sb_refs.bib

@misc{AIM,
address = {BLM National Operations Center},
author = {{U.S. Department of Interior}, Bureau of Land Management (BLM)},
publisher = {BLM},
title = {{BLM AIM TerrADat TerrestrialAIM point}},
url = {https://gis.blm.gov/AIMdownload/layerpackages/BLM_AIM_Terrestrial.lpk},
year = {2018}
}

@software{mahoodzenodo,
  author       = {Adam L. Mahood and
                  Michael J. Koontz},
  title        = {admahood/seed-bank: accepted},
  month        = nov,
  year         = 2022,
  publisher    = {Zenodo},
  version      = {v1.0-accepted},
  doi          = {10.5281/zenodo.7374835},
  url          = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7374835}
}

@article{Pyke2020,
	title = {Postfire growth of seeded and planted big sagebrush—strategic designs for restoring greater sage‐grouse nesting habitat},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {1061-2971, 1526-100X},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rec.13264},
	doi = {10.1111/rec.13264},
	abstract = {Wildfires change plant community structure and impact wildlife habitat and population dynamics. Recent wildfire-induced losses of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) in North American shrublands are outpacing natural recovery and leading to substantial losses in habitat for sagebrush-obligate species such as greater sage-grouse. Managers are considering restoration strategies that include planting container-grown sagebrush to improve establishment within areas using more conventional seeding methods. Although it is thought that planting sagebrush provides initial structural advantages over seeding, empirical comparisons of sagebrush growth are lacking between individuals established postfire using both methods. Using a Bayesian hierarchical approach, we evaluated sagebrush height and canopy area growth rates for plants established in 26 seeded and 20 planted locations within the Great Basin. We then related recovery rates to previously published nesting habitat requirements for sagegrouse. Under average weather conditions, planted or seeded sagebrush will require 3 or 4 years, respectively, and a relatively high density (≥2 plants/m2) to achieve the minimum recommended canopy cover for sage-grouse (15\%). Sagebrush grown in warmer and drier conditions met this cover goal months earlier. Although planted sagebrush reached heights to meet sagegrouse nesting requirements (30 cm) 1 year earlier than seeded plants, seeded individuals were approximately 19 cm taller with 410 cm2 more canopy area than planted sagebrush after 8 years. However, big sagebrush establishment from seed is unreliable. Strategically planting small, high-density patches of container-grown sagebrush in historic sage-grouse nesting habitat combined with lower density seedings in larger surrounding areas may accelerate sage-grouse habitat restoration.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2022-02-09},
	journal = {Restoration Ecology},
	author = {Pyke, David A. and Shriver, Robert K. and Arkle, Robert S. and Pilliod, David S. and Aldridge, Cameron L. and Coates, Peter S. and Germino, Matthew J. and Heinrichs, Julie A. and Ricca, Mark A. and Shaff, Scott E.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1495--1504},
	file = {Pyke et al_2020_Restoration Ecology.pdf:/home/a/Documents/pdfs/2020/Pyke et al_2020_Restoration Ecology.pdf:application/pdf},
}


@article{Shriver2019,
	title = {Transient population dynamics impede restoration and may promote ecosystem transformation after disturbance},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1461-023X, 1461-0248},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ele.13291},
	doi = {10.1111/ele.13291},
	abstract = {The apparent failure of ecosystems to recover from increasingly widespread disturbance is a global concern. Despite growing focus on factors inhibiting resilience and restoration, we still know very little about how demographic and population processes influence recovery. Using inverse and forward demographic modelling of 531 post-fire sagebrush populations across the western US, we show that demographic processes during recovery from seeds do not initially lead to population growth but rather to years of population decline, low density, and risk of extirpation after disturbance and restoration, even at sites with potential to support long-term, stable populations. Changes in population structure, and resulting transient population dynamics, lead to a {\textgreater} 50\% decline in population growth rate after disturbance and significant reductions in population density. Our results indicate that demographic processes influence the recovery of ecosystems from disturbance and that demographic analyses can be used by resource managers to anticipate ecological transformation risk.},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2022-02-10},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Shriver, Robert K. and Andrews, Caitlin M. and Arkle, Robert S. and Barnard, David M. and Duniway, Michael C. and Germino, Matthew J. and Pilliod, David S. and Pyke, David A. and Welty, Justin L. and Bradford, John B.},
	editor = {Wang, Shaopeng},
	month = sep,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1357--1366},
	file = {Shriver et al_2019_Ecology Letters.pdf:/home/a/Documents/pdfs/2019/Shriver et al_2019_Ecology Letters.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{Pedrini2020,
	title = {Seed enhancement: getting seeds restoration‐ready},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {1061-2971, 1526-100X},
	shorttitle = {Seed enhancement},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rec.13184},
	doi = {10.1111/rec.13184},
	abstract = {Seed enhancement technologies such as seed priming and seed coating, developed by the agricultural seed industry, are standard procedures for the majority of crop and horticultural seeds. However, such technologies are only just being evaluated for native plant seeds despite the potential benefits of such treatments for improving restoration effectiveness. Key approaches applicable to native seed include: (1) seed priming, where seeds are hydrated under controlled conditions, and (2) seed coating, in which external materials and compounds are applied onto seeds through a diversity of treatments. These technologies are commonly employed to accelerate and synchronize germination and to improve seed vigor, seedling emergence, establishment, and to facilitate mechanized seed delivery to site, through standardizing seed size and shape. Seed enhancement technologies have now been tested on native seeds to overcome logistical and ecological barriers in restoration. However, further research is needed to extend the application of seed enhancements to a broader array of species, ecosystems, and regions as well as to evaluate new and innovative approaches such as the incorporation of beneficial soil microorganisms and plant growth regulators in the coatings. As techniques in native seed enhancement develop, these approaches need to be capable of being scaled-up to provide the tonnages of seed required for global restoration.},
	language = {en},
	number = {S3},
	urldate = {2022-02-04},
	journal = {Restoration Ecology},
	author = {Pedrini, Simone and Balestrazzi, Alma and Madsen, Matthew D. and Bhalsing, Khiraj and Hardegree, Stuart P. and Dixon, Kingsley W. and Kildisheva, Olga A.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2020},
	file = {Pedrini et al_2020_Restoration Ecology.pdf:/home/a/Documents/pdfs/2020/Pedrini et al_2020_Restoration Ecology.pdf:application/pdf},
}


@article{Archibald2012,
	title = {Evolution of human-driven fire regimes in {Africa}},
	volume = {109},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1118648109},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1118648109},
	abstract = {Human ability to manipulate fire and the landscape has increased over evolutionary time, but the impact of this on fire regimes and consequences for biodiversity and biogeochemistry are hotly debated. Reconstructing historical changes in human-derived fire regimes empirically is challenging, but information is available on the timing of key human innovations and on current human impacts on fire; here we incorporate this knowledge into a spatially explicit fire propagation model. We explore how changes in population density, the ability to create fire, and the expansion of agropastoralism altered the extent and seasonal distribution of fire as modern humans arose and spread through Africa. Much emphasis has been placed on the positive effect of population density on ignition frequency, but our model suggests this is less important than changes in fire spread and connectivity that would have occurred as humans learned to light fires in the dry season and to transform the landscape through grazing and cultivation. Different landscapes show different limitations; we show that substantial human impacts on burned area would only have started ∼4,000 B.P. in open landscapes, whereas they could have altered fire regimes in closed/dissected landscapes by ∼40,000 B.P. Dry season fires have been the norm for the past 200–300 ky across all landscapes. The annual area burned in Africa probably peaked between 4 and 40 kya. These results agree with recent paleocarbon studies that suggest that the biomass burned today is less than in the recent past in subtropical countries.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-06-10},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Archibald, Sally and Staver, A. Carla and Levin, Simon A.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {847--852},
	file = {Archibald et al_2012_Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.pdf:/home/a/Documents/pdfs/2012/Archibald et al_2012_Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.pdf:application/pdf},
}



@techreport{Elzinga1998,
	title = {Measuring \& {Monitoring} {Plant} {Populations}},
	language = {en},
	number = {BLM Technical Reference 1730-1},
	institution = {Bureau of Land Management},
	author = {Elzinga, Caryl L and Salzer, Daniel W and Willoughby, John W},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {497},
	file = {Elzinga et al_.pdf:/home/a/Documents/pdfs/undefined/Elzinga et al_.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{Morris2016,
	title = {Secondary {Succession} in the {Sagebrush} {Semidesert} 66 {Years} {After} {Fire} in the {Great} {Basin}, {USA}},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0885-8608, 2162-4399},
	url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.3375/043.036.0211},
	doi = {10.3375/043.036.0211},
	abstract = {The invasive annual grass Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) creates multiple challenges as it spreads across the Great Basin, fueling repeated wildfires and dominating large expanses of land that were once sagebrush shrublands. The replacement of shrublands by annual grasslands has been widespread and much research has focused upon loss of wildlife habitat, altered fire regimes, and degraded ecosystem function. Monitoring of short-term plant community reassembly occurs in these systems, but considerably less is known about the long-term succession of native plant communities after fire. Using repeated measures in time over a 66-year period, we examined the species composition of two shrubland sites in the Great Basin. The sites burned completely in 1947 and density data on herbaceous species were reported one year and 41 years after the fire. At both sampling intervals, B. tectorum and other annual invasive species, dominated the sites. Our resampling 25 years later found B. tectorum no longer maintained dominance on the north-facing site and native grasses were common. The south-facing site still contained a high density of B. tectorum, but it was four times less abundant than in previous years. Our results are consistent with the few studies using historical data that show, in some instances, desert shrublands can transition out of an annual dominated state into a native perennial state over decadal time scales without intervention. This study highlights the importance of repeated long-term studies for improving development of restoration plans and state-and-transition models, as community trajectories may not be apparent for more than five decades following disturbance.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-06-16},
	journal = {Natural Areas Journal},
	author = {Morris, Lesley R. and Leger, Elizabeth A.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {187--193},
	file = {Morris_Leger_2016_Natural Areas Journal.pdf:/home/a/Documents/pdfs/2016/Morris_Leger_2016_Natural Areas Journal.pdf:application/pdf},
}


@article{Farrell2021,
	title = {The effects of site preparation equal those of seeding at a dryland restoration site: 6 years of plant community development},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {1061-2971, 1526-100X},
	shorttitle = {The effects of site preparation equal those of seeding at a dryland restoration site},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rec.13482},
	doi = {10.1111/rec.13482},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2022-02-04},
	journal = {Restoration Ecology},
	author = {Farrell, Hannah L. and Fehmi, Jeffrey S. and Gornish, Elise S.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2021},
	file = {Farrell et al_2021_Restoration Ecology.pdf:/home/a/Documents/pdfs/2021/Farrell et al_2021_Restoration Ecology.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{Hardegree2018,
	title = {Weather-{Centric} {Rangeland} {Revegetation} {Planning}},
	volume = {71},
	issn = {15507424},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1550742417300817},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rama.2017.07.003},
	abstract = {Invasive annual weeds negatively impact ecosystem services and pose a major conservation threat on semiarid rangelands throughout the western United States. Rehabilitation of these rangelands is challenging due to interannual climate and subseasonal weather variability that impacts seed germination, seedling survival and establishment, annual weed dynamics, wildfire frequency, and soil stability. Rehabilitation and restoration outcomes could be improved by adopting a weather-centric approach that uses the full spectrum of available site-specific weather information from historical observations, seasonal climate forecasts, and climate-change projections. Climate data can be used retrospectively to interpret success or failure of past seedings by describing seasonal and longer-term patterns of environmental variability subsequent to planting. A more detailed evaluation of weather impacts on site conditions may yield more flexible adaptive-management strategies for rangeland restoration and rehabilitation, as well as provide estimates of transition probabilities between desirable and undesirable vegetation states. Skillful seasonal climate forecasts could greatly improve the cost efficiency of management treatments by limiting revegetation activities to time periods where forecasts suggest higher probabilities of successful seedling establishment. Climate-change projections are key to the application of current environmental models for development of mitigation and adaptation strategies and for management practices that require a multidecadal planning horizon. Adoption of new weather technology will require collaboration between land managers and revegetation specialists and modifications to the way we currently plan and conduct rangeland rehabilitation and restoration in the Intermountain West.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-02-04},
	journal = {Rangeland Ecology \& Management},
	author = {Hardegree, Stuart P. and Abatzoglou, John T. and Brunson, Mark W. and Germino, Matthew J. and Hegewisch, Katherine C. and Moffet, Corey A. and Pilliod, David S. and Roundy, Bruce A. and Boehm, Alex R. and Meredith, Gwendwr R.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1--11},
	file = {Hardegree et al_2018_Rangeland Ecology & Management.pdf:/home/a/Documents/pdfs/2018/Hardegree et al_2018_Rangeland Ecology & Management.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{Bradford2018,
	title = {Anticipatory natural resource science and management for a changing future},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {15409295},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fee.1806},
	doi = {10.1002/fee.1806},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2021-12-24},
	journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
	author = {Bradford, John B and Betancourt, Julio L and Butterfield, Bradley J and Munson, Seth M and Wood, Troy E},
	month = jun,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {295--303},
	file = {Bradford et al_2018_Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment.pdf:/home/a/Documents/pdfs/2018/Bradford et al_2018_Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{Arkle2022,
	title = {Reestablishing a foundational species: {Limitations} on post‐wildfire sagebrush seedling establishment},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {2150-8925, 2150-8925},
	shorttitle = {Reestablishing a foundational species},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecs2.4195},
	doi = {10.1002/ecs2.4195},
	abstract = {Improving post-wildfire restoration of foundational plant species is crucial for conserving imperiled ecosystems. We sought to better understand the initial establishment of sagebrush (Artemisia sp.), a foundational shrubland species over a vast area of western North America, in the first 1–2 years post-wildfire, a critical time period for population recovery. Field data from 460 sagebrush populations sampled across the Great Basin revealed several patterns. Sagebrush seedlings were uncommon in the first 1–2 years after fire, with none detected in 69\% of plots, largely because most fires occurred in areas of low resistance to invasive species and resilience to disturbance (hereafter, R\&R). Post-fire aerial seeding of sagebrush dramatically increased seedling occupancy, especially in low R\&R areas, which exhibited a 3.4-fold increase in occupancy over similar unseeded locations. However, occupancy models and repeat surveys suggested exceptionally high mortality, as occupancy rates declined by as much as 50\% between the first and second years after fire. We found the prevalence of “fertile island” microsites (patches beneath fireconsumed sagebrush) to be the best predictor of seedling occupancy, followed by aerial seeding status, native perennial grass cover, and years since fire. In populations where no sagebrush seeding occurred, seedlings were most likely to occur in locations with a combination of high fertile island microsite cover and close proximity to a remnant sagebrush plant. These important attributes were only present in 13\% of post-fire locations, making them rare across the Great Basin. Finally, in the absence of fertile islands and remnant plants, seedling establishment was not observed in any unseeded areas, and rarely in seeded locations. Thus, local extirpation of sagebrush could have important, long-term implications for sagebrush reestablishment following future fires if there are no mature individuals to leave behind fertile islands or serve as remnant individuals. These findings highlight the importance of landscape legacy effects and could help guide where and how big sagebrush restoration is conducted in the future.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2022-10-17},
	journal = {Ecosphere},
	author = {Arkle, Robert S. and Pilliod, David S. and Germino, Matthew J. and Jeffries, Michelle I. and Welty, Justin L.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2022},
	file = {Arkle et al. - 2022 - Reestablishing a foundational species Limitations.pdf:/home/a/Zotero/storage/MNQ3TXH3/Arkle et al. - 2022 - Reestablishing a foundational species Limitations.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{Fenesi2016,
	title = {Enhanced {Fire}-{Related} {Traits} {May} {Contribute} to the {Invasiveness} of {Downy} {Brome} ( \textit{{Bromus} tectorum} )},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1939-7291, 1939-747X},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1939729100004909/type/journal_article},
	doi = {10.1614/IPSM-D-16-00006.1},
	abstract = {Although several invasive species have induced changes to the fire regime of invaded communities, potential intraspecific shifts in fire-related traits that might enhance the invasion success of these species have never been addressed. We assumed that traits conferring persistence and competitiveness in postfire conditions to downy brome, a quintessential invasive species of the Great Basin (North America), might be under selection in areas with recurrent fires. Therefore, we hypothesized that populations from frequently burned regions of the Great Basin would have (1) greater tolerance to fire at seed level, (2) higher relative seedling performance in postfire environments, and (3) greater flammability than unburned Central European populations that evolved without fire. Seeds were collected from three introduced populations from frequently burned regions in North America and three introduced populations of rarely or never burned sites from Central Europe. We performed (1) germination experiments with seeds subjected to the effect of different fire components (heat shocks, smoke, flame, ash), (2) pot experiments analyzing the effect of postfire conditions on the early growth of the seedlings, and (3) a series of flammability tests on dry biomass of plants reared in a common garden. All seeds tolerated the low-temperature treatments (40 to 100 C), but were destroyed at high heat shocks (140 and 160 C). Only the 100 C heat treatment caused a difference in reaction of seeds from different continents, as the European seeds were less tolerant to this heat shock. We found significantly increased seedling height and biomass after 4 wk of growth under postfire conditions in American populations, but not in European ones. American populations had enhanced flammability in three out of five measured parameters compared to European populations. In summary, these intraspecific differences in fire-related traits might contribute to the persistence and perhaps invasiveness of the frequently burned North American downy brome populations. Nomenclature: Downy brome, Bromus tectorum L. BROTE.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-06-16},
	journal = {Invasive Plant Science and Management},
	author = {Fenesi, Annamária and Saura-Mas, Sandra and Blank, Robert R. and Kozma, Anita and Lózer, Beáta-Magdolna and Ruprecht, Eszter},
	month = sep,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {182--194},
	file = {Fenesi et al_2016_Invasive Plant Science and Management.pdf:/home/a/Documents/pdfs/2016/Fenesi et al_2016_Invasive Plant Science and Management.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{Rosseel2012,
    title = {{lavaan}: An {R} Package for Structural Equation Modeling},
    author = {Yves Rosseel},
    journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
    year = {2012},
    volume = {48},
    number = {2},
    pages = {1--36},
    doi = {10.18637/jss.v048.i02},
}
  
@article{Naghipour2016,
	title = {Effects of smoke, ash and heat shock on seed germination of seven species from {Central} {Zagros} rangelands in the semi-arid region of {Iran}},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {1022-0119, 1727-9380},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2989/10220119.2015.1119194},
	doi = {10.2989/10220119.2015.1119194},
	abstract = {Fire products have been widely identified as germination cues for a number of species from both fire-prone and fire-free ecosystems. However, there is uncertainty about the effects of fire products on seed germination of semi-arid rangeland species. We examined the germination of seven dominant species from Central Zagros rangelands in the semi-arid region of Iran under various heat shock (60, 80 and 120 °C), aerosol smoke, ash and control treatments. Our findings showed that fire products could enhance, inhibit or not affect the seed germination of rangeland species in this area. The germination percentage of Astragalus adscendens increased following 60 °C heat treatment in comparison with the control. The germination of Astragalus verus, Bromus tectorum, B. tomentellus and Phlomis olivieri were increased significantly using smoke treatment (P {\textless} 0.0001). The seed germination of B. tomentellus and B. tectorum was promoted by ash treatment, whereas the other species exhibited no response or were inhibited by fire products. In addition, smoke treatment shortened the overall germination time of B. tectorum. These findings suggest that fire products affect the germination of several species and can serve as potential tools for understanding the vegetation dynamics and restoration of disturbed semi-arid rangelands.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-06-16},
	journal = {African Journal of Range \& Forage Science},
	author = {Naghipour, Ali Asghar and Bashari, Hossein and Khajeddin, Seyed Jamaleddin and Tahmasebi, Pejman and Iravani, Majid},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {67--71},
	file = {Naghipour et al. - 2016 - Effects of smoke, ash and heat shock on seed germi.pdf:/home/a/Zotero/storage/NDZMUXYJ/Naghipour et al. - 2016 - Effects of smoke, ash and heat shock on seed germi.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{Aleman2020,
	title = {Floristic evidence for alternative biome states in tropical {Africa}},
	volume = {117},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.2011515117},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2011515117},
	abstract = {The idea that tropical forest and savanna are alternative states is crucial to how we manage these biomes and predict their future under global change. Large-scale empirical evidence for alternative stable states is limited, however, and comes mostly from the multimodal distribution of structural aspects of vegetation. These approaches have been criticized, as structure alone cannot separate out wetter savannas from drier forests for example, and there are also technical challenges to mapping vegetation structure in unbiased ways. Here, we develop an alternative approach to delimit the climatic envelope of the two biomes in Africa using tree species lists gathered for a large number of forest and savanna sites distributed across the continent. Our analyses confirm extensive climatic overlap of forest and savanna, supporting the alternative stable states hypothesis for Africa, and this result is corroborated by paleoecological evidence. Further, we find the two biomes to have highly divergent tree species compositions and to represent alternative compositional states. This allowed us to classify tree species as forest vs. savanna specialists, with some generalist species that span both biomes. In conjunction with georeferenced herbarium records, we mapped the forest and savanna distributions across Africa and quantified their environmental limits, which are primarily related to precipitation and seasonality, with a secondary contribution of fire. These results are important for the ongoing efforts to restore African ecosystems, which depend on accurate biome maps to set appropriate targets for the restored states but also provide empirical evidence for broad-scale bistability.},
	language = {en},
	number = {45},
	urldate = {2021-11-25},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Aleman, J. C. and Fayolle, A. and Favier, C. and Staver, A. C. and Dexter, K. G. and Ryan, C. M. and Azihou, A. F. and Bauman, D. and te Beest, M. and Chidumayo, E. N. and Comiskey, J. A. and Cromsigt, J. P. G. M. and Dessard, H. and Doucet, J.-L. and Finckh, M. and Gillet, J.-F. and Gourlet-Fleury, S. and Hempson, G. P. and Holdo, R. M. and Kirunda, B. and Kouame, F. N. and Mahy, G. and Gonçalves, F. Maiato P. and McNicol, I. and Quintano, P. Nieto and Plumptre, A. J. and Pritchard, R. C. and Revermann, R. and Schmitt, C. B. and Swemmer, A. M. and Talila, H. and Woollen, E. and Swaine, M. D.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {28183--28190},
	file = {Aleman et al_2020_Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.pdf:/home/a/MEGAsync/2020/Aleman et al_2020_Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.pdf:application/pdf},
}


@article{Allan2015,
	title = {Land use intensification alters ecosystem multifunctionality via loss of biodiversity and changes to functional composition},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {14610248},
	doi = {10.1111/ele.12469},
	abstract = {© 2015 John Wiley \& Sons Ltd/CNRS. Global change, especially land-use intensification, affects human well-being by impacting the delivery of multiple ecosystem services (multifunctionality). However, whether biodiversity loss is a major component of global change effects on multifunctionality in real-world ecosystems, as in experimental ones, remains unclear. Therefore, we assessed biodiversity, functional composition and 14 ecosystem services on 150 agricultural grasslands differing in land-use intensity. We also introduce five multifunctionality measures in which ecosystem services were weighted according to realistic land-use objectives. We found that indirect land-use effects, i.e. those mediated by biodiversity loss and by changes to functional composition, were as strong as direct effects on average. Their strength varied with land-use objectives and regional context. Biodiversity loss explained indirect effects in a region of intermediate productivity and was most damaging when land-use objectives favoured supporting and cultural services. In contrast, functional composition shifts, towards fast-growing plant species, strongly increased provisioning services in more inherently unproductive grasslands.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Allan, Eric and Manning, Pete and Alt, Fabian and Binkenstein, Julia and Blaser, Stefan and Blüthgen, Nico and Böhm, Stefan and Grassein, Fabrice and Hölzel, Norbert and Klaus, Valentin H. and Kleinebecker, Till and Morris, E. Kathryn and Oelmann, Yvonne and Prati, Daniel and Renner, Swen C. and Rillig, Matthias C. and Schaefer, Martin and Schloter, Michael and Schmitt, Barbara and Schöning, Ingo and Schrumpf, Marion and Solly, Emily and Sorkau, Elisabeth and Steckel, Juliane and Steffen-Dewenter, Ingolf and Stempfhuber, Barbara and Tschapka, Marco and Weiner, Christiane N. and Weisser, Wolfgang W. and Werner, Michael and Westphal, Catrin and Wilcke, Wolfgang and Fischer, Markus},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Land use, Global change, Biodiversity-ecosystem functioning, Ecosystem services, Multifunctionality},
	pages = {834--843},
	file = {Allan et al_2015_Ecology Letters.pdf:/home/a/MEGAsync/2015/Allan et al_2015_Ecology Letters.pdf:application/pdf},
}


@article{Andersen2009,
author = {Andersen, Tom and Carstensen, Jacob and Hern{\'{a}}ndez-Garc{\'{i}}a, Emilio and Duarte, Carlos M.},
doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2008.07.014},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2009/Andersen et al. - 2009.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0169-5347},
issn = {01695347},
journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
keywords = {comps1},
mendeley-tags = {comps1},
number = {1},
pages = {49--57},
pmid = {18952317},
title = {{Ecological thresholds and regime shifts: approaches to identification}},
volume = {24},
year = {2009}
}


@article{Anderson2013,
author = {Anderson, Marti J. and Walsh, Daniel C. I.},
doi = {10.1890/12-2010.1},
file = {::},
isbn = {0012-9615},
issn = {00129615},
journal = {Ecological Monographs},
keywords = {anosim,bray-curtis,community composition,dispersion,dissimilarities,homogeneity,multivariate analysis,null hypothesis,permanova,permdisp,permutation test,species abundances},
number = {4},
pages = {557--574},
title = {{PERMANOVA , ANOSIM , and the Mantel test in the face of heterogeneous dispersions: What null hypothesis are you testing?}},
volume = {83},
year = {2013}
}

@article{Balch2013,
author = {Balch, Jennifer K. and Bradley, Bethany A. and D'Antonio, Carla M. and G{\'{o}}mez-Dans, Jos{\'{e}}},
doi = {10.1111/gcb.12046},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2013/Balch et al.{\_}2013{\_}Introduced annual grass increases regional fire activity across the arid western USA (1980-2009).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1365-2486},
issn = {13541013},
journal = {Global Change Biology},
keywords = {Bromus tectorum,Exotic grasses,Fire frequency,Grass-fire cycle,Invasive species,MODIS burned-area product,Satellite-based fire data},
number = {1},
pages = {173--183},
pmid = {23504729},
title = {{Introduced annual grass increases regional fire activity across the arid western USA (1980-2009)}},
volume = {19},
year = {2013}
}

@article{Baker2006,
author = {Baker, William L.},
doi = {10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[177:farose]2.0.co;2},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2006/Baker - 2006.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0091-7648},
issn = {0091-7648},
journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
keywords = {Artemisia spp.,fire,fire history,fire rotation,landscape characteristics,national-park,pinyon-juniper woodlands,prescribed fire,sage grouse populations,sagebrush,shrubsteppe habitats,southeastern idaho,southwestern montana,western united-states,wyoming big},
mendeley-tags = {fire,sagebrush},
number = {1},
pages = {177--185},
title = {{Fire and restoration of sagebrush ecosystems}},
volume = {34},
year = {2006}
}

@article{Balch2008,
author = {Balch, Jennifer K. and Nepstad, Daniel C. and Brando, Paulo M. and Curran, Lisa M. and Portela, Osvaldo and de Carvalho, Oswaldo and Lefebvre, Paul},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01655.x},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2008/Balch et al. - 2008.pdf:pdf},
issn = {13541013},
journal = {Global Change Biology},
keywords = {Brazilian Amazon,Carbon emissions,Feedbacks,Fire ecology,Forest-savanna transitions,Fuel,Large-scale experimental burns,Mato Grosso transitional forests,Tropical forests,Tropical wildfires},
number = {10},
pages = {2276--2287},
title = {{Negative fire feedback in a transitional forest of southeastern Amazonia}},
volume = {14},
year = {2008}
}


@article{Barga2018,
author = {Barga, Sarah and Leger, Elizabeth A.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jaridenv.2018.03.004},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2018/Barga, Leger - 2018(2).pdf:pdf},
issn = {1095922X},
journal = {Journal of Arid Environments},
keywords = {Cold desert,Disturbance,Diversity,Great Basin,Restoration,Succession,seed bank},
mendeley-tags = {seed bank},
number = {November 2017},
pages = {40--50},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Shrub cover and fire history predict seed bank composition in Great Basin shrublands}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2018.03.004},
volume = {154},
year = {2018}
}

@article{Beckstead2011,
author = {Beckstead, Julie and Street, Laura E. and Meyer, Susan E. and Allen, Phil S.},
doi = {10.2111/REM-D-10-00052.1},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2011/Beckstead et al. - 2011.pdf:pdf},
issn = {15507424},
journal = {Rangeland Ecology and Management},
keywords = {Bromus tectorum,biological invasion,natural enemies,plantmicrobial interactions,seed bank,thermal death point},
mendeley-tags = {seed bank},
number = {2},
pages = {148--157},
title = {{Fire effects on the cheatgrass seed bank pathogen Pyrenophora semeniperda}},
volume = {64},
year = {2011}
}

@article{Bechtold2007,
author = {Bechtold, H. A. and Inouye, R. S.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jaridenv.2007.02.004},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2007/Bechtold, Inouye - 2007.pdf:pdf},
issn = {01401963},
journal = {Journal of Arid Environments},
keywords = {Artemisia tridentata,Nutrient cycling,Resource islands,Soils},
number = {1},
pages = {122--132},
title = {{Distribution of carbon and nitrogen in sagebrush steppe after six years of nitrogen addition and shrub removal}},
volume = {71},
year = {2007}
}

@article{Bond1995,
author = {Bond, William J. and Midgley, Jeremy J.},
doi = {10.2307/3545728},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/1995/Bond, Midgley - 1995.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0030-1299},
issn = {00301299},
journal = {Oikos},
keywords = {comps1},
mendeley-tags = {comps1},
number = {1},
pages = {79},
title = {{Kill Thy Neighbour: An Individualistic Argument for the Evolution of Flammability}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3545728?origin=crossref},
volume = {73},
year = {1995}
}

@article{Boudell2002,
author = {Boudell, JA and Link, SO and Johansen, JR},
doi = {10.2307/41717153},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2002/Boudell, Link, Johansen - 2002.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1527-0904},
issn = {15270904},
journal = {Western North American Naturalist},
keywords = {artemisia tridentata,bromus tectorum,cryptogamic crusts,ing the development of,plant communities,population dynamics are crucial,relationship to plant,seed banks,seed banks and their,shrub-steppe,to understand-},
number = {1},
pages = {14--24},
title = {{Effect of soil microtopography on seed bank distribution in the shrub-steppe}},
url = {https://ojs.lib.byu.edu/wnan/index.php/wnan/article/viewPDFInterstitial/1098/955},
volume = {62},
year = {2002}
}

@article{Bradley2006,
author = {Bradley, Bethany A. and Houghton, R. A. and Mustard, John F. and Hamburg, Steven P.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01232.x},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2006/Bradley et al. - 2006.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1365-2486},
issn = {13541013},
journal = {Global Change Biology},
keywords = {Bromus tectorum,Carbon budget,Cheatgrass,Fire,Great Basin,Invasive species,Land cover change,Woody encroachment},
number = {10},
pages = {1815--1822},
title = {{Invasive grass reduces aboveground carbon stocks in shrublands of the Western US}},
volume = {12},
year = {2006}
}

@article{Bradford2020,
author = {Bradford, John B. and Schlaepfer, Daniel R. and Lauenroth, William K. and Palmquist, Kyle A.},
doi = {10.1111/gcb.15075},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2020/Bradford et al. - 2020.pdf:pdf},
issn = {13652486},
journal = {Global Change Biology},
keywords = {global change,grasslands,hot drought,shrublands,soil moisture,water balance},
number = {7},
pages = {3906--3919},
pmid = {32342577},
title = {{Robust ecological drought projections for drylands in the 21st century}},
volume = {26},
year = {2020}
}

@article{Brooks2004,
abstract = {Plant invasions are widely recognized as significant threats to biodiversity conservation worldwide. One way invasions can affect native ecosystems is by changing fuel properties, which can in turn affect fire behavior and, ultimately, alter fire regime characteristics such as frequency, intensity, extent, type, and seasonality of fire. If the regime changes subsequently promote the dominance of the invaders, then an invasive plant–fire regime cycle can be established. As more ecosystem components and interactions are altered, restoration of preinvasion conditions becomes more difficult. Restoration may require managing fuel conditions, fire regimes, native plant communities, and other ecosystem properties in addition to the invaders that caused the changes in the first place.We present a multiphase model describing the interrelationships between plant invaders and fire regimes, provide a system for evaluating the relative effects of invaders and prioritizing them for control, and recommend ways to restore pre- invasion fire regime properties.},
author = {Brooks, Matthew L. and D'Antonio, Carla M. and Richardson, David M. and Grace, James B. and Keeley, Jon E. and DiTomaso, Joseph M. and Hobbs, Richard J. and Pellant, Mike and Pyke, David},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2004/Brooks et al. - 2004.pdf:pdf},
journal = {BioScience},
keywords = {disturbance,fire frequency,fire intensity,fuel,nonnative plants},
number = {7},
pages = {677--688},
title = {{Effects of Invasive Alien Plants on Fire Regimes}},
volume = {54},
year = {2004}
}

@article{Bukowski2013,
author = {Bukowski, Beth and Baker, William L.},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2013/Bukowski, Baker - 2013.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Ecological Applications},
keywords = {arid lands,cheatgrass,fire,fire management,fire rotation,fire-size distribution,historical fire regime,land survey,sagebrush},
mendeley-tags = {arid lands,cheatgrass,fire,sagebrush},
number = {3},
pages = {546--564},
title = {{Historical fire regimes, reconstructed from land-survey data, led to complexity and fluctuation in sagebrush landscapes}},
volume = {23},
year = {2013}
}

@misc{CEC2006,
author = {{Commission for Environmental Cooperation}},
title = {{Ecological regions of North America – Levels I, II, and III: Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Commission for Environmental Cooperation, scale 1:10,000,000}},
url = {https://www.epa.gov/eco-research/ecoregions-north-america},
year = {2006}
}

@article{Chambers2007,
author = {Chambers, Jeanne C. and Roundy, Bruce A. and Blank, Robert R. and Meyer, Susan E. and Whittaker, A.},
doi = {10.1890/05-1991},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2007/Chambers et al. - 2007.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0012-9615},
issn = {00129615},
journal = {Ecological Monographs},
keywords = {Artemisia tridentata,Bromus tectorum,Ecological resistance,Elevation gradient,Fire,Invasibility,Plant removal,Resource availability,alternative stable states
alternative stable states,arid lands,cheatgrass,disturbance,invasive plants,sagebrush},
mendeley-tags = {alternative stable states
alternative stable states,arid lands,cheatgrass,disturbance,invasive plants,sagebrush},
number = {1},
pages = {117--145},
title = {{What makes Great Basin sagebrush ecosystems invasible by Bromus tectorum?}},
volume = {77},
year = {2007}
}

@article{Ottmar2007,
  title={An overview of the fuel characteristic classification system—quantifying, classifying, and creating fuelbeds for resource planning},
  author={Ottmar, Roger D and Sandberg, David V and Riccardi, Cynthia L and Prichard, Susan J},
  journal={Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
  volume={37},
  number={12},
  pages={2383--2393},
  year={2007}
}

@article{Stavros2018,
	title = {Use of imaging spectroscopy and {LIDAR} to characterize fuels for fire behavior prediction},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {2352-9385},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352938517301611},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2018.04.010},
	abstract = {To protect ecosystem services and the increasing wildland urban interface in a world with fire, comprehensive maps of wildland fuels are needed to predict fire behavior and effects. Traditionally, fuels have been categorized into a classification scheme whereby a single metric represents vegetation composition and structure, which can then be parameterized based on variable vegetation amount and condition. Remote sensing has been used to extrapolate between known field plots across the landscape, however until recently, those technologies have had limited ability to characterize fuels (e.g., composition, horizontal and vertical connectivity). Using new technologies (imaging spectroscopy and LIDAR), the objectives of this study are to assess: 1) how fuel characteristics observed from remote sensing affect categorical fuel classifications, and 2) how fuel characteristics affect landscape-scale fire behavior (spread rate, areal extent and perimeter). The analysis was conducted over the 2014 California King Fire that burned 40,000 ha over lands with varying use and history and has unique remote sensing observations from before and after the fire. This analysis compares fuel classifications from a synergistic field, model, and Landsat approach (LANDFIRE) and products derived from the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer and LIDAR (MapFUELS). Each classification focuses on different fuel characteristics, which were then used to compare differences in a fire simulation model (CAWFE) and actual fire behavior. The results show that fuel characteristic inputs such as horizontal connectivity or fuel type and vertical structure affect fire spread rate and final fire extent (respectively). These results present the opportunity for future integration of fuel characteristics observed at coarser resolutions (900 m2) into predictions of fire behavior a similar spatial resolutions (as opposed to the current standard based on empirical relationships between fuel and fire behavior at 12 m2 resolution).},
	journal = {Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment},
	author = {Stavros, E. Natasha and Coen, Janice and Peterson, Birgit and Singh, Harshvardhan and Kennedy, Kama and Ramirez, Carlos and Schimel, David},
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {AVIRIS, Fire behavior, Fuels, Imaging spectroscopy, LIDAR},
	pages = {41--50},
}


@article{veraverbeke2018hyperspectral,
  title={Hyperspectral remote sensing of fire: State-of-the-art and future perspectives},
  author={Veraverbeke, Sander and Dennison, Philip and Gitas, Ioannis and Hulley, Glynn and Kalashnikova, Olga and Katagis, Thomas and Kuai, Le and Meng, Ran and Roberts, Dar and Stavros, Natasha},
  journal={Remote Sensing of Environment},
  volume={216},
  pages={105--121},
  year={2018},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}


@article{chambers_resilience_2014,
	title = {Resilience to stress and disturbance, and resistance to {Bromus} tectorum {L}. invasion in cold desert shrublands of western {North} {America}},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {14350629},
	doi = {10.1007/s10021-013-9725-5},
	abstract = {Alien grass invasions in arid and semi-arid ecosystems are resulting in grass-fire cycles and ecosystem- level transformations that severely diminish ecosystem services. Our capacity to address the rapid and complex changes occurring in these ecosystems can be enhanced by developing an understanding of the environmental factors and ecosystem attributes that determine resilience of native ecosystems to stress and disturbance, and resistance to invasion. Cold desert shrublands occur over strong environmental gradients and exhibit significant differences in resilience and resistance. They provide an excellent opportunity to increase our understanding of these concepts. Herein, we examine a series of linked questions about (a) ecosystem attributes that determine resilience and resistance along environmental gradients, (b) effects of disturbances like livestock grazing and altered fire regimes and of stressors like rapid climate change, rising CO2, and N deposition on resilience and resistance, and (c) interacting effects of resilience and resistance on ecosystems with different environmental conditions. We conclude by providing strategies for the use of resilience and resistance concepts in a management context. At ecological site scales, state and transition models are used to illustrate how differences in resilience and resistance influence potential alternative vegetation states, transitions among states, and thresholds. At landscape scales management strategies based on resilience and resistance-protection, prevention, restoration, and monitoring and adaptive management-are used to determine priority management areas and appropriate actions. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Ecosystems},
	author = {Chambers, Jeanne C. and Bradley, Bethany A. and Brown, Cynthia S. and D'Antonio, Carla M. and Germino, Matthew J. and Grace, James B. and Hardegree, Stuart P. and Miller, Richard F. and Pyke, David A.},
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {25246403},
	note = {ISBN: 1002101397255
\_eprint: arXiv:1011.1669v3},
	keywords = {Cheatgrass, Plant traits, Management strategies, Environmental gradients, Altered fire regimes, Ecosystem productivity, Fundamental and realized niche, State and transition models},
	pages = {360--375},
	file = {Chambers et al_2014_Ecosystems.pdf:/home/a/MEGAsync/2014/Chambers et al_2014_Ecosystems.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{Condon2018,
abstract = {Shrubs, bunchgrasses and biological soil crusts (biocrusts) are believed to contribute to site resistance to plant invasions in the presence of cattle grazing. Although fire is a concomitant disturbance with grazing, little is known regarding their combined impacts on invasion resistance. We are the first to date to test the idea that biotic communities mediate the effects of disturbance on site resistance. We assessed cover of Bromus tectorum, shrubs, native bunchgrasses, lichens and mosses in 99 burned and unburned plots located on similar soils where fires occurred between 12 and 23 years before sampling. Structural equation modeling was used to test hypothesized relationships between environmental and disturbance characteristics, the biotic community and resistance to B. tectorum cover. Characteristics of fire and grazing did not directly relate to cover of B. tectorum. Relationships were mediated through shrub, bunchgrass and biocrust communities. Increased site resistance following fire was associated with higher bunchgrass cover and recovery of bunchgrasses and mosses with time since fire. Evidence of grazing was more pronounced on burned sites and was positively correlated with the cover of B. tectorum, indicating an interaction between fire and grazing that decreases site resistance. Lichen cover showed a weak, negative relationship with cover of B. tectorum. Fire reduced near-term site resistance to B. tectorum on actively grazed rangelands. Independent of fire, grazing impacts resulted in reduced site resistance to B. tectorum, suggesting that grazing management that enhances plant and biocrust communities will also enhance site resistance.},
author = {Condon, Lea A. and Pyke, David A.},
doi = {10.1007/s10021-018-0230-8},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2018/Condon, Pyke - 2018.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1002101802308},
issn = {14350629},
journal = {Ecosystems},
keywords = {Great Basin,biological soil crusts,comps1,gap size,lichens,mosses,sagebrush ecosystem,sem,shrub–steppe,structural equation model},
mendeley-tags = {comps1,sem},
number = {7},
pages = {1416--1431},
publisher = {Springer US},
title = {{Fire and Grazing Influence Site Resistance to Bromus tectorum Through Their Effects on Shrub, Bunchgrass and Biocrust Communities in the Great Basin (USA)}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-018-0230-8},
volume = {21},
year = {2018}
}

@article{Coop2020,
author = {Coop, Jonathan D and Parks, Sean A and Stevens-rumann, Camille S and Crausbay, Shelley D and Higuera, Philip E and HURTEAU, MATTHEW D. and TEPLEY, ALAN and WHITMAN, ELLEN and ASSAL, TIMOTHY and COLLINS, BRANDON M. and DAVIS, KIMBERLEY T. and DOBROWSKI, SOLOMON and FALK, DONALD A. and FORNWALT, PAULA J. and FUL{\'{E}}, PETER Z. and HARVEY, BRIAN J. and KANE, VAN R. and LITTLEFIELD, CAITLIN E. and MARGOLIS, ELLIS Q. and NORTH, MALCOLM and PARISIEN, MARC-ANDR{\'{E}} and PRICHARD, SUSAN and RODMAN, KYLE C.},
doi = {10.1093/biosci/biaa061},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2020/Coop et al. - 2020.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0006-3568},
journal = {BioScience},
keywords = {climate change,ecological transformation,high-severity fire,stand-replacing fire,tree regeneration,tree seedlings,vegetation type conversion,wildfire},
number = {8},
pages = {659--673},
title = {{Wildfire-Driven Forest Conversion in Western North American Landscapes}},
volume = {70},
year = {2020}
}

@article{DAntonio1992,
author = {D'Antonio, Carla M. and Vitousek, Peter M.},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/1992/D'Antonio, Vitousek - 1992.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Annual Review of Ecological Systems},
keywords = {alternative stable states,cheatgrass,comps1,disturbance,fire,invasive plants},
mendeley-tags = {alternative stable states,cheatgrass,comps1,disturbance,fire,invasive plants},
pages = {63--87},
title = {{Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle, and global change}},
volume = {23},
year = {1992}
}

@article{Davies2010,
abstract = {Livestock grazing potentially has substantial influence on fuel characteristics in rangelands around the globe. However, information quantifying the impacts of grazing on rangeland fuel characteristics is limited, and the effects of grazing on fuels are important because fuel characteristics are one of the primary factors determining risk, severity, continuity, and size of wildfires. We investigated the effects of long-term (70 yr) livestock grazing exclusion (nongrazed) and moderate levels of livestock grazing (grazed) on fuel accumulations, continuity, gaps, and heights in shrub-grassland rangelands. Livestock used the grazed treatment through 2008 and sampling occurred in mid- to late summer in 2009. Nongrazed rangelands had over twofold more herbaceous standing crop than grazed rangelands (P<0.01). Fuel accumulations on perennial bunchgrasses were approximately threefold greater in nongrazed than grazed treatments. Continuity of fuels in nongrazed compared to grazed treatments was also greater (P<0.05). The heights of perennial grass current year's and previous years' growth were 1.3-fold and 2.2-fold taller in nongrazed compared to grazed treatments (P<0.01). The results of this study suggest that moderate livestock grazing decreases the risk of wildfires in sagebrush steppe plant communities and potentially other semi-arid and arid rangelands. These results also suggest wildfires in moderately grazed sagebrush rangelands have decreased severity, continuity, and size of the burn compared to long-term nongrazed sagebrush rangelands. Because of the impacts fuels have on fire characteristics, moderate levels of grazing probably increase the efficiency of fire suppression activities. Because of the large difference between fuel characteristics in grazed and nongrazed sagebrush rangelands, we suggest that additional management impacts on fuels and subsequently fires need to be investigated in nonforested rangelands to protect native plant communities and prioritize management needs. {\textcopyright} 2010 Society for Range Management.},
author = {Davies, Kirk W. and Bates, Jonathan D. and Svejcar, Tony J. and Boyd, Chad S.},
doi = {10.2111/REM-D-10-00006.1},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2010/Davies et al. - 2010.pdf:pdf},
issn = {15507424},
journal = {Rangeland Ecology and Management},
keywords = {Artemisia arbuscula,Artemisia tridentata,bunchgrass,cattle,fire,fuel management,wildfire,wildfire risk},
number = {6},
pages = {662--669},
title = {{Effects of long-term livestock grazing on fuel characteristics in rangelands: An example from the sagebrush steppe}},
volume = {63},
year = {2010}
}


@article{Davies2011,
author = {Davies, Kirk W. and Boyd, Chad S. and Beck, Jeffrey L. and Bates, Jon D. and Svejcar, Tony J. and Gregg, Michael A.},
doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2011.07.016},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2011/Davies et al.{\_}2011{\_}Saving the sagebrush sea An ecosystem conservation plan for big sagebrush plant communities.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00063207},
journal = {Biological Conservation},
keywords = {alternative stable states
alternative stable states,arid lands,cheatgrass,climate change,invasive plants,management,sagebrush},
mendeley-tags = {alternative stable states
alternative stable states,arid lands,cheatgrass,climate change,invasive plants,management,sagebrush},
number = {11},
pages = {2573--2584},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Saving the sagebrush sea: An ecosystem conservation plan for big sagebrush plant communities}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006320711002692},
volume = {144},
year = {2011}
}

@article{Davies2013,
author = {Davies, Kirk W. and Nafus, Aleta M.},
doi = {10.1071/WF11161},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2013/Davies, Nafus - 2013.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1448-5516},
issn = {10498001},
journal = {International Journal of Wildland Fire},
keywords = {cheatgrass,fire,fire risk,invasive plants,wildfire},
mendeley-tags = {cheatgrass,fire},
number = {3},
pages = {353--358},
title = {{Exotic annual grass invasion alters fuel amounts, continuity and moisture content}},
volume = {22},
year = {2013}
}

@article{Davis2000,
author = {Davis, Mark A. and Grime, J P and Thompson, Ken and Philip, J},
doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00473.x},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2000/Davis et al. - 2000.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {6516966443},
issn = {0022-0477},
journal = {Journal of Ecology},
keywords = {comps1},
mendeley-tags = {comps1},
number = {3},
pages = {528--534},
pmid = {9945},
title = {{Fluctuating resources in plant communities: a general of invasibility theory}},
volume = {88},
year = {2000}
}


@article{Davis2018,
	title = {Anticipating fire‐mediated impacts of climate change using a demographic framework},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {0269-8463, 1365-2435},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2435.13132},
	doi = {10.1111/1365-2435.13132},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2022-02-04},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Davis, Kimberley T. and Higuera, Philip E. and Sala, Anna},
	editor = {Fox, Charles},
	month = jul,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1729--1745},
	file = {Davis et al_2018_Functional Ecology.pdf:/home/a/Documents/pdfs/2018/Davis et al_2018_Functional Ecology.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{Davis2019,
	title = {Wildfires and climate change push low-elevation forests across a critical climate threshold for tree regeneration},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1815107116},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1815107116},
	abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Climate change is increasing fire activity in the western United States, which has the potential to accelerate climate-induced shifts in vegetation communities. Wildfire can catalyze vegetation change by killing adult trees that could otherwise persist in climate conditions no longer suitable for seedling establishment and survival. Recently documented declines in postfire conifer recruitment in the western United States may be an example of this phenomenon. However, the role of annual climate variation and its interaction with long-term climate trends in driving these changes is poorly resolved. Here we examine the relationship between annual climate and postfire tree regeneration of two dominant, low-elevation conifers (ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir) using annually resolved establishment dates from 2,935 destructively sampled trees from 33 wildfires across four regions in the western United States. We show that regeneration had a nonlinear response to annual climate conditions, with distinct thresholds for recruitment based on vapor pressure deficit, soil moisture, and maximum surface temperature. At dry sites across our study region, seasonal to annual climate conditions over the past 20 years have crossed these thresholds, such that conditions have become increasingly unsuitable for regeneration. High fire severity and low seed availability further reduced the probability of postfire regeneration. Together, our results demonstrate that climate change combined with high severity fire is leading to increasingly fewer opportunities for seedlings to establish after wildfires and may lead to ecosystem transitions in low-elevation ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir forests across the western United States.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Davis, Kimberley T. and Dobrowski, Solomon Z. and Higuera, Philip E. and Holden, Zachary A. and Veblen, Thomas T. and Rother, Monica T. and Parks, Sean A. and Sala, Anna and Maneta, Marco P.},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {201815107},
	file = {Davis et al_2019_Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.pdf:/home/a/MEGAsync/2019/Davis et al_2019_Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.pdf:application/pdf},
}


@article{Dillon2011,
author = {Dillon, Gregory K. and Holden, Zachary A. and Morgan, Penelope and Crimmins, Michael A. and Heyerdahl, Emily K. and Luce, Charles H.},
doi = {10.1890/ES11-00271.1},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2011/Dillon et al. - 2011.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {2150-8925},
issn = {2150-8925},
journal = {Ecosphere},
keywords = {2011,accepted 17 october 2011,c,corresponding editor,d,ecological change detection,final version received 18,fire ecology,landsat tm,northwestern united states,november,p,peters,published 12 december 2011,random forests,ratio,rdnbr,received 9 september 2011,relative differenced normalized burn,remote sensing,revised 14 october 2011,southwestern united states,wildland fire},
number = {12},
pages = {art130},
title = {{Both topography and climate affected forest and woodland burn severity in two regions of the western US, 1984 to 2006}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1890/ES11-00271.1},
volume = {2},
year = {2011}
}

@misc{Doescher1984,
author = {Doescher, Paul S. and Miller, Richard F. and Winward, Alma H.},
booktitle = {Soil Science Society of America Journal},
doi = {10.2136/sssaj1984.03615995004800030038x},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/1984/Doescher, Miller, Winward - 1984.pdf:pdf},
number = {3},
pages = {659--663},
title = {{Soil Chemical Patterns under Eastern Oregon Plant Communities Dominated by Big Sagebrush}},
volume = {48},
year = {1984}
}

@article{Eckert1986,
author = {Eckert, Richard E. and Peterson, Frederick F. and Meurisse, Michael S. and Stephens, L.},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/1986/Eckert et al. - 1986.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Journal of Range Management},
number = {5},
pages = {414--420},
title = {{Effects of Soil-Surface Morphology on Emergence and Survival of Seedlings in Big Sagebrush Communities}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3899441},
volume = {39},
year = {1986}
}

@article{Eidenshink2007,
author = {Eidenshink, Jeff and Schwind, Brian and Brewer, Ken and Zhu, Zhi-liang and Quayle, Brad and Howard, Stephen},
doi = {10.4996/fireecology.0301003},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2007/Eidenshink et al. - 2007.pdf:pdf},
issn = {19339747},
journal = {Fire Ecology},
keywords = {1,2007,3-21,a,and s,b,brewer,burn severity,citation,eidenshink,fi re atlas,fire ecology 3,fire ecology special issue,howard,in burn severity,j,k,monitoring,normalized burn ratio,project for monitoring trends,quayle,remote sensing,schwind,z,zhu},
number = {1},
pages = {3--21},
title = {{A Project for Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity}},
volume = {3},
year = {2007}
}


@article{Enright2015,
	title = {Interval squeeze: altered fire regimes and demographic responses interact to threaten woody species persistence as climate changes},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1540-9295},
	url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/10.1890/140231},
	doi = {10.1890/140231},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
	author = {Enright, Neal J. and Fontaine, Joseph B. and Bowman, David M. J. S. and Bradstock, Ross A. and Williams, Richard J.},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {fire, comps1, general ecology},
	pages = {265--272},
	file = {Enright et al_2015_Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment.pdf:/home/a/MEGAsync/2015/Enright et al_2015_Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment.pdf:application/pdf},
}


@article{Eskelinen2020,
	title = {Resource‐enhancing global changes drive a whole‐ecosystem shift to faster cycling but decrease diversity},
	volume = {101},
	issn = {0012-9658, 1939-9170},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecy.3178},
	doi = {10.1002/ecy.3178},
	abstract = {Many global changes take the form of resource enhancements that have potential to transform multiple aspects of ecosystems from slower to faster cycling, including a suite of both above- and belowground variables. We developed a novel analytic approach to measure integrated ecosystem responses to resource-enhancing global changes, and how such whole ecosystem slow-to-fast transitions are linked to diversity and exotic invasions in real-world ecosystems. We asked how 5-yr experimental rainfall and nutrient enhancements in a natural grassland system affected 16 ecosystem functions, pools, and stoichiometry variables considered to indicate slow vs. fast cycling. We combined these metrics into a novel index we termed “slow-fast multifunctionality” and assessed its relationship to plant community diversity and exotic plant dominance. Nutrient and rainfall addition interacted to affect average slow-fast multifunctionality. Nutrient addition alone pushed the system toward faster cycling, but this effect weakened with the joint addition of rainfall and nutrients. Variables associated with soil nutrient pools and cycling most strongly contributed to this antagonistic interaction. Nutrient and water addition together, respectively, had additive or synergistic effects on plant trait composition and productivity, demonstrating divergence of above- and belowground ecosystem responses. Our novel metric of faster cycling was strongly associated with decreased plant species richness and increased exotic species dominance. These results demonstrate the breadth of interacting community and ecosystem changes that ensue when resource limitation is relaxed.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2022-02-04},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Eskelinen, Anu and Gravuer, Kelly and Harpole, W Stanley and Harrison, Susan and Virtanen, Risto and Hautier, Yann},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	file = {Eskelinen et al_2020_Ecology.pdf:/home/a/Documents/pdfs/2020/Eskelinen et al_2020_Ecology.pdf:application/pdf},
}


@article{Fletcher2013,
author = {Fletcher, Michael-Shawn and Wood, Sam W. and Haberle, Simon G.},
doi = {10.1890/12-1766.1},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2014/Fletcher, Wood, Haberle - 2014.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0012-9658},
issn = {0012-9658},
journal = {Ecology},
keywords = {alternative stable states,australia,fire,forest,hysteresis,non-forest,paleoecology,regime},
number = {9},
pages = {2504--2513},
title = {{A fire driven shift from forest to non-forest: evidence for alternative stable states?}},
url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/12-1766.1},
volume = {95},
year = {2014}
}

@article {Fusco2019,
	author = {Fusco, Emily J. and Finn, John T. and Balch, Jennifer K. and Nagy, R. Chelsea and Bradley, Bethany A.},
	title = {Invasive grasses increase fire occurrence and frequency across US ecoregions},
	volume = {116},
	number = {47},
	pages = {23594--23599},
	year = {2019},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1908253116},
	publisher = {National Academy of Sciences},
	URL = {https://www.pnas.org/content/116/47/23594},
	eprint = {https://www.pnas.org/content/116/47/23594.full.pdf},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}
}

@article{Gagnon2015,
author = {Gagnon, Paul R. and Passmore, Heather A. and Slocum, Matthew and Myers, Jonathan A. and Harms, Kyle E. and Platt, William J. and Paine, C. E. Timothy},
doi = {10.1111/1365-2745.12421},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2015/Gagnon et al. - 2015.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00220477},
journal = {Journal of Ecology},
number = {4},
pages = {1009--1019},
title = {{Fuels and fires influence vegetation via above- and belowground pathways in a high-diversity plant community}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1365-2745.12421},
volume = {103},
year = {2015}
}

@article{Gelman1992,
  title={Inference from iterative simulation using multiple sequences},
  author={Gelman, Andrew and Rubin, Donald B and others},
  journal={Statistical science},
  volume={7},
  number={4},
  pages={457--472},
  year={1992},
  publisher={Institute of Mathematical Statistics}
}

@book{Germino2016,
author = {Germino, Matthew J. and Chambers, Jeanne C. and Brown, Cynthia S.},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2016/Germino, Chambers, Brown - 2016.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {9783319249285},
pages = {475},
title = {{Exotic Brome-Grasses in Arid and Semiarid Ecosystems of the Western US Causes, Consequences, and Management Implications}},
url = {http://www.springer.com/series/412},
year = {2016}
}

@article{Germino2018,
author = {Germino, Matthew J. and Barnard, David M. and Davidson, Bill E. and Arkle, Robert S. and Pilliod, David S. and Fisk, Matthew R. and Applestein, Cara},
doi = {10.1007/s10980-018-0662-8},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2018/Germino et al. - 2018.pdf:pdf},
issn = {15729761},
journal = {Landscape Ecology},
keywords = {Classification tree,Fire,Landscape,Legacies,Mixed model,Restoration,Sagebrush},
number = {7},
pages = {1177--1194},
publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
title = {{Thresholds and hotspots for shrub restoration following a heterogeneous megafire}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-018-0662-8},
volume = {33},
year = {2018}
}

@article{Gibbens2001,
author = {Gibbens, Robert P. and Lenz, James M.},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2001/Gibbens, Lenz - 2001.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Journal of Arid Environments},
pages = {221--263},
title = {{Root systems of some Chihuahuan Desert plants}},
volume = {49},
year = {2001}
}

@article{Gonzalez2010,
author = {Gonzalez, Patrick and Neilson, Ronald P. and Lenihan, James M. and Drapek, Raymond J.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00558.x},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2010/Gonzalez et al. - 2010.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1466822X},
journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
keywords = {Adaptation,Biome change,Climate change,Dynamic global vegetation model,Natural resource management,Vegetation shifts,Vulnerability},
number = {6},
pages = {755--768},
title = {{Global patterns in the vulnerability of ecosystems to vegetation shifts due to climate change}},
volume = {19},
year = {2010}
}

@article{Hassan1986,
author = {Hassan, M.A. and West, N.E.},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/1986/Hassan, West{\_}1986{\_}Dynamics of Soil Seed Pools in Burned and Unburned Sagebrush Semi-Deserts.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Ecology},
number = {1},
pages = {269--272},
title = {{Dynamics of Soil Seed Pools in Burned and Unburned Sagebrush Semi-Deserts}},
volume = {67},
year = {1986}
}

@article{Heerdt1996,
author = {Heerdt, G. N. J. Ter and Verweij, G. L. and Bekker, R. M. and Bakker, J. P.},
doi = {10.2307/2390273},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/1996/Society, Ecology{\_}1996{\_}An improved method for seed-bank analysis seedling emergence after removing the soil by sieving.PDF:PDF},
isbn = {0269-8463},
issn = {02698463},
journal = {Functional Ecology},
number = {1},
pages = {144},
pmid = {270},
title = {{An Improved Method for Seed-Bank Analysis: Seedling Emergence After Removing the Soil by Sieving}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2390273?origin=crossref},
volume = {10},
year = {1996}
}

@article{Heydari2017,
author = {Heydari, Mehdi and Omidipour, Reza and Abedi, Mehdi and Baskin, Carol},
doi = {10.5091/plecevo.2017.1344},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2017/Heydari et al. - 2017. - 2017: - 2017},
issn = {20323921},
journal = {Plant Ecology and Evolution},
keywords = {Additive partitioning,Disturbance,Nestedness,Semi-arid,Turnover,Woodland},
number = {3},
pages = {247--256},
title = {{Effects of fire disturbance on alpha and beta diversity and on beta diversity components of soil seed banks and aboveground vegetation}},
volume = {150},
year = {2017}
}

@article{Hill1973,
author = {Hill, M. O.},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/1973/Hill - 1973.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Ecology},
number = {2},
pages = {427--432},
title = {{Diversity and Evenness: A Unifying Notation and Its Consequences}},
volume = {54},
year = {1973}
}

@article{Hirota2011,
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {20},
author = {Hirota, Marina and Holmgren, Milena and {Van Nes}, Egbert H. and Scheffer, Marten},
doi = {10.1126/science.1210657},
eprint = {20},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2011/Hirota et al. - 2011.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1095-9203 (Electronic)\n0036-8075 (Linking)},
issn = {10959203},
journal = {Science},
number = {6053},
pages = {232--235},
pmid = {21998390},
title = {{Global resilience of tropical forest and savanna to critical transitions}},
volume = {334},
year = {2011}
}

@Manual{HMSC,
    title = {Hmsc: Hierarchical Model of Species Communities},
    author = {Gleb Tikhonov and Otso Ovaskainen and Jari Oksanen and Melinda {de Jonge} and Oystein Opedal and Tad Dallas},
    year = {2020},
    note = {R package version 3.0-6},
    url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=Hmsc},
  }
  
@article{Humphrey2001,
author = {Humphrey, L David and Schupp, Eugene W},
doi = {10.2307/41717080},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2014/Humphrey, Schupp{\_}2014{\_}Seed banks of Bromus tectorum-dominated communities in the Great Basin.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1527-0904},
issn = {15270904},
journal = {Western North American Naturalist},
keywords = {annuals,bromus tectorum,great basin,low diversity of annu-,munities usually have a,native great basin shrub-steppe,perennials,plant com-,seed bank,seed dormancy,shrub-steppe,unlike warm-desert plant communities},
number = {1},
pages = {85--92},
pmid = {15623318},
title = {{Seed banks of Bromus tectorum-dominated communities in the Great Basin}},
volume = {61},
year = {2001}
}

@article{Hurteau2011,
author = {Hurteau, Matthew D. and Brooks, Matthew L.},
doi = {10.1525/bio.2011.61.2.9},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2011/Hurteau, Brooks - 2011.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00063568},
journal = {BioScience},
keywords = {carbon stability,climate change,fire severity,forest management,fuels management},
number = {2},
pages = {139--146},
title = {{Short- and long-term effects of fire on carbon in US dry temperate forest systems}},
volume = {61},
year = {2011}
}

@article{Jones2015,
author = {Jones, Rachel O. and Chambers, Jeanne C. and Board, David I. and Johnson, Dale W. and Blank, Robert R.},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2015/Jones et al. - 2015.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Ecosphere},
keywords = {available nitrogen,cold desert shrubland,invasive annual grasses,litter removal,repeated fire,restoration},
number = {7},
pages = {1--21},
title = {{The role of resource limitation in restoration of sagebrush ecosystems dominated by cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum)}},
volume = {6},
year = {2015}
}


@article{Jones2021,
	title = {Annual and 16-{Day} {Rangeland} {Production} {Estimates} for the {Western} {United} {States}},
	volume = {77},
	issn = {15507424},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1550742421000464},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rama.2021.04.003},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-12-06},
	journal = {Rangeland Ecology \& Management},
	author = {Jones, Matthew O. and Robinson, Nathaniel P. and Naugle, David E. and Maestas, Jeremy D. and Reeves, Matthew C. and Lankston, Robert W. and Allred, Brady W.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {112--117},
	file = {Jones et al. - 2021 - Annual and 16-Day Rangeland Production Estimates f.pdf:/home/a/Zotero/storage/DU6VLVL7/Jones et al. - 2021 - Annual and 16-Day Rangeland Production Estimates f.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@book{Keddy2021,
  title={A framework for community ecology: species pools, filters and traits},
  author={Keddy, Paul A and Laughlin, Daniel C},
  year={2021},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}

@article{Keeley2009,
author = {Keeley, Jon E.},
doi = {10.1071/WF07049},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2009/Keeley - 2009.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1049-8001},
issn = {10498001},
journal = {International Journal of Wildland Fire},
keywords = {BAER,DNBR Landsat Thematic Mapper,Soil burn severity.},
number = {1},
pages = {116--126},
title = {{Fire intensity, fire severity and burn severity: A brief review and suggested usage}},
volume = {18},
year = {2009}
}


@article{Keeley2011,
author = {Keeley, Jon E. and Pausas, Juli G. and Rundel, Philip W. and Bond, William J. and Bradstock, Ross A.},
doi = {10.1016/j.tplants.2011.04.002},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2011/Keeley et al. - 2011.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1360-1385},
issn = {13601385},
journal = {Trends in Plant Science},
keywords = {fire,traits},
mendeley-tags = {fire,traits},
number = {8},
pages = {406--411},
pmid = {21571573},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Fire as an evolutionary pressure shaping plant traits}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2011.04.002},
volume = {16},
year = {2011}
}

@article{Keeley2019,
author = {Keeley, Jon E. and Pausas, Juli G.},
doi = {10.1071/WF18203},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2019/Keeley, Pausas - 2019.pdf:pdf},
issn = {10498001},
journal = {International Journal of Wildland Fire},
keywords = {human impacts,invasive species,patch dynamics,type conversion},
number = {4},
pages = {282--287},
title = {{Distinguishing disturbance from perturbations in fire-prone ecosystems}},
volume = {28},
year = {2019}
}

@article{Kerns2020,
author = {Kerns, Becky K. and Tortorelli, Claire and Day, Michelle A. and Nietupski, Ty and Barros, Ana M.G. and Kim, John B. and Krawchuk, Meg A.},
doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2020.117985},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2020/Kerns et al. - 2020.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03781127},
journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
keywords = {Climate change,Disturbance interactions,Fire,Forest,Fuel treatment,Grass-fire,Overstory,Wildfire},
number = {November 2019},
pages = {117985},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Invasive grasses: A new perfect storm for forested ecosystems?}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.117985},
volume = {463},
year = {2020}
}

@article{Key1999,
  title={The composite burn index (CBI): field rating of burn severity},
  author={Key, Carl H and Benson, Nathan C},
  journal={USGS, NRMSC research,[online] Available: http://nrmsc. usgs. gov/research/cbi. htm [3/14/2006]},
  year={1999}
}

@article{Kimura2011,
abstract = {Questions: How does the severity of prescribed fires affect vegetation and seed bank in a wetland? Location: A fire-prone reed swamp in northern Japan (250ha, 40°49'N, 141°22'E, <10m a.s.l.). Methods: Vegetation, biomass and seed bank were monitored for the 2yr after annual prescribed fires were discontinued. Plant communities were placed into three categories based on fire severity: high (H) - fire consumed litter completely; moderate (M) - fire removed standing litter but left wet fallen litter; and low (L) - fire incompletely removed standing litter and did not remove fallen litter. Soil samples were collected in autumn 2007 and early summer 2008, and germinable seed bank was investigated by greenhouse trials. Results: High fire severity increased diversity in the next growing season by the establishment of short herbs in the standing vegetation. The biomass of forbs and grasses was greater in H where Phragmites australis biomass was reduced. The density of seed bank was >30000seedsm-2 throughout all the treatments. Perennial plants were dominant in the vegetation, while annuals, biennials and rushes were dominant in the seed bank. Small seeds were more abundant in the soil than in the litter. Qualitative and quantitative similarities between seed bank and the vegetation were low, and tended to be higher in H. Conclusions: Fire contributed to the development of diverse standing vegetation via the positive effects on seed bank dynamics, and can be considered a tool to maintain species-rich marshes. {\textcopyright} 2011 International Association for Vegetation Science.},
author = {Kimura, Hideo and Tsuyuzaki, Shiro},
doi = {10.1111/j.1654-109X.2011.01126.x},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2011/Kimura, Tsuyuzaki - 2011.pdf:pdf},
issn = {14022001},
journal = {Applied Vegetation Science},
keywords = {Litter,Prescribed fire,Reed swamp,Seed bank,Standing vegetation},
number = {3},
pages = {350--357},
title = {{Fire severity affects vegetation and seed bank in a wetland}},
volume = {14},
year = {2011}
}

@article{Kitzberger2016,
author = {Kitzberger, Thomas and Perry, G. L. W. and Paritsis, J. and Gowda, J. H. and Tepley, A. J. and Holz, A. and Veblen, T. T.},
doi = {10.1080/0028825X.2016.1151903},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2016/Kitzberger et al. - 2016.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0028-825X},
journal = {New Zealand Journal of Botany},
number = {2},
pages = {247 -- 272},
title = {{Fire–vegetation feedbacks and alternative states: common mechanisms of temperate forest vulnerability to fire in southern South America and New Zealand}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0028825X.2016.1151903},
volume = {54},
year = {2016}
}

@article{Knapp1996,
author = {Knapp, Paul A},
doi = {10.1016/0959-3780(95)00112-3},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/1996/Knapp - 1996.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0959-3780},
issn = {09593780},
journal = {Global Environmental Change},
number = {1},
pages = {37--52},
title = {{Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L) dominance in the Great Basin Desert}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0959378095001123},
volume = {6},
year = {1996}
}

@article{Kolden2015,
author = {Kolden, Crystal A and Smith, Alistair M S and Abatzoglou, John T.},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2015/Kolden, Smith, Abatzoglou - 2015.pdf:pdf},
journal = {International Journal of Wildland Fire},
keywords = {data,fire},
mendeley-tags = {data,fire},
pages = {1023--1028},
title = {{Limitations and utilisation of Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity products for assessing wildfire severity in the USA}},
volume = {24},
year = {2015}
}

@article{Koontz2020,
  title={Local forest structure variability increases resilience to wildfire in dry western US coniferous forests},
  author={Koontz, Michael J and North, Malcolm P and Werner, Chhaya M and Fick, Stephen E and Latimer, Andrew M},
  journal={Ecology letters},
  volume={23},
  number={3},
  pages={483--494},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}


@article{Li2018,
	title = {Visualizing the {Loss} {Landscape} of {Neural} {Nets}},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1712.09913},
	abstract = {Neural network training relies on our ability to find “good” minimizers of highly non-convex loss functions. It is well-known that certain network architecture designs (e.g., skip connections) produce loss functions that train easier, and wellchosen training parameters (batch size, learning rate, optimizer) produce minimizers that generalize better. However, the reasons for these differences, and their effects on the underlying loss landscape, are not well understood. In this paper, we explore the structure of neural loss functions, and the effect of loss landscapes on generalization, using a range of visualization methods. First, we introduce a simple “filter normalization” method that helps us visualize loss function curvature and make meaningful side-by-side comparisons between loss functions. Then, using a variety of visualizations, we explore how network architecture affects the loss landscape, and how training parameters affect the shape of minimizers.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-12-08},
	journal = {arXiv:1712.09913 [cs, stat]},
	author = {Li, Hao and Xu, Zheng and Taylor, Gavin and Studer, Christoph and Goldstein, Tom},
	month = nov,
	year = {2018},
	note = {arXiv: 1712.09913},
	keywords = {Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Computer Science - Machine Learning, Statistics - Machine Learning},
	annote = {Comment: NIPS 2018 (extended version, 10.5 pages), code is available at https://github.com/tomgoldstein/loss-landscape},
	file = {Li et al_2018_arXiv1712.09913 [cs, stat].pdf:/home/a/MEGAsync/2018/Li et al_2018_arXiv1712.09913 [cs, stat].pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{Lipoma2018,
abstract = {Soil seed bank is an important source of resilience of plant communities who suffered disturbances. We analysed the effect of an intense fire in the soil seed bank of a semi-arid shrubland of C{\'{o}}rdoba Argentina. We asked if the fire affected seed abundance, floristic and functional composition of the soil seed bank at two different layers (0–5 cm and 5–10 cm), and if fire could compromise the role of the soil seed bank as a source of resilience for the vegetation. We collected soil samples from a burned site and from a control site that had not burned. Samples were installed in a greenhouse under controlled conditions. During 12 months, we recorded all germinated seedlings. We compare soil seed bank with pre-fire vegetation in terms of floristic and functional composition. The high-intensity fire deeply affected the abundance of seeds in the soil, but it did not affect its floristic or functional composition. Floristic and functional composition of soil seed banks – at burned and unburned sites- differed markedly from that of the pre-fire vegetation, although a previous study at the same site indicated high resilience after fire of this plant community. Our results indicate that resilience of this system is not strongly dependent on direct germination from seeds buried in the soil. Other sources of resilience, like colonization from neighbouring vegetation patches and resprouting from underground organs appear to gain relevance after an intense fire.},
author = {Lipoma, M. Lucrecia and Funes, Guillermo and D{\'{i}}az, Sandra},
doi = {10.1111/aec.12533},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2018/Lipoma, Funes, D{\'{i}}az - 2018.pdf:pdf},
issn = {14429993},
journal = {Austral Ecology},
keywords = {Argentina,fire,plant functional types,propaguls colonization,resilience,shrubland,soil seed bank,underground meristems},
number = {1},
pages = {46--55},
title = {{Fire effects on the soil seed bank and post-fire resilience of a semi-arid shrubland in central Argentina}},
volume = {43},
year = {2018}
}

@article{Liyanage2017,
abstract = {In fire-prone ecosystems, many species regenerate after fire from persistent soil seed banks. Species with physically dormant (PY) seeds have dormancy broken by fire-related heat. The magnitude of post-fire recruitment, to predict response to varying fire severity, is commonly estimated by testing dormancy-breaking temperature thresholds of fresh PY seeds. However, seeds spend years in the soil during the inter-fire period, and determining whether dormancy-breaking thresholds change over time is essential to accurately predict population persistence. Germination of four south-eastern Australian PY species from the Fabaceae family (Acacia linifolia, Aotus ericoides, Bossiaea heterophylla and Viminaria juncea) were studied. Dormancy-breaking temperature thresholds vary inter-specifically and the species represented either high or low dormancy-breaking threshold classes. Freshly collected seeds, and seeds that had been buried in the field or stored in dry laboratory conditions for 6 and 18 months were subjected to a fire-related range of heat treatments (40-100°C). Seed ageing increased germination response to heat treatments, effectively lowering the dormancy-breaking thresholds of three species. The fourth species, A. linifolia, initially had a relatively large non-dormant fraction which was lost as seeds aged, with older seeds then displaying PY broadly similar to the other study species. Patterns of threshold decay were species-specific, with the thresholds and viability of low-threshold species declining more rapidly than high-threshold species. The non-dormant fraction did not increase over time for any of our study species. Instead of increasing their non-dormant fraction, as is common in other vegetation types, these fire-prone PY species displayed a change of dormancy-breaking temperature thresholds. This is an important distinction, as maintaining dormancy during the inter-fire period is essential for population persistence. While changes in sensitivity to dormancy-breaking treatments have previously been reported as seeds age, our study provides the first test of changes to temperature thresholds, which increases the range of germination response from the seed bank under varying fire severity.},
author = {Liyanage, Ganesha S. and Ooi, Mark K.J.},
doi = {10.1017/S0960258516000271},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2020/Liyanage, Ooi - 2020.pdf:pdf},
issn = {09602585},
journal = {Seed Science Research},
keywords = {Dormancy-breaking temperatures,Fabaceae,fire,physical dormancy,seed ageing,seed storage,soil seed bank},
number = {1},
pages = {1--11},
title = {{Do dormancy-breaking temperature thresholds change as seeds age in the soil seed bank?}},
volume = {27},
year = {2017}
}

@article{Ludwig1978,
	title = {Qualitative {Analysis} of {Insect} {Outbreak} {Systems}: {The} {Spruce} {Budworm} and {Forest}},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {00218790},
	shorttitle = {Qualitative {Analysis} of {Insect} {Outbreak} {Systems}},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3939?origin=crossref},
	doi = {10.2307/3939},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-11-23},
	journal = {The Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Ludwig, D. and Jones, D. D. and Holling, C. S.},
	month = feb,
	year = {1978},
	pages = {315},
	file = {Ludwig et al_1978_The Journal of Animal Ecology.pdf:/home/a/MEGAsync/1978/Ludwig et al_1978_The Journal of Animal Ecology.pdf:application/pdf},
}


@article{Mack1981,
abstract = {Bromus tectorum L., the most ubiquitous alien in steppe vegetation in the intermountain West of North America, entered British Columbia, Washington, and Utah ca. 1889-1894. By ca. 1928 the grass had reached its present distribution occupying much of the perennial grasslands in Washington, Idaho, Oregon, Nevada, Utah and British Columbia as native grasses dwindled with overgrazing and cultivation. In the process this cleistogamous winter annual may have competitively displaced both native colonizers (including cleistogamous us annual grasses) as well as the dominants of climax stands. The spread of B. tectorum demonstrates the degree of success an alien may achieve when preadaption, habitat alteration simultaneous with entry, unwitting conformation of agricultural practices to the plant's ecology and apparent susceptibility of the native flora to invasion, are all in phase. {\textcopyright} 1981.},
author = {Mack, Richard N.},
doi = {10.1016/0304-3746(81)90027-5},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/1981/Mack - 1981.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0304-3746},
issn = {03043746},
journal = {Agro-Ecosystems},
number = {2},
pages = {145--165},
title = {{Invasion of Bromus tectorum L. into Western North America: An ecological chronicle}},
volume = {7},
year = {1981}
}

@article{Mahood2019,
author = {Mahood, Adam L. and Balch, Jennifer K.},
doi = {10.1002/ecs2.2591},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2019/Mahood, Balch - 2019.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Ecosphere},
keywords = {2019 the authors,accepted 11 january 2019,access article under the,artemisia tridentata ssp,biodiversity,bromus tectorum,c,cheatgrass,commons attribution,community composition,copyright,corresponding editor,debra p,fi re,fi re frequency,peters,received 5 october 2018,repeated fi re,revised 3 january 2019,sagebrush,terms of the creative,this is an open,wyomingensis},
number = {2},
pages = {e02591},
title = {{Repeated fires reduce plant diversity in low-elevation Wyoming big sagebrush ecosystems (1984 – 2014)}},
volume = {10},
year = {2019}
}


@article{Mahood2021,
	title = {Interannual climate variability mediates changes in carbon and nitrogen pools caused by annual grass invasion in a semiarid shrubland},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {1354-1013, 1365-2486},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.15921},
	doi = {10.1111/gcb.15921},
	abstract = {Exotic plant invasions alter ecosystem properties and threaten ecosystem functions globally. Interannual climate variability (ICV) influences both plant community composition (PCC) and soil properties, and interactions between ICV and PCC may influence nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) pools. We asked how ICV and non-­native annual grass invasion covary to influence soil and plant N and C in a semiarid shrubland undergoing widespread ecosystem transformation due to invasions and altered fire regimes. We sampled four progressive stages of annual grass invasion at 20 sites across a large (25,000 km2) landscape for plant community composition, plant tissue N and C, and soil total N and C in 2013 and 2016, which followed 2 years of dry and wet conditions, respectively. Multivariate analyses and ANOVAs showed that in invasion stages where native shrub and perennial grass and forb communities were replaced by annual grass-­ dominated communities, the ecosystem lost more soil N and C in wet years. Path analysis showed that high water availability led to higher herbaceous cover in all invasion stages. In stages with native shrubs and perennial grasses, higher perennial grass cover was associated with increased soil C and N, while in annual-­dominated stages, higher annual grass cover was associated with losses of soil C and N. Also, soil total C and C:N ratios were more homogeneous in annual-­dominated invasion stages as indicated by within-­site standard deviations. Loss of native shrubs and perennial grasses and forbs coupled with annual grass invasion may lead to long-­term declines in soil N and C and hamper restoration efforts. Restoration strategies that use innovative techniques and novel species to address increasing temperatures and ICV and emphasize maintaining plant community structure—­shrubs, grasses, and forbs—­will allow sagebrush ecosystems to maintain C sequestration, soil fertility, and soil heterogeneity.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-12-06},
	journal = {Global Change Biology},
	author = {Mahood, Adam L. and Jones, Rachel O. and Board, David I. and Balch, Jennifer K. and Chambers, Jeanne C.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {267--284},
	file = {Mahood et al_2022_Global Change Biology.pdf:/home/a/MEGAsync/2022/Mahood et al_2022_Global Change Biology.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{Maia2012,
abstract = {This study addressed the impacts of wildfire and, in particular, its severity on the seed bank of the litter/ash layer and the topsoil of a Mediterranean pine plantation (Pinus pinaster Ait.) in north-central Portugal. The study location was selected for presenting a homogeneous pine cover before the fire, on the one hand, and, on the other, heterogeneous patches with distinct degrees of damage to the pine crowns immediately after the fire. The experimental design involved the selection, from the opposite valley side, of three zones with adjacent strips of Low and High Canopy Consumption (L/HCC). Within each of these strips, a transect was laid out along which three plots were established at 10. m intervals. The same was done in the unburnt area immediately outside the fire perimeter. At each plot, samples were collected within the first two weeks after the fire to: (i) asses viable seed densities for three sampling layers, using the indirect method for a 10-month period; (ii) estimate maximum temperature reached (MTRs) at 0-3. cm depth, on the basis of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR). Fire severity at the plots was further determined by verifying, in situ, pine canopy consumption (FCC) as well as by measuring the minimum diameter of remaining shrub twigs (TDI). In comparison with the unburnt area, the recently burnt area as a whole revealed a substantial increase in overall densities of viable seeds. Seed bank composition, however, varied markedly within the burnt area but this could be explained reasonably well by differential effects of the wildfire associated with its severity, in terms of the two crown consumption classes as well as the TDI index but not the MTRs. The inclusion of the litter/ash layer and the separation of two soil depths were amply justified by providing clear support for the important role of fire severity, in particular for the two principal taxa (Calluna vulgaris and Erica spp., presumably mainly E. australis). {\textcopyright} 2012 Elsevier B.V.},
author = {Maia, P. and Pausas, J. G. and Arcenegui, V. and Guerrero, C. and P{\'{e}}rez-Bejarano, A. and Mataix-Solera, J. and Varela, M. E.T. and Fernandes, I. and Pedrosa, E. T. and Keizer, J. J.},
doi = {10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.02.001},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2012/Maia et al. - 2012.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00167061},
journal = {Geoderma},
keywords = {Calluna vulgaris,Erica spp.,Pinus pinaster Ait.,Soil seed bank,Wildfire},
pages = {80--88},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Wildfire effects on the soil seed bank of a maritime pine stand - The importance of fire severity}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.02.001},
volume = {191},
year = {2012}
}


@book{Melillo2014,
	title = {Climate {Change} {Impacts} in the {United} {States}: {The} {Third} {National} {Climate} {Assessment}. {U}.{S}.},
	isbn = {978-0-16-092402-6},
	abstract = {(Mote et al, 2014)},
	publisher = {U.S. Global Change Research Program},
	author = {Melillo, Jerry M. and Richmond, Terese (T.C.) and Yohe, Gary W.},
	year = {2014},
	doi = {10.7930/j0z31WJ2},
	file = {Melillo et al_2014_.pdf:/home/a/MEGAsync/2014/Melillo et al_2014_.pdf:application/pdf},
}


@inproceedings{Meyer1994,
author = {Meyer, Susan E},
booktitle = {Symposium on Management, Ecology, and Restoration of lntermountain Annual Rangelands, Boise, ID, May 18-21, 1992},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/1994/Meyer{\_}1994{\_}Germination and establishment ecology of big sagebrush implications for community restoration.pdf:pdf},
keywords = {arid lands,general ecology,sagebrush,seed bank},
mendeley-tags = {arid lands,general ecology,sagebrush,seed bank},
pages = {244--251},
title = {{Germination and establishment ecology of big sagebrush: implications for community restoration}},
year = {1994}
}

@article{Meyer2013,
author = {Meyer, Susan E and Monsen, Stephen B and Mcarthur, E Durant},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2013/Meyer, Monsen, Mcarthur - 2013.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Botanical Gazette},
number = {2},
pages = {176--183},
title = {{Germination Response of Artemisia tridentata (Asteraceae) to Light and Chill: Patterns of Between-Population Variation}},
volume = {151},
year = {2013}
}

@article{Miller2009,
author = {Miller, Jay D. and Knapp, Eric E. and Key, Carl H. and Skinner, Carl N. and Isbell, Clint J. and Creasy, R. Max and Sherlock, Joseph W.},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2008.11.009},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2009/Miller et al.{\_}2009{\_}Calibration and validation of the relative differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (RdNBR) to three measures of fire severi.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0034-4257},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
keywords = {Basal area,Canopy cover,Composite burn index (CBI),Fire severity,Landsat,Normalized Burn ratio (NBR)},
number = {3},
pages = {645--656},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Calibration and validation of the relative differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (RdNBR) to three measures of fire severity in the Sierra Nevada and Klamath Mountains, California, USA}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.11.009},
volume = {113},
year = {2009}
}

@article{Miller2010,
author = {Miller, Georgia and Friedel, Margaret and Adam, Paul and Chewings, Vanessa},
journal = {The Rangeland Journal},
keywords = {fuel load, burn severity, tree and shrub mortality, run-on/run-off.},
number = {4},
pages = {353--365},
title = {{Ecological impacts of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) invasion in central Australia  does field evidence support a fire-invasion feedback?}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1071/RJ09076},
volume = {32},
year = {2010}
}

@article{Milton2004,
abstract = {Grasses are important, but often overlooked, elements of the South African alien flora. Current information shows that 15% of the grass genera and 12% of grass species in southern Africa are naturalized aliens. Many of these species are invasive in other parts of the world, where they are reducing the biodiversity of indigenous communities, changing ecosystem processes, retarding ecosystem restoration and reducing profits from ranching and arable agriculture. Their spread has been facilitated by domestic livestock, disturbance, long-distance transport and nitrogen addition to soils. Control is complicated by abundant seed production, persistent seed banks, positive response to disturbance, a dearth of biocontrol research and, in some cases, by herbicide resistance. This review of the impacts of alien grasses in other parts of the world suggests that alien grasses will become increasingly prevalent in South Africa, and that more research, aimed at identifying appropriate management responses, would be justified.},
author = {Milton, Sue J.},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2004/Milton - 2004.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00382353},
journal = {South African Journal of Science},
number = {1-2},
pages = {69--75},
title = {{Grasses as invasive alien plants in South Africa}},
volume = {100},
year = {2004}
}

@article{Monty2013,
author = {Monty, Arnaud and Brown, Cynthia S. and Johnston, Danielle B.},
doi = {10.1007/s10530-012-0355-1},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2013/Monty, Brown, Johnston - 2013.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1387-3547},
issn = {13873547},
journal = {Biological Invasions},
keywords = {Cheatgrass,Diaspore,Secondary dispersal,Seed dimorphism,Seed tracking,Wind dispersal,arid lands,cheatgrass,fire,seed bank},
mendeley-tags = {arid lands,cheatgrass,fire,seed bank},
number = {5},
pages = {1113--1123},
title = {{Fire promotes downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) seed dispersal}},
volume = {15},
year = {2013}
}

@article{Morgan1988,
author = {Morgan, P. and Neuenschwander, L. F.},
title = {Seed-bank contributions to regeneration of shrub species after clear-cutting and burning},
journal = {Canadian Journal of Botany},
volume = {66},
number = {1},
pages = {169-172},
year = {1988},
doi = {10.1139/b88-026},
URL = {https://doi.org/10.1139/b88-026},
eprint = { https://doi.org/10.1139/b88-026},
    abstract = { Seed banks contributed significantly to regeneration of early seral shrubs after clear-cutting and fall broadcast burning of dense coniferous forests of the Thuja plicata/Clintonia uniflora habitat type in northern Idaho. Seeds were separated from 36 samples of soil and surface organic matter from 15 uncut forest stands. Total seed density averaged 1151±1896 seeds/m2, and seed density for individual shrub species ranged from 1±3 to 690±1728 seeds/m2. Canopy cover of the "obligate" seed bank species, such as Ceanothus sanguineus and Prunus emarginata, was low or nonexistent in uncut forests, seed constancy and density in seed bank were high, and seedling regeneration on 2-year-old burns was abundant. Species that were "non-reliant" on seed banks, including Symphoricarpos albus and Rosa gymnocarpa, resprouted and no seedlings were found after burning. Response of "opportunistic" seed-bank species such as Rubus parviflorus and Rubus ursinus was intermediate; both seedling and sprout regeneration occurred after cutting and burning. These species existed in uncut stands both in the seed bank and in the understory. Burn severity affected germination and (or) seedling survival of Ceanothus sanguineus. Its percent canopy cover was greater on high-severity than on low-severity 2-year-old burns. }
}



@article{Nagel2004,
abstract = {To examine how global change could influence species invasions, we compared the responses of energetic processes and growth of invasive and native grass species to atmospheric CO2 enrichment in an intact Mojave Desert ecosystem. Combined with its modest influence on photosynthetic activity, elevated atmospheric CO2 was associated with a significant reduction in the energetic cost of aboveground biomass construction in invasive Bromus madritensis spp. rubens (red brome) without a concurrent cost reduction in native Vulpia octoflora (six-weeks fescue). Consequently, the invasive grass species grew faster, grew bigger, and produced more seeds with atmospheric CO2 enrichment than the native grass species. As a physiological mechanism of invasive species success driven by CO2 enrichment, such alterations in biomass construction costs combined with increased photosynthetic activity could trigger a shift in the species composition of this ecosystem, and potentially that of other invaded ecosystems, toward increased invasive species dominance.},
author = {Nagel, Jennifer M. and Huxman, Travis E. and Griffin, Kevin L. and Smith, Stanley D.},
doi = {10.1890/02-3005},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2004/Nagel et al. - 2004.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00129658},
journal = {Ecology},
keywords = {Bromus madritensis spp. rubens,CO2; energetics,Construction cost,Invasive species,Mojave Desert,NDFF,Nevada (USA),Photosynthesis,Relative growth rate,Vulpia octoflora},
number = {1},
pages = {100--106},
title = {{CO2 enrichment reduces the energetic cost of biomass construction in an invasive desert grass}},
volume = {85},
year = {2004}
}

@article{Nagy2020,
author = {Nagy, R. Chelsea and Fusco, Emily J. and Balch, Jennifer K. and Finn, John T. and Mahood, Adam and Allen, Jenica M. and Bradley, Bethany A.},
doi = {10.1111/1365-2664.13770},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2020/Nagy et al. - 2020.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0021-8901},
journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
number = {May},
pages = {1--11},
title = {{A synthesis of the effects of cheatgrass invasion on U.S. Great Basin carbon storage}},
year = {2020}
}

@article{Ottaviani2020,
abstract = {Dominants are key species that shape ecosystem functioning. Plant dominance is typically assessed on aboveground features. However, belowground, individual species may not scale proportionally in relation to their aboveground dimension. This is especially important in ecosystems where most biomass is allocated belowground, including grassy and shrubby biomes.},
author = {Ottaviani, Gianluigi and Molina-Venegas, Rafael and Charles-Dominique, Tristan and Chelli, Stefano and Campetella, Giandiego and Canullo, Roberto and Klime{\v{s}}ov{\'{a}}, Jitka},
doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2020.06.006},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2020/Ottaviani et al. - 2020.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {9780198849834},
issn = {01695347},
journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
keywords = {belowground organs,biomass allocation,biomass scaling,ecosystem functioning,local abundance},
number = {9},
pages = {763--766},
pmid = {32650986},
title = {{The Neglected Belowground Dimension of Plant Dominance}},
volume = {35},
year = {2020}
}

@article{Owens1992,
author = {Owens, M. K. and Norton, B. E.},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/1992/Owens, Norton - 1992.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Journal of Range Management},
number = {3},
pages = {257--262},
title = {{Interactions of Grazing and Plant Protection on Basin Big Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp . tridentata) Seedling Survival}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4002974},
volume = {45},
year = {1992}
}

@article{Palmer2018,
abstract = {Very high-severity fires are a component of many fire-prone ecosystems, yet are often viewed as detrimental to vegetation. However, species in such systems are likely to have adapted to persist under a fire regime that includes high-severity fires. We examined how fire severity affects post-fire recruitment and residual seed banks of Acacia species and whether severity may affect plant responses to fire intervals. Nine sites of either high or low burn severity were identified after a large-scale mixed-severity fire in Warrumbungle National Park, south-eastern Australia. Transects were used to sample above-ground woody plant density. Seed bank size was surveyed by soil extraction from two depths and manual searching for seeds. Residual soil seed bank and recruitment were compared across the two burn severities. Acacia seedling density was higher in areas burnt at high severity, indicating that increased severity triggers increased germination from the seed bank. Size of residual seed bank was smaller after high-severity fire, but varied between species, with few Acacia cheelii seeds remaining despite high above-ground abundance. In contrast, A. penninervis retained a small residual seed bank. There was little evidence of negative effects on populations of Acacia species after high-severity burns. However, we found that high fire severity may impact on the ability of a species to persist in response to a subsequent short fire interval. Fire management for maintaining biodiversity needs to consider other key aspects of the fire regime, including severity and season, rather than focusing solely on fire frequency.},
author = {Palmer, Harrison D. and Denham, Andrew J. and Ooi, Mark K.J.},
doi = {10.1007/s11258-018-0815-5},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2018/Palmer, Denham, Ooi - 2018.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1125801808},
issn = {15735052},
journal = {Plant Ecology},
keywords = {Acacia,Fire severity,Heat shock,Land management,Obligate seeder,Physical dormancy,Recruitment,Residual seed bank},
number = {5},
pages = {527--537},
publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
title = {{Fire severity drives variation in post-fire recruitment and residual seed bank size of Acacia species}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-018-0815-5},
volume = {219},
year = {2018}
}

@article{Paritsis2015,
author = {Paritsis, Juan and Veblen, Thomas T and Holz, Andr{\'{e}}s},
doi = {10.1111/jvs.12225},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2015/Paritsis, Veblen, Holz - 2015.pdf:pdf},
issn = {11009233},
journal = {Journal of Vegetation Science},
keywords = {101,2015,26,89,fire-prone shrublands in,nothofagus pumilio forests to,positive fire feedbacks contribute,rnal of vegetation science,to shifts from},
pages = {89--101},
title = {{Positive fire feedbacks contribute to shifts from Nothofagus pumilio forests to fire-prone shrublands in Patagonia}},
volume = {26},
year = {2015}
}

@article{Parks2016,
author = {Parks, Sean A. and Miller, Carol and Abatzoglou, John T. and Holsinger, Lisa M. and Parisien, Marc Andr{\'{e}} and Dobrowski, Solomon Z.},
doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/035002},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2016/Parks et al. - 2016(2).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1748-9326},
issn = {17489326},
journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
keywords = {climate change,disequilibrium,fire regime,fire severity,wildland fire},
number = {3},
pages = {35002},
publisher = {IOP Publishing},
title = {{How will climate change affect wildland fire severity in the western US?}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/035002},
volume = {11},
year = {2016}
}

@article{Parks2018,
author = {Parks, Sean A. and Holsinger, Lisa M. and Voss, Morgan A. and Loehman, Rachel A. and Robinson, Nathaniel P.},
doi = {10.3390/rs10060879},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Unknown/Parks et al.{\_}Unknown{\_}with Google Earth Engine Offer Improved Accuracy and Expanded Mapping Potential.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {2072-4292},
issn = {20724292},
journal = {Remote Sensing},
keywords = {Burnseverity,Changedetection,Composite burn index (CBI),DNBR,Landsat,MTBS,RBR,RdNBR},
number = {6},
pages = {1--15},
title = {{Mean composite fire severity metrics computed with google earth engine offer improved accuracy and expanded mapping potential}},
volume = {10},
year = {2018}
}


@article{Parks2020,
	title = {Warmer and {Drier} {Fire} {Seasons} {Contribute} to {Increases} in {Area} {Burned} at {High} {Severity} in {Western} {US} {Forests} {From} 1985 to 2017},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0094-8276, 1944-8007},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020GL089858},
	doi = {10.1029/2020GL089858},
	abstract = {Increases in burned area across the western United States (US) since the mid‐1980s have been widely documented and linked partially to climate factors, yet evaluations of trends in fire severity are lacking. Here we evaluate fire severity trends and their interannual relationships to climate for western US forests from 1985 to 2017. Significant increases in annual area burned at high severity (AABhs) were observed across most ecoregions, with an overall eightfold increase in AABhs across western US forests. The relationships we identified between the annual fire severity metrics and climate, as well as the observed and projected trend toward warmer and drier fire seasons, suggest that climate change will contribute to increased fire severity in future decades where fuels remain abundant. The growing prevalence of high‐severity fire in western US forests has important implications to forest ecosystems, including an increased probability of fire‐catalyzed conversions from forest to alternative vegetation types. Plain Language Summary The physical and ecological effects of wildfire (hereafter fire severity) have important consequences in terms of soil erosion, carbon storage, forest succession, wildlife habitat, and human safety and infrastructure. This study evaluated changes in fire severity in western US forests from 1985 to 2017 and tested whether fire severity varied with fire‐season climate. Results show that area burned at high severity increased across most of the study area, with an overall eightfold increase in western US forests from 1985 to 2017. Furthermore, warmer and drier fire seasons corresponded with higher severity fire, indicating that continued climate change may result in increased fire severity in future decades. One potential consequence of greater area burned at high severity is an increased probability that forests will convert to alternative vegetation types. Our findings provide some guidance to managers as society struggles to better coexist with fire. For example, it may be possible to increase the prevalence of low‐ and moderate‐severity fire, sometimes referred to as “good fire”, through thoughtful planning about where and when to implement a less aggressive fire suppression response. Similar to prescribed fires that promote forest resilience, unplanned fires that burn during less‐than‐extreme fire seasons have the potential to serve as effective “fuel treatments”.},
	language = {en},
	number = {22},
	urldate = {2021-11-24},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Parks, S. A. and Abatzoglou, J. T.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	file = {Parks and Abatzoglou - 2020 - Warmer and Drier Fire Seasons Contribute to Increa.pdf:/home/a/Zotero/storage/XB9UNW3V/Parks and Abatzoglou - 2020 - Warmer and Drier Fire Seasons Contribute to Increa.pdf:application/pdf},
}


@article{Pausas2017,
author = {Pausas, Juli G. and Keeley, Jon E. and Schwilk, Dylan W.},
doi = {10.1111/1365-2745.12691},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2017/Pausas, Keeley, Schwilk - 2017.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {2150-8925},
issn = {13652745},
journal = {Journal of Ecology},
keywords = {fire,fire-prone ecosystems,flammability dimensions,plant flammability strategies,scale,traits},
mendeley-tags = {fire,traits},
number = {2},
pages = {289--297},
title = {{Flammability as an ecological and evolutionary driver}},
volume = {105},
year = {2017}
}

@article{Perryman2001,
author = {Perryman, Barry L and Maier, Aaron M and Hild, Ann L and Olson, Richard A},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2001/Perryman et al. - 2001.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Journal of Range Management},
number = {2},
pages = {166--170},
title = {{Demographic characteristics of 3 Artemisia tridentata Nutt. subspecies}},
volume = {54},
year = {2001}
}

@article{Petraitis1999,
author = {Petraitis, Peter S. and Latham, Roger Earl},
doi = {10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[0429:TIOSIT]2.0.CO;2},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/1999/Petraitis, Latham - 1999.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0012-9658},
issn = {00129658},
journal = {Ecology},
keywords = {Algae,Alternative community states,Ascophyllum,Community ecology,Disturbance,Ericaceae,Fire ecology,Marine intertidal systems,Mussels,Scale-dependent processes,Spatial autocorrelation,Species assemblages,alternative,alternative stable states,comps1,general ecology},
mendeley-tags = {alternative stable states,comps1,general ecology},
number = {2},
pages = {429--442},
pmid = {79036500008},
title = {{The importance of scale in testing the origins of alternative community states}},
volume = {80},
year = {1999}
}

@article{Picotte2016,
author = {Picotte, Joshua J. and Peterson, Birgit and Meier, Gretchen and Howard, Stephen M.},
doi = {10.1071/WF15039},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2016/Picotte et al. - 2016.pdf:pdf},
issn = {10498001},
journal = {International Journal of Wildland Fire},
keywords = {LANDFIRE Environmental Site Potential,Landsat,MTBS,Relativized differenced Normalized Burn Ratio,differenced Normalized Burn Ratio,sigmoid distribution,wildfire},
number = {4},
pages = {413--420},
title = {{1984-2010 trends in fire burn severity and area for the conterminous US}},
volume = {25},
year = {2016}
}

@article{Plue2017,
author = {Plue, J. and Colas, F. and Auffret, A. G. and Cousins, S. A.O.},
doi = {10.1111/plb.12516},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2017/Plue et al. - 2017.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1435-8603},
issn = {14388677},
journal = {Plant Biology},
keywords = {Conservation,functional traits,germination,habitat fragmentation,habitat specialists,plant life history,seed bank,seed longevity index,semi-natural grassland},
mendeley-tags = {seed bank},
number = {2},
pages = {201--210},
pmid = {27741365},
title = {{Methodological bias in the seed bank flora holds significant implications for understanding seed bank community functions}},
volume = {19},
year = {2017}
}


@article{Ponzetti2007,
	title = {Biotic soil crusts in relation to topography, cheatgrass and fire in the {Columbia} {Basin}, {Washington}},
	volume = {110},
	issn = {0007-2745},
	doi = {10.1639/0007-2745(2007)110[706:BSCIRT]2.0.CO;2},
	abstract = {We studied lichen and bryophyte soil crust communities in a large public grazing allotment within a sagebrush steppe ecosystem in which the biotic soil crusts are largely intact. The allotment had been rested from grazing for 12 years) but experienced an extensive series of wildfires. In the 350, 4 x 0.5 m plots, stratified by topographic position, we found 60 species or species groups that can be distinguished in the field with a hand lens, averaging 11.5 species groups per plot. Lichen and bryophyte soil crust communities differed among topographic positions. Draws were the most disturbed, apparently from water erosion in a narrow channel and mass wasting from the steepened sides. Presumably because of this disturbance, draws had the lowest average species richness of all the topographic strata we examined. Biotic crust species richness and cover were inversely related to cover of the invasive annual, cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), and positively related to cover of native bunchgrasses. Integrity of the biotic crust was more strongly related to cheatgrass than to fire. In general, we observed good recovery of crusts following fire, but only in those areas dominated by perennial bunchgrasses. We interpret the resilience of the biotic crust, in this case, to the low abundance of cheatgrass, low amounts of soil disturbance and high moss cover. These fires have not resulted in an explosion of the cheatgrass population, perhaps because of the historically low levels of livestock grazing.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {The Bryologist},
	author = {Ponzetti, J. M. and Mccune, B. and Pyke, David A.},
	year = {2007},
	note = {ISBN: 0007-2745},
	keywords = {fire, cheatgrass, disturbance, community composition, erosion, recovery, biotic soil crusts, canyon-national-park, columbia basin, community, cryptogamic crusts, desert, microbiotic crusts, mosses, north-america, shrub-steppe, soil bryophytes, soil lichens, washington},
	pages = {706--722},
	file = {Ponzetti et al_2007_The Bryologist.pdf:/home/a/MEGAsync/2007/Ponzetti et al_2007_The Bryologist.pdf:application/pdf},
}


@Manual{R,
  title = {R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing},
  author = {{R Core Team}},
  organization = {R Foundation for Statistical Computing},
  address = {Vienna, Austria},
  year = {2020},
  url = {https://www.R-project.org/},
}

@article{Ratajczak2014,
author = {Ratajczak, Zak and Nippert, Jesse B. and Briggs, John M. and Blair, John M.},
doi = {10.1111/1365-2745.12311},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2014/Ratajczak et al. - 2014.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00220477},
journal = {Journal of Ecology},
number = {6},
pages = {1374--1385},
title = {{Fire dynamics distinguish grasslands, shrublands and woodlands as alternative attractors in the Central Great Plains of North America}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1365-2745.12311},
volume = {102},
year = {2014}
}

@article{Ratajczak2018,
author = {Ratajczak, Zak and Carpenter, Stephen R. and Ives, Anthony R. and Kucharik, Christopher J. and Ramiadantsoa, Tanjona and Stegner, M. Allison and Williams, John W. and Zhang, Jien and Turner, Monica G.},
doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2018.04.013},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2018/Ratajczak et al. - 2018.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1872-8383 (Electronic) 0169-5347 (Linking)},
issn = {01695347},
journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
keywords = {collapse,comps2,disturbance,regime shifts,resilience,stochasticity,tipping points},
mendeley-tags = {comps2},
number = {7},
pages = {513--526},
pmid = {29784428},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Abrupt Change in Ecological Systems: Inference and Diagnosis}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2018.04.013},
volume = {33},
year = {2018}
}


@article{Reed-dustin2016,
author = {Reed-Dustin, Claire M and Mata-Gonz{\'{a}}lez, Ricardo and Rodhouse, Thomas J},
file = {:home/computer/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2016/Reed-Dustin, Mata-Gonz{\'{a}}lez, Rodhouse{\_}2016{\_}Long-Term Fire Effects on Native and Invasive Grasses in Protected Area Sagebrush Steppe.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Rangeland Ecology {\&} Management},
number = {4},
pages = {257--264},
title = {{Long-Term Fire Effects on Native and Invasive Grasses in Protected Area Sagebrush Steppe}},
volume = {69},
year = {2016}
}

@article{Gill2022,
	title = {Limitations to {Propagule} {Dispersal} {Will} {Constrain} {Postfire} {Recovery} of {Plants} and {Fungi} in {Western} {Coniferous} {Forests}},
	issn = {0006-3568, 1525-3244},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/advance-article/doi/10.1093/biosci/biab139/6512408},
	doi = {10.1093/biosci/biab139},
	abstract = {Many forest species are adapted to long-interval, high-severity fires, but the intervals between severe fires are decreasing with changes in climate, land use, and biological invasions. Although the effects of changing fire regimes on some important recovery processes have previously been considered, the consequences for the dispersal of propagules (plant seeds and fungal spores) in forest communities have not. We characterize three mechanisms by which changing fire regimes disrupt propagule dispersal in mesic temperate, boreal, and high-elevation forests: reduced abundance and altered spatial distributions of propagule source populations, less effective dispersal of propagules by wind, and altered behavior of animal dispersers and propagule predators. We consider how disruptions to propagule dispersal may interact with other factors that are also influenced by fire regime change, potentially increasing risk of forest conversion. Finally, we highlight urgent research topics regarding how dispersal limitation may shape twenty-first century forest recovery after stand-replacing fire.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-02-04},
	journal = {BioScience},
	author = {Gill, Nathan S and Turner, Monica G and Brown, Carissa D and Glassman, Sydney I and Haire, Sandra L and Hansen, Winslow D and Pansing, Elizabeth R and St Clair, Samuel B and Tomback, Diana F},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {biab139},
	file = {Gill et al_2022_BioScience.pdf:/home/a/Documents/pdfs/2022/Gill et al_2022_BioScience.pdf:application/pdf},
}


@article{Rossi2014,
abstract = {In the Cerrado Biome of Brazil, African grasses constitute a serious problem, occurring in virtually all protected areas. Molasses grass (Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv.) accumulates more biomass than do most other species of the herbaceous stratum vegetation native to the Cerrado. In this study, our aim was to determine the impact of M. minutiflora on native vegetation, as well as (using simulations of fire traits) on the characteristics of fires, in invaded areas of the Serra do Rola-Mo{\c{c}}a State Park (Parque Estadual da Serra do Rola-Mo{\c{c}}a, PESRM), a protected area where fires are frequent, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Our main results are that M. minutiflora considerably increases the amount of biomass, becoming the main combustible plant in the campo-cerrado (grassy-woody savanna) fires in the PESRM; that the native monocot biomass is inversely correlated with the M. minutiflora biomass, suggesting suppression of the native herbaceous stratum; that eudicots are diminished by M. minutiflora, both in number of individuals and number of species; and that fires are more severe in M. minutiflora-invaded areas.},
author = {Rossi, Rafael Drumond and Martins, Carlos Romero and Viana, Pedro Lage and Rodrigues, Evandro Lu{\'{i}}s and Figueira, Jos{\'{e}} Eug{\^{e}}nio C{\^{o}}rtes},
doi = {10.1590/0102-33062014abb3390},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2014/Rossi et al. - 2014.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1677941X},
journal = {Acta Botanica Brasilica},
keywords = {BehavePlus,Biological invasion,Cerrado,Fire intensity,Savannah},
number = {4},
pages = {631--637},
title = {{Impact of invasion by molasses grass (Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv.) on native species and on fires in areas of campo-cerrado in Brazil}},
volume = {28},
year = {2014}
}


@article{Rother2015,
	title = {A field experiment informs expected patterns of conifer regeneration after disturbance under changing climate conditions},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {0045-5067},
	url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0033},
	doi = {10.1139/cjfr-2015-0033},
	abstract = {Climate change may inhibit tree regeneration following disturbances such as wildfire, altering post-disturbance vegetation trajectories. We implemented a field experiment to examine the effects of manipulations of temperature and water on ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex P. Lawson \& C. Lawson) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings planted in a low-elevation, recently disturbed setting of the Colorado Front Range. We implemented four treatments: warmed only (Wm), watered only (Wt), warmed and watered (WmWt), and control (Co). We found that measures of growth and survival varied significantly by treatment type. Average growth and survival was highest in the Wt plots, followed by the Co, WmWt, and Wm plots, respectively. This general trend was observed for both conifer species, although average growth and survival was generally higher in ponderosa pine than in Douglas-fir. Our findings suggest that warming temperatures and associated drought are likely to inhibit post-dis...},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	author = {Rother, Monica T. and Veblen, Thomas T. and Furman, Luke G.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {ISBN: 0045-5067},
	keywords = {climate change, wildfire, tree regeneration, ponderosa pine, résumé, après une perturbation, arbres a, ce qui modifierait les, expérience de terrain pour, field experiment, inhiber la régénération des, la suite de perturbations, les changements climatiques pourraient, nous avons effectué une, open-top chambers, telles qu, trajectoires de la végétation, un feu},
	pages = {1607--1616},
	file = {Rother et al_2015_Canadian Journal of Forest Research.pdf:/home/a/MEGAsync/2015/Rother et al_2015_Canadian Journal of Forest Research.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{Schimmel1996,
author = {Schimmel, Johnny and Granstr{\"{o}}m, Anders},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/1996/Schimmel, Granstr{\"{o}}m - 1996.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Ecology},
number = {5},
pages = {1436--1450},
title = {{Fire Severity and Vegetation Response in the Boreal Swedish Forest}},
volume = {77},
year = {1996}
}

@article{Schlaepfer2014,
author = {Schlaepfer, Daniel R. and Lauenroth, William K. and Bradford, John B.},
doi = {10.2111/REM-D-13-00079.1},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2014/Schlaepfer, Lauenroth, Bradford - 2014.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1307766285},
issn = {15507424},
journal = {Rangeland Ecology & Management},
keywords = {recruitment,sage-grouse habitat,sagebrush,sagebrush steppe,seed bank,seedlings,seeds,soil},
mendeley-tags = {sagebrush,seed bank,soil},
number = {4},
pages = {344--357},
title = {{Natural Regeneration Processes in Big Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata)}},
url = {http://srmjournals.org/doi/abs/10.2111/REM-D-13-00079.1},
volume = {67},
year = {2014}
}

@article{Scheffer2001,
  title={Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems},
  author={Scheffer, M and Carpenter, S and Foley, JA and Folke, C and Walker, B},
  volume={413},
  pages={591--596},
  journal={Nature},
  year={2001}
}


@article{Scheffer2003,
	title = {Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems: linking theory to observation},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {01695347},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534703002787},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2003.09.002},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Scheffer, Marten and Carpenter, Stephen R.},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {648--656},
	file = {Scheffer_Carpenter_2003_Trends in Ecology & Evolution.pdf:/home/a/MEGAsync/2003/Scheffer_Carpenter_2003_Trends in Ecology & Evolution.pdf:application/pdf},
}


@article{Scheffer2012,
	title = {Anticipating {Critical} {Transitions}},
	volume = {338},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1225244},
	abstract = {Tipping points in complex systems may imply risks of unwanted collapse, but also opportunities for positive change. Our capacity to navigate such risks and opportunities can be boosted by combining emerging insights from two unconnected fields of research. One line of work is revealing fundamental architectural features that may cause ecological networks, financial markets, and other complex systems to have tipping points. Another field of research is uncovering generic empirical indicators of the proximity to such critical thresholds. Although sudden shifts in complex systems will inevitably continue to surprise us, work at the crossroads of these emerging fields offers new approaches for anticipating critical transitions.},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Scheffer, Marten and Carpenter, Stephen R. and Lenton, Timothy M. and Bascompte, Jordi and Brock, William and Dakos, Vasilis and van de Koppel, Johan and van de Leemput, Ingrid a. and Levin, Simon a. and van Nes, Egbert H. and Pascual, Mercedes and Vandermeer, John},
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {23087241},
	note = {ISBN: 1095-9203 (Electronic){\textbackslash}r0036-8075 (Linking)},
	keywords = {general ecology, disturbance, comps, alternative stable states alternative stable states},
	pages = {344--348},
	file = {Scheffer et al_2012_Science.pdf:/home/a/MEGAsync/2012/Scheffer et al_2012_Science.pdf:application/pdf},
}


@article{Scheffer2015,
	title = {Generic {Indicators} of {Ecological} {Resilience}: {Inferring} the {Chance} of a {Critical} {Transition}},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1543-592X, 1545-2069},
	shorttitle = {Generic {Indicators} of {Ecological} {Resilience}},
	url = {https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054242},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054242},
	abstract = {Ecological resilience is the ability of a system to persist in the face of perturbations. Although resilience has been a highly influential concept, its interpretation has remained largely qualitative. Here we describe an emerging family of methods for quantifying resilience on the basis of observations. A first set of methods is based on the phenomenon of critical slowing down, which implies that recovery upon small perturbations becomes slower as a system approaches a tipping point. Such slowing down can be measured experimentally but may also be indirectly inferred from changes in natural fluctuations and spatial patterns. A second group of methods aims to characterize the resilience of alternative states in probabilistic terms based on large numbers of observations as in long time series or satellite images. These generic approaches to measuring resilience complement the systemspecific knowledge needed to infer the effects of environmental change on the resilience of complex systems.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-12-08},
	journal = {Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics},
	author = {Scheffer, Marten and Carpenter, Stephen R. and Dakos, Vasilis and van Nes, Egbert H.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {145--167},
	file = {Scheffer et al_2015_Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics.pdf:/home/a/MEGAsync/2015/Scheffer et al_2015_Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics.pdf:application/pdf},
}


@article{Schroder2005,
	title = {Direct experimental evidence for alternative stable states: {A} review},
	volume = {110},
	issn = {00301299},
	doi = {10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13962.x},
	abstract = {A large number of studies have presented empirical arguments for the existence of alternative stable states (ASS) in a wide range of ecological systems. However, most of these studies have used non-manipulative, indirect methods, which findings remain open for alternative explanations. Here, we review the direct evidence for ASS resulting from manipulation experiments. We distinguish four conclusive experimental approaches which test for predictions made by the hysteresis effect: (1) discontinuity in the response to an environmental driving parameter, (2) lack of recovery potential after a perturbation, (3) divergence due to different initial conditions and (4) random divergence. Based on an extensive literature search we found 35 corresponding experiments. We assessed the ecological stability of the reported contrasting states using the minimum turnover of individuals in terms of life span and classified the studies according to 4 categories: (1) experimental system, (2) habitat type, (3) involved organisms and (4) theoretical framework. 13 experiments have directly demonstrated the existence of alternative stable states while 8 showed the absence of ASS in other cases. 14 experiments did not fulfil the requirements of a conclusive test, mostly because they applied a too short time scale. We found a bias towards laboratory experiments compared to field experiments in demonstrating bistability. There was no clear pattern of the distribution of ASS over categories. The absence of ASS in 38\% of the tested systems indicates that ASS are just one possibility of how ecological systems can behave. The relevance of the concept of ASS for natural systems is discussed, in particular under consideration of the observed laboratory bias, perturbation frequency and variable environments. It is argued, that even for a permanently transient system, alternative attractors may still be of relevance. Copyright © OIKOS 2005.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {Schröder, Arne and Persson, Lennart and De Roos, André M.},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {3--19},
}


@article{Schwilk2002,
author = {Schwilk, Dylan W. and Kerr, Benjamin},
doi = {10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.11730.x},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2002/Schwilk, Kerr - 2002.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0030-1299},
issn = {00301299},
journal = {Oikos},
number = {3},
pages = {431--442},
title = {{Genetic niche-hiking: An alternative explanation for the evolution of flammability}},
volume = {99},
year = {2002}
}

@article{Setterfield2010,
abstract = {Aim: This study aimed to quantify changes in fire severity resulting from the invasion of Australia's tropical savannas by the African grass Andropogon gayanus Kunth. (gamba grass). Location: Mesic savannas of the Northern Territory, Australia. Method: Byram's fire-line intensity (If), fuel load and architecture, and two post-fire indicators of fire intensity - scorch height (SH) and char height (CH) of woody vegetation - were determined for fires in native grass savanna and A. gayanus invaded savanna. Leaf scorch is the height at which the fire's radiant heat browns leaf tissue, and leaf char is the height that radiant heat blackens or consumes leaf tissue and provides an indirect measure of flame height. These data, and 5 years of similar data collected from the Kapalga Fire Project in Kakadu National Park, were used to develop empirical relationships between If and the post-fire indices of fire intensity. Results: A relationship between A. gayanus If and SH could not be developed because complete canopy scorch occurred in most A. gayanus fires, even at low If. In contrast, A. gayanus If was strongly correlated with CH. This empirical relationship was substantially different from that for native grass fires. For a given If, there was a significantly greater CH in invaded sites. This increase in radiant heat is attributable to the increased biomass (mean 3.6 t ha-1 in native grasses compared to 11.6 t ha-1 in A. gayanus) and height (approximately 0.5 m in native grasses compared to 4 m in A. gayanus) of the standing fine fuel. Main conclusion: Andropogon gayanus invasion resulted in substantial changes in fire behaviour. This has important regional implications owing to the current (10,000-15,000 km2) and predicted (380,000 km2) area of invasion and the negative consequences for the native savanna biota that has evolved with frequent but relatively low-intensity fire. {\textcopyright} 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.},
author = {Setterfield, Samantha A. and Rossiter-Rachor, Natalie A. and Hutley, Lindsay B. and Douglas, Michael M. and Williams, Richard J.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00688.x},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2010/Setterfield et al. - 2010.pdf:pdf},
issn = {13669516},
journal = {Diversity and Distributions},
keywords = {Alien grass,Biological invasions,Fire behaviour,Fire intensity,Fire severity,Invasive alien species},
number = {5},
pages = {854--861},
title = {{Turning up the heat: The impacts of Andropogon gayanus (gamba grass) invasion on fire behaviour in northern Australian savannas}},
volume = {16},
year = {2010}
}

@article{Shannon1949,
  title={The mathematical theory of communication. University of Illinois Press, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA, 117 p.},
  author={Shannon, CE and Weaver, W},
  year={1949}
}

@article{Shinneman2016,
author = {Shinneman, Douglas J. and McIlroy, Susan K.},
doi = {10.1071/WF16013},
file = {:home/computer/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2016/Shinneman, McIlroy{\_}2016{\_}Identifying key climate and environmental factors affecting rates of post-fire big sagebrush (Artemisia tridenta.pdf:pdf},
issn = {10498001},
journal = {International Journal of Wildland Fire},
keywords = {sagebrush},
mendeley-tags = {sagebrush},
pages = {933--945},
title = {{Identifying key climate and environmental factors affecting rates of post-fire big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) recovery in the northern Columbia Basin, USA}},
volume = {25},
year = {2016}
}

@article{Shriver2018,
	title = {Adapting management to a changing world: {Warm} temperatures, dry soil, and interannual variability limit restoration success of a dominant woody shrub in temperate drylands},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {13652486},
	doi = {10.1111/gcb.14374},
	abstract = {Restoration and rehabilitation of native vegetation in dryland ecosystems, which encompass over 40\% of terrestrial ecosystems, is a common challenge that continues to grow as wildfire and biological invasions transform dryland plant communities. The difficulty in part stems from low and variable precipitation, combined with limited understanding about how weather conditions influence restoration outcomes, and increasing recognition that one-time seeding approaches can fail if they do not occur during appropriate plant establishment conditions. The sagebrush biome, which once covered over 620,000 km2 of western North America, is a prime example of a pressing dryland restoration challenge for which restoration success has been variable. We analyzed field data on Artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush) restoration collected at 771 plots in 177 wildfire sites across its western range, and used process-based ecohydrological modeling to identify factors leading to its establishment. Our results indicate big sagebrush occurrence is most strongly associated with relatively cool temperatures and wet soils in the first spring after seeding. In particular, the amount of winter snowpack, but not total precipitation, helped explain the availability of spring soil moisture and restoration success. We also find considerable interannual variability in the probability of sagebrush establishment. Adaptive management strategies that target seeding during cool, wet years or mitigate effects of variability through repeated seeding may improve the likelihood of successful restoration in dryland ecosystems. Given consistent projections of increasing temperatures, declining snowpack, and increasing weather variability throughout midlatitude drylands, weather-centric adaptive management approaches to restoration will be increasingly important for dryland restoration success.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Global Change Biology},
	author = {Shriver, Robert K. and Andrews, Caitlin M. and Pilliod, David S. and Arkle, Robert S. and Welty, Justin L. and Germino, Matthew J. and Duniway, Michael C. and Pyke, David A. and Bradford, John B.},
	year = {2018},
	pmid = {29964360},
	keywords = {climate change, Great Basin, adaptive management, Artemisia tridentata, drylands, big sagebrush, environmental variability, snowpack},
	pages = {4972--4982},
	file = {Shriver et al_2018_Global Change Biology.pdf:/home/a/MEGAsync/2018/Shriver et al_2018_Global Change Biology.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{Smith2000,
abstract = {Arid ecosystems, which occupy about 20% of the earth's terrestrial surface area, have been predicted to be one of the most responsive ecosystem types to elevated atmospheric CO2 and associated global climate change. Here we show, using free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) technology in an intact Mojave Desert ecosystem, that new shoot production of a dominant perennial shrub is doubled by a 50% increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration in a high rainfall year. However, elevated CO2 does not enhance production in a drought year. We also found that above-ground production and seed rain of an invasive annual grass increases more at elevated CO2 than in several species of native annuals. Consequently, elevated CO2 might enhance the long-term success and dominance of exotic annual grasses in the region. This shift in species composition in favour of exotic annual grasses, driven by global change, has the potential to accelerate the fire cycle, reduce biodiversity and alter ecosystem function in the deserts of western North America.},
author = {Smith, Stanley D. and Huxman, Travis E. and Zitzer, Stephen F. and Charlet, Therese N. and Housman, David C. and Coleman, James S. and Fenstermaker, Lynn K. and Seemann, Jeffrey R. and Nowak, Robert S.},
doi = {10.1038/35040544},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2000/Smith et al. - 2000(2).pdf:pdf},
issn = {00280836},
journal = {Nature},
number = {6808},
pages = {79--82},
pmid = {11081510},
title = {{Elevated CO2 increases productivity and invasive species success in an arid ecosystem}},
volume = {408},
year = {2000}
}


@article{Staal2020,
abstract = {Tropical forests modify the conditions they depend on through feedbacks at different spatial scales. These feedbacks shape the hysteresis (history-dependence) of tropical forests, thus controlling their resilience to deforestation and response to climate change. Here, we determine the emergent hysteresis from local-scale tipping points and regional-scale forest-rainfall feedbacks across the tropics under the recent climate and a severe climate-change scenario. By integrating remote sensing, a global hydrological model, and detailed atmospheric moisture tracking simulations, we find that forest-rainfall feedback expands the geographic range of possible forest distributions, especially in the Amazon. The Amazon forest could partially recover from complete deforestation, but may lose that resilience later this century. The Congo forest currently lacks resilience, but is predicted to gain it under climate change, whereas forests in Australasia are resilient under both current and future climates. Our results show how tropical forests shape their own distributions and create the climatic conditions that enable them.},
author = {Staal, Arie and Fetzer, Ingo and Wang-Erlandsson, Lan and Bosmans, Joyce H.C. and Dekker, Stefan C. and van Nes, Egbert H. and Rockstr{\"{o}}m, Johan and Tuinenburg, Obbe A.},
doi = {10.1038/s41467-020-18728-7},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2020/Staal et al. - 2020.pdf:pdf},
issn = {20411723},
journal = {Nature Communications},
number = {1},
pages = {1--8},
publisher = {Springer US},
title = {{Hysteresis of tropical forests in the 21st century}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18728-7},
volume = {11},
year = {2020}
}

@article{Staver2011,
author = {Staver, A. Carla and Archibald, Sally and Levin, Simon A.},
doi = {10.1126/science.1210465},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2011/Staver, Archibald, Levin - 2011.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0036-8075},
issn = {10959203},
journal = {Science},
number = {6053},
pages = {230--232},
pmid = {21998389},
title = {{The global extent and determinants of savanna and forest as alternative biome states}},
volume = {334},
year = {2011}
}


@article{Steel2021,
	title = {Ecological resilience and vegetation transition in the face of two successive large wildfires},
	volume = {109},
	issn = {0022-0477, 1365-2745},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2745.13764},
	doi = {10.1111/1365-2745.13764},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2021-12-06},
	journal = {Journal of Ecology},
	author = {Steel, Zachary L. and Foster, Daniel and Coppoletta, Michelle and Lydersen, Jamie M. and Stephens, Scott L. and Paudel, Asha and Markwith, Scott H. and Merriam, Kyle and Collins, Brandon M.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {3340--3355},
	file = {Steel et al_2021_Journal of Ecology.pdf:/home/a/MEGAsync/2021/Steel et al_2021_Journal of Ecology.pdf:application/pdf},
}


@article{Steenvoorden2019,
abstract = {The persistence of wildlife species in fire-prone ecosystems is under increasing pressure from global change, including alterations in fire regimes caused by climate change. However, unburned islands might act to mitigate negative effects of fire on wildlife populations by providing habitat in which species can survive and recolonize burned areas. Nevertheless, the characteristics of unburned islands and their role as potential refugia for the postfire population dynamics of wildlife species remain poorly understood. We used a newly developed unburned island database of the northwestern United States from 1984 to 2014 to assess the postfire response of the greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), a large gallinaceous bird inhabiting the sagebrush ecosystems of North America, in which wildfires are common. Specifically, we tested whether prefire and postfire male attendance trends at mating locations (leks) differed between burned and unburned areas, and to what extent postfire habitat composition at multiple scales could explain such trends. Using time-series of male counts at leks together with spatially explicit fire history information, we modeled whether male attendance was negatively affected by fire events. Results revealed that burned leks often exhibit sustained decline in male attendance, whereas leks within unburned islands or >1.5 km away from fire perimeters tend to show stable or increasing trends. Analyses of postfire habitat composition further revealed that sagebrush vegetation height within 0.8 km around leks, as well elevation within 0.8 km, 6.4 km, and 18 km around leks, had a positive effect on male attendance trends. Moreover, the proportion of the landscape with cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) cover >8% had negative effects on male attendance trends within 0.8 km, 6.4 km, and 18 km of leks, respectively. Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate that maintaining areas of unburned vegetation within and outside fire perimeters may be crucial for sustaining sage-grouse populations following wildfire. The role of unburned islands as fire refugia requires more attention in wildlife management and conservation planning because their creation, protection, and maintenance may positively affect wildlife population dynamics in fire-prone ecosystems.},
author = {Steenvoorden, Jasper and Meddens, Arjan J.H. and Martinez, Anthony J. and Foster, Lee J. and Kissling, W. Daniel},
doi = {10.1002/ece3.5432},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2019/Steenvoorden et al. - 2019.pdf:pdf},
issn = {20457758},
journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
keywords = {conservation,disturbance,fire refugia,sagebrush ecosystem,unburned islands,wildfire},
number = {15},
pages = {8800--8812},
title = {{The potential importance of unburned islands as refugia for the persistence of wildlife species in fire-prone ecosystems}},
volume = {9},
year = {2019}
}

@article{Suding2004,
author = {Suding, Katharine N. and Gross, Katherine L. and Houseman, Gregory R.},
doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2003.10.005},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2004/Suding, Gross, Houseman - 2004.pdf:pdf},
issn = {01695347},
journal = {Trends in Ecology & Evolution},
number = {1},
pages = {46--53},
title = {{Alternative states and positive feedbacks in restoration ecology}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534703003197},
volume = {19},
year = {2004}
}

@article{Tortorelli2020,
author = {Tortorelli, Claire M. and Krawchuk, Meg A. and Kerns, Becky K.},
doi = {10.1111/avsc.12511},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2020/Tortorelli, Krawchuk, Kerns - 2020.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1654109X},
journal = {Applied Vegetation Science},
keywords = {Bromus tectorum,Inland Northwest,annual grass,forest,grass-fire cycle,invasive species,non-native plants,scabland},
number = {May},
pages = {1--13},
title = {{Expanding the invasion footprint: Ventenata dubia and relationships to wildfire, environment, and plant communities in the Blue Mountains of the Inland Northwest, USA}},
year = {2020}
}

@article{Turnbull2012,
author = {Turnbull, Laura and Wilcox, Bradford P. and Benlap, J. and Ravi, S. and D'Odorico, P. and Childers, D. and Gwenzi, W. and Okin, G. and Wainright, J. and Caylor, K. K. and Sankey, T.},
doi = {10.1002/eco},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2012/Turnbull et al. - 2012.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1936-0592},
issn = {19360584},
journal = {Ecohydrology},
keywords = {Ecology and Environment,Hydrology},
pages = {174--183},
title = {{Understanding the role of ecohydrological feedbacks in ecosystem state change in drylands}},
url = {http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122653919/abstract},
volume = {5},
year = {2012}
}

@article{Vandvik2016,
author = {Vandvik, Vigdis and Klanderud, Kari and Meineri, Eric and M{\aa}ren, Inger E. and T{\"{o}}pper, Joachim},
doi = {10.1111/oik.02022},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2016/Vandvik et al. - 2016.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {6503251521},
issn = {16000706},
journal = {Oikos},
keywords = {seed bank},
mendeley-tags = {seed bank},
number = {2},
pages = {218--228},
pmid = {26044706},
title = {{Seed banks are biodiversity reservoirs: Species-area relationships above versus below ground}},
volume = {125},
year = {2016}
}

@inproceedings{Whisenant1990,
abstract = {Prior to the arrival of white settlers, fire-return intervals in the sagebrush (Artemisia)-steppe probably varied between 60 and 110 years, but much of the region now burns at intervals of less than 5 years. Cheeagrass (Bromus tectorum L.), an introduced annual, increases fire frequencies by creating a more continuous fuelbed. More-frequent fires and reduced patchiness prevent, or greatly retard, normal vegetation replacement sequences leading to vegetation resembling less-frequently burned areas. Reducing the frequency and size of fires on these areas should be a primary management objective.},
address = {Intermountain Research Station, Las Vegas, NV},
author = {Whisenant, Steven G},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Symposium on Cheatgrass Invasion, Shrub Die-Off, and Other Aspects of Shrub Biology and Management.},
doi = {10.1016/0006-3207(92)90659-B},
editor = {McArthur, E D and Romney, E M and Smith, S D and Tueller, P T},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/1990/Whisenant - 1990(2).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {07481209},
issn = {00063207},
keywords = {cheatgrass,fire},
mendeley-tags = {cheatgrass,fire},
pages = {4--10},
publisher = {Forest Service General Technical Report INT-276},
title = {{Changing fire frequencies on Idaho's Snake River plains: ecological and management implications}},
year = {1990}
}

@article{Wilcox2012,
author = {Wilcox, Bradford P. and Turnbull, Laura and Young, Michael H. and Williams, C. Jason and Ravi, Sujith and Seyfried, Mark S. and Bowling, David R. and Scott, Russell L. and Germino, Matthew J. and Caldwell, Todd G. and Wainwright, John},
doi = {10.1002/eco.247},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2012/Wilcox et al. - 2012.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1936-0592},
issn = {19360584},
journal = {Ecohydrology},
pages = {160--173},
pmid = {23772860},
title = {{Invasion of shrublands by exotic grasses: ecohydrological consequences in cold versus warm deserts Bradford}},
volume = {5},
year = {2012}
}

@techreport{Wijayratne2009,
author = {Wijayratne, U. C and Pyke, D. A},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2009/Wijayratne, Pyke - 2009.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {2009-1146},
pages = {26},
title = {{Investigating seed longevity of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1146}},
year = {2009}
}

@article{Williamson2019,
abstract = {Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) has increased the extent and frequency of fire and negatively affected native plant and animal species across the Intermountain West (USA). However, the strengths of association between cheatgrass occurrence or abundance and fire, livestock grazing, and precipitation are not well understood. We used 14 years of data from 417 sites across 10,000 km2 in the central Great Basin to assess the effects of the foregoing predictors on cheatgrass occurrence and prevalence (i.e., given occurrence, the proportion of measurements in which the species was detected). We implemented hierarchical Bayesian models and considered covariates for which > 0.90 or < 0.10 of the posterior predictive mass for the regression coefficient ≥ 0 as strongly associated with the response variable. Similar to previous research, our models indicated that fire is a strong, positive predictor of cheatgrass occurrence and prevalence. Models fitted to all sample points and to only unburned points indicated that grazing and the proportion of years grazed were strong positive predictors of occurrence and prevalence. In contrast, in models restricted to burned points, prevalence was high, but decreased slightly as the proportion of years grazed increased (relative to other burned points). Prevalence of cheatgrass also decreased as the prevalence of perennial grasses increased. Cheatgrass occurrence decreased as elevation increased, but prevalence within the elevational range of cheatgrass increased as median winter precipitation, elevation, and solar exposure increased. Our novel time-series data and results indicate that grazing corresponds with increased cheatgrass occurrence and prevalence regardless of variation in climate, topography, or community composition, and provide no support for the notion that contemporary grazing regimes or grazing in conjunction with fire can suppress cheatgrass.},
author = {Williamson, Matthew A. and Fleishman, Erica and {Mac Nally}, Ralph C. and Chambers, Jeanne C. and Bradley, Bethany A. and Dobkin, David S. and Board, David I. and Fogarty, Frank A. and Horning, Ned and Leu, Matthias and {Wohlfeil Zillig}, Martha},
doi = {10.1007/s10530-019-02120-8},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2019/Williamson et al. - 2019.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0123456789},
issn = {15731464},
journal = {Biological Invasions},
keywords = {Bromus tectorum,Fire,Great Basin,Hierarchical models,Livestock grazing,Resilience},
number = {2},
pages = {663--680},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
title = {{Fire, livestock grazing, topography, and precipitation affect occurrence and prevalence of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) in the central Great Basin, USA}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-019-02120-8},
volume = {22},
year = {2019}
}


@article{Wright2016,
author = {Wright, Boyd R. and Latz, Peter K. and Zuur, A. F.},
doi = {10.1007/s11258-015-0550-0},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2016/Wright, Latz, Zuur - 2016.pdf:pdf},
issn = {15735052},
journal = {Plant Ecology},
keywords = {Acacia aneura,Fire severity,Mast seeding,Mulga,Seed banks},
number = {6},
pages = {789--800},
publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
title = {{Fire severity mediates seedling recruitment patterns in slender mulga (Acacia aptaneura), a fire-sensitive Australian desert shrub with heat-stimulated germination}},
volume = {217},
year = {2016}
}

@article{Young1975,
author = {Young, James A . and Evans, Raymond A .},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/1975/Young, Evans - 1975 - Germinability of Seed Reserves in a Big Sagebrush Community.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Weed Science},
number = {5},
pages = {358--364},
title = {{Germinability of Seed Reserves in a Big Sagebrush Community}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4042337},
volume = {23},
year = {1975}
}


@article{Young1978,
author = {Young, James A and Evans, A},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/1978/Young, Evans{\_}1978{\_}Population Dynamics After Wildfires in Sagebrush Grasslands.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Journal of Range Management},
number = {4},
pages = {283--289},
title = {{Population Dynamics After Wildfires in Sagebrush Grasslands}},
volume = {31},
year = {1978}
}

@book{Zuur2009,
author = {Zuur, A. F. and Leno, E. N. and Walker, N. J. and Saveliev, A. A. and Smith, G. M.},
booktitle = {Statistics for Biology and Health},
doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-87458-6},
file = {:home/a/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/2009/Zuur et al. - 2009 - Mixed Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology with R.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {9780387874579},
issn = {1431-8776},
pages = {574},
publisher = {Springer},
title = {{Mixed Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology with R}},
year = {2009}
}