels the meaning of the columns. So, we see that the first column is the date of the experiment, the second column is the ID of the frog, the third is the trial number, and so on.\n",
    "\n",
    "After this row, each row represents a single experiment where the frog struck the target. So, these data are already in tidy format. Let's go ahead and load the data into a `DataFrame`."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>date</th>\n",
       "      <th>ID</th>\n",
       "      <th>trial number</th>\n",
       "      <th>impact force (mN)</th>\n",
       "      <th>impact time (ms)</th>\n",
       "      <th>impact force / body weight</th>\n",
       "      <th>adhesive force (mN)</th>\n",
       "      <th>time frog pulls on target (ms)</th>\n",
       "      <th>adhesive force / body weight</th>\n",
       "      <th>adhesive impulse (N-s)</th>\n",
       "      <th>total contact area (mm2)</th>\n",
       "      <th>contact area without mucus (mm2)</th>\n",
       "      <th>contact area with mucus / contact area without mucus</th>\n",
       "      <th>contact pressure (Pa)</th>\n",
       "      <th>adhesive strength (Pa)</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>2013_02_26</td>\n",
       "      <td>I</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>1205</td>\n",
       "      <td>46</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.95</td>\n",
       "      <td>-785</td>\n",
       "      <td>884</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.27</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.290</td>\n",
       "      <td>387</td>\n",
       "      <td>70</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.82</td>\n",
       "      <td>3117</td>\n",
       "      <td>-2030</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>2013_02_26</td>\n",
       "      <td>I</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>2527</td>\n",
       "      <td>44</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.08</td>\n",
       "      <td>-983</td>\n",
       "      <td>248</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.59</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.181</td>\n",
       "      <td>101</td>\n",
       "      <td>94</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.07</td>\n",
       "      <td>24923</td>\n",
       "      <td>-9695</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>2013_03_01</td>\n",
       "      <td>I</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1745</td>\n",
       "      <td>34</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.82</td>\n",
       "      <td>-850</td>\n",
       "      <td>211</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.37</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.157</td>\n",
       "      <td>83</td>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.05</td>\n",
       "      <td>21020</td>\n",
       "      <td>-10239</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2013_03_01</td>\n",
       "      <td>I</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>1556</td>\n",
       "      <td>41</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.51</td>\n",
       "      <td>-455</td>\n",
       "      <td>1025</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.74</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.170</td>\n",
       "      <td>330</td>\n",
       "      <td>158</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.52</td>\n",
       "      <td>4718</td>\n",
       "      <td>-1381</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>2013_03_01</td>\n",
       "      <td>I</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>493</td>\n",
       "      <td>36</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.80</td>\n",
       "      <td>-974</td>\n",
       "      <td>499</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.57</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.423</td>\n",
       "      <td>245</td>\n",
       "      <td>216</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.12</td>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>-3975</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "         date ID  trial number  impact force (mN)  impact time (ms)  \\\n",
       "0  2013_02_26  I             3               1205                46   \n",
       "1  2013_02_26  I             4               2527                44   \n",
       "2  2013_03_01  I             1               1745                34   \n",
       "3  2013_03_01  I             2               1556                41   \n",
       "4  2013_03_01  I             3                493                36   \n",
       "\n",
       "   impact force / body weight  adhesive force (mN)  \\\n",
       "0                        1.95                 -785   \n",
       "1                        4.08                 -983   \n",
       "2                        2.82                 -850   \n",
       "3                        2.51                 -455   \n",
       "4                        0.80                 -974   \n",
       "\n",
       "   time frog pulls on target (ms)  adhesive force / body weight  \\\n",
       "0                             884                          1.27   \n",
       "1                             248                          1.59   \n",
       "2                             211                          1.37   \n",
       "3                            1025                          0.74   \n",
       "4                             499                          1.57   \n",
       "\n",
       "   adhesive impulse (N-s)  total contact area (mm2)  \\\n",
       "0                  -0.290                       387   \n",
       "1                  -0.181                       101   \n",
       "2                  -0.157                        83   \n",
       "3                  -0.170                       330   \n",
       "4                  -0.423                       245   \n",
       "\n",
       "   contact area without mucus (mm2)  \\\n",
       "0                                70   \n",
       "1                                94   \n",
       "2                                79   \n",
       "3                               158   \n",
       "4                               216   \n",
       "\n",
       "   contact area with mucus / contact area without mucus  \\\n",
       "0                                               0.82      \n",
       "1                                               0.07      \n",
       "2                                               0.05      \n",
       "3                                               0.52      \n",
       "4                                               0.12      \n",
       "\n",
       "   contact pressure (Pa)  adhesive strength (Pa)  \n",
       "0                   3117                   -2030  \n",
       "1                  24923                   -9695  \n",
       "2                  21020                  -10239  \n",
       "3                   4718                   -1381  \n",
       "4                   2012                   -3975  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Load the data\n",
    "df = pd.read_csv('Dataset/frog_tongue_adhesion.csv', comment='#')\n",
    "\n",
    "# Take a look\n",
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Practice 1: Mastering .loc\n",
    "\n",
    "Your goal here is to extract certain entries out of the `DataFrame`.\n",
    "\n",
    "**a)** Extract the impact time of all impacts that had an adhesive strength of magnitude greater than 2000 Pa.\n",
    "\n",
    "**b)** Extract the impact force and adhesive force for all of Frog II's strikes.\n",
    "\n",
    "**c)** Extract the adhesive force and the time the frog pulls on the target for juvenile frogs (Frogs III and IV). *Hint*: We saw the `&` operator for Boolean indexing across more than one column. The `|` operator signifies OR, and works analogously. You could also approach this using the `isin()` method of a Pandas `Series`."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Practice 1: solution"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0      46\n",
       "1      44\n",
       "2      34\n",
       "4      36\n",
       "7      46\n",
       "8      50\n",
       "11     48\n",
       "13     31\n",
       "14     38\n",
       "17     60\n",
       "19     40\n",
       "23     59\n",
       "24     33\n",
       "25     43\n",
       "27     31\n",
       "29     42\n",
       "31     57\n",
       "33     21\n",
       "35     29\n",
       "37     31\n",
       "38     15\n",
       "39     42\n",
       "42    105\n",
       "44     29\n",
       "45     16\n",
       "47     31\n",
       "49     32\n",
       "50     30\n",
       "51     16\n",
       "52     27\n",
       "53     30\n",
       "54     35\n",
       "55     39\n",
       "57     34\n",
       "59     34\n",
       "60     26\n",
       "61     20\n",
       "62     55\n",
       "65     33\n",
       "66     74\n",
       "67     26\n",
       "68     27\n",
       "69     33\n",
       "71      6\n",
       "73     31\n",
       "74     34\n",
       "75     38\n",
       "78     33\n",
       "Name: impact time (ms), dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# a) impact times for frogs with |adh. strength| > 2000.\n",
    "df.loc[np.abs(df['adhesive strength (Pa)']) > 2000, 'impact time (ms)']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>impact force (mN)</th>\n",
       "      <th>adhesive force (mN)</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>20</th>\n",
       "      <td>1612</td>\n",
       "      <td>-655</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>21</th>\n",
       "      <td>605</td>\n",
       "      <td>-292</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>22</th>\n",
       "      <td>327</td>\n",
       "      <td>-246</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>23</th>\n",
       "      <td>946</td>\n",
       "      <td>-245</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>24</th>\n",
       "      <td>541</td>\n",
       "      <td>-553</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>25</th>\n",
       "      <td>1539</td>\n",
       "      <td>-664</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>26</th>\n",
       "      <td>529</td>\n",
       "      <td>-261</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>27</th>\n",
       "      <td>628</td>\n",
       "      <td>-691</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>28</th>\n",
       "      <td>1453</td>\n",
       "      <td>-92</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>29</th>\n",
       "      <td>297</td>\n",
       "      <td>-566</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>30</th>\n",
       "      <td>703</td>\n",
       "      <td>-223</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>31</th>\n",
       "      <td>269</td>\n",
       "      <td>-512</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>32</th>\n",
       "      <td>751</td>\n",
       "      <td>-227</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>33</th>\n",
       "      <td>245</td>\n",
       "      <td>-573</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>34</th>\n",
       "      <td>1182</td>\n",
       "      <td>-522</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>35</th>\n",
       "      <td>515</td>\n",
       "      <td>-599</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>36</th>\n",
       "      <td>435</td>\n",
       "      <td>-364</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>37</th>\n",
       "      <td>383</td>\n",
       "      <td>-469</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>38</th>\n",
       "      <td>457</td>\n",
       "      <td>-844</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>39</th>\n",
       "      <td>730</td>\n",
       "      <td>-648</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "    impact force (mN)  adhesive force (mN)\n",
       "20               1612                 -655\n",
       "21                605                 -292\n",
       "22                327                 -246\n",
       "23                946                 -245\n",
       "24                541                 -553\n",
       "25               1539                 -664\n",
       "26                529                 -261\n",
       "27                628                 -691\n",
       "28               1453                  -92\n",
       "29                297                 -566\n",
       "30                703                 -223\n",
       "31                269                 -512\n",
       "32                751                 -227\n",
       "33                245                 -573\n",
       "34               1182                 -522\n",
       "35                515                 -599\n",
       "36                435                 -364\n",
       "37                383                 -469\n",
       "38                457                 -844\n",
       "39                730                 -648"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# b) Impact force and adhesive force for Frog II\n",
    "df.loc[df['ID']=='II', ['impact force (mN)', 'adhesive force (mN)']]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>adhesive force (mN)</th>\n",
       "      <th>time frog pulls on target (ms)</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>40</th>\n",
       "      <td>-94</td>\n",
       "      <td>683</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>41</th>\n",
       "      <td>-163</td>\n",
       "      <td>245</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>42</th>\n",
       "      <td>-172</td>\n",
       "      <td>619</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>43</th>\n",
       "      <td>-225</td>\n",
       "      <td>1823</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>44</th>\n",
       "      <td>-301</td>\n",
       "      <td>918</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>45</th>\n",
       "      <td>-93</td>\n",
       "      <td>1351</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>46</th>\n",
       "      <td>-131</td>\n",
       "      <td>1790</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>47</th>\n",
       "      <td>-289</td>\n",
       "      <td>1006</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>48</th>\n",
       "      <td>-104</td>\n",
       "      <td>883</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>49</th>\n",
       "      <td>-229</td>\n",
       "      <td>1218</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>50</th>\n",
       "      <td>-259</td>\n",
       "      <td>910</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>51</th>\n",
       "      <td>-231</td>\n",
       "      <td>550</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>52</th>\n",
       "      <td>-267</td>\n",
       "      <td>2081</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>53</th>\n",
       "      <td>-178</td>\n",
       "      <td>376</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>54</th>\n",
       "      <td>-123</td>\n",
       "      <td>289</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>55</th>\n",
       "      <td>-151</td>\n",
       "      <td>607</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>56</th>\n",
       "      <td>-127</td>\n",
       "      <td>2932</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>57</th>\n",
       "      <td>-372</td>\n",
       "      <td>680</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>58</th>\n",
       "      <td>-236</td>\n",
       "      <td>685</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>59</th>\n",
       "      <td>-390</td>\n",
       "      <td>1308</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>60</th>\n",
       "      <td>-456</td>\n",
       "      <td>462</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>61</th>\n",
       "      <td>-193</td>\n",
       "      <td>250</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>62</th>\n",
       "      <td>-236</td>\n",
       "      <td>743</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>63</th>\n",
       "      <td>-225</td>\n",
       "      <td>844</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>64</th>\n",
       "      <td>-217</td>\n",
       "      <td>728</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>65</th>\n",
       "      <td>-161</td>\n",
       "      <td>472</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>66</th>\n",
       "      <td>-139</td>\n",
       "      <td>959</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>67</th>\n",
       "      <td>-264</td>\n",
       "      <td>844</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>68</th>\n",
       "      <td>-342</td>\n",
       "      <td>1515</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>69</th>\n",
       "      <td>-231</td>\n",
       "      <td>279</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>70</th>\n",
       "      <td>-209</td>\n",
       "      <td>1427</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>71</th>\n",
       "      <td>-292</td>\n",
       "      <td>2874</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>72</th>\n",
       "      <td>-339</td>\n",
       "      <td>4251</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>73</th>\n",
       "      <td>-371</td>\n",
       "      <td>626</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>74</th>\n",
       "      <td>-331</td>\n",
       "      <td>1254</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>75</th>\n",
       "      <td>-302</td>\n",
       "      <td>986</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>76</th>\n",
       "      <td>-216</td>\n",
       "      <td>1627</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>77</th>\n",
       "      <td>-163</td>\n",
       "      <td>2021</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>78</th>\n",
       "      <td>-367</td>\n",
       "      <td>1366</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>79</th>\n",
       "      <td>-218</td>\n",
       "      <td>1269</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "    adhesive force (mN)  time frog pulls on target (ms)\n",
       "40                  -94                             683\n",
       "41                 -163                             245\n",
       "42                 -172                             619\n",
       "43                 -225                            1823\n",
       "44                 -301                             918\n",
       "45                  -93                            1351\n",
       "46                 -131                            1790\n",
       "47                 -289                            1006\n",
       "48                 -104                             883\n",
       "49                 -229                            1218\n",
       "50                 -259                             910\n",
       "51                 -231                             550\n",
       "52                 -267                            2081\n",
       "53                 -178                             376\n",
       "54                 -123                             289\n",
       "55                 -151                             607\n",
       "56                 -127                            2932\n",
       "57                 -372                             680\n",
       "58                 -236                             685\n",
       "59                 -390                            1308\n",
       "60                 -456                             462\n",
       "61                 -193                             250\n",
       "62                 -236                             743\n",
       "63                 -225                             844\n",
       "64                 -217                             728\n",
       "65                 -161                             472\n",
       "66                 -139                             959\n",
       "67                 -264                             844\n",
       "68                 -342                            1515\n",
       "69                 -231                             279\n",
       "70                 -209                            1427\n",
       "71                 -292                            2874\n",
       "72                 -339                            4251\n",
       "73                 -371                             626\n",
       "74                 -331                            1254\n",
       "75                 -302                             986\n",
       "76                 -216                            1627\n",
       "77                 -163                            2021\n",
       "78                 -367                            1366\n",
       "79                 -218                            1269"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# c) Adhesive force and time frog pulls for frogs III and IV\n",
    "df.loc[df['ID'].isin(['III', 'IV']), \n",
    "       ['adhesive force (mN)', 'time frog pulls on target (ms)']]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Practice 2: Split-Apply-Combine of the frog data set\n",
    "\n",
    "You'll now practice your split-apply-combine skills.\n",
    "\n",
    "**a)** Compute standard deviation of the impact forces for each frog.\n",
    "\n",
    "**b)** Compute the coefficient of variation of the impact forces *and* adhesive forces for each frog.\n",
    "\n",
    "**c)** And now, finally.... Compute a `DataFrame` that has the mean, median, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation of the impact forces and adhesive forces for each frog. After you make this `DataFrame`, you might want to explore using the `pd.melt()` function to make it tidy. You can read [the documentation](http://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/generated/pandas.melt.html) and/or ask a TA to help you."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Practice 2: solution"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "ID\n",
       "I      630.207952\n",
       "II     424.573256\n",
       "III    124.273849\n",
       "IV     234.864328\n",
       "Name: impact force (mN), dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# a) standard deviation of impact forces\n",
    "grouped = df.groupby('ID')\n",
    "\n",
    "grouped['impact force (mN)'].std()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>ID</th>\n",
       "      <th>impact force (mN)</th>\n",
       "      <th>adhesive force (mN)</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>I</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.401419</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.247435</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>II</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.585033</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.429701</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>III</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.220191</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.415435</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>IV</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.546212</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.308042</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "    ID  impact force (mN)  adhesive force (mN)\n",
       "0    I           0.401419             0.247435\n",
       "1   II           0.585033             0.429701\n",
       "2  III           0.220191             0.415435\n",
       "3   IV           0.546212             0.308042"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# b) coeff. of variation for impact and adhesive force\n",
    "def coeff_of_var(data):\n",
    "    \"\"\"Coefficient of variation.\"\"\"\n",
    "    return np.std(data) / np.abs(np.mean(data))\n",
    "\n",
    "# Make DataFrameGroupBy object with two columns of interest in DataFrame for convenience\n",
    "grouped = df[['ID', 'impact force (mN)', 'adhesive force (mN)']].groupby('ID')\n",
    "\n",
    "# Applot the coeff_of_var_function\n",
    "grouped.agg(coeff_of_var).reset_index()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead tr th {\n",
       "        text-align: left;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>ID</th>\n",
       "      <th colspan=\"4\" halign=\"left\">impact force (mN)</th>\n",
       "      <th colspan=\"4\" halign=\"left\">adhesive force (mN)</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>mean</th>\n",
       "      <th>median</th>\n",
       "      <th>std</th>\n",
       "      <th>coeff_of_var</th>\n",
       "      <th>mean</th>\n",
       "      <th>median</th>\n",
       "      <th>std</th>\n",
       "      <th>coeff_of_var</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>I</td>\n",
       "      <td>1530.20</td>\n",
       "      <td>1550.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>630.207952</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.401419</td>\n",
       "      <td>-658.40</td>\n",
       "      <td>-664.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>167.143619</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.247435</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>II</td>\n",
       "      <td>707.35</td>\n",
       "      <td>573.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>424.573256</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.585033</td>\n",
       "      <td>-462.30</td>\n",
       "      <td>-517.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>203.811600</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.429701</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>III</td>\n",
       "      <td>550.10</td>\n",
       "      <td>544.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>124.273849</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.220191</td>\n",
       "      <td>-206.75</td>\n",
       "      <td>-201.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>88.122448</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.415435</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>IV</td>\n",
       "      <td>419.10</td>\n",
       "      <td>460.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>234.864328</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.546212</td>\n",
       "      <td>-263.60</td>\n",
       "      <td>-233.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>83.309442</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.308042</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "    ID impact force (mN)                                  adhesive force (mN)  \\\n",
       "                    mean  median         std coeff_of_var                mean   \n",
       "0    I           1530.20  1550.5  630.207952     0.401419             -658.40   \n",
       "1   II            707.35   573.0  424.573256     0.585033             -462.30   \n",
       "2  III            550.10   544.0  124.273849     0.220191             -206.75   \n",
       "3   IV            419.10   460.5  234.864328     0.546212             -263.60   \n",
       "\n",
       "                                   \n",
       "  median         std coeff_of_var  \n",
       "0 -664.5  167.143619     0.247435  \n",
       "1 -517.0  203.811600     0.429701  \n",
       "2 -201.5   88.122448     0.415435  \n",
       "3 -233.5   83.309442     0.308042  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# d) Apply all of the great stats functions!\n",
    "df_result = grouped.agg([np.mean, np.median, np.std, coeff_of_var]).reset_index()\n",
    "\n",
    "df_result"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We can index these things using the `MultiIndex` of the columns, but we much prefer tidy `DataFrame`s, which we can generate again use `pd.melt()`."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>ID</th>\n",
       "      <th>quantity</th>\n",
       "      <th>statistic</th>\n",
       "      <th>value</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>I</td>\n",
       "      <td>impact force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>mean</td>\n",
       "      <td>1530.200000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>II</td>\n",
       "      <td>impact force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>mean</td>\n",
       "      <td>707.350000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>III</td>\n",
       "      <td>impact force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>mean</td>\n",
       "      <td>550.100000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>IV</td>\n",
       "      <td>impact force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>mean</td>\n",
       "      <td>419.100000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>I</td>\n",
       "      <td>impact force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>median</td>\n",
       "      <td>1550.500000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>II</td>\n",
       "      <td>impact force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>median</td>\n",
       "      <td>573.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>6</th>\n",
       "      <td>III</td>\n",
       "      <td>impact force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>median</td>\n",
       "      <td>544.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>7</th>\n",
       "      <td>IV</td>\n",
       "      <td>impact force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>median</td>\n",
       "      <td>460.500000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>8</th>\n",
       "      <td>I</td>\n",
       "      <td>impact force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>630.207952</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>9</th>\n",
       "      <td>II</td>\n",
       "      <td>impact force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>424.573256</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>10</th>\n",
       "      <td>III</td>\n",
       "      <td>impact force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>124.273849</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>11</th>\n",
       "      <td>IV</td>\n",
       "      <td>impact force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>234.864328</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>12</th>\n",
       "      <td>I</td>\n",
       "      <td>impact force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>coeff_of_var</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.401419</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>13</th>\n",
       "      <td>II</td>\n",
       "      <td>impact force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>coeff_of_var</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.585033</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>14</th>\n",
       "      <td>III</td>\n",
       "      <td>impact force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>coeff_of_var</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.220191</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>15</th>\n",
       "      <td>IV</td>\n",
       "      <td>impact force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>coeff_of_var</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.546212</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>16</th>\n",
       "      <td>I</td>\n",
       "      <td>adhesive force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>mean</td>\n",
       "      <td>-658.400000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>17</th>\n",
       "      <td>II</td>\n",
       "      <td>adhesive force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>mean</td>\n",
       "      <td>-462.300000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>18</th>\n",
       "      <td>III</td>\n",
       "      <td>adhesive force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>mean</td>\n",
       "      <td>-206.750000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>19</th>\n",
       "      <td>IV</td>\n",
       "      <td>adhesive force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>mean</td>\n",
       "      <td>-263.600000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>20</th>\n",
       "      <td>I</td>\n",
       "      <td>adhesive force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>median</td>\n",
       "      <td>-664.500000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>21</th>\n",
       "      <td>II</td>\n",
       "      <td>adhesive force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>median</td>\n",
       "      <td>-517.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>22</th>\n",
       "      <td>III</td>\n",
       "      <td>adhesive force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>median</td>\n",
       "      <td>-201.500000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>23</th>\n",
       "      <td>IV</td>\n",
       "      <td>adhesive force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>median</td>\n",
       "      <td>-233.500000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>24</th>\n",
       "      <td>I</td>\n",
       "      <td>adhesive force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>167.143619</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>25</th>\n",
       "      <td>II</td>\n",
       "      <td>adhesive force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>203.811600</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>26</th>\n",
       "      <td>III</td>\n",
       "      <td>adhesive force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>88.122448</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>27</th>\n",
       "      <td>IV</td>\n",
       "      <td>adhesive force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>83.309442</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>28</th>\n",
       "      <td>I</td>\n",
       "      <td>adhesive force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>coeff_of_var</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.247435</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>29</th>\n",
       "      <td>II</td>\n",
       "      <td>adhesive force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>coeff_of_var</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.429701</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>30</th>\n",
       "      <td>III</td>\n",
       "      <td>adhesive force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>coeff_of_var</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.415435</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>31</th>\n",
       "      <td>IV</td>\n",
       "      <td>adhesive force (mN)</td>\n",
       "      <td>coeff_of_var</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.308042</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     ID             quantity     statistic        value\n",
       "0     I    impact force (mN)          mean  1530.200000\n",
       "1    II    impact force (mN)          mean   707.350000\n",
       "2   III    impact force (mN)          mean   550.100000\n",
       "3    IV    impact force (mN)          mean   419.100000\n",
       "4     I    impact force (mN)        median  1550.500000\n",
       "5    II    impact force (mN)        median   573.000000\n",
       "6   III    impact force (mN)        median   544.000000\n",
       "7    IV    impact force (mN)        median   460.500000\n",
       "8     I    impact force (mN)           std   630.207952\n",
       "9    II    impact force (mN)           std   424.573256\n",
       "10  III    impact force (mN)           std   124.273849\n",
       "11   IV    impact force (mN)           std   234.864328\n",
       "12    I    impact force (mN)  coeff_of_var     0.401419\n",
       "13   II    impact force (mN)  coeff_of_var     0.585033\n",
       "14  III    impact force (mN)  coeff_of_var     0.220191\n",
       "15   IV    impact force (mN)  coeff_of_var     0.546212\n",
       "16    I  adhesive force (mN)          mean  -658.400000\n",
       "17   II  adhesive force (mN)          mean  -462.300000\n",
       "18  III  adhesive force (mN)          mean  -206.750000\n",
       "19   IV  adhesive force (mN)          mean  -263.600000\n",
       "20    I  adhesive force (mN)        median  -664.500000\n",
       "21   II  adhesive force (mN)        median  -517.000000\n",
       "22  III  adhesive force (mN)        median  -201.500000\n",
       "23   IV  adhesive force (mN)        median  -233.500000\n",
       "24    I  adhesive force (mN)           std   167.143619\n",
       "25   II  adhesive force (mN)           std   203.811600\n",
       "26  III  adhesive force (mN)           std    88.122448\n",
       "27   IV  adhesive force (mN)           std    83.309442\n",
       "28    I  adhesive force (mN)  coeff_of_var     0.247435\n",
       "29   II  adhesive force (mN)  coeff_of_var     0.429701\n",
       "30  III  adhesive force (mN)  coeff_of_var     0.415435\n",
       "31   IV  adhesive force (mN)  coeff_of_var     0.308042"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Melt the DataFrame to make it tidy\n",
    "pd.melt(df_result, var_name=['quantity', 'statistic'], id_vars='ID')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Computing environment"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "CPython 3.6.8\n",
      "IPython 7.1.1\n",
      "\n",
      "numpy 1.16.4\n",
      "pandas 0.24.2\n",
      "jupyterlab 1.0.2\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%load_ext watermark\n",
    "%watermark -v -p numpy,pandas,jupyterlab"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": true
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
 ],
 "metadata": {
  "anaconda-cloud": {},
  "kernelspec": {
   "display_name": "Python 3",
   "language": "python",
   "name": "python3"
  },
  "language_info": {
   "codemirror_mode": {
    "name": "ipython",
    "version": 3
   },
   "file_extension": ".py",
   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
   "name": "python",
   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
   "version": "3.6.8"
  }
 },
 "nbformat": 4,
 "nbformat_minor": 4
}